CABRILLO Shadows of the Past

Introduction

All Euro-American powers who occupied San Diego recognized the strategic importance of Point Loma for seacoast defense against hostile naval forces. Spanish and Mexican armies assigned garrisons to Fort Guijarros through the 18th and 19th centuries. Invading American forces seized Point Loma during the Mexican War of 1846 to lay siege to San Diego. From the 1852 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to present, American military planners used Point Loma as a natural fortification. As naval weapons evolved in the American Civil War, Army Corps of Engineers designed increasingly complex defense schemes in the hills, canyons, and ridge tops. Today, Point Loma remains as one of the most important military installations of the American armed services on the Pacific Coast.

Historic Architecture as Historical and Archeological Resources

Point Loma is a geographical feature integral to obscuring important military structures and buildings by embedding them into the natural terrain. Above ground features are linked by underground constructions, timber-lined or sandbagged trenches and bunkers, and brick or concrete lined utility lines which can be considered as technological resources studied through archeological methods. Layers of fill cover earlier historic deposits — now archeological resources — left by 18th, 19th and early 20th century Spanish, Mexican, and American armies, governmental agencies, a Chinese fishing community, Euro-American whaling and maritime interests, and federal Lighthouse Service and Army Corps of Engineers occupants. This is quite a remarkable sequence of land users, each leaving physical evidence!

The historic archaeological deposits associated with this sequence of buildings and structures are increasingly important because little research has been conducted in the Pacific Coast region regarding pre-20th century military post archeological resources. Comparisons are available, however, from recent research at San Diego, Monterey and San Francisco presidios and Fort Mason in San Francisco. Remote military outposts such as Fort Rosecrans or earlier Fort Guijarros provide opportunities to study consumer behaviors of officers, enlisted personnel and their dependent families. While artifactual studies of some 'frontier forts' are available, almost nothing is known of these behaviors from World Wars I and II, when American troops were assigned to isolated posts for long periods of time. Operating on limited incomes, their dependent families acquired materials and decorated homes following ethnic and economic patterns learned from sources outside military life. Discarded materials associated with residential areas of military posts yield unique historic archaeological data as recently recovered from the Presidio and Crissy Field projects in San Francisco.

Architecture and Infrastructure as Industrial Archeology

This overview of Department of War buildings and structures on Point Loma analyzes the industrial archaeology values to the network of artillery batteries, base end sighting stations, communication systems, searchlight and utility networks, pioneering naval radar, fuel and armament supply, weapons magazines and delivery facilities. Supporting infrastructure of quarters, barracks, medical facilities, shops, recreational features, and water diversion systems are also included. All these military features represent periods of evolution of military engineering, architecture, and construction now obsolete.

The internal technology of these features has industrial archaeology values as well as external architectural values. Archeological information developed from these historic architectural and infrastructure resources is rarely recorded on engineering design plans. For example, when excavation results are compared with the 1898 plans for Battery Wilkeson at Ballast Point, undocumented machinery, doorways, and signs were revealed. Archeological research can provide information on evolving technologies associated with important historical periods that can not be obtained by archival research alone.

Vertical Sequential Layering of Historic and Architectural Features

Many locations on Point Loma represent vertical layering of historic and industrial archaeology. An example would be CA-SDi-12,000 on Ballast Point. The lowest and oldest component is the 1796-1835 Spanish and Mexican artillery battery, which extends west of the battery walls as trash deposits, barracks ruins and a kitchen, and to the northeast as more refuse deposits and architectural rubble. These ruins formed the platform for 1858-1886 European American whalers and Chinese fishermen to build a blacksmith shop, residential shanties, boat yards, and deposit trash. The Army Corps of Engineers covered the entire area with soil in 1873 to level the area for emplacement of a large artillery battery with masonry drain features embedded into the older mariners' camp. The Corps returned in 1898 to construct a cast concrete battery for disappearing guns, install roads, and elevate the beach. The Army Coast Artillery Corps assumed control from the Corps of Engineers and added tons of additional fill, trash deposits, and underground utility lines. Overall, as much as three meters of depth or vertical archaeological deposit covers the earliest historic surface.

Another example of 'buried' archaeology is 500 feet northwest of CA-SDi-12,000. A prehistoric shell midden recorded as CA-SDi-48 once covered as much as five acres of terraces and canyons north of Ballast Point. Chinese fishing camps, boat yards, net repair work areas and an Euroamerican whaling company barracks, kitchens, boat sheds, and other structures lay on top of the shell midden. Photographic records show these buildings directly on top of a meter thick shell midden in this area. The Army graded upper hills to deposit up to two meters of soil on top of portions of CA-SDi-12,000 to create building pads, streets, walkways, and install subterranean utility lines for coal sheds, shops, warehouses, barracks, medical facilities, a fire house and quartermaster housing. Recent construction and renovation of five of these buildings between 1992 and 1998 exposed portions of historic and prehistoric archaeology layers at site CA-SDi-48.

Internal Historical Archeology in Architectural Properties

The buildings themselves contain significant internal technology, personal and cultural features for archaeological documentation. For example, the basement of the 1904 Army Post Hospital still has the porcelain tile surgery room floors directly under the 1940 heating boilers and pipes. Behind the 1940 basement office walls are cut stone masonry blocks set into the earth during the 1904 foundation construction.

Perhaps the most intriguing historic archaeological features are deliberate masonry cavities built into the barracks fireplaces to secrete worn-out soldier's boots, a Welsh spiritual practice for keeping out evil ghosts that dates back a thousand years (May 2000). Behind the walls and under floorboards, personal letters and items left by Army soldiers may be recorded and documented to preserve glimpses into early 20th century social history. On the boards inside the walls are inscriptions, dates and information marked by the builders and restorers between 1904 and 1940. All these archaeological features and items were recorded at Buildings 138 and 139, that are located on top of site CA-SDi-48 in the Fort Rosecrans Historic District.

Industrial Archeological Cycles of Change

Many of the World War I artillery batteries, base end sighting stations and command posts were reused by the Army in World War II. These features provide industrial archaeology values by showing cycles of expansion and reduction, modifications, reinforcement of concrete armor, addition of landscape camouflage, erection of new features and excavation of new or additional sandbagged communication trenches and wiring of security lines. The remnants of those technological changes can be archaeologically exposed, documented and studied for a better understanding of the offensive and defensive functions in the greater Military Reservation context.

In many instances, the urgency of war and needs for construction resulted in buildings and structures to be created with few engineering or architectural records. Some records and plans were lost or destroyed during the transfer of Army Fort Rosecrans to the General Services Administration and subsequent land holders. These landholders include Veterans' Administration, Navy, National Park Service, City of San Diego and Coast Guard. In one notable instance, Navy Public Works Center supervisor Fred Buchanan found a five-foot high mound of hundreds of engineering plans and saved them from destruction. Those valuable records were microfilmed at Naval Station North Island and originals sent to the National Archives. For many underground trenches, bunkers, utility systems and other features, there is no known record. These unrecorded features have industrial archaeology values that can be recaptured by future field research. Surviving old plans and drawings for modified structures have industrial archaeology values for identifying furnishings, obsolete equipment, wall markings and other information.

Of particular interest are numerous underground cast concrete structures that were simply locked up after World War II and not revisited during the Cold War. Several such structures were visited by Flower, Ike and Roth in 1982 and found to have original tables, chairs, bookshelves, old papers, drafting equipment, lighting, and graffiti on the walls. Recent examination of Battery White (Building 100, Naval Base Point Loma) on the former Naval Submarine Base revealed chalked dates and initials on the shot room walls that span 1942 to 1944. Just south of Battery White, Building 554 has no known records and has recently been examined to reveal original chemical warfare equipment, electrical equipment and doors from the same period. These old technologies are poorly known but possess industrial archaeology significance.

Point Loma Military Reservation

This overview presents a synthesis of salient facts about Point Loma Military Reservation that documents an entire evolutionary development sequence of 20th century American military defense strategies up to the present. Given the relatively intact nature of this complex of Army and Navy sites, the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District should be considered a contributing sub-element to a potential Point Loma Military Reservation District. Only within this broad historic context can the full importance of the military structures achieve meaning.

The secretive nature of American military society has prevented the public from enjoying this important historical resource. However, as the National Park Service has learned regarding other military lands, Point Loma may one day be declared obsolete. At that time, property surplus would be disposed by the General Services Administration. In the late 1950s, Fort Rosecrans was decommissioned and subdivided into numerous Navy, Army, and Air Force commands and National Park Service ownership.

The Secretary of War and Congress learned from the War of 1812 that America must develop a seacoast defense of all her shorelines to effectively protect against foreign naval invasion. One of the strategic military goals of the Mexican War was to secure the Pacific Coast and protect America's back door. Armed with libraries of plans and brigades of professionally trained officers, the Army Corps of Engineers arrived in San Francisco in 1847 with the clear goal of making California's ports secure. Defense schemes for the Pacific Coast throughout the 20th century can be likened to technological pulses through time. In a context of artillery evolution, development of shore defenses responded to ordnance improvements accelerated by the Spanish American War of 1898, World War I, and World War II. All underground concrete bunkers, artillery batteries, electrical and water utility lines, communication, and lighting facilities on the Army's Fort Rosecrans directly relate to one or more of those technological pulses. Equally important are the Navy facilities, which are often forgotten when discussing the importance of Fort Rosecrans.

As a result of rapid evolution of artillery technology following the American Civil War, Congress funded one of the largest military undertakings in American history in the late 19th century. The Army Corps of Engineers had built masonry fortifications around San Francisco Bay in the 1850s, which ultimately proved vulnerable to naval artillery during the American Civil War. Similar fortification design of the 1870s also fell to evolving artillery in European wars. This changing technology caused Congress and the Secretary of War to terminate work on Fort San Diego at Ballast Point in 1874.

President Theodore Roosevelt is directly responsible for the historical importance of the Point Loma Military Reservation. In the late 1890s, he directed the Secretary of War to implement the earlier Endicott Board recommendations to the Army Coast Artillery Corps to take full advantage of evolving electrical and communication systems to operate a complex of artillery batteries capable of sinking offshore battleships and cruisers. In 1898, the Army Corps of Engineers designed and erected Battery Wilkeson, an immense disappearing rifle artillery battery, as well as several smaller batteries at the entrance to San Diego Bay. While the Army erected artillery batteries, the Navy built a coal yard capable of fueling a fleet of ships to patrol the Pacific Coast.

War in Europe triggered the second technological pulse. All of the Point Loma Military Reservation became involved in complex plan to detect hostile offshore naval intrusion and triangulate artillery in a far greater arc of trajectory than ever before. To accomplish this, the Army Corps of Engineers installed mortar batteries and sighting stations at strategic locations all over Point Loma. During the relatively quiet period following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, the Navy developed the Naval Radio Station, Naval Fuel Depot, and expanded naval patrol facilities on the bayside. This silently evolving defense scheme kicked into full swing during World War II.

The third technological pulse followed the beginning of war in Europe during 1939. Congress funded the Army Corps of Engineers to build a complex of small and large artillery batteries capable of sinking entire naval fleets, but protected with massive concrete and steel overheads from aerial bombing. All of Point Loma, including private land in the civilian community of Azure Vista, became tightly linked to an interconnected web of artillery base end stations, command stations, anti-aircraft artillery batteries, Naval radar stations, patrol boats, and offshore sonar buoys. This complicated interconnected web became the focal point of the Point Loma Military Reservation.

Following World War II, the Army closed Fort Rosecrans and the Point Loma Military Reservation evolved again to include an Air Force Nike Missile research facility and Navy research center. Nearly eighty percent of the Point Loma Military Reservation lands evolved into the Naval Electronic Laboratory, then Naval Ocean Systems Center, and most recently, the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center. The entire web of former Army Fort Rosecrans artillery properties had evolved into this new American defense scheme.

The Point Loma Military Reservation represents the ongoing flow of military technological pulses and political contexts that spanned the entire 20th century. With the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, abandoned artillery bunkers, Navy facilities, and national park interpretive facilities, each of these locations serve to vividly remind us why the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District fits squarely into this broad historic context.

Cabrillo National Monument Historic District

The Cabrillo National Monument Historic District includes sixteen historic features that are sub-elements of the greater Point Loma Military Reservation. This overview includes eligible National Register properties outside Cabrillo National Monument that are linked to the Military Reservation. Congress created this reservation in 1852, following the Mexican War conquest of California (Gerould 1966; Calaghan 1980 Flower, Ike and Roth 1982; Floyd 1995). From 1899 to 1957, most of Point Loma fell within the Point Loma Military Reservation (Gerould 1966; Calaghan 1980; May 1985, 1995; Joyce 1996). This included Army, Navy, Air Force and various "black operations" government units (May 1999a). The latter primarily operated on Point Loma during World War II and departed or were disbanded between 1946 and 1949. This overview provides a detailed description of the setting for the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District.

Fort Rosecrans Historic District

Twelve buildings fronting on Sylvester Road, White Road, and Ashburn Road are listed as eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties (Widdel 1995; Triem 1995). The Navy has yet to forward the signed National Register Nomination form to the Naval Historic Preservation Officer or the Keeper of the Register (May 1996; Donaldson 1997). This action has been deferred by Navy/ Southwest Division officials to nominate the balance of Fort Rosecrans buildings, structures, and features on Point Loma as a more comprehensive district. This action could incorporate the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District.

The existing Fort Rosecrans Historic District is based on Criteria A and C, which focus on 1897-1940 military history and architectural style. These twelve buildings meet Criteria A for the historical role they played in the development of San Diego as a strategic and major center of military activity on the Pacific Coast. Fort Rosecrans marks the beginning of America's transformation to influencing the economic, social and physical character of this region. The buildings qualify under Criteria C because they embody distinctive characteristics of the 1903-1908 Colonial Revival architecture selected by the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps to mark the national and patriotic strength of America. Additionally, a 1919 Craftsman-style social hall, a 1911 hospital morgue, and several rock construction features are contributing elements to the existing district.

San Buenaventura Research Associates nominated the twelve buildings as an historic district with the knowledge that other contributing elements and potential historic districts could be added later (Triem 1995). At that time, Navy/Southwest Division contracted with Hardlines Design (Durst and Chang 1996), Keniston Engineering (Keniston 1998), and KEA (Apple, Van Wormer and Cleland 1995; Apple and Van Wormer 1995) to conduct surveys and National Register eligibility assessments. These studies developed additional historic contexts and themes for expanding the Fort Rosecrans Historic District, adding new districts and individual properties to the inventory.

Colonial Revival Post Buildings Period, 1902-1904

Architectural elements which define the Colonial Revival style are symmetrically balanced windows and doors, porch columns in 'classic' form, fanlight windows, gabled dormers and roof ends, corbeled chimneys, pressed 'tin' ceilings, inset cupboards and ornate staircases. Contracted craftsmen installed stock quatrefoil window elements, interior door trim, and casement windows.

The existing Fort Rosecrans Historic District is focused on the Colonial Revival architectural buildings constructed between 1902 and 1904 (Triem 1995). The United States Department of War responded to national sentiments following the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition and 1893 Chicago Columbian Exposition. They adopted military architectural styles that evoked a sense of patriotism and tradition to the soldiers and surrounding communities. From 1885 through the early 20th century, the Army Quartermaster Corps directed their architects to incorporate classic design elements in military barracks, officer's quarters, hospitals, and support structures.

The Quartermaster Corps selected Colonial Revival style as a marked change from the earlier Queen Anne style because they wanted to make a statement about America's role as a rising world power. They created standard designs for contracting architects to select to ensure military standardization. The Quartermaster Corps selected Design 142 for the Senior Officer's Quarters and Designs 120A, 120E for the Officer's Quarters. Other designs were selected for the Non-commissioned Officer's Quarters, Post Hospital, Bakery, and Quartermaster Corps buildings and structures. Support structures and infrastructure were custom designed as needed.

Today very few of those American military Colonial Revival buildings exist. Known surviving examples on the West Coast are in Fort Stevens, Oregon and Fort Lawson, Washington. The declining numbers of these buildings and districts are factored into the National Register status. Additionally, the State of California listed all of Fort Rosecrans as California Historic Landmark #62, on December 6, 1932 (Flower, Ike and Roth 1982). At that time, Colonel Douglas MacArhur accepted the status on behalf of his command.

The Fort Rosecrans Historic District buildings are significant for their variety. These buildings were constructed with heart redwood to ensure long-term survival against wood rot, insects, and fire (May 1999a). Craftsmen working for Charles Engebretson and Solon Bryan shaped the redwood to create four officer's duplexes, two enlisted barracks, one post hospital, one bakery, one quartermaster's storehouse and commissary, four non commissioned officer's houses, one administration building, and one commanding officer's house. Four years later, the Post Exchange was constructed in brick (May 199a).

When completed in 1905, all the original buildings were pained olive drab with dark green trim (May 1999a). This color scheme changed in 1918 to khaki tan with white trim. However, the 1919 YMCA Service Club was olive drab with white trim and warehouses were not painted at all. Khaki remained the primary color throughout World War II.

Building 122:Army Quartermaster & Commissary Storehouse, 1904. Wood frame stucco, Colonial Revival. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the California State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Restored in 1998. The asphalt parking lot and Ashburn Road cover original landform that may contain portions of prehistoric archaeology site CA-SDi-48.

Building 123: Army Bakery, 1904. Wood frame, Colonial Revival. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. The lawn, asphalt parking lot and surrounding grounds may contain historic archaeology remains associated with this early industry.

Building 128, Hospital Morgue, 1911. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the National Register. This structure has no known plans or records, other than base map identification. The concrete deck east of the structure could cover undocumented historic archaeology. The cobblestone and concrete culvert passing by the entrance has been determined eligible as a part of the Fort Rosecrans Historic District.

Building 137: Army Enlisted Barracks, 28th Company Coast Artillery, 1903. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Restored in 1989. The fireplace chimney reconstruction in 1988 revealed a masonry cavity with soldier's boots, which have important cultural value. Inside the walls, names of Army Quartermaster Corps workers are sealed behind modern drywall. The lawn, sidewalks and back alley cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeological resources.

Building 138: YMCA Service Club 1919. Wood frame. Certified by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Restored in 1994. Inscriptions in the walls identify Army Quartermaster Corps workers from 1919 and 1938-1940 Works Progress Administration laborers who restored the structure during the Great Depression. The lawns, walkways and back alley cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeological resources.

Building 139: Army Enlisted Barracks, 115th Company Coast Artillery, 1903-1904. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Restored in 1998, the interior walls were found to exhibit names of Army Quartermaster Corps workers. Renovation of the chimneys revealed a masonry cavity with a soldier's boot and a campaign hat that have cultural value. The lawns, walkways and alley behind cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48, historic archaeology associated with the 1904 Fire House and the 115th Company, Coast Artillery kitchen.

Building 140: Army Post Hospital, 1904. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the National Register of Historic Properties by the State Historic Preservation Office. Restored in 1992. Renovation in 1992 revealed the original hospital surgery in the 1940 heating boiler room in the basement. Fiber optic cable trenching in the back alley in 1998 revealed historic archaeology from the 1917-1919 hospital and portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48.

Building 140: Hospital Addition, 1940-1941. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District (May 1998; 1999b). Restored in 1992. The lawns and back alley contain portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48, the 1904 Fire House and historic hospital deposits.

Building 146: Army Officer's Duplex, Lieutenant's Quarters, 1904. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Colonial Revival. Certified by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Lawns and 'Anne's Alley' cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeological resources.

Building 149: Army Officer's Quarters, 1903. Wood frame, Plan #120E, dated May 1903. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the State Historic Preservation Office to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Lawns and 'Anne's Alley' cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology.

Building 151: Army Officer's Quarters, 1903. Wood frame, Plan #120A, dated March 1898. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the State Historic Preservation Officer to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Lawns and 'Anne's Alley' cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology.

Building 154: Army Executive Officer's Quarters 1903. Wood frame, Captain's Duplex, Plan #142 Revised, March 1901. Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the State Historic Preservation Officer to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Lawns and 'Anne's Alley' cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology.

Building 158, Post Exchange and Gymnasium, 1908. Brick, Naval Base Point Loma. Certified by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Renovation work in 1998 exposed inscriptions and graffiti documenting the 1989 explosion of Space Shuttle Challenger on wall studs. Construction of Jones Hall in 1990 revealed numerous rock-packed fire hearth features, stratified layers of soil, Pseudochama and Astraea undosa marine shell, and Early Milling Archaic stone tools. Trenching in 1998 revealed three-meter deep portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology. A report by Dennis Gallegos and Carolyn Kyle date CA-SDi-48 to 5,000 radiocarbon years and the SHPO determined the site to be eligible for inclusion on the National Register (Gallegos and Kyle 1988).

During the year 2000, the Navy undertook a $3.2 million project to completely restore Army Buildings 146, 149, 151, and 154 which was completed in March 2001 (May 2000). This work reinforced the basement foundations to resist destructive forces of an underground landslide that cracked foundations. Renovations upstairs will include shear-wall reinforcement, restoration of defining architectural elements, and return of the quarters to military housing functions.

Proposed Expansion of the Fort Rosecrans Historic District

Fort Rosecrans developed as presidential administrations and Congress responded to political events in the world. President Grover Cleveland directed William C. Endicott, Secretary of War, to form a war board in 1885 to design a defense of America's rivers, harbors, and coasts (Triem 1995; Joyce 1996). The Endicott Board selected thirty sites for the Sea Coast Artillery, which included the Military Reservation on Point Loma and previous military structures (May 1985; 1995; 1996; 1998; 1999b). The Endicott Period fortifications included underground artillery and offshore torpedo mines. Soldiers were selected for 130 companies Sea Coast Artillery. The plan for San Diego called for four companies but only two were deployed. The Army Corps of Engineers began building Endicott Period artillery batteries in 1897 at the same location of a former Spanish fort and 1874 Army artillery battery (May 1985; 1996). Under General Order 134, the post was named Fort Rosecrans in honor of General William S. Rosecrans, a Civil War general and Member of Congress.

Endicott Period, 1885-1905.

Major Charles E.L.B. Davis, Army Corps of Engineers, designed the Endicott Period batteries and command centers on Ballast Point (May 1985; Joyce 1996). Major Davis supervised the civilian construction project between 1897 and 1902. Regular Army troops installed the first 10-inch rifle to be installed in Gunpit 1 and painted Davis' name on a wall in honor of his role in creating this battery. Major Davis completed his work and turned Batteries Wilkeson, McGrath, and Fetterman over to the Artillery Corps in 1902.

For the first three years, the Artillery Corps lived in white-painted wooden barracks constructed in 1873-1874 by the Army Corps of Engineers. Those temporary quarters were simply one-story rectangular wood buildings set on pier and post foundations. The barracks, mess hall and stables were situated on a hill above the batteries. As Fort Rosecrans increased in troops, tent communities served the overflow. In 1902, no electrical lighting or communication existed and the artillery batteries used signal flags and kerosene lanterns. The 115th Company of Sea Coast Artillery arrived on Ballast Point during the Spanish-American War. They camped in tents and in reconditioned 1860-1874 buildings (Ruhlen 1959, Gerould 1966). The Company manned only two Civil War 'Napoleon' cannons during the short war of 1898. The 115th Company manned Battery Wilkeson (May 1985). This Company installed gun carriages and 10-inch 'disappearing rifles' artillery for the Battery that had been officially transferred to Fort Rosecrans troops in 1902. The Company was quartered in Building 139.

In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt directed Secretary of War William Taft to convene a board to bring the Nation's defenses into the electrical age (Lewis 1979: 89, 100: Joyce 1996). The unifying efforts of the Endicott and Taft Boards between 1885 and 1911 established America's efforts to expand the country's sphere of influence to far reaches of the world. The resulting underground batteries and infrastructure constructed at Fort Rosecrans are witnesses to these important historic global contexts of America's development as a superpower.

Roosevelt and the Taft Board streamlined America with elaborate coal-fired steam electrical generating plants which powered communications, lighting, and mechanical systems. Among the many important achievements represented at Fort Rosecrans is the 1906 Naval Radio Station, which linked to a transcontinental network in 1917. To achieve this new age, the Taft Board directed the Secretary of the Navy to expand the Navy Coaling Yard to fuel the Pacific Coast fleet.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because they have the potential to contribute to our understanding of President Grover Cleveland's administration and the Endicott Board's role in the development of America's national defense policy:

Building 174: Army Battery Wilkeson, 1897-1898. Cast Concrete. H-27B. Naval Base Point Loma. Determined eligible by the SHPO and listed in the SUBASE HARP Plan for inclusion on the National Register. Portions lay on top of the 1796-1835 Spanish and Mexican Fort Guijarros artillery battery, barracks, kitchen, casemate and flagpole at CA SDI-12000. Vertical soil stratigraphy exposed in 1984 archaeology excavations showed European maritime whaling station residential deposits sandwiched between the lower Spanish and upper Battery Wilkeson. Testing of the top of a graded slope north of Battery Wilkeson in 1999 revealed an intact portion of prehistoric site CA-SDi-12,000. This property may also be eligible under Criteria B for its association with Major Charles E.L.B. Davis and Criteria C because Endicott Period batteries represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. It is the oldest standing military structure and the only Endicott Period 10-inch rifled gun battery in San Diego.

Building 256, Battery McGrath, 1899. Cast Concrete. H-27D. Naval Base Point Loma. Determined eligible by the SHPO for inclusion on the National Register and was included in the HARP Plan. Army Corps of Engineers Completion Reports from 1898 and 1899 reported Mexican Period adobe and concrete construction in the soil. The soils surrounding this battery contain portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48. This property may also be eligible under Criteria B for its association with Major Charles E.L.B. Davis, and Criteria C because Endicott Period batteries represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.

(gone) Battery Fetterman, 1900. Cast concrete. H-27C. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended ineligible for inclusion on the National Register because it no longer exists above ground. This issue needs to be revisited because the foundations were observed during road construction in 1987 and the ruins may qualify under Criteria D for their potential to contribute to scientific research. Concrete street and asphalt paving cover European whaling evidence and Army portions of CA-SDi-12,000, as revealed in electrical and storm drain utility line excavation.

Searchlight #1, 1902. Cast Concrete. H-27E. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A and the associated archaeological trash dump needs testing to determine eligibility under Criteria D. Soil surrounding the structure may contain historic archaeology features.

(gone) Electrified Industrial Systems, 1904-1911. Fire Control systems: expansion of the Mining Casemate, Torpedo Houses, Cable Tanks, Power House, Engineer's House. Construction of Jones Hall in 1990 destroyed most of these features, but a portion of the 1908 igloo vaulted access tunnel to the 1898 Mining Casemate remains buried. Portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-12,000 survives.

Searchlight, Power House, and Radar, 1909. Cast concrete and brick. Space and Naval Warfare property. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register. (See H 18 in the proposed expansion of the Fort Rosecrans Historic District). Soil surrounding the structure contains historic archaeology.

Electrical Connection Box, 09HS-4, 1909. Cast concrete with an aluminum box marked, "1909 Engineers Department, U.S. Army, Colin Electrical Company, New York." The Army modified this structure, as marked "U.S. Army 1941, U.S.A." This is located on the east side of Point Loma within Cabrillo National Monument.

Post Taft Board Period, 1912-1914

Following the Roosevelt Administration, the Progressive Party became the driving political force of the times. Civic leaders promoted nationalism through public projects, such as Cabrillo National Monument, the 1915 World Exposition in Balboa Park and designation of Cabrillo National Monument within Fort Rosecrans (May 1999a).

Building 170, Militia Building, 1911. Brick. Building 170, Naval Base Point Loma. This civilian structure needs an eligibility determination as sole representative structure from the Post Taft Board Peace Time. Steel hardware from windows, doors, and the roof structure litter the soil on the south and east sides. Asphalt covers portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48.

War in Europe and American Response

The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 stimulated Congress to fund the Department of War for improvements to the Sea Coast Defense of America (Joyce 1996). The War Department ordered two mortar batteries, fire control stations, and searchlights to be built on Point Loma between 1915-1916 (Ruhlen 1959:64). The mortars were capable of firing over the spine of Point Loma to hit offshore naval shipping.

The following properties are recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because they contribute to our understanding of the processes of America's response to the war in Europe in the period following 1914 and Congressional declaration of war:

Building 100, Battery John White 1916. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. Soil and gullies surrounding Battery White contain deposits of historic archaeology associated with the structure. The original searchlights at the south battery were restored by the Navy in 1999. Battery White may also qualify under Criteria C because Endicott Period batteries embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.

Battery Whistler, 1916. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A and in the process of HABS/HAER documentation.

Battery Command Station for Batteries White and Whistler, 1916; Base End Station for Battery Ashburn, 1943. Cast concrete. H-10, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Base End Station for Batteries White and Whistler, 1916; Battery Command Station for Batteries Zeilen and Woodward, 1943. Cast concrete. H-10, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Fire Commander's Station, 1916; Battalion and Harbor Stand-by Command Post, 1941. Cast concrete. H-8, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Fire Commander's Station, 1916; Battalion and Harbor Stand-by Command Post, 1942. H-10, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Fire Commander's Station, 1916; Base End Station for Battery Strong, 1941. H-21A, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Base End Station and Battery Command Station for Batteries White and Whistler, 1916. H-22, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Searchlight #1, 1916; Searchlight #11, 1941. H-5. Cast concrete, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Searchlight #4, 1916. Wood frame, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Power House for Searchlights 1 and 2, 1916/ Radar Unit S.C.R., 1942. Cast concrete. H-18. Building 15C, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criterion A.

Fire Commander's Station (Batteries White and Whistler) 1916. Cast concrete with steel shielding. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Fort Commander's Station (Batteries Wilkeson, Fetterman, McGrath, White and Whistler), 1916. Cast concrete. Located at Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Base End and Battery Command Station, 1916-1924. Cast concrete. H-22. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Signal Station, 1916. Cast concrete. H-23. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Plank Walkway, 1916. Wood frame. H-30. Naval Supply Center. This structure needs to be evaluated for contributing value to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. A careful examination of the dense brush surrounding the feature has not been conducted to determine if historic archaeology exists.

War in Europe, World War I and the Great Influenza Epidemic, 1917-1919

American entry into the war in Europe triggered one of the Nation's largest military buildups in history (Joyce 1996). Emergency War Act funds in 1917 fueled massive construction projects at Fort Rosecrans to house 21,000 soldiers, officers, and support personnel (May 1999a). Entire neighborhoods of barracks were constructed in the first 90 days, as Fort Rosecrans expanded far beyond the Colonial Revival buildings along Sylvester Street. Lumber stripped from older military bases was reused in these structures. All areas of the Military Reservation were used during World War I.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion under Criteria A because they are associated with America's role in World War I and response to the Great Influenza Epidemic during the period between 1917 and 1919:

(gone) Temporary Cantonments; Ballast Point, Middle, and Upper, 1918. (demolished by 1934). The 1974 Navy enlisted barracks, Rosecrans Street, and White Road have impacted portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology associated with this cantonment.

Building 138, YMCA Service Club, 1919. Wood frame, Craftsman Bungalow Style, Naval Base Point Loma. Determined by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Lawns and the back alley cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology.

(gone) Hospital Steward's Quarters, 1904 and 1917. Brush covered gullies and the northern fill slope contains historic archaeology deposits, architectural remains, and cobblestone drains associated with this structure. These have not been examined or evaluated for National Register value.

(gone) Hospital Storehouses, 1918. Cuts in uphill terrain on the west show broken purple glass, white ware ceramics and the potential for buried historic archaeology in the surrounding soils. The alley on the east contains portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48.

Knights of Columbus Building, 1918. Building 215, Naval Base Point Loma. (Buildings 122 and 71 on older maps). Determined by the SHPO not to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District, this structure was totally rebuilt in 1998. The lawns contain portions of CA-SDi-48, as evidenced by rock-packed fire hearths and portable metate fragments exposed in sprinkler trenches in 1999.

(gone) Building 110, Club Chef's Quarters, ca. 1920. Naval Base Point Loma. Asphalt covers portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology.

Radio Station, 03HS-2, 1917. Concrete. This radio station once included two towers, which are now gone. During World War II, radio operations expanded and relocated to the Harbor Defense Command Post and this building became a meteorological station for the Army Coast Artillery. This is in the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District and now houses public exhibits regarding the coastal defense systems.

Searchlight Shelter, 09HS-5; Generator Plant, 09HS-6; and Searchlight Shelter, 09HS-7, 1918-1919. Cast concrete. This partially dug-in structure contained a 60-inch searchlight mounted on narrow gage rails and covered with a wooden door. Originally named "No. 5," it was renumbered "No. 11" and then "No. 18" in 1942. This is within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District. This includes the generator plant (09HS-6) and the shelter (09HS-7).

Fire Control Stations 09HS-8, 9, and 10, 1918-1920. Cast concrete. Three partially underground bunkers with steel shutter-covered windows served as observation posts to triangulate artillery plotting. The surface of these structures originally had sandbagged bunkers, wire netting, natural rock and earth heaped on top to camouflage these features from enemy naval observation. This is within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District. These serviced Batteries Calef-Wilkeson and are in preserved condition. Window glass fragments and shaped wooden pieces from WWII use are visible on slopes near these structures.

Meyler Road, 1918-1919. Graded dirt road connecting Searchlights 5 and 6, power plant and Billy Goat Point. Renamed "Bayside Trail" by the Park Service, it now serves as a walking trail. The Army honored the memory of Army Lt. James J. Meyler, Base Engineer, Fort Rosecrans, who served as the first Base Engineer after Major Charles E.L.B. Davis turned command of Fort Rosecrans to the regular army. Lt. Meyler died on duty at Fort Rosecrans. An abandoned portion of this road parallels the modern roadway at a lower elevation contour.

Interwar Period, 1922-1935

America believed the political myth that World War I was "the war to end all wars" in the period following Armistice (Joyce 1996). The political sentiment towards internal recovery and rebuilding America's economy led to a period of isolationism. The public entrusted the League of Nations to reconstruct Europe. Citizens returned to their farms and factories. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 resulted in mothballing thousands of naval ships and closure of military bases across the Nation. Fort Rosecrans closed to caretaker status in 1924, when the 115th and 28th Companies of Coast Artillery shipped out to Puget Sound, Washington (Ruhlen 1959; Flower, Ike and Roth 1982; May 199a).

Civilian caretakers maintained Fort Rosecrans with locked buildings and minor repair work in the years following 1924 (Gerould 1966). National Guard units used the fort for training. This included 6th Infantry HQ Brigade who occupied the 1904 Administration Building in 1928. One year later, the 11th Cavalry moved from Camp Hearn in Imperial Beach to join them (May 1999a). These units created the anti-aircraft Batteries Gillespie and Point Loma in 1930. They trucked in 155 mm. Howitzer rifles to remote posts on the western cliffs that no longer exist near the 1891 Lighthouse.

The cost of maintaining American military posts became an isolationist issue. Congressional hearings of base and post closure met with stiff resistance from veterans and political scientists concerned about new movements in Europe. Congressman Phil Swing of San Diego went on record opposing closure of Fort Rosecrans (Union 5/25/1931). The 1933 German invasion of Poland heralded the end of isolationism and Congress began to reassess American defense capability. There are no Army properties from this historic context ( See Navy Supply Center and Fuel Depot for representation).

War in Europe and The War Preparedness Act of 1935

The Nazi Blitzkrieg across Europe caused world powers to reconsider their safety (Joyce 1996). In the contest of wills between isolationists, nationalists, and war veterans, Congress voted to rebuild American military defense capability under the rubric of recovery from the Great Depression. In 1935 Congress directed the Army Corps of Engineers to dredge San Diego Harbor to handle larger ships (May 1999a). That same year, six Japanese spies were caught with notebooks, maps, and photographs of military installations, which further fueled public insistence for a stronger military presence (San Diego Daily News, 3/7/35). National Guard troops restored the artillery at Batteries Wilkeson, Fetterman, McGrath, White, and Whistler. Test firings of these artillery positions for the House Appropriations Committee in 1936 resulted in recommendations for funding to modernize Fort Rosecrans (San Diego Union, 7/23/36).

The following year, the Department of War implemented new artillery systems throughout the nation. Fort Rosecrans played a major role in this historic decision to rearm America.

The following properties are recommended for inclusion on the National Register because they are associated with America's recovery from the Great Depression and make a contribution toward our understanding of revitalization for military infrastructure in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration.

Battery Gillespie, 1930-1936. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A and may qualify under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Battery Gillespie Base End Station, 1936. Temporary wood frame. H-4, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Battery Strong, 1937. Building 397, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Cast concrete. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes. South of Battery Strong, portions of sandbagged trenches and two cast concrete bunker entrances indicate the surrounding area is honeycombed with historic features.

Battery Strong Base End Station, 1937. Cast concrete. H-9, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

When news reached the United States that France had fallen to the German invasion and British soldiers were streaming out of France on an immense armada of civilian and military transports, the western powers abandoned all pretense of isolationism. Congress accelerated military spending to prepare to fight the anticipated European invasion, as Canadian troops to the north shipped out to support the British military (May 1999a).

By the fall of 1940, there were 21,000 soldiers at Fort Rosecrans (San Diego Union, 10/17/40). To accommodate this massive build up, new cantonments were built at Ballast Point and at the old Upper Cantonment between the Post Cemetery and Radio Point Loma (May 1999a).

World War II, 1941-1945.

Fort Rosecrans expanded dramatically during World War II from the Endicott and Taft Period Army Post concentrated on the eastern side of Point Loma (Flower, Ike and Roth 1982). All of the 1852 Military Reservation on Point Loma became the staging area for advanced anti-naval coastal artillery and anti-aircraft batteries (Joyce 1996). Complex electrical and communications systems linked sighting base end stations and communications command centers with artillery batteries. Fort Rosecrans continued to service and staff the older obsolete Endicott and Taft Period batteries until replacements became available in 1942 and 1943. By that point in time, the Army soldiers changed uniforms, personal weapons, and living accommodations to form the new Coast Artillery Corps (May 1999a). In truth, Fort Rosecrans linked with extended units beyond Point Loma as east as Otay Mountain, North Island, and Camp Callan to the north. Within the World War II defense scheme, distinct communities were isolated and functionally insular from one another.

Since the original 28th and 115th Companies of Coast Artillery departed Fort Rosecrans in 1924 to Puget Sound, Washington, new Army units formed between 1935 and 1942 (May 1999a). The 262nd and 281 Coast Artillery Battalions formed the Fort Rosecrans units that met World War II emergencies. These soldiers of the 1930s and 1940s were entirely different than the earlier troops, as indicated by their uniforms and reason for being there. The soldiers of World War II Fort Rosecrans were largely drafted from the Mid West and East Coast to fight the war in the Pacific Theater or Europe. These were not professional soldiers, but people motivated to achieve an immediate objective.

Dredging operations to deepen San Diego Bay in 1940 provided the Army Corps of Engineers with material to fill in half the inlet north of Ballast Point to form a new building pad (Turhollow 1975). The fill allowed the Quartermaster Corps to extend Rosecrans Street south of the Naval Fuel Depot to terminate at new warehouses at Ballast Point. The 1940 building pad supported a cantonment of barracks, mess halls, and support facilities built in 1942.

Congress authorized the Department of War to rebuild America's defenses in 1935 (Turhollow 1975; Floyd 1985). The Army Quartermaster Corps worked with civilian contractors and the Works Progress Administration to carry out this Congressional mission (May 1999a).

Emergency Defense Batteries, 1941-1945. Immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, emergency defense batteries were installed along the Pacific Coast to ward off aircraft attack. Examples of those batteries exist on Point Loma (Flower, Ike and Roth 1982). With one exception, careful archaeological examination of these features has not been conducted, but .30-06 shell casings and historic glass indicates that soils contain historic archaeology features.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register because they represent America's immediate emergency response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor in the days following that pivotal event in American history:

WW II 30 Caliber Machine Gun Emplacements, 1941. H-3, Space and Naval Warfare facility. CA-SDi-13749H and CA-SDi-13750H. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because of their role in the defense of Fort Rosecrans from potential aerial assault. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches and wooden bunkers and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Three underground wooden framed 30-caliber machine gun emplacements were installed on the upper western slope of Point Loma at the northern end of Space and Naval Warfare facility. Two are spaced 100-feet apart and the other is located 300-feet west. These emplacements are wooden rooms with wood floors with stairs that lead to a 2-bunk sleeping quarters. Earth covers the roofs and one has completely collapsed.

Battery Strong Latrine, 1941. Wood frame. Building 401, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy.

Battery Strong Plotting Room and Power House, 1942. Building 549, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers and other historic archaeology covered by the Navy.

Underground Bunker, 1941-1945. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of America's early response to defending the Pacific Coast. A canyon uphill may contain historic archaeological resources.

Ground Attack Defenses, 1941-1945. Wood post and chain link boundary fence and barbed wire. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of America's early response to defending the Pacific Coast in World War II.

Searchlight Shelter, 05HS-15, and Generator Station 05HS-16, 1942. Cast concrete. This underground structure has a sliding sheet steel door that has been sealed and the Generator Station has an inclined walkway that has been filled-in with dirt. It is similar to 09HS-7. It is within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District.

Battery Bluff, 09HS-11, 1942. Cast concrete. Two emplacements of 37-mm artillery were mounted at the entrance of San Diego Harbor to protect against motor torpedo boats. This is located within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District. Oral history exists regarding construction and operation of this battery. Historical archeological resources include gun emplacements, a dug-out feature, a few surface artifacts and an isolated but deteriorating wooden plank reserve munitions storage box.

Battery Point Loma, 05HS-14, 1939-1941. Cast concrete and steel rail. Four 155-mm. artillery guns were hauled by tractor to be installed in mounts that are 90 feet apart. Three are covered with dirt, but one is exposed. Each mount has a steel circular rail that has a 38.5-foot diameter. Sandbagged communications trenches link the rear of the emplacements. Three partially underground igloo bunkers contain the remains of wood and wire bunk beds. One was dynamited and some of the trenches bulldozed in 1966, as observed by Ronald V. May. These are located with the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District. One gun ring has been documented through archeological excavations and oral history exists regarding the operation of this battery (Jones and Overton 1984). It is recorded as archeological site CA-SDi-11,936H and meets Criteria D as well as others.

Magazine, 05HS-17, 1942-1943. Cast concrete. This igloo-style magazine is identical to the 1942 Hospital Morgue Annex, uphill and west of the 1940 Hospital Annex along Sylvester Road. Interior wooden shelves are bolted to the floor. It is located within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register because they are associated with America's role in World War II and can contribute to our understanding of this important period of history:

Buildings 210-212, Nurses Quarters, Lower Cantonment, 1942. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A, because they contribute to our understanding of the World War II Post Hospital in the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. These buildings were built on 1940 water-landfills and do not likely to cover historic archaeology.

Battery Cabrillo, 1942. Located in two places within the Space and Naval Warfare facility near Battery Strong and at a lower elevation. Each emplacement was armed with 90mm anti-motor torpedo boat (AMTB) fixed and mobile guns. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A because they reflect emergency coastal defense measures.

Battery Command Station for Battery Cabrillo, 1941-1945. Cast concrete. H-21B. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of the sighting infrastructure necessary for gunnery calibration systems.

Base End Station for Battery Cabrillo, 1942. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of the sighting infrastructure necessary for gunnery calibration systems.

Battery Cliff (1916 Searchlight #4) 1942. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of nighttime sighting infrastructure necessary for defensive action.

(gone) Battery Fetterman and Fire Control Structures, 1943. Cast concrete. H-28B. Ineligible for inclusion on the National Register. The asphalt parking lot south and north of Coast Guard Search and Rescue Station cover portions of the Euro-American and Chinese fishing camp at the 1858-1886 Ballast Point Whaling Station at CA-SDi-12,593. Trenches in this asphalt revealed cast iron stove parts, cut and burned whale bones, Asian ceramics, butchered domestic livestock bones, 19th century bottle glass, and artifacts associated with the 1890-1957 Lighthouse. Although the California SHPO determined no National Register value to the historic lighthouse in 1988, no evaluation of the historic archaeology has been reviewed by SHPO staff. Archaeology investigations in 1988, 1989, 1991 and 1992 exposed historic archaeology trash deposits, architectural foundations and thousands of artifacts that are still under analysis by the Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation.

Building F-12, Battery Woodward, 1943. Cast concrete. H-11. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register or Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense strategy and the turning point in World War II defense technology. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building F-3, Administration Office, 1942. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents an example of support infrastructure for the Coast Artillery.

Building F-1, Administration Office, 1944. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents an example of support infrastructure for the Coast Artillery.

Buildings F-1, F-6 and F-9, Administration Offices, 1942. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents an example of support infrastructure for the Coast Artillery.

Harbor Defense Command Post, 1941. Cast concrete. Located at Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents the command infrastructure necessary to coordinate targeting and operation of the Coast Artillery during World War II. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Battery Grant, Wood and sandbags. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Battery Grant had two 6-inch guns installed in 1943. Recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense strategy and the turning point in World War II. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building 560, Battery Ashburn, 1943. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Determined eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense of the Pacific Coast and the height of artillery technology in World War II. It may qualify under Criteria C because it embodies distinctive characteristics of World War II artillery construction that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Battery Ashburn Plotting Room, 1942. Cast concrete. H-24. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Determined eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense in World War II. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building T-17, Battalion I Command Post World War II, 1941. Cast concrete. H-23. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents infrastructure necessary to coordinate targeting and operation of seacoast artillery in World War II. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building 557, Harbor Defense Command Post, 1941. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents infrastructure necessary to coordinate targeting and operation of seacoast artillery in World War II. This site contains underground historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building 547, Battery Humphrey, 1942. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Determined eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense strategy and the height of artillery technology in World War II. It also may qualify under Criteria C because it embodies distinctive characteristics of World War II artillery construction that represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. No evaluation of the potential historic archaeology has been undertaken and no report exists addressing this issue.

Building 15, Administrative Office, 1945. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents the support infrastructure for Sea Coast Defense in World War II.

Searchlight #15, 1942. Cast concrete and steel. H-15, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of artillery sighting infrastructure during World War II. This site may contain underground historic archaeological resources.

Water Tank Foundation, 1941-1945. Cast concrete. H-17, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of support infrastructure during World War II. The soil at this site may contain historic archaeological resources.

Conduit Box, 1941-1945. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of electrical infrastructure during World War II.

Battery Zeilin, 1942. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of the artillery defense of the Pacific Coast early in World War II. The soil at this site contains underground historic archaeological resources.

Building 213, Chapel, 1942. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of the morale and welfare of American soldiers during World War II. Portions of this structure were built on 1940 water and landfills, but the western portion may cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48.

Building 112, Ordinance Repair Building, 1943. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in sea coast defense strategies at the turning point in World War II, and it represents the height of artillery technology at that time. It also qualifies under Criteria C because it represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. Portions of the asphalt surrounding the structure includes the Army coal shed foundations and some of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48.

Proposed Fort Rosecrans, Upper Cantonment Historic District

Following Congressional direction to rebuild American military defense, the Army Quartermaster Corps selected the 1918 Upper Cantonment as the site for a new barracks community in 1940 (May 1999a). Forty-two buildings were erected at the northeast corner of McClelland Road and Catalina Boulevard. All these buildings are temporary wood frame with clapboard siding. Several design series are represented in this district. These will be presented in groups, based on the series represented.

Although World War II barracks are considered common and not generally recommended for protection beyond HABS/HAER documentation (Apple, Van Wormer and Cleland 1995), the Upper Cantonment Historic District assumed greater significance after World War II when it housed the Naval Electronics Laboratory and other Navy research and development functions (May 1999a). The contributing role of these buildings needs to be determined for this historic context.

The following buildings are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because they are associated with America's role in World War II and can contribute to our understanding of this important period of our history:

Buildings 306-348,365, Series 700, Two Story Barracks, 1940. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Topside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because they contribute to our understanding of morale and welfare of Fort Rosecrans soldiers in World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology. Building 323 is located away from the majority of the Fort Rosecrans, Upper Cantonment. It is clearly a Series 700 building, but the function is not known. It currently serves as the Electronics RDT&E (Research, Development, Test and Evaluation) Building for Space and Naval Warfare property and may have had special Cold War significance to that proposed historic district.

Buildings 307-315, 351-354, Series 700, One Story Buildings, 1940. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Topside). Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A because they contribute to our understanding of the morale and welfare of Fort Rosecrans soldiers in World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Building T-302, Series 700, 1940. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of the morale and welfare of Fort Rosecrans soldiers in World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Building 340, Fire Station, 1940. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Topside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of support infrastructure to Fort Rosecrans during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Building 349, Fire Department Service Building, 1940. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Topside). Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of support infrastructure to Fort Rosecrans during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Building 350, Shop 1940. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Topside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of support infrastructure to Fort Rosecrans during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Building 316, Water Reservoir, 1941. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare property. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of support infrastructure during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Building 398, Warehouse 1943. (marked P164 and #430 on some maps), Space and Naval Warfare property, Topside. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of support infrastructure during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Proposed Fort Rosecrans Works Progress Administration Historic District Works Progress Administration Infrastructure, 1939-1940

Congress created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the Great Depression to maintain the American economy and social fabric of the nation (May 1999a). Construction craftsmen were drafted into work teams to assist in public projects to benefit Federal, state and local governments up until the declaration of War in December 1941.

Much of the WPA infrastructure built during this time period reflects expressions of craftsmanship unique to the period. One prime example is the use of cobble rock masonry in walls, drainage culverts, and recreational facilities. These WPA infrastructure features are generally eligible for inclusion on the National Register as artistic works and representative of a major period in American history.

From 1938 to 1940, a WPA crew worked under the direction of the Army Quartermaster at Fort Rosecrans (May 1999a). The WPA built Ashburn Road, installed retaining walls and drainage culverts, built a tennis court, painted the old post buildings, and made repairs (San Diego Union, 4/14 —18/40; Army Quartermaster Corps, Completion Reports, 1940).

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because they are associated with the WPA recovery program during the Great Depression. They are recommended under Criteria C because they embody distinctive cobblestone masonry characteristics constructed by the WPA during this important period of American history:

Lower Culvert/Tennis Court Cobblestone Walls, 1938. Incorrectly identified in the HARP Plan as a 1904 infrastructure to Fort Rosecrans, the Lower Culvert Tennis Court system surrounded the tennis court installed by the WPA in 1938. This tennis court is recommended for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with the WPA during the Great Depression. The tennis court may qualify under Criteria C because it embodies distinctive cobblestone masonry characteristics constructed by the WPA during this time period.

Ashburn Road Culvert and Retaining System, 1938. Incorrectly identified as of no functional importance in the 1995 Hardlines National Register survey, the artistic rock masonry culvert and retaining wall are part of the 1938 construction of Ashburn Road. Photographs in the Army Quartermaster Corps show laborers constructing the road. The Ashburn Road Culvert and Retaining System is recommended for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with the WPA during the Great Depression. The Ashburn Road Culvert and Retaining System is recommended for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria C because it embodies distinctive cobblestone masonry characteristics constructed by the WPA.

Proposed Quarantine Station Historic District, 1942-1945

The federal Department of Public Health developed and operated a Quarantine Station for civilian and military shipping at La Playa, until the land and facilities were transferred to the Navy. No buildings survive from the early Quarantine Station, prior to 1942 (Apple, Van Wormer and Cleland 1995). However, a relocated Navy structure functioned as the Quarantine Station Larger Isolation Hospital Building during World War II.

The following structure is recommended for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its contributory role associated with the Department of Health Quarantine Station on Point Loma during World War II:

Building 121, Navy Reserve Study Room and Quarantine Station Larger Isolation Hospital Building, 1918-1942. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Bayside). This structure was recommended ineligible under Criteria C, based on architectural changes to the 1918 structure (May 1999a). However, it may not have been evaluated for its contributory role to the Quarantine Station and as the last surviving structure representing that historic context. Building 121 is recommended for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its contributory role associated with the federal Department of Health Quarantine Station on Point Loma during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Potential Naval Coal Yard/Fuel and Ammunition Depot Historic District

Naval Coal Depot. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology. This is also the historic location for the Mexican Customs House and Embarcadero, early 19th century commercial hide houses, and 19th century community of La Playa. This may also include the 1880s Chinese boat yards, where at least eight large redwood junks were constructed for the fishing trade. If the latter proves to be the case, the soil should contain historic trash deposits.

La Playa Coaling Yard, 1904/Naval Coal Depot, 1904. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of naval support infrastructure at the turn of the last century. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Coal Yard (concrete slab), 1907/Naval Fuel Depot, 1917. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with Taft Board power system infrastructure at Fort Rosecrans and the naval defense of the Pacific Coast.

FISC (Fleet Industrial Supply Center) Structure 180, Navy Coaling Wharf, 1907/Fuel Annex Fueling Wharf. Cast concrete and wood. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it is associated with Taft Board power system infrastructure at Fort Rosecrans and the naval defense of the Pacific Coast.

FISC Structure 46, Quarantine Station Public School, 1908. Wood frame stucco. Naval Base Point Loma. Needs reevaluation to determine if eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with Taft Board infrastructure support for Fort Rosecrans and the naval defense of the Pacific Coast.

Quarters 'A', Naval Coal Depot, 1908. Colonial Revival. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with Taft Board power system infrastructure at Fort Rosecrans and the naval defense of the Pacific Coast.

Proposed Navy Supply Center and Fuel Depot Historic District

After the Spanish American War in 1898, the Navy implemented plans to develop fuel and supply centers on the Pacific Coast (Apple, Van Wormer and Cleland 1995).

Following a transfer of the Army Torpedo Station at the Quarantine Station to the Navy in 1901, the War Department transferred 360 acres of the Military Reservation to the Navy to develop a coaling station and a radio station. Commissioned in 1904, the La Playa Coaling Station developed into a fuel oil and supply center through both World Wars and continues to provide fuel to military airfields in the San Diego region.

World War I Historic Context

To defend the Pacific Coast against German submarines and other naval shipping threats, the Navy developed a primary supply and fuel center at San Diego. Concentration of fuel oil, munitions, and supplies greatly enhanced coastal patrols. The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because they are associated with America's role in World War I and can contribute to a better understanding of this important period of American history:

FISC Structure 2, Boiler House — Transformer Building, 1918. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with America's role in World War I and for the development of power delivery infrastructure to naval forces on the Pacific Coast. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 12, Foam Fire Building, 1918. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with America's role in World War I and for the fuel delivery system to support naval forces in the Pacific. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structures 20 and 21, Ordinance Magazines, 1919. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with America's role in World War I and for the ammunition delivery system to support naval forces in the Pacific. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 11, Pumping Station, 1918. Corrugated steel. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with America's role in World War I and for the fuel delivery system to support naval forces in the Pacific. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 41, Fuel Storage Tank, 1918. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with America's role in World War I and for the fuel delivery system to support naval forces in the Pacific. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 42,55,000 bbl. Fuel Oil Tank, 1918. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with America's role in World War I and for the fuel delivery system to support naval forces in the Pacific. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 Period

Between World War I and 1942, the Navy shifted from coal supply to fuel oil and munitions storage (Apple, Van Wormer and Cleland 1995). Three small steel reinforced cast concrete ammunition bunkers built in 1919 handled small arms and ammunition. Torpedo warhead storage in a large blockhouse built in 1926 expanded that supply operation (May 1999a). During the rearming effort, two igloo bunkers were built in 1937 to handle depth charges. Together, the ammunition facilities and fuel depot made the Navy Supply Center on Point Loma the primary distribution point for all naval depth charges and depth charge material for the Pacific Theater of operations during World War II (May 1999a). The Navy re-commissioned the property as the Navy Supply Center Annex Fuel and Ammunition Department. Buildings and structures contributing to the role of the Navy Supply Center from that period are contributing elements to the proposed Navy Supply Center Historic District.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because they are associated with America's peace time national defense policy following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and political isolation from the outside world. These properties are also important for their increased role in economic recovery programs associated with the Great Depression:

FISC Structure 31, Air Compressor Building, 1925. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with the America's peace time national defense role in the wake of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 33,Warhead Storage Magazine, 1926. Hollow clay tile masonry and cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's peace time national defense role in the wake of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. The surrounding is a massive wooden buttress supporting an earth mound designed to withstand an explosion. The concrete pavement to the west may cover historic archaeology. No original engineering or architectural plans are know to survive for this structure.

FISC Structure 44, 10,000 bbl Fuel Oil Tank, 1931. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's peace time national defense role in the wake of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 43, 45, 57-62, 55,000 bbl Fuel Oil Tanks, 1931-1934. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's peace time national defense role in the wake of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 26, Submarine Salvage Gear Storage Warehouse, 1932. Corrugated steel. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's peacetime national defense role in the wake of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

War Preparedness Act of 1935 Period

The Navy made a smooth transition from post 1935 wartime preparedness at the Navy Fuel Depot to the Nation's entry into World War II (Apple, Van Wormer and Cleland 1995). Continuous operation of this facility during the Isolationism Period following 1922 allowed a slow development of supply storage infrastructure that later served all military branches fuel the war in the Pacific Theater after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 (Turhollow 1975).

The Navy assumed greater importance during the years leading up to War in Europe and the Pacific. Naval patrols of the Pacific Coast provided a steady information stream welcomed by politicians and planners in the Department of War (May 1999a). Following the 1935 decision by Congress to rebuild America's defenses, the Navy expanded the Radio Station Point Loma and the Naval Fuel Depot. The resulting buildings and structures formed important support infrastructure for entry into World War II.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because they are associated with the 1935 congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses. They are also recommended for eligibility because they are associated with military involvement in President Roosevelt's administrative programs to recover from the Great Depression.

FISC Structures 47 and 48, Ordinance Magazines, 1936. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression of the 1930s. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 74, Ordinance Magazine, 1936. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 53, Ordinance Magazine, 1937. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 51, Fuel Depot — Target Repair and Material Storage Structure, 1937. Cast concrete. Fuel Depot. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 302, Small Base — Small Craft Facility Pier, 1937. Wood. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Bayside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression of the 1930s. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 50, Fuel Depot General Utility Building, 1937. Corrugated steel. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 56, Warehouse, 1938. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 63, 10,000 bbl Fuel Oil Tank, 1939. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with Congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression and develop fuel delivery infrastructure to support naval defense of the Pacific. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 263, Spillway/Flume, 1939. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression and develop fuel delivery infrastructure to support naval Defenses of the Pacific. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 264, Water Dam, 1939. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Storm Drain, 1938. Cast concrete. Naval District Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 64, Foamite Generator Building, 1939. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 65, Pumping Station 1939. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 55, Salvage Gear Storage Building, 1940. Corrugated steel. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the La Playa area.

FISC Structure 70, Steel Ballast Sludge Storage Tank, 1940. Brick masonry. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 67, Shop and Bulk Storage Warehouse, 1940. Corrugated steel. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the archeologically sensitive La Playa area.

Warehouse 1940. Corrugated steel. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

FISC Structure 68, Warehouse 1940. Corrugated steel. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

Building F-17, Power House for Searchlights 1 and 2, 1940. Cast concrete. H-6. Space and Naval Warfare property. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 69, Warehouse 1941. Corrugated steel. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

Building 106, Small Craft Facility Barracks 1941. Space and Naval Warfare facility. (Bayside). B-k H-type Barracks. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

Building 107, Small Craft Facility Sterilizer and Heating Room, Section Base Boiler, 1941. Wood frame stucco. Fuel Depot. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with congressional policy to rebuild America's defenses during the Great Depression. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

Navy Wartime Historic Context

Following declaration of war in December of 1941, development of the Navy defense of San Diego accelerated (Ruhlen 1959). The number of ships and small craft passing through San Diego increased and the volume of supplies shipped by rail to the Naval Supply Center to be loaded on transports bound for the Pacific Theater sharply increased (Apple, Van Wormer and Cleland 1995). The role of the Naval Supply Center and Fuel Depot became pivotal in the logistical support of all the American military services for the Pacific Theater of Operations.

Radar Unit S.C.R. 296, 1942. H-18, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense during World War II. No testing under the soil has been conducted for archaeology.

Building 112, Small Craft Facility Boat Pool and Maintenance Office, 1942. Wood frame stucco. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Bayside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

Building 120, Section Base Small Craft Facility, 1941. Wood and corrugated steel. Space and Naval Warfare property, Bayside. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

FISC Structure 49, Naval Fuel Depot Garage and Craft Repair Maintenance Building, 1941. Wood frame and stucco. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

FISC Structure 75, Warehouse 1942. Corrugated steel. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

FISC Structure 70A, Fuel Depot Support Building, 1942. Wood frame stucco, Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology, but this is in the sensitive La Playa area.

FISC Structures, 76-84, 27,000 Bbl Fuel Oil Tanks, 1942. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's sea coast defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structures 85-88, 13,500 Bbl Diesel Fuel Oil Tanks 1942. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 93, Fuel Depot Support Structure, 1942. Wood frame stucco. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 94, Fuel Pumping Station, 1942. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structures 107-109, Explosive Ordinance Magazines, 1943. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and ammunition delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot or soil area has been conducted for archaeology, but the south side of the hill from the metal tower is the location of the 1847-1880 Protestant Cemetery. At least 300 people were buried in this Protestant cemetery, including the wife of an Army officer who died following the Mexican War.

FISC Structure 95, Tank Cleaning Gear Storage Building, 1943. Wood frame stucco Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 101, Storage Building, 1943. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 105, Building Supply Warehouse, 1943. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 179, Tennis Court 1944. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 119, Building Supply Warehouse, 1944. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 110, Navy Fuel Annex Battery and Electrical Shop, 1944. Wood frame stucco. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 114, Small Craft Facility and Fuel Annex Personnel Office, 1944. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended Eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 113, Filter House — Oil Diesel, 1945. Wood frame and stucco. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 115, Pumping Station, AG, 1945. Wood frame and stucco. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Flagpole, 1942. Aluminum. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II.

Structure 127, Fire Fighting Equipment Building, 1942. Wood frame and stucco. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Bayside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense and fuel delivery system to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Structure 128, Small Craft Facility Barracks, 1942. Wood frame and stucco. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Bayside). B-k H-type Navy Barracks. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Structure 130, Electronics Building, 1942. Wood frame and siding. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Bayside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Structure 132, Small Craft Facility Storehouse, 1943. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Bayside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Structure 143, Small Craft Facility Night Lookout Training Unit, 1944. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Bayside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FISC Structure 140, Maintenance Equipment Storage Building, 1945. Wood frame and stucco. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A for its association with America's coastal defense to support Navy forces in the Pacific during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Proposed Navy Radio and Sound Historic District, 1906-1949

The Navy Radio and Sound Historic District, 1906-1919, is recommended for eligibility under Criteria A, B and C of the National Historic Preservation Act. This 1906 Radio Point Loma 11.4-acre reserve expanded in 1942 to include 60 surrounding acres in 1942 (Apple, Van Wormer and Cleland 1995). Development as a radio and sound research facility of national importance began during the post World War I peace time, when the official radio letters "NPL" were added in 1912 and steel girder antennae linked with transcontinental transmitters in 1917. Expansion continued in peacetime, as evidenced by erection of the 1926 flagpole. This 71.4-acre property became a Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory in 1942 until it was de-commissioned in 1949.

The following properties are recommended for inclusion on the National Register for their association with the Taft Board policies for research and development of radio and sound communication infrastructure between 1906 and World War II. These properties contributed to exceptional scientific achievements that greatly affected America's defense during World War I and II.

Radio Point Loma Flag Pole, 1926. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributed infrastructure support to the Point Loma Radio Station.

Point Loma Radio Station Building "A". Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because exceptional scientific achievements were advanced there which played a pivotal role in communication system development during World Wars I and II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Point Loma Radio Station Building "B", 1940. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because exceptional scientific achievements were advanced there which played a pivotal role in communication development before and during World Wars II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Point Loma Radio Station, Radio and Sound Laboratory, 1940. Wood frame and stucco. H-33. Building A-4, Space and Naval Warfare property. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because exceptional achievements were advanced there which played a pivotal role in communication development before and during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Structure 81, Administrative Office, Research Library, 1942. Wood frame and stucco. Space and Naval Warfare activity. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because exceptional achievements were advanced there which played a pivotal role in communication development during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Blacksmith and Sheet Metal Shop, Point Loma Radio Station, 1938. Wood frame and stucco. Space and Naval Warfare property. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because these shops developed electronic equipment used in pivotal scientific research and advancement in communication development before and during World II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Auxiliary Transmitter Building, 1942. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because this facility played a pivotal role in the exceptional achievements in communication and sound research at the Point Loma Radio Station and Sound Laboratory during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Radio Transmission Station, 1942. Cast concrete. H-26, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because this facility played an exceptional pioneer role in communication and sound research during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

FCTC Structure, Counter Intelligence Code Training Building, 1944. Wood frame and stucco. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because this facility played an important role in training communication systems during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Structure 45, Signal Propagation Tower, 1945. Steel. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because this tower played an exceptional pioneer role in communication and sound research during World War II. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Proposed Naval Electronics Laboratory Historic District

Cold War Historic Context.

The historic context of post-1945 "Cold War" historic properties requires synthesis of existing historic contexts that developed to subsequent historic themes (see Apple, Van Wormer and Cleland 1995, Quaide 1999, Warton 1999, Blick and Sciuto 1999). Point Loma Cold War historic properties developed from the Taft Period, such as the 1906 Radio Point Loma and electric power infrastructure, and the 1942-1945 scientific research and development work in surrounding buildings. Those beginnings led directly to the Naval Electronics Laboratory in 1949.

The 1906 Radio Point Loma instantly became the West Coast center for research and development of communications and sound equipment following the Empire of Japan's attack in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. The Point Loma Radio Station became the Counter Intelligence Code School in 1942 (May 1999a). Radio Station Point Loma, Batterys Whistler, Strong and Woodward, the Coal Yard, Navy Fuel Farm and the Upper Cantonment transferred from the Army to Navy in 1946-1947 to develop the "Naval Electronic Laboratory." Battery Whistler became the Arctic Research Laboratory in 1947. The federal Department of Public Health transferred the Quarantine Station to the Navy in 1949. Between 1949 and 1959, over 240,000 acres Fort Rosecrans became subdivided and transferred from the Army to the Navy.

Between 1956 and 1957, the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery acquired 636.48 acres. This land formed the top spine of Point Loma and separates Cabrillo National Monument and the former Naval Electronics Laboratory. Army General Order #31 discontinued Fort Rosecrans, a Class I sub-installation of Fort MacArthur. The final legal dismantlement and transfer of property to the Navy took place between 1959 and 1962 (May 199a). The 240,000-acre Naval Electronic Laboratory that was formed in 1949 following decommissioning of the Naval Radio Station, has Cold War historical value. A study is currently under way by JRP Historical Consulting Services under contract with the Navy (Mikesell 1998). Information provided by Steve Mikesell of JRP provided evidence to support a Cold War Naval Electronics Laboratory Historic District.

There is considerable overlap of historical values during the 1906 - World War II era in terms of establishment of the Naval Radio Station and Counter Intelligence Code training school and the Cold War Naval Electronics Laboratory (May 1999a). Buildings and structures of lesser significance during the earlier historic contexts assumed new meaning during the Cold War. For example, older buildings were relocated in 1948 to provide housing for senior scientists. This Cold War historic contexts requires serious reconsideration of the historic importance of many former Navy and Army buildings and structures.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criterion A through C either because exhibit exceptional significance for their association with the Cold War or they are associated with the lives of persons significant during the Cold War. In some instances, they represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.

Structure 33, Scientific Laboratory, 1953. Cast concrete. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it played a pivotal role in exceptional scientific achievements in electronic research during the Cold War. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Flammable Storage Building, 1946. Concrete block. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it is associated with Cold War events of exceptional significance. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Structure 371, Arctic Sciences Building, 1947. Concrete and steel. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Topside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it played a pivotal role in exceptional achievements in Arctic research during the Cold War. This is also the location of Battery Whistler, which exists underneath Structure 371. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Structure 383, Administrative Office, 1945. Wood, Series 700. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Topside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it provided infrastructure support to exceptional Cold War research. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Structure 387, Warehouse, 1946. Corrugated steel. Space and Naval Warfare facility (Topside). Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it provided infrastructure support to exceptional Cold War Research. No testing under the asphalt parking lot has been conducted for archaeology.

Building "E," Radio Point Loma Married Operator's Quarters 1948. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Although determined not eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties because this house was moved from the Radio Point Loma Station, it merits reconsideration as a contributing element to the Cold War Naval Electronics Laboratory. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A and B because it played a pivotal role and for its association as residences for nationally famous scientists during the Cold War.

Building "G," Radio Point Loma Married Operator's Quarters 1948. Wood frame Space and Naval Warfare facility. Although determined not eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties because this house was moved from the Radio Point Loma Station in 1948, it merits reconsideration as a contributing element to the Cold War Naval Electronics Laboratory. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A and B because it played a pivotal role and for its association as residences for nationally famous scientists during the Cold War.

Buildings "H-K," Radio Point Loma Married Operator's Quarters 1948. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Although determined ineligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties because they were moved 1500 feet to support the Naval Electronics Laboratory in 1948, they merit reconsideration as contributing elements to the Cold War Naval Electronic Laboratory Historic District. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A and B because it played a pivotal role and for its association as residences for nationally famous scientists during the Cold War.

Conclusion

The Point Loma Military Reservation contains the greatest concentration and broadest range of American Military history on the Nation's Pacific Coast, south of San Francisco. As explained in the introduction, Point Loma represents the four major technological pulses of American defense of the 20th century. Archaeological and historic properties within this reservation contribute to a complete understanding of the total function of American military historic contexts between 1898 and the present. This overview places those properties in meaningful historic contexts and shows how they are interconnected. Over the next century, more of Point Loma may be declared obsolete for military purposes. General Services Administration regulations might allow the National Park Service to expand to better interpret its resources. This overview provides information for long-term feasibility studies for such an event.

Twice since Cabrillo National Monument was established, the War Department declared some Point Loma lands as inactive. The 1922 Washington Naval Treaty opened Fort Rosecrans to civilian tourism. This ceased after the 1935 War Preparedness Act, but following World War II, the Army notified the General Services Administration that some Point Loma lands would become surplus between 1957 and 1960. During the latter period, Cabrillo National Monument expanded boundaries as a result. The Navy and Air Force expanded their operations on most of the former Army property. Since 1991, the Navy has substantially reduced operations and many research facilities occupying National Register eligible structures were halted. Many underground batteries, base end stations, and communication tunnels are vacant or operating at minimal levels. Over the next decade, the Navy may withdraw and remove historic facilities from some of the lands as 'down-sizing' or closures are approved.

Management Considerations

Future monument interpretive programs should expand to explain the role of military features within the park, in a broad Point Loma Military Reservation context. This should include a large scale map showing major historic features, an explanation of their functions, and changes that occurred between 1898, 1919, 1945, and the 1991 end of the Cold War. The linked role of the Navy on Point Loma should be interpreted along with the Fort Rosecrans system, to present a full picture of the entire defense scheme. This should include discussion of the Naval Radio and Sound Laboratories, which park visitors pass by while commuting on Cabrillo Memorial Drive.

Given a political climate and national program for decommissioning military bases, the National Park Service should be poised to respond to Department of Navy or General Services Agency future proposals to surplus portions of the Military Reservation on Point Loma. The post World War II scenario of the 1950s could be repeated in the next decade and this management overview provides the National Park Service with information on the potential interpretive value of the National Register eligible properties extant on the peninsula. Where possible, this report also identifies potential locations not yet tested for archaeological resource values.

Exhibit Potential

The monument has an opportunity to develop important educational exhibits concerning the Military Reservation at Point Loma. Use of photographs archived at the Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation, Building 127, and Space and Naval Warfare Library on Naval Base Point Loma can enhance those exhibits. Additionally, the Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation curates Fort Rosecrans Army artifacts that would loaned for such exhibits. Examples include a large electrical switch plate from Battery Wilkeson, uniform insignia and personal effects of soldiers from the 115th Company of Coast Artillery (1902-1924), and ammunition casings.

Photographs of interior graffiti inscriptions at Battery White from World War II and in the walls of the 1919 YMCA Service Club could be used to develop exhibits on the people who served Fort Rosecrans during important historical events. Along those same lines, thirteen letters dating from 1904 to 1905 and recovered from inside the walls of the 115th Company of Coast Artillery barracks could greatly enhance such an exhibit. Personalization of history through photographs and letters of people who actually served would bring the message of the exhibits to visitors on a personal basis.

References

Apple, Rebecca McCorkle, Steve Van Wormer and Jamie Cleland
1995 Historic and Archaeological Resources Protection Plan For the Point Loma Naval Complex, Phase I Archaeological and Architectural Survey For The Point Loma Naval Complex, San Diego, Appendices 2, 3, and 4. U.S. Navy, Southwest Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

Blick, David and Renee A. Sciuto
1999 "Cold War Historical Properties at Aberdeen Proving Ground". COMMON GROUND, Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 49-50. National Park Service, Washington, DC

Callaghan, Paul Michael
1980 Fort Rosecrans, California. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of History, University of San Diego.

Durst, Donald and Charrisa Wang
1995 Cultural Resources Inventory Survey and Historic and Archaeological Resources Protection (HARP) Plan. Southwest Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, San Diego, California.

Flower, Douglas, Darcy Ike and Linda Roth
1982 Cultural Resource Inventory, Archaeology/History/Architecture, Navy and Coast Guard Lands, Point Loma, San Diego, California. U.S. Naval Submarine Base, San Diego.

Floyd, Dale E.
1985 United States Coastal Defense, 1775-19S0: A Bibliography. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Gerould, Robert C.
1966 Fort Rosecrans, California: A History. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of History, California Western University, Los Angeles.

Joyce, Barry A.
1996 A Harbor Worth Defending: A Military History of Point Loma. San Diego: Cabrillo Historical Association.

Keniston, Stanley
1996 Fort Rosecrans: Point Loma Coastal Defenses, National Register of Historic Places Nomination. Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division. San Diego, California.

Lewis, Emanuel Raymond
1970 Seacoast Fortifications of the United States: An Introductory History. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

May, Ronald V
1985 The Guns of Point Loma: America's First Sea Coast Artillery Defense in San Diego. In Cabrillo Historical Seminar, The Military on Point Loma. pp. 26-36. Cabrillo Historical Association, San Diego.

1985 The Fort That Never Was on Ballast Point. Journal of San Diego History. 31(Spring):121-136.

1996 Nomination of Fort Guijarros, CA-SDi-12000, to the National Register of Historic Places and Preliminary Determination of the Site Boundaries. Research Report prepared for Milford Wayne Donaldson, FAIA, Inc., San Diego.

1995 Archaeological Field Report on the Horse Bone Site Test Excavation South of McCleland Road, United States Naval Submarine Base, San Diego, California. Report for the U.S. Naval Submarine Base, San Diego.

1998 Fiber Optic Cable Trench Report, Building 140, Naval Base Point Loma. Report for the Natural Resources Office, Navy Region Southwest. San Diego, California.

1999a Outline of Point Loma Architectural History, Baseline Data for Revision of the Fort Rosecrans Historic District and Other Districts. Manuscript in the Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation. San Diego, California.

1999b Anne's Alley South, Fiber Optic Cable Trench West of Buildings 137-140, Naval Base Point Loma. Report for the Natural Resources Office, Navy Region Southwest. San Diego, California.

2000 Restoration of Fort Rosecrans Officer's Quarters. Reflections. 22(Summer):4.

Mikesell, Steve
1998 Personal Communication.

Quartide, Rustin
1999 "Documenting the Cold War: Investigating Available Resources". COMMON GROUND, Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 45-46. National Park Service, Washington, DC

Ransom, Edward
1967 The Endicott Board of 1885-1886 and the Coast Defenses. Military Affairs. 31 (Summer):74-84.

Ruhlen, George
1959 Fort Rosecrans, California. San Diego Historical Society Quarterly. 5 (October): pp. 60-68.

Triem, Judy
1995 Historic Eligibility Survey, Fort Rosecrans, Naval Submarine Base, San Diego. Report for the Southwest Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Command Naval Base, San Diego.

Turhollow, Anthony F.
1975 A History of the Los Angeles District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1898-1965. Los Angeles: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Widdel, Sharilyn
1995 Letter from the State Historic Preservation Officer to Captain David Stanley, Commanding Officer, U.S. Naval Submarine Base, San Diego.

Wharton, Jeane
1999 "Interpreting the Cold War". COMMON GROUND, Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 47-48, National Park Service, Washington, DC.

Newspapers

San Diego Union

Government Documents

U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps, Completion Report, 1940. U.S. National Archives, Laguna Nigel.

Figure 18: Point Loma Military Reservation showing American Army identified historic resources, including potential archeological deposits, with key to inventory surveys (Ronald May map). (click on image for an enlargement in a new window)

Key to U.S. Army Era Historic Resources Map

Figure 19: Insignia of 115th Company, Coast Artillery Corps, uniform collar insignia from 1902-1924. This Company manned Battery Wilkeson 10 inch Disappearing Rifles and were quartered at Building 139. This artifact was found with burned uniform supplies discarded upon the refuse of Ballast Point Whaling Company, site SDi-2,000. Photograph by John Wright, No. P:95-1515. Copyright by Fort Guijarros Museum Association.

Figure 20: 1890 Photograph of Fort San Diego, constructed between 1873-1974. The white buildings housed work crews who improved the roadway sloping upward and the unfinished artillery battery to the left of the photograph. Photograph taken by Lighthouse Service and is not accessioned. Image is property of Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation.

Figure 21: Ca. 1923 Aerial photograph of 1890 Ballast Point Lighthouse (on top of Keepers' House), with Assistant Keepers' House, Fog Bell, warehouses of Ballast Point Whaling Company (barn-like structure and removed warehouse foundations). The open space immediately beyond the existing structures was occupied by 1860-1870s whaler's oil-rendering tryworks, recorded as archeological site SDi-12,953. At the top of this early photograph are four dark barracks at the waters' edge, constructed in 1917 but demolished in 1924. Photograph is not accessioned but image is property of Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation.

Figure 22: Ca. 1950 Oblique Aerial photograph of Fort Rosecrans, looking westward. World War II structures include Quartermasters Wharf, barracks and industrial buildings in foreground. Unoccupied flat landfill was installed in 1940. Larger buildings in tree-lined areas are 1904-1908 Coast Artillery barracks and officers' housing. Other buildings are 1940 Post Hospital Annex, Nurses' Quarters, and Bachelor Officers' Quarters. In a canyon is the 1915 Battery White, a large bore mortar emplacement. A fresh-looking hillside cut profiles the top of a 1943 Artillery Ordinance Repair Building. Point Loma Lighthouse is barely visible in the upper left corner of the image. Photograph C-140-7-50 and property of Space and Naval Warfare Photographic Archives. Reproduced by Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation.

Figure 23: Ca. 1936-1941 Photograph of Naval Radio Station and Sound Research Laboratory (foreground) which received the first radio message of the Pearl Harbor bombing on December 7, 1941. Looking eastward, round tanks are of the 1917-1940 Naval Fuel Depot. Beyond, at shoreline is the Quarantine Station and to the right is the 1907-1917 Naval Coal Depot which covers the 1822-1880s. La Playa community, including the six British hide houses described by Dana in Two Years Before the Mast. Copyright and property of Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation.