Canyon de Chelly Administrative History

1. William Brandon: The American Heritage Book of Indians (New York: American Heritage Publishing Company, 1961), pp. 130-31; Luis Navarro Garcia, Jose de Gálvez y la Comandancia General de las Provincias Internas (Sevilla, Spain: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americana de Sevilla, 1965), plate 110.

2. Frank D. Reeve, "Navaho-Spanish Diplomacy, 1770-1790," New Mexico Historical Review 35, no. 3 (Albuquerque, 1960): 206-9; David M. Brugge, Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico, 1694-1875, Research Report No. 1, Research Section (Window Rock, Ariz.: Navajo Tribe, 1968), pp. 45-47.

3. Reeve, "Navaho-Spanish Diplomacy," p. 204.

4. Daniel S. Matson and Albert H. Schroeder, eds., "Cordero's Description of the Apache," New Mexico Historical Review 32, no. 4 (Albuquerque, 1957): 356.

5. Antonio Narbona to Fernando Chacón, Jan. 24, 1805, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Mexican Archives, Santa Fe.

6. Frank McNitt, Navajo Wars (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1972), p. 126.

7. James H. Simpson, Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navajo Country, 31st Cong., 1st sess., 1850, S. Doc. 64.

8. Arthur Woodward, "The First Americans through Canon de Chelly," Masterkey 13, no. 4 (Los Angeles, 1939): 136-38.

9. Bond of Agustin Lacome, Mar. 4, 1854, NA, RG 75, OIA, NM Field Papers.

10. Cosmos Mindeleff, The Cliff Ruins of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, in J. W. Powell, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1894-1895 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1897), p. 80; Beaumont Newhall and Nancy Newhall, T. H. O'Sullivan, Photographer (New York: George Eastman House and Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, 1966).

11. J. W. Powell, Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1882-1883 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1886), pp. xxxiv-xxxvi.

12. J. W. Powell, Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-1884 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1887), p. xxiv.

13. Mindeleff, Cliff Ruins, p. 80.

14. Richard F. Van Valkenburgh, "Dine Bikeyah (The Navajo Country)," mimeographed (Window Rock, Ariz.: Navajo Agency, 1941), p. 39.

15. Cotton to Deputy Collector, Int. Rev., June 29, 1885, Cotton Letterbook, 1884-89, Historical Files, Hubbel Trading Post NHS, Ganado, Ariz., p. 138.

16. J. H. Beadle, The Undeveloped West; or Five Years in the Territories (Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1873).

17. F. F. Bickford, "Prehistoric Cave-Dwellings," The Century Magazine 40 (New York, 1890): 896-911.

18. Actg. CIA to Sec. of Int., May 1, 1903, NA, RG 48, ID, Off. of the Sec., 3945/03.

19. Hayzlett to Day, May 29, 1903, Navajo Agency Letterbook, FD-29, Federal Records Center, Bell, Calif., p. 28.

20. Linengood, Supt., Navajo Boarding School, Ft. Defiance, to CIA, Sept 30, 1903, NA, RG 75, OIA, 65782/03; See also the Culin Journals, Brooklyn Museum.

21. William T. Shelton to CIA, Feb. 22, 1905, NA, RG 75, OIA, 16559/05.

22. Day to Reuben Perry, July 20, 1904, NA, RG 48, ID, Off. of the Sec., Ind. Div. 733, 7997/04, encl. 1; Perry to CIA, July 27, 1904, NA, RG 48, ID, Off. of the Sec., Ind. Div. 733, 7997/04, encl. 2; Tanner to Sec. of Int., Aug. 5, 1904, NA, RG 48, ID, Off. of the Sec., Ind. Div. 733, 7997/04.

23. Frank McNitt, The Indian Traders (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), p. 251.

24. Peter Paquette to CIA, June 7, 1909, Navajo Agency Letterbook, FD-47, FRC, pp. 27-28.

25. Outwest 26, no. 6 (1907): 485-505.

26. Anonymous, "Canyon de Chelly of Arizona," Scientific American Supplement 87 (Feb. 15, 1919): 100-101.

27. Hannah Fox to Dir., U. S. Nat. Mus., Feb. 9, 1917, NA, RG 75, OIA, Classified Files, Navajo, 21634-17-042.

28. Paquette to CIA, Aug. 9, 1917, ibid.

29. Report by Herbert W. Gleason, Part 7, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

1. Verne E. Chatelain to Horace Albright, Mar. 10, 1933, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Central Classified Files 1933-49, encl., pp. 4-5.

2. Charles Davis to Hubert Work, Sept. 3, 1924, NA, RG 75, OIA, Class. Files, Nay., 69601-1924-044.

3. Cammerer to Burke, Sept. 17, 1924, ibid.

4. Chatelain to Albright, Mar. 10, 1933, encl., pp. 8-9.

5. Hagerman to CIA, Dec. 16, 1924, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Gen., 1923-34; Burke to Mather, Dec. 31, 1924, NA, RG 75, OIA, Class. Files, Nav., 69601-1924-044.

6. "Minutes of the Navajo Tribal Council held at Fort Wingate, New Mexico, July 7-8, 1925," NA, RG 75, OIA, Central Files 1907-39, Nav., 37534-1925-054.

7. Ibid.

8. "Extract from report of H. J. Hagerman, Commissioner to the Navajo Tribe, dated July 11, 1925," NA, RG 75, OIA, Class. Files, Nav., 69601-1924-044.

9. Merritt to Mather, July 24, 1925, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2; Cammerer to Merritt, Aug. 25, 1925, NA, RG 75, OIA, Class. Files, Nav., 69601-1924-044.

10. "A Proclamation," n.d., NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2; Burke to Hagerman, Aug. 27, 1925, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

11. Burke to Hagerman, Aug. 27, 1925, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

12. Chatelain to Albright, Mar. 10, 1933, encl., pp. 11, 14.

13. Memo by Kidder and Morris, n.d., NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

14. Ibid.

15. Merriam to Albright, Mar. 12, 1929, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

16. Albright to Merriam, Mar. 18, 1929, ibid.; Merriam to Albright, Mar. 19, 1929, ibid.

17. Burke to Albright, Apr. 23, 1929, ibid.

18. Rhoads to Albright, Mar. 4, 1930, ibid.

19. Hagerman to Rhoads, June 19, 1930, NA, RG 75, OIA, Class. Files, Nay., 69601-1924-044; Rhoads to Hagerman, July 1, 1930, ibid.

20. Despite Hagerman's statement, no evidence has been found that more than one earlier council voted in favor of the establishment of a national monument at Canyon de Chelly or even considered the matter.

21. "Minutes of the Eighth Annual Session of the Navajo Tribal Council held at Fort Wingate, New Mexico, July 7-8, 1930," NA, RG 75, OIA, General Services, 054-1929-34664 to 054-1931-35878, pp. 65-66.

22. Ibid., pp. 66-67.

23. Ibid., p. 67.

24. This name is written "Todechenie Cheschille" in the council minutes, but appears as "Toadin Chischilli" on a later petition. Sandoval et al. to Hunter, Oct. 8, 1930, NA, RG 75, OIA, Class. Files, Nav., 69601-1924-044. This later rendering, appearing also as "Tohglai Chischile" in a typescript of the signatures (ibid.), is closer to the name remembered by present residents of the canyons-To'ahedlinii Chiishch'ili, or "Curley-Haired Junction-of-waters Clansman." The council minutes transcription is misleading because it is very close to the name of the Todich'ii'nii or Bitterwater Clan.

25. "Minutes of the Eighth Annual Session of the Navajo Tribal Council," pp. 68-69.

26. Ibid., pp. 70-73; Navajo Tribal Council, Navajo Tribal Council Resolutions, 1922-1951 (Window Rock, Ariz., 1951), p. 40; See also NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1923-34.

27. Sandoval to Hagerman, July 19, 1930, NA, RG 75, OIA, Gen. Serv., 39005-1930-044.

28. Hagerman to Sandoval, July 24, 1930, ibid.

29. Sandoval et al. to Hunter, Sept. 8, 1930, ibid.

30. Hunter to Hagerman, Sept. 19, 1930, ibid.

31. Hagerman to Hunter, Oct. 2, 1930, ibid.; Hagerman to CIA, Oct. 2, 1930, ibid.

32. Hunter to Hagerman, Oct. 10, 1930, ibid.

33. Patterson et al. to Hunter, Oct. 8, 1930, ibid.

34. Hunter to Hagerman, Oct. 10, 1930, ibid.

35. Scattergood to Hagerman, Oct. 16, 1930, ibid.

36. Hagerman to Nusbaum, Nov. 10, 1930, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1923-34.

37. Edmund B. Rogers, comp., History of Legislation Relating to the National Park System Through the 82nd Congress (Washington: National Park Service, 1958), C de C, p. 1.

38. Ibid.

39. Hagerman to Cammerer, Apr. 27, 1931, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

40. Albright to Hagerman, May 2, 1931, ibid.

41. Chatelain to Albright, Mar. 10, 1933, encl., p. 1.

1. Wirth to Demaray, Aug. 22, 1932, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1923-34; "Exhibit C," map, n.d., ibid.

2. "Exhibit B," map, n.d., ibid.; "Extracts from Mr. J. B. Hamilton's Reconnaissance Report, Dated Nov. 15, 1932, on Canyon de Chelly," ibid.; Demaray to Nusbaum, Nov. 30, 1932, ibid.

3. Pinkley to Dir., Nov. 11, 1932, ibid.; Kittredge to Dir., Nov. 22, 1932, ibid.

4. Cammerer to Pinkley, Oct. 25, 1932, ibid.; Albright to Supt., SWNM, Nov. 26, 1932, ibid.

5. Wirth to Dir., Nov. 12, 1932, ibid.

6. Kittredge to Dir., Dec. 5, 1932, ibid.

7. Actg. Dir. to Kittredge, Dec. 17, 1932, ibid.

8. Albright to CIA, ibid.

9. Rhoads to Albright, Dec. 28, 1932, ibid.

10. U.S., Congress, Senate, 72d Cong., 2d sess., 1932, S.5190, Calendar 1306, S. Rept. 1211, ibid.

11. U.S., Congress, House, 72d Cong., 2d sess., 1932, HR 13960, Calendar 344, H. Rept. 2037, ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. U.S., Congress, House, 72d Cong., 2d sess., Feb. 5, 1933, H. Rept. 2037, ibid.; U.S., Congress, Senate, 72d Cong., 2d sess., Feb. 13, 1933, Calendar 1306, S. Rept. 1211, ibid.

14. The Congressional Record (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, Feb. 20, 1933).

15. The Congressional Record (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, Feb. 25, 1933).

16. The Congressional Record (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, Mar. 4, 1933).

17. Richey, Sec. to the Pres., to Sec. of Int., Mar. 3, 1933, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

18. Demaray to Pinkley, Mar. 2, 1933, ibid.

19. Pinkley to Dir., Mar. 8, 1933, ibid.

20. Parrott, Actg. Asst. Dir., GLO, to Dir., NPS, July 2, 1934, ibid.

21. Hunter to Kitteridge [sic], May 2, 1934, and encl., Resolution of Canyon de Chelly Chapter, Apr. 28, 1934, ibid.; This organization undoubtedly corresponds at least in part to the present-day Chinle Chapter. During the political turmoil created by the Government's stock reduction program many chapter organizations, all still relatively new, failed to survive. Aubrey W. Williams, Jr., Navajo Political Process, Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, vol. 9 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970), p. 40. It has not been ascertained whether the Chinle Chapter is a direct continuation of the older Canyon de Chelly Chapter or whether it was more recently organized under the later tribal program.

22. The preamble to the resolution stated some justifications for Navajo ownership that were ahead of their time and that probably had little real influence in 1934, but they are worth quoting here because of their relevancy today:

Whereas, there are within the Navajo jurisdiction many areas of tremendous scenic beauty and great historical and archaeological interest, which thousands of people from all over the United States are eager to visit, and

Whereas, some of these visitors will be inconsiderate enough to desecrate and even ruin the scenic and scientific value of these areas unless they are protected, and

Whereas, the Navajos have a greater love for their country than any other people can possibly have, and wish to guard against any changes that may make any part of their country less beautiful, and

Whereas, the Navajos know more about their country and always will have greater interest in its welfare than any other people or organization, and

Whereas, the management of our own scientific and scenic areas would give us an additional source of income necessary to maintain our ever-increasing population.

Navajo Tribal Council, Title 19, Chapt. 1, Section 1, p. 235.

23. Navajo Tribal Council, Navajo Tribal Code, 2 vols. (Orford, N.H. : Equity Publishing Corporation, 1962), Vol. 2, Title 19, Chapt. 1, Section 1.

24. Demaray to Sec. of Int., Aug. 14, 1934, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

25. Albright to Ickes, Sept. 3, 1934, ibid.

26. Bryant to Dir., Oct. 10, 1934, ibid.

The problem received quick attention in Washington. At first it was thought that the best plan would be to return a revision of the boundary description to Congress. [29] The Director asked the General Land Office to prepare a new description that could be used in drafting another bill. [30] The assistant commissioner of the land office, Antionette Funk, thought the current description a good one and suggested that only a survey on the ground could ascertain and correct any problems. Because the land was on an Indian reservation, the survey would have to be requested and paid for by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the estimated cost being $15,000. [31] Cammerer forwarded Funk's letter to the Bureau and asked whether they could arrange for the survey. [32] He was informed that no funds were available and warned in the following terms of probable Bureau opposition to any bill submitted to Congress:

27. Burney to Pinkley, Mar. 22, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

28. Pinkley to Dir., May 6, 1935, ibid.

29. Tolson to Cammerer, May 9, 1935, ibid.

30. Cammerer to Dir., GLO, June 1, 1935, ibid.

31. Funk to Dir., July 8, 1935, ibid.

32. Cammerer to CIA, July 12, 1935, ibid.

33. Zimmerman, Asst. CIA, to Cammerer, Aug. 14, 1935, ibid.

34. Stewart to Collier, Feb. 29, 1936, ibid.

35. Collier to Ickes, Mar. 13, 1936, ibid.

36. It should be noted that as early as 1901 the Navajos had registered strong protests against the fencing of a certain tract of land near the mouth of Canyon de Chelly on the grounds that it was holy. Because the objections were sustained by headmen from over a wide area, the agent concluded that only by acceding to their desires could long term trouble be avoided. Hayzlett to CIA, NA, RG 75, OIA, Class. Files, 45797/ Nav 01, copy in files of Navajo Tribal Research Section.

37. Pinkley to Dir., Apr. 10, 1936, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

38. Actg. Dir. to Sec. of Int., May 11, 1936, unsigned, ibid.

39. Collier to Ickes, May 6, 1936, ibid.

40. Ickes to Demaray, May 9, 1936, ibid.

41. Demaray to Sec. of Int., May 12, 1936, ibid.

42. Cammerer to Pinkley, June 29, 1936, ibid.

43. Ickes to Collier, May 13, 1936, ibid.

44. Richey to Supt., SWNM, Oct. 16, 1941, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Central Classified Files 1933-49, Boundaries (General), 602.

45. Actg. Supt., SWNM, to Dir., Dec. 30, 1941, ibid.

46. Drury and Collier to Sec. of Int., May 5, 1942, and "Proposed Western Boundary, Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona," Apr. 16, 1942, both approved by Burlew, May 25, 1942, ibid.

47. Resolution of Canyon de Chelly Chapter, Apr. 28, 1934, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

48. Kittredge to Dir., June 11, 1934, ibid.

49. Richey to Supt., SWNM, Oct. 16, 1941, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, CCF, 602.

50. Burlew to Denman, Nov. 8, 1937, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

51. Shepardson to Brugge, Aug. 14, 1974, encl., NALA files, Chaco Center.

52. For more detail on the general history of Navajo affairs during this period see Williams, Navajo Political Process; Mary Shepardson, Navajo Ways in Government, A Study in Political Process, American Anthropological Association, Mon. 96 (Menasha, Wisc., 1963); David F. Aberle, The Peyote Religion among the Navajo (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1966), especially Chpts. 3 through 6; and Robert W. Young, The Navajo Yearbook, 1951-1961; A Decade of Progress, No. 8 (Window Rock, Ariz., 1961).

1. H. C. Bryant to H. M. Albright, Feb. 26, 1931, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1923-34; "Minutes of the Meeting on the Canon de Chelly National Monument, September 5, 1931," NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

2. "Minutes of the Meeting on the Canon de Chelly National Monument, September 5, 1931," NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Nusbaum to Albright, Dec. 23, 1931, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

22. Albright to Nusbaum, n.d., ibid.

23. Memo, July 28, 1932, ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Florence C. Lister and Robert H. Lister, Earl Morris and Southwestern Archaeology (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968), pp. 144-46.

26. Pinkley to Albright, Dec. 30, 1931, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Nusbaum to Albright, Jan. 6, 1932, ibid.

30. Pinkley to Albright, Feb. 4, 1932, ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

33. Memo, July 28, 1932, ibid.

34. Douglas to Albright, Dec. 22, 1930, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1923-34.

35. Clark to Albright, Jan. 28, 1931, ibid.

36. Pinkley to Hayden, Feb. 17, 1931, ibid.

37. Judd to Albright, Jan. 16, 1932, ibid.; Kittredge to Albright, June 11, 1934, ibid.; Cummings to Chatelain, June 21, 1934, ibid.

38. Telegram, Demaray to Supt., Mesa Verde, July 2, 1934, ibid.

39. Telegram, Pinkley to Dir., July 12, 1934, ibid.

40. Pinkley to Albright, July 2, 1934, ibid.

41. R. H. Holmes to Pinkley, Aug. 3, 1934, ibid.; SWMR, 1934, pp. 58-59.

42. "Extracts from Mr. J. B. Hamilton's Reconnaissance Report, Dated Nov. 15, 1932, on Canyon de Chelly," NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

43. Ibid.

44. SWMR, October 1935.

45. Ibid., December 1935.

46. A. W. Burney to Pinkley, Oct. 1, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon. C de C, Part 4.

47. SWMR, January 1936.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid., June 1936.

50. Ibid., November 1936.

51. Ibid., November 1936, 1938.

52. Memo, July 28, 1932, NA, RG 79, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

53. "Extracts from Mr. J. B. Hamilton's Reconnaissance Report, Dated Nov. 15, 1932, on Canyon de Chelly," ibid.

54. Ibid.

55. SWMR, Sept. 18, 1932.

56. Ibid., August 1933.

57. Ibid., February 1934.

58. Ibid., November Supplement, 1931-32.

59. Nusbaum to Pinkley, Feb. 15, 1933, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

60. Ibid.

61. Ibid.

62. Kittredge to Dir., NPS, Apr. 28, 1934, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1933-49.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid.

65. Pinkley to Dir., June 29, 1934, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

66. Pinkley to Vreeland, July 11, 1934, ibid.

67. Vreeland to Pinkley, July 13, 1934, ibid.

68. Pinkley to Vreeland, July 18, 1934, ibid.

69. Winter to Chatelain, July 30, 1934, ibid.

70. SWMR, June, July 1934.

71. Collier to Cammerer, Aug. 3, 1934, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

72. Telegram, Demaray to Kittredge, Aug. 13, 1934, ibid.

73. Memo, Demaray to Sec. of Int., Aug. 14, 1934, ibid.

74. Memo, Sec. of Int. to Demaray, Aug. 13, 1934, ibid.

75. Memo, Demaray to Sec. of Int., Aug. 14, 1934, ibid.

76. Ibid.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid.

81. Ibid.

82. Telegram, Demaray to Kittredge, Aug. 21, 1934, ibid.

83. Telegram, Kittredge to Dir., Aug. 30, 1934, ibid.

84. SWMR, August 1934.

85. Ibid., October, November 1934.

86. "Station Boss Broadcasting," July 13, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

87. Ibid.

88. Ibid.

89. Cammerer to Collier, Mar. 19, 1936, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Central Classified Files 1933-49.

90. Collier to Cammerer, Mar. 26, 1936, ibid.

91. Faris to Dir., NPS, Dec. 19, 1937, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

92. Ibid.

93. SWMR, March 1939.

94. Ibid., April 1939.

95. Memo to Actg. Reg. Dir., Reg. III, May 9, 1939, DFRC, NPS, L3415.

96. SWMR, July 1940.

97. Ibid.

98. Ibid., November 1932.

99. Copy of L. H. McSparron's trading license, Feb. 28, 1933, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, General, Part 2.

100. Hotel or camp permit, Sept. 18, 1933, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

101. Demaray to Pinkley, Oct. 11, 1933, ibid.

102. Pinkley to Dir., Off. of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations, Nov. 10, 1933, ibid.

103. Ibid.

104. Demaray to Pinkley, Nov. 20, 1933, ibid.

105. Signed statement by McSparron and witnesses, Dec. 5, 1933, ibid.

106. SWMR, September 1934.

107. Ibid., January Supplement, 1936.

108. McSparron to Pinkley, Mar. 26, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1933-49.

109. Pinkley to Dir., NPS, May 6, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

110. Pinkley to Dir., May 14, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1933-49.

111. Demaray to Pinkley, May 21, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

112. Gable to Knox, June 4, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1933-49.

113. Moskey to Supt., SWNM, Aug. 19, 1935, ibid.

114. [Budlong] to Pinkley, June 5, 1935, Canyon de Chelly, C3823.

115. Proposed schedule of rates for the 1935 season, approved by Oscar L. Chapman, Asst. Sec. of Int., Aug. 28, 1935, ibid.

116. Hayden to Cammerer, Apr. 23, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1933-49.

117. Murphy to Budlong, Oct. 11, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

118. Ibid.

119. Budlong to Pinkley, Oct. 28, 1935, ibid.

120. Permit for McSparron, 1936, signed by Pinkley, Jan. 2, 1936, approved by Demaray, Feb. 21, 1936, ibid.

121. Cammerer to Pinkley, June 29, 1936, ibid.

122. Ibid.

123. Ibid.

124. Demaray to Supt., SWNM, Aug. 3, 1936, ibid.

125. Pinkley to Dir., Aug. 14, 1936, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1933-49; Amendments approving revisions, Sept. 9, 1935, ibid.

126. Memo, Tolson to "The Washington Office," Dec. 9, 1936, ibid.

127. Permit for Cozy (L. H.) McSparron, approved Mar. 5, 1937, ibid.; L. H. McSparron, schedule of basic rates for the 1937 season, Mar. 10, 1937, ibid.

128. Demaray to Pinkley, June 26, 1937, ibid.

129. Miller to Faris, July 19, 1938, Canyon de Chelly, C3823.

130. Cronyn to Miller, Apr. 20, 1940, ibid.

131. Miller to Cronyn, May 10, 1940, ibid.

132. Cronyn to Hubbell, May 17, 1940, ibid.

133. SWMR, September 1941.

134. NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1933-49, 666-01 Canyon de Chelly Electric Lights.

135. SWMR, April 1941.

136. "Extracts from Mr. J. B. Hamilton's Reconnaissance Report, Dated Nov. 15, 1932, on Canyon de Chelly," NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

137. Ibid.

138. Demaray to Dir., Feb. 15, 1933, ibid.

139. Ibid.

140. Merriam to Pinkley, Feb. 15, 1933, ibid.

141. Albright to Supt., Grand Canyon NP, Oct. 17, 1932, ibid.

142. J. V. Lloyd, Actg. Supt., Grand Canyon NP, to Dir., NPS, Dec. 14, 1932, ibid.

143. Kittredge to Dir., NPS, Apr. 28, 1934, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 1933-49.

144. Ibid.

145. Ibid.

146. Agreement by Navajo Chapter at Canyon de Chelly, Apr. 28, 1934, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

147. Kittredge to Dir., NPS, May 8, 1934, ibid.; Kittredge to Hamilton May 19, 1934, ibid.

148. Kittredge to Hamilton, May 21, 1934, ibid.

149. Kittredge to H. G. Calkins, Dir., SES, Oct. 4, 1934, ibid.

150. Ibid.

151. Ibid.

152. Kittredge to Dir., NPS, Oct. 26, 1934, ibid.

153. Collier to Hugh H. Bennett, Dir., SES, Nov. 1, 1934, ibid; Collier to Cammerer, Nov. 1, 1934, ibid.

154. Kittredge to Dir., Nov. 8, 1934, ibid.

155. Actg. Dir., NPS, to Ass. Sec., Dec. 26, 1934, ibid.; Actg. Dir. to Kittredge, Dec. 21, 1934, ibid.; Cammerer to Kittredge, Dec. 21, 1934, ibid.

156. Kittredge to Dir., NPS, Dec. 4, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

157. Ibid.

158. Pinkley to Dir., NPS, Dec. 31, 1935, ibid.

159. Ibid.

160. Pinkley to Dir., NPS, May 4, 1936, ibid.

161. Ibid.

162. Demaray to Supt., SWNM, May 12, 1936, ibid.

163. Budlong to Pinkley, May 15, 1936, DFRC, NPS, C de C, N16.

164. Pinkley to Dir., NPS, May 19, 1936, ibid. Navajo Service was the term used to denote the BIA office at Window Rock, Ariz.

165. Faris to Pinkley, Apr. 7, 1937, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

166. Cooperative Agreement, Apr. 10, 1937, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y14.

167. Pinkley to Faris, Apr. 15, 1937, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5039.

168. "Specific Fire Agreement Made Pursuant To The General Cooperative Agreement . . . June 1941," DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y14.

169. Murphy to Fryer, June 5, 1941, ibid.

170. Ibid.

171. SWMR, October 1939.

172. Ibid., January 1940.

173. Ibid., April 1940.

174. Ibid., June 1940.

175. Ibid., March, May, June 1941.

176. Ibid., September Supplement, 1932.

177. Ibid., September Supplement, 1933.

178. Ibid., September 1934.

179. Ibid., August 1935.

180. Ibid., July 1935.

181. Ibid., September 1935.

182. Pinkley to Dir., NPS, July 17, 1935, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

183. Budlong to Pinkley, Oct. 28, 1935, ibid.

184. "Minutes of the Meeting on the Canon de Chelly National Monument, September 5, 1931," NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 2.

185. Bryant to Dir., NPS, Oct. 10, 1934, ibid.

186. SWMR, January Supplement, 1935.

187. Ibid.

188. Ibid., January 1936.

189. "Rules and Regulations For Canyon de Chelly National Monument, 1936," NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Part 4.

190. SWMR, June 1936.

191. Ibid., September 1936.

192. Budlong to Pinkley, Mar. 25, 1936, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5027.

193. Ibid.

194. Pinkley to Kittredge, Apr. 7, 1936, ibid.

195. Kittredge to Pinkley, Apr. 22, 1936, ibid.

196. Ibid.

197. Burney to Pinkley, Apr. 14, 1936, ibid.

198. Pinkley to Budlong, Apr. 27, 1936, ibid.

199. Ibid.

200. SWMR, May, August 1937.

201. Ibid., October 1937.

202. Ibid., January 1939.

203. Ibid., July, August, November, December 1939.

204. Ibid., August 1939.

205. Ibid., January 1939.

206. Ibid., February 1939.

207. Ibid., July 1939.

208. Ibid., August 1939.

209. Ibid., September 1939.

210. Ibid., June, July, August 1939.

211. Ibid., November 1939.

212. Cronyn to Pinkley, Oct. 30, 1939, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L3415.

213. Ibid.

214. SWMR, August, September 1940.

215. Ibid., September, November 1940.

216. Ibid., April, July, October 1941.

217. "Annual Wildlife Report for Canyon de Chelly National Monument, 1941,"Oct. 1, 1941, DFRC, NPS, C de C, N2623.

218. This is a frequent misconception. Actually the Navajos use fox skins in such ceremonies.

219. "Annual Wildlife Report," Oct. 1, 1941, DFRC, NPS, C de C, N2623.

1. SWMR, September 1942.

2. Ibid., March 1943.

3. Ibid., September 1943.

4. Ibid., January 1942.

5. Ibid., May 1942.

6. Charlie R. Steen, "Excavations at Antelope House and Mummy Cave River, Canyon de Chelly National Monument," June 1942, and Charlie R. Steen, "Ruins Stabilization at Canyon de Chelly National Monument, 1942, Antelope House and Mummy Cave Ruins," NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 740-02 Archaeology.

7. SWMR, May 1942.

8. Ibid., November 1942.

9. Series of photos, dated March-June 1942, of revetments, tetrahedrons, and plantings near White House, and series of photos, dated December 1942, of willow spiders at Antelope House, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 601-18 Soil and Moisture.

10. Bradley to Reg. Dir., Oct. 17, 1944, ibid.

11. SWMR, March 1945.

12. Ibid., July 1945.

13. Ibid., May 1942.

14. Ibid., June, July 1942.

15. Ibid., August 1942.

16. Ibid., October 1942, September 1943.

17. Ibid., January 1943.

18. Ibid., June 1943.

19. Ibid., December 1943.

20. Ibid., June 1945.

21. Ibid., March, April, June 1943.

22. Ibid., February 1943.

23. Ibid., November 1943.

24. "Annual Wildlife Report for Canyon de Chelly National Monument, 1943," and "Annual Wildlife Report for Canyon de Chelly National Monument, 1944," NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, N2623.

25. SWMR, February 1945.

26. Ibid., June 1942.

27. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Aug. 7, 1944, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 901 Privileges and Permits.

28. Richey to Dir., Sept. 12, 1944, ibid.

29. Tolson to Reg. Dir., Oct. 7, 1944, ibid.

30. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Nov. 18, 1944, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 503-10 Pictures, Moving.

31. Navajo Tribal Council, Navajo Tribal Council Resolutions, 1922-1951 (Window Rock, Ariz., 1951), p. 363.

32. Albert L. Johnson to Dir., Apr. 2, 1943, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, L54 Water Rights.

33. A. van V. Dunn to A. W. Burney, May 23, 1945, ibid.

34. Actg. Reg. Dir., Reg. III, to Reg. Dir., Reg. IV, Aug. 7, 1943, ibid.

35. SWMR, February 1942, May 1945.

36. Ibid., June 1945.

37. McSparron to J. M. Stewart, Sept. 25, 1945, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 900-02 Rates McSparron Canyon de Chelly.

38. Guillet to Reg. Dir., May 16, 1945, C de C, C3823.

39. Stewart to Fred C. Maxwell, Sept. 23, 1944, DFRC, NPS, C de C, W34.

40. Price to Cook, June 4, 1945, NA,RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, Central Classified Files 1933-39, 883-01 Fires.

41. Ratcliff to Reg. Dir., July 2, 1945, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y2523.

42. SWMR, October 1945.

43. Ibid., November 1945.

1. SWMR, July, August 1945.

2. Ibid., October 1945.

3. Ibid., May 1946.

4. Bradley to Reg. Dir., Oct. 5, 1945, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 601-18 Soil and Moisture.

5. SWMR, June 1946.

6. Ibid., July 1946.

7. Ibid., November 1946.

8. Ibid., December 1946.

9. Ibid., June 1946.

10. Guillet to Reg. Dir., June 16, 1945, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 503-10 Pictures, Moving.

11. Ibid.

12. SWMR, August, September 1946.

13. Ibid., December 1946, January 1947.

14. Ibid., January 1947.

15. Ibid., February 1947.

16. Ibid., February, March 1947.

17. Ibid., May 1947.

18. Ibid., June 1947.

19. Ibid., May 1947.

20. Guillet to Reg. Dir., June 3, 1947, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y2523; SWMR, June 1947.

21. Guillet to Reg. Dir., June 27, 1947, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y2523.

22. SWMR, July 1947.

23. Guillet to Reg. Dir., DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y2523.

24. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Aug. 6, 1947, ibid.

25. SWMR, August 1947.

26. Ibid., July 1947.

27. Ibid., August 1947.

28. Ibid., September 1947.

29. Ibid., November 1947.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., December 1947.

32. Ibid.

33. Guillet to Reg. Dir., DFRC, NPS, C de C, L1417.

34. Young, Navajo Yearbook, pp. 291-93; George A. Boyce, When Navajos Had Too Many Sheep: The 1940's (San Francisco: The Indian Historian Press, 1974), pp. 220-24.

35. SWMR, October 1947.

36. Ibid., December 1947.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid., January, February, March 1948.

39. Guillet to Reg. Dir., May 18, 1948, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y22.

40. SWMR, March 1948.

41. Tillotson to Dir., Apr. 2, 1948, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 900-02 Rates McSparron Canyon de Chelly.

42. Demaray to Reg. Dir., May 4, 1948, ibid.

43. Demaray to Reg. Dir., May 12, 1948, ibid.

44. Mastin White, Solicitor, to Ass. Sec. Warne, May 20, 1948, C de C, W3823.

45. Demaray to Reg. Dir., May 28, 1948, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 900-02 Rates McSparron Canyon de Chelly.

46. Nusbaum to Brew, Feb. 27, 1948, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 901 Privileges and Permits.

47. C. Girard Davidson, Actg. Sec. of Int., to Donald Scott, Dir., Peabody Museum, June 18, 1948, ibid.

48. SWMR, August 1948.

49. Ibid., September 1948.

50. David De Harport, "An Archeological Survey of Canon de Chelly: Preliminary Report of the Field Seasons of 1948, 1949, 1950," MS, Chaco Archives, No. 681, p. 2.

51. SWMR, June 1948.

52. Ibid., April, May, June 1948.

53. Ibid., July 1948.

54. Ibid., August 1948.

55. Ibid., September 1948.

56. Ibid., October 1948.

57. Ibid., November 1948.

58. Ibid., January 1949.

59. Guillet to Reg. Dir., ca. spring 1948, C de C, C3823.

60. Reg. Dir. to Dir., Apr. 2, 1948, ibid.

61. Demaray to Dir., May 12, 1948, ibid.

62. SWMR, January 1948.

63. Ibid., December 1948.

64. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Dec. 13, 1948, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 900-02 Rates McSparron Canyon de Chelly.

65. Tillotson to Dir., Dec. 22, 1948, ibid.

66. Assoc. Dir. to Reg. Dir., Jan. 17, 1949, ibid.

67. SWMR, January 1949.

68. Wilson H. George to Chief of Development, Chief Counsel, and Chief of Concessions, July 27, 1949, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, 900-02 Rates McSparron Canyon de Chelly.

69. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Feb. 11, 1947, ibid.

70. SWMR, January, February 1949.

71. Ibid., March 1949.

72. Ibid., April 1949.

73. Ibid., May 1949.

74. Ibid., June 1949.

75. Ibid., July 1949.

76. Ibid.

77. De Harport, "An Archeological Survey of Canon de Chelly: Preliminary Report of the Field Seasons of 1948, 1949, and 1950," El Palacio 58, no. 2 (1951): 35.

78. Charlie R. Steen, Excavations at Tse Ta'a, Archeological Research Series No. 9 (Washington: National Park Service, 1966), p. 1.

79. SWMR, July 1949.

80. Steen, Excavations at Tse Ta'a, pp. 1-2.

81. SWMR, August 1949.

82. Ibid., September 1949.

83. Ibid.; Edwin H. Colbert, "Paleontological Field Work by the American Museum of Natural History in the Triassic Sediments of New Mexico, Arizona and Utah, 1949," MS, 2 pages, NA, RG 79, NPS, Nat. Mon., C de C, N3019.

84. SWMR, October 1949.

85. Ibid., November, December 1949.

86. Ibid., December 1949.

87. Ibid., January, February 1950.

88. Ibid., February 1950.

89. Ibid., March 1950.

90. Ibid., April 1950.

91. Ibid., May 1950.

92. Ibid., April 1950.

93. Ibid., May 1950.

94. Guillet, personal communication, n.d., but ca. October 1974.

95. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Mar. 14, 1950, C de C, C3823.

96. Tillotson to Dir., Mar. 22, 1950, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L1417.

97. Demaray to Reg. Dir., Apr. 19, 1950, ibid.

98. Reg. Dir. to Dir., May 2, 1950, C de C, C3823.

99. Guillet to Reg. Chief of Public Services, May 15, 1950, ibid.

100. Actg. Reg. Dir. to Supt., May 25, 1950, ibid.

101. Ibid.

102. Guillet to Gen. Supt., May 26, 1950, ibid.

103. SWMR, June 1950.

104. Ibid., May 1950.

105. Ibid., June 1950.

1. SWMR, July 1950.

2. Ibid.

3. De Harport, "An Archeological Survey of Canon de Chelly: Preliminary Report of the Field Seasons of 1948, 1949, and 1950," p. 35; De Harport, personal communication, n.d., but ca. November 1974.

4. De Harport, "An Archeological Survey of Canon de Chelly: Preliminary Report of the Field Seasons of 1948, 1949, and 1950," pp. 35-36; SWMR, September 1950.

5. SWMR, August 1950.

6. Steen, Excavations at Tse Ta'a, p. 8.

7. SWMR, September 1950.

8. Ibid.; Steen, Excavations at Tse Ta'a, p. 2.

9. Steen, Excavations at Tse Ta'a, pp. 2-4.

10. SWMR, September 1950.

11. Ibid., October 1950.

12. Asst. Reg. Dir. to Supt., Sept. 18, 1950, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L3415.

13. SWMR, October 1950.

14. Ibid., December 1950.

15. Ibid., November 1950.

16. Ibid., December 1950.

17. Davis to Supt., July 7, 1950, C de C, C3823.

18. Bright to Gen. Supt., July 13, 1950, ibid.

19. R. G. Fister, Actg. Asst. Supt. of Resources, to Reg. Dir., Aug. 9, 1950, ibid.

20. Tillotson to Area Dir., Oct. 27, 1950, ibid.

21. Navajo Tribal Council, Minutes of the Navajo Tribal Council Meeting (Feb. 8-12, 1954), Feb. 11-12, 1954, pp. 115-18, 143-45.

22. SWMR, July 1950.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., January 1951.

25. Ibid., February 1951.

26. Ibid., March 1951.

27. Ibid., March, May, November 1951.

28. Ibid., January, February 1951.

29. David De Harport, "An Archaeological Survey of Canyon de Chelly: Preliminary Report for the 1951 Field Season," El Palacio 60, no. 1 (1953): 20-25.

30. SWMR, March 1951.

31. Ibid., August 1951.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid., June, August 1951.

34. Minutes of the Navajo Tribal Council Meeting, Feb. 11-12, 1954, pp. 115-18, 143-45; Tillotson to Area Dir., Oct. 27, 1950, C de C, C3823.

35. Navajo Tribal Council Resolutions, 1922-1951, p. 41.

36. Everett W. Bright, "Boundary Status Report for Canyon de Chelly National Monument," Nov. 8, 1951, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L1417.

37. "Comments on Boundary Status Report for Canyon de Chelly National Monument," Nov. 27, 1951, ibid.

38. Reg. Dir, to Dir., Nov. 29, 1951, ibid.

39. SWMR, September 1951.

40. Ibid., December 1951.

41. Ibid., January 1952.

42. Ibid., February 1952.

43. Ibid., March 1952.

44. Ibid., December 1952.

45. Ibid., November 1952.

46. Ibid., various months, 1952. Only Bright mentions the use of county equipment on reservation roads. While it is possible that the county did some work here in the 1950s, it seems more likely that Bright misidentified equipment he saw working on the approach roads.

47. Ibid., November 1952, October 1953.

48. Wirth to Reg. Dir., Mar. 25, 1952, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L1417.

49. SWMR, March 1952.

50. King to Supt., Apr. 18, 1952, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D32.

51. SWMR, April 1952.

52. Ibid., May 1952.

53. Ibid., June 1952.

54. Ibid., August, September 1952.

55. Ibid., April, May, June, July, August, September, October 1952.

56. Ibid., April, May 1952.

57. Ibid., July, August 1952.

58. Ibid., June, October 1952.

59. Ibid., March 1952.

60. Ibid., April 1952.

61. Ibid., August 1952.

62. Ibid., September 1952.

63. Ibid., October 1952.

64. Ibid., November 1952.

65. Ibid., February 1953; Cozy is said to have vacillated in his preference for Park Service, tribal, or Bureau administration according to his perception of changing regulations as favorable or unfavorable. Robert L. Morris, personal communication, Sept. 27, 1974. Whether he had these changes of opinion in order to stimulate bureaucratic rivalries to his own advantage is uncertain. At the regional director's request, the chief counsel sent copies of the Navajo Tribal Council Resolution of July 8, 1930, Rhoads's instructions to Hagerman of July 1, 1930, and the western boundary agreement of March 5, 1942, for possible use at the forthcoming meeting. Chief Counsel to Reg. Dir., Nov. 7, 1952, C de C, H14.

66. SWMR, November 1952.

67. Ibid., January 1953.

68. Ibid., February, March 1953.

69. Ibid., April, May 1953.

70. Ibid., October 1953.

71. Davis to Dir., Jan. 11, 1954, in SWMR, December 1953.

72. SWMR, June 1953.

73. Ibid., September, December 1953.

74. Aubuchon, personal communication, Nov. 19, 1974.

75. SWMR, May 1953.

76. Ibid., February, November 1953.

77. Ibid., April 1953.

78. Patrow to Dir., Feb. 12, 1953, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D30.

79. Bright to Gen. Supt., July 8, 1953, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5015.

80. SWMR, October 1953.

81. Ibid., February 1953.

82. Ibid., June 1953.

83. Ibid., January, February, March 1954.

84. Ibid., March, April 1954.

85. Ibid., June, August 1954.

86. Ibid., November, December 1954.

87. Ibid., May 1954.

88. Ibid., June 1954.

89. Ibid., July 1954.

90. Ibid., September, October 1954.

91. Ibid., December 1954.

92. Ibid., February 1954.

93. Minutes of the Navajo Tribal Council Meeting, Feb. 11, 1954, pp. 115-18.

94. Ibid., pp. 143-45.

95. SWMR, March 1954.

96. Ibid., April 1954.

97. Gastellum to Dir., Nov. 9, 1954, in SWMR, November 1954.

98. SWMR, January 1954.

99. Ibid., April 1954.

100. Ibid., July 1954.

101. Aubuchon to Gen. Supt., July 21, 1954, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L3415.

102. SWMR, August 1954.

103. Ibid., November 1954.

104. Ibid., December 1954.

105. Aubuchon to Gen. Supt., Nov. 2, 1954, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K1815.

106. Aubuchon to Gen. Supt., Nov. 19, 1954, ibid.

107. SWMR, January, February 1955.

108. Ibid., January 1955.

109. Ibid., January, February, March 1955.

110. Ibid., February 1955.

111. Davis to Dir., May 10, 1955, in SWMR, April 1955.

112. SWMR, December 1955.

113. Ibid., May, June 1955.

114. Davis to Dir., Aug. 10, 1955, in SWMR, July 1955.

115. SWMR, February 1955.

116. Ibid., March 1955.

117. Ibid., June 1955.

118. Ibid.; Aubuchon to Gen. Supt., June 21, 1955, C de C, Y22.

119. SWMR, July 1955.

120. Ibid., September 1955.

121. Ibid., August 1955.

122. Aubuchon to Gen. Supt., May 14, 1955, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L1415.

123. SWMR, June 1955..

124. Ibid., June, July 1955.

125. Ibid., June 1955.

126. Ibid., October 1955.

127. Ibid., December 1955.

128. Ibid., July 1955.

129. Miller to Supt., Aug. 4, 1955, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L58.

130. Aubuchon to Reg. Dir., Aug. 17, 1955, ibid.

131. Gastellum to Dir., Dec. 8, 1955, in SWMR, November 1955; Gastellum to Gen. Supt., Nay. Agency, Nov. 25, 1955, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5015.

132. Gastellum to Gen. Supt., Nay. Agency, Nov. 25, 1955, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5015.

133. Spaulding to Asst. Gen. Supt., SWNM, n.d., ibid.

134. SWMR, November 1955.

135. Ibid., December 1955.

136. Ibid., January 1956.

137. Ibid., February 1956.

138. Ibid., February, March, December 1956.

139. Ibid., May, June, July 1956.

140. Ibid., August 1956.

141. Ibid., September, October, November 1956.

142. Davis to Dir., Dec. 13, 1956, in SWMR, November 1956.

143. SWMR, July, August, September, October, November 1956.

144. Ibid., March 1956.

145. Ibid., December 1956.

146. Ibid., August 1956.

147. Maxwell, Chinle Subagency Supt., to Colliflower, Asst. Gen. Supt., Nay. Agency, Nov. 14, 1956, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5015.

148. SWMR, December 1956.

149. Ibid., October 1956.

150. Ibid., May 1956.

151. Ibid., November 1955.

152. Gastellum to Dir., Jan. 9, 1957, in SWMR, December 1956.

153. SWMR, March 1956.

154. Ibid., March, June 1956.

155. Ibid., August 1956.

156. Aubuchon to Gen. Supt., Apr. 4, 1956, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L3423.

157. Aubuchon to Gallawas, Wilson, and Powell, Apr. 16, 1956, ibid.

158. Navajo Tribal Council, Title 5, Chapt. 11, Sections 921-923.

159. Henson, "Narrative Report," n.d., DFRC, NPS, C de C, A7623.

160. Navajo Tribal Council, Minutes of the Navajo Tribal Council Meeting (Oct. 22-Nov. 2, 1956), Nov. 1-2, 1956, pp. 390-94.

161. Henson to Reg. Dir., May 25, 1957, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A7015.

162. "Canyon de Chelly Travel Statistics," DFRC, NPS, C de C, A2621.

163. L. R. Kerst to Henson, Aug. 7, 1957, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A9015.

164. Henson to Kerst, Sept. 6, 1957, ibid.

165. Erik K. Reed to Henson, Sept. 11, 1957, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K1815.

166. Thomas to ed., July 30, 1957, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K34.

167. Henson to Reg. Dir., Sept. 30, 1957, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3615.

168. Chief, Branch of Communications, BIA, to Area Finance Office, BIA, June 11, 1957, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5015.

169. Ratcliff to Actg. Reg. Chief, Branch of Park Forest and Wildlife Protection, Oct. 30, 1957, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A5427.

170. Henson to Gen. Supt., July 28, 1957, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L1417.

171. Harold M. Ratcliff to Supt., Feb. 4, 1957, ibid.

172. Henson, "Boundary Status Report," Feb. 11, 1957, ibid.

1. Berger to Dir., June 2, 1958, C de C, A2823.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Berger to Dir., July 3, 1958, ibid.

5. Smith to Reg. Chief of Interpretation, May 28, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C.

6. Berger to Dir., June-August, C de C, A2823.

7. Berger to Dir., July 3, 1958, ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Berger to Reg. Dir., June 11, 1958, C de C, L54.

10. Ibid.

11. Berger to Dir., Aug. 3, 1958, C de C, A2823.

12. Ibid.

13. Berger to Dir., Sept. 2, 1958, ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Berger to Reg. Forester., Aug. 13, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y14.

16. Berger to Dir., Oct. 6, 1958, C de C, A2823.

17. Ibid.

18. Berger to Superv. Landscape Architect, Sept. 2, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D32.

19. Miller to Reg. Dir., Sept. 11, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A5427.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. Berger to Reg. Chief of Interpretation, Sept. 21, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K1815.

25. Berger to Dir., Nov. 3, 1958, C de C, A2823.

26. Ibid.

27. CA, No. 1346.

28. George J. Johnston to Reg. Engineer, Nov. 26, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A5427.

29. Berger to Reg. Dir., Oct. 15, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L1417.

30. Berger to Dir., Oct. 30, 1958, C de C, D30.

31. Berger to Dir., Dec. 2, 1958, C de C, A2823; Berger to Dir., Jan. 3, 1959, ibid.

32. Berger to Dir., Dec. 2, 1958, ibid.

33. Miller to Berger, Nov. 3, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3815.

34. Scoyen to Reg. Dir., n.d., ibid. Scoyen's concern was apparently aroused by a memorandum dated April 11, 1958, from Ben H. Thompson, chief of the Division of Recreation Resource Planning, to Edmund B. Rogers, special assistant to the Director, requesting historical data on Navajo relations because

35. An interesting assertion with regard to the original headquarters building appears in this report:

The first development at Canyon de Chelly was the construction of an administration-residential building which was completed during 1935. This building was constructed on the site of a Navajo family hogan. Apparently the family moved without incident and have no adverse feeling regarding the National Park Service. In fact, they are particular friends of the Service.

Berger, Guillet, and White, "Review of the Relationship between the National Park Service and the Navajo Tribe," n.d., encl. in Bowen to Dir., n.d. but ca. Nov. 17, 1958, ibid.

36. Bowen to Dir., ca. Nov. 17, 1958, ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Berger to Dir., Jan. 3, 1959, C de C, A2823.

43. Ibid.

44. George G. Downes to Berger, Dec. 15, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K3823; Berger to Reg. Publ. Dir., Dec. 22, 1958, ibid.

45. Berger to Dir., Jan. 3, 1958, C de C, A2823.

46. Jones to Berger, Nov. 24, 1958, DFRC, NPS, C de C, C3823.

47. Berger to Reg. Dir., Dec. 2, 1958, ibid.

48. Berger to Nelson, Dec. 10, 1958, C de C, C38.

49. Invitation and Prospectus, Jan. 5, 1959, C de C.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Ibid.

54. Richard T. Montgomery to Reg. Dir., Jan. 14, 1959, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5039.

55. Miller to Berger, Feb. 4, 1959, ibid.

56. Harthon L. Bill to Berger, Feb. 9, 1959, ibid.

57. Ibid.

58. Bill to Chief, Mar. 2, 1959, ibid.

59. Bill to Chief, Mar. 3, 1959, ibid.

60. Berger to Dir., Mar. 3, 1959, C de C, A2823.

61. Scoyen to Reg. Dir., Feb. 9, 1959, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3815.

62. Miller to Dir., Feb. 19, 1950, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3823.

63. Berger to Grazing Committee, Mar. 25, 1959, C de C, L1425.

64. Ibid.

65. "Relinquishment of Use Rights on Tribal Indian Lands Within Canyon de Chelly National Monument," n.d., enclosure, Bill to Dir.. Sept. 10, 1959, ibid.

66. Berger to Dir., Apr. 1, 1959, C de C, A2823.

67. Arizona Highways, April 1959.

68. Berger to Dir., May 4, 1959, C de C, A2823; Berger to Dir., June 1, 1959, ibid.

69. Rogers to Berger, May 19, 1959, C de C.

70. P. E. Smith to John Anderson, May 26, 1959, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D22; Lewis D. Farr to Berger, May 22, 1959, ibid.

71. Berger to Dir., July 2, 1959, C de C, A2823.

72. Berger to Dir., Aug. 10, 1959, ibid.

73. Acting Reg. Chief of Operations to Chief, July 16, 1959, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D22; Berger to Dir., Aug. 10, 1959, C de C, A2823.

74. Berger to Chief, Western Office for Design and Construction, June 30, 1959, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5039.

75. Donald L. Bressler to Berger, July 31, 1959, ibid.

76. Berger to Dir., June 5, 1959, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A26.

77. Berger to Dir., Aug. 10, 1959, C de C, A2823.

78. Radcliff to Reg. Chief, July 29, 1959, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A5423.

79. C. Ulf Runfors and Agnes Lagerstedts to Berger, Aug. 25, 1959, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A36.

80. Wade to Berger, Sept. 7, 1959, ibid.

81. Berger to Dir., Oct. 10, 1959, C de C, A2823.

82. Ibid.

83. Berger to Dir., Nov. 3, 1959, ibid.

84. Ibid.

85. Ibid.

86. Bradley to Reg. Chief of Interpretation, Oct. 20, 1959, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A5427.

87. Berger to Dir., Dec. 2, 1959, C de C, A2823.

88. Ibid.

89. Berger to Dir., Jan. 10, 1960, ibid.

90. "Annual Wildlife Report For Canyon de Chelly National Monument, 1959," DFRC, NPS, C de C, N2623.

91. C de C files, Jan. 26, 1960.

92. Berger to Dir., Mar. 2, 1960, C de C, A2823.

93. Berger to Dir., Apr. 5, 1960, ibid.

94. Asst. Reg. Dir. to Dir., Mar. 7, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, C2615.

95. C de C files, Mar. 8, 1960.

96. Berger to Reg. Chief, Mar. 14, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A88.

97. Berger to Dornan, Mar. 16, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L3423. Whether the terminology used here by Berger is indicative of his general attitudes toward Navajos is not entirely certain, but it definitely shows a lack of understanding of their religion.

98. Berger to Dir., May 2, 1960, C de C, A2823.

99. C de C files, Apr. 15, 1960.

100. Berger to Dir., June 2, 1960, C de C, A2823.

101. Acting Reg. Dir. to Berger, May 6, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, C3823.

102. C de C files; See Appendix 3.

103. Allen to Berger, May 6, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D30.

104. Ibid.

105. Berger to Dir., July 8, 1960, C de C, A2823.

106. Dods to Conrad A. Wirth, Dir., NPS, June 29, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3615.

107. Ibid.

108. Berger to Dods, July 18, 1960, ibid.

109. Berger to Dir., Oct. 5, 1960, C de C, A2823.

110. Ibid.

111. C de C files, Sept. 13, 1960.

112. Allen to Dir., Sept. 16, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A5427.

113. Ibid.

114. Ibid.

115. Miller to Reg. Dir., Sept. 26, 1960, ibid.

116. Ibid.

117. Berger to Dir., Nov. 2, 1960, C de C, A2823.

118. Victor H. Nash to Reg. Chief of Operations, Oct. 7, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A5427.

119. Ibid.

120. Ibid.

121. Miller to Berger, Dec. 2, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, C3823.

122. Ibid.

123. Section 9 of Contract, C de C files, July 26, 1960.

124. Berger to Dir., Dec. 2, 1960, C de C, A2823.

125. Berger to Reg. Dir., Nov. 22, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, W34; Berger to James E. Weinel, Dec. 1, 1960, ibid.

126. Erik K. Reed to Berger, Nov. 30, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, N2623.

127. Berger to Dir., Jan. 2, 1961, C de C, A2823.

128. Berger to Reg. Dir., Dec. 6, 1960, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D30.

129. Berger to Reg. Dir., Dec. 18, 1960, ibid.

130. Berger to Dir., Feb. 2, 1961, C de C, A2823.

131. Ibid.

132. Berger to Reg. Chief of Operations, Jan. 26, 1961, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5027.

133. Berger to Dir., Feb. 2, 1961, C de C, A2823.

134. Berger to Dir., Apr. 3, 1961, ibid.

135. Berger to Dir., May 2, 1961, ibid.

136. Ibid.

137. Irving M. Terzich, Environmental Health Survey Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Apr. 17, 1961, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5031.

138. Ibid.

139. Berger to Dir., May 26, 1961, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A26.

140. Berger to Dir., July 3, 1961, C de C, A2823.

141. Donald Pierce to Berger, June 5, 1961, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y22; Berger to Dir., July 3, 1961, C de C, A2823.

142. Berger to Dir., July 3, 1961, C de C, A2823.

143. Berger to Dir., July 1961, ibid.

144. Erik K. Reed to Chief, July 19, 1961, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D6215.

145. Berger to Dir., August 1961, C de C, A2823.

146. La Font to Senator Hayden, Aug. 31, 1961, DFRC, NPS, C de C, C3823.

147. CA, Sept. 26, 1961, No. 1327.

148. Steen to Reg. Chief, Sept. 29, 1961, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A5427.

149. National Park Service Programs and Schedule of National Park Service Programs, 1961, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K3015.

150. Ralph J. Tangney to Berger, Nov. 30, 1961, ibid.

151. Philip H. Wohlbrandt, Reg. Engineer, to Berger, Feb. 7, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5027.

152. Berger to Dir., Mar. 2, 1962, AFRC, NPS, C de C, A2823.

153. Erik K. Reed to Supts., Canyon de Chelly, Capulin Mountain, Tonto, and Walnut Canyon, Mar. 8, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D6215.

154. Berger to Reg. Dir., Mar. 21, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5039, XD46.

155. Berger to Reg. Dir., Apr. 1, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, N2623.

156. Berger to Reg. Dir., May 8, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5015.

157. Ibid.

158. Ibid.

159. Navajo Tribal Utility Authority electric service contract, June 6, 1962, ibid.

160. Berger to Dir., July 2, 1962, AFRC, NPS, C de C, A2823.

161. Philip E. Shero to Berger, July 2, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5015.

162. Berger to Reg. Dir., July 5, 1962, ibid.

163. George W. Miller to Berger, July 16, 1962, ibid.

164. Land Use Permit, C de C, July 13, 1962.

165. Philip E. Shero to Berger, Nov. 8, 1962, DFRC , NPS, C de C, D5015; Berger to Dir., Dec. 1, 1962, AFRC, NPS, C de C, A2823; Berger to Dir., Jan. 1, 1963, ibid.

166. Berger to Reg. Dir., Nov. 9, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5015.

167. Berger to Branch of Soil and Moisture Conservation, Sept. 13, 1962, C de C, D54.

168. Berger to Reg. Dir., Sept. 26, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A40.

169. Ibid.

170. Ibid.

171. Herbert L. Keller to Subagency Supt., Sept. 14, 1962, ibid.

172. Ibid.

173. Ibid.

174. Ibid.

175. Reg. Dir. to 12 Supts., Dec. 14, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A6423.

176. Rainey to Berger, June 7, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A7631.

177. Berger to Exec. Sec., June 25, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K3015.

178. Jack Slack to Berger, July 5, 1962, ibid.

179. Joseph H. Fraser to Berger, Dec. 17, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K3019.

180. Berger to Yellowstone Park, Dec. 27, 1962, ibid.

181. Berger to Dir., Sept. 4, 1962, AFRC, NPS, C de C, A2823.

182. Berger to Dir., Aug. 2, 1962, ibid.

183. Berger to Dir., Nov. 1, 1962, ibid.

184. Press release, Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Aug. 22, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K3415.

185. Ibid.

186. Berger to Chief, Sept. 4, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D6215; Chief to Berger, Sept. 7, 1962, ibid.

187. Berger to Asst. Dir., Dec. 10, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D46.

188. Ibid.

189. Danson to De Harport, May 29, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A90.

190. De Harport to Berger, May 31, 1962, ibid.

191. Erik K. Reed to 10 Supts., June 7, 1962, ibid.

192. Ibid.

193. Reed to De Harport, June 26, 1962, ibid.

194. Bannister to Berger, June 15, 1962, ibid.

195. Berger to Bannister, June 14, 1962, ibid.

196. George W. Miller to Berger, July 18, 1962, ibid.

197. Ibid.

198. Berger to Asst. Reg. Dir., July 24, 1962, ibid.

199. Ibid.

200. De Harport to Berger, July 20, 1962, ibid.

201. De Harport to Berger, July 23, 1962, ibid.

202. De Harport to Berger, July 30, 1962, ibid.

203. Berger to Dir., Aug. 2, 1962, AFRC, NPS, C de C, A2823.

204. Reed to Archeologist Caywood, Aug. 3, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A90.

205. Schroeder to Miller, Oct. 2, 1962, ibid.

206. Steen to Miller, Dec. 3, 1962, ibid.

207. Thomas J. Williams to Miller, Dec. 5, 1962, ibid.

208. Telephone conversations with De Harport, Aug. 6, 1974, and with Arthur H. White, Edward B. Danson, and Sam Day III, Sept. 5, 1974.

209. Danson to De Harport, Aug. 3, 1962, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A90.

210. De Harport to Miller, Aug. 7, 1962, ibid.

211. Miller to De Harport, Aug. 9, 1962, ibid.

212. De Harport to Berger, Aug. 8, 1962, ibid ; De Harport to Berger, Aug. 20, 1962, ibid.

213. Reed to De Harport, Sept. 6, 1962, ibid.

214. De Harport to Berger, Sept. 10, 1962, ibid.

215. De Harport to Berger, Oct. 15, 1962, ibid.

216. Ibid.

217. Berger to De Harport, Nov. 28, 1962, ibid.

218. De Harport to Berger, Dec. 2, 1962, ibid.

219. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 6, 1963, AFRC, NPS, C de C, A2823.

220. The causes of Berger's troubles with the Navajos are not readily apparent in the documentation. Participants in the events of that period have diverse views regarding the matter. According to one official then in the regional office, Berger was merely caught in the changes brought on by the growing Navajo nationalism of the time. At the other extreme are those who found themselves in opposition to his policies who assert that he had as little as possible to do with the Navajos, that he was afraid of them, and even that he disliked them. In particular he is said to have brought a gun to protect himself from the Indians, to have not ventured out from headquarters any more than absolutely necessary to the extent that after some months at the monument he still did not know where White House Ruins was, and to have handled the refusal of permission to drill a well in such a way as to cause strong ill feelings.

1. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 11, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3815.

2. Guillet, personal communication, n.d., but ca. October 1974.

3. Acting Supt. to Reg. Chief, Jan. 16, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y2621.

4. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Mar. 5, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, F7423.

5. Guillet to Dir., Mar. 7, 1963, AFRC, NPS, C de C, A2823.

6. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 8, 1963, ibid.

7. Guillet to Dir., May 8, 1963, ibid.

8. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Apr. 19, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A44.

9. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 8, 1963, AFRC, NPS, C de C, A2823.

10. Guillet to Dir., Mar. 7, 1963, ibid.

11. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 8, 1963, ibid.

12. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 25, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K1815.

13. Guillet to All Uniformed Personnel, Apr. 15, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A9031.

14. Reg. Dir. to Supt., Apr. 25, 1963, ibid.

15. Guillet to Reg. Dir., May 3, 1963, ibid.

16. Reg. Dir. to Supt., May 13, 1963, ibid.

17. Guillet to Kennedy, June 5, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A70.

18. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 6, 1963, AFRC, NPS, C de C, A2823.

19. Guillet to Dir., May 8, 1963, ibid.

20. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, C de C, A2823.

21. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 25, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K1815.

22. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, C de C, A2823.

23. Ibid.

24. Supt. to Dir., July 11, 1963, ibid.

25. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, ibid.

26. Supt. to Dir., July 11, 1963, ibid.

27. "Narrative Statement, Orientation and Induction," typescript, C de C, 1964.

28. Supt. to Dir., July 11, 1963, C de C, A2823.

29. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 6, 1963, ibid.

30. Moran to Supt., Oct. 9, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D30.

31. Steen to Miller, Aug. 28, 1963, C de C, A5415.

32. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, C de C, A2823.

33. Wheat to Jenkins, May 14, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Museum Records.

34. Jenkins to Supt., May 22, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D6215.

35. Guillet to Chief, July 5, 1963, ibid.

36. Supt. to Dir., July 11, 1963, C de C, A2823.

37. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 6, 1963, ibid.; Supt. to Dir., Nov. 12, 1963, ibid.

38. Reed to Chief, Dec. 9, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D6215.

39. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 9, 1963, C de C, A2823.

40. Cook to Reg. Dir., May 15, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A66.

41. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, C de C, A2823.

42. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Jan. 2, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, N1423.

43. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 6, 1963, C de C, A2823.

44. Robert J. Smith to Miller, Aug. 8, 1963, C de C, A5415.

45. Cook to Reg. Dir., Aug. 20. 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D3415.

46. Steen to Miller, Aug. 28, 1963, C de C, A5415.

47. Cook to Reg. Dir., Sept. 25, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A7615.

48. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Jan. 2, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, N1423.

49. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, C de C, A2823.

50. Steen to Miller, Aug. 28, 1963, C de C, A5415.

51. Supt. to Dir., Nov. 12, 1963, C de C, A2823.

52. C de C files, Sept. 17, 1963.

53. Guillet to Nakai, May 6, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A44.

54. Supt. to Dir., July 11, 1963, C de C, A2823.

55. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 6, 1963, ibid.

56. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 12, 1963, ibid.

57. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 9, 1963, ibid.

58. Guillet to Tule Davis, May 4, 1963, C de C.

59. Glenn to Miller, May 8, 1963, C de C, A5415.

60. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, C de C, A2823.

61. Cook to Reg. Dir., June 3, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A7631.

62. Guillet to Reg. Dir., June 14, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D5039.

63. Miller to Supt., Sept. 13, 1963, C de C, L54.

64. Cook to Reg. Dir., June 28, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3619.

65. Allen to Supt., June 28, 1963, ibid.

66. Cook to Reg. Dir., June 28, 1963, ibid.

67. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 6, 1963, C de C, A2823; Guillet to Dir., Dec. 9, 1963, ibid.

68. Prentiss Taylor to Guillet, Oct. 7, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C.

69. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, C de C, A2823; Supt. to Dir., July 11, 1963, ibid.; Supt. to Dir., Aug. 6, 1963, ibid.; Steen to Miller, Aug. 28, 1963, C de C, A5415.

70. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, C de C, A2823.

71. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, ibid.; Supt. to Dir., July 11, 1963, ibid.; Guillet to Dir., Aug. 6, 1963, ibid.

72. Press release, June 3, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, K34.

73. Supt. to Dir., July 11, 1963, C de C, A2823; Carpenter to Webster, Aug. 13, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D3415.

74. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Sept. 14, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D22.

75. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Oct. 1, 1963, ibid.

76. Supt. to Dir., Nov. 12, 1963, C de C, A2823.

77. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 9, 1963, ibid.

78. Guillet to Dir., June 6, 1963, ibid.

79. Cook to Reg. Dir., Sept. 12, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D54.

80. "1964 Annual [Fiscal Year] Soil and Moisture Conservation Report, Narrative," n.d., C de C.

81. "Mule Trail (Class C) Fire, Narrative Report," June 17-20, 1963, DFRC, NPS, C de C.

82. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 6, 1963, C de C, A2823.

83. Supt. to Dir., Nov. 12, 1963, ibid.

84. Supt. to Dir., July 11, 1963, ibid.

85. "Mobil Unit Monthly Report, August 1963", CA, No. 1347.

86. Steen to Miller, Aug. 28, 1963, C de C, A5415.

87. "Mobil Unit Monthly Report, August 1963," CA, No. 746.

88. Ibid., No. 1347; Guillet to Dir., Dec. 9, 1963, C de C, A2823.

89. Supt. to Dir., Nov. 12, 1963, C de C, A2823.

90. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 9, 1963, ibid.

91. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 11, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3815.

92. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Jan. 13, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D6215.

93. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Jan. 29, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A40.

94. "Notes on Preparation of Canyon de Chelly Packaged Master Plan," Hill to Asst. Dir., July 8, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D18.

95. Hill to Asst. Dir., July 13, 1964, ibid.

96. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Mar. 25, 1964, ibid.

97. "Recommended Priority Construction Program, 1966," Guillet to Reg. Dir., Mar. 27, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D22.

98. Beard to Chief, Apr. 3, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D18.

99. Guillet to Park Planner, May 11, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L145.

100. Guillet to Reg. Dir., May 18, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C.

101. Beard to Dir., Sept. 1, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D18.

102. Guillet to Dir., Sept. 9, 1964, C de C, A2823; Guillet to Dir., Oct. 9, 1964, ibid.

103. Westley to Asst. Reg. Dir., Oct. 8, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D18.

104. Guillet to Hatathli, Oct. 9, 1964, ibid.

105. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Nov. 23, 1964, ibid.

106. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 11, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3815.

107. Guillet to Park Planner, May 11, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L145.

108. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Jan. 28, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D18.

109. Wallace to Supt., Aug. 5, 1964, C de C, A2823.

110. "Report on Management Improvement," Guillet to Reg. Dir., Aug. 26, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A6423.

111. "1964 Annual [Fiscal Year] Soil and Moisture Conservation Report, Narrative," n.d., C de C.

112. Wallace to Supt., Aug. 5, 1964, C de C, A2823.

113. Ibid.

114. Lampi to Asst. Reg. Dir., June 29, 1964, C de C, A5415.

115. Miller to Supt., July 2, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, Y22.

116. "Pesticide Project Proposal," Guillet to Reg. Dir., July 9, 1964, ibid.

117. "Report on Management Improvement," Guillet to Reg. Dir., Aug. 26, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A6423.

118. Wallace to Supt., Aug. 5, 1964, C de C, A2823.

119. Ibid.

120. Guillet to Dir., Sept. 9, 1964, ibid.

121. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 9, 1964, ibid.

122. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 10, 1964, ibid.

123. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Nov. 23, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3815.

124. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 10, 1964, C de C, A2823.

125. Guillet to Dir., Jan. 6, 1965, ibid.

126. Guillet to Principal, Apr. 8, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D30.

127. Guillet to Reg. Dir., May 1, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D22.

128. Guillet to C de C staff, May 8, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A5639.

129. Wallace to Supt., Aug. 5, 1964, C de C, A2823.

130. Ibid.; Guillet to Dir., Sept. 9, 1964, ibid.

131. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 10, 1964, ibid.

132. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Nov. 23, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3815.

133. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 10, 1964, C de C, A2823.

134. Guillet to Dir., Jan. 6, 1964, ibid.

135. Guillet to Dir., Sept. 9, 1964, ibid.

136. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Sept. 25, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3815.

137. Cook to Reg. Dir., Aug. 25, 1964, ibid.

138. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 10, 1964, C de C, A2823.

139. Wallace to Supt., Aug. 5, 1964, ibid.; Guillet to Dir., Dec. 10, 1964, ibid.

140. Guillet to Reg. Museum Curator, Apr. 16, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D6215; Guillet to Reg. Dir., Oct. 1, 1964, ibid.; Guillet to Dir., Oct. 9, 1964, C de C, A2823.

141. Guillet to McKee, Apr. 29, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, N3035.

142. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 10, 1964, C de C, A2823.

143. Gorman, personal communication, n.d., but ca. September 1974.

144. Guillet to Dir., Dec. 10, 1964, C de C, A2823.

145. Reg. Dir. to Chief, Apr. 3, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D18.

146. Guillet to Park Planner, May 11, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L154.

147. Reg. Chief of Concessions Management to Asst. Reg. Dir., May 26, 1964, C de C, A5415.

148. Reg. Architect to Asst. Reg. Dir., May 5, 1964, ibid.

149. Reg. Chief of Concessions Management to Asst. Reg. Dir., May 26, 1964, ibid.

150. Wallace to Supt., June 15, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A7631.

151. Bernard R. Meyer, Asst. Solicitor, to Dir., July 22, 1964, DSC, F-64-2136.18.

152. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Nov. 24, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, L3415.

153. Guillet to Chmn., Nov. 10, 1964, C de C, C2615.

154. Cook to Reg. Dir., July 31, 1964, C de C, C50-CC0.

155. Jacobi to Sec. of Int., Aug. 4, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3415.

156. Guillet to Hounsell, June 24, 1964, C de C, K14.

157. "Report on Manpower Utilization," Guillet to Reg. Dir., Aug. 26, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A6423.

158. Stewart to Supt., June 8, 1964, C de C, A2823.

159. Mahan to Supt., July 17, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D6215.

160. Wallace to Supt., Aug. 5, 1964, C de C, A2823; Guillet to Dir., Sept. 9, 1964, ibid.

161. La Fayette to Supt., Sept. 10, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D6215.

162. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 9, 1964, C de C, D2823; Guillet to Dir., Nov. 10, 1964, ibid.

163. Wallace to Supt., Aug. 5, 1964, ibid.; Stewart to Supt., June 8, 1964, ibid.

164. Stewart to Supt., June 8, 1964, ibid.

165. Reg. Dir. to Dir., Sept. 1, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, D18.

166. Reg. Dir. to Supt., Nov. 18, 1964, DFRC, NPS, C de C, A3815.

167. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

168. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 10, 1965, C de C, A2823.

169. Guillet to Dir., "Monthly Narrative Report-April 1965," n.d., ibid.; Wallace to Supt., June 10, 1965, C de C, A2827; Wallace to Supt., July 6, 1965, C de C, ibid.

170. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, C de C, A2827.

171. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, ibid.; Wallace to Supt., Dec. 6, 1965, C de C, A2616.

172. Wallace to Supt., July 6, 1965, C de C, A2827.

173. Cook to Dir., Sept. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

174. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, ibid.

175. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 7, 1965, ibid.

176. Wallace to Supt., July 6, 1965, C de C, A2827.

177. Wallace to Supt., June 8, 1965, C de C, L34.

178. Guillet to Reg. Dir., June 9, 1965, C de C, L2415.

179. Miller to Gatlin, June 18, 1965, ibid.

180. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

181. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Jan. 6, 1966, C de C, N2621.

182. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, C de C, A2615.

183. Guillet to Reg. Dir., Aug. 20, 1965, C de C, W34.

184. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 10, 1965, C de C, A2823.

185. Guillet to Dir., Mar. 8, 1965, ibid.

186. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 7, 1965, ibid.

187. Guillet to Dir., "Monthly Narrative Report-April 1965," n.d., ibid.

188. Wallace to Supt., June 10, 1965, C de C, A2827.

189. Wallace to Supt., July 6, 1965, ibid.; Cook to Dir., Sept. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

190. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, C de C, A2615.

191. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 10, 1965, C de C, A2823; Wallace to Supt., June 10, 1965, C de C, A2827.

192. Guillet to Dir., Mar. 8, 1965, C de C, A2823.

193. Wallace to Supt., June 10, 1965, C de C, A2827.

194. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

195. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, ibid.

196. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, ibid.

197. Wallace to Supt., Dec. 6, 1965, C de C, A2616.

198. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 10, 1965, C de C, A2823; Cook to Dir., Sept. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

199. Guillet to Dir., May 11, 1965, C de C, A2615.

200. Guillet to Dir., "Monthly Narrative Report-April 1965," n.d., C de C, A2823.

201. Wallace to Supt., July 6, 1965, C de C, A2827.

202. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

203. Wallace to Supt., Dec. 6, 1965, C de C, A2616; Guillet to Dir., Jan. 12, 1966, ibid.

204. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, ibid.

205. Wallace to Supt., Dec. 6, 1965, ibid.

206. Supt., Chinle Subagency, to Supt., Canyon de Chelly, Apr. 7, 1965, C de C, L3027.

207. "Relinquishment of Use Rights on Tribal Indian Lands Within Canyon de Chelly National Monument," n.d., C de C, W14.

208. Guillet to Dir., "Monthly Narrative Report-April 1965," n.d., C de C, A2823.

209. Guillet to Dir., Jan. 12, 1966, C de C, A2615; Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, ibid.

210. Guillet to "The Staff," June 22, 1965, DFRC, C de C, A6415; Guillet to Dir., Aug. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

211. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 10, 1965, C de C, A2823; Guillet to Dir., Mar. 8, 1965, ibid.

212. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 7, 1965, ibid; Guillet to Dir., "Monthly Narrative Report-April 1965," n.d., ibid.

213. Wallace to Supt., July 6, 1965; C de C, A2827.

214. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

215. Cook to Dir., Sept. 9, 1965, ibid.

216. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, ibid.

217. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 10, 1965, C de C, A2823; Wallace to Supt., June 10, 1965, C de C, A2827; Cook to Dir., Sept. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

218. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, C de C, A2615.

219. Cook to Dir., Sept. 9, 1965, ibid.

220. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 5, 1965, ibid.

221. "SWAC Monthly Report, September 1965," CA, No. 1338; "SWAC Monthly Report, October 1965," CA, No. 1337; Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

222. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 10, 1965, C de C, A2823; Guillet to Dir., Apr. 7, 1965 ibid.; Guillet to Dir., "Monthly Narrative Report- April 1965," n.d., ibid.

223. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615; Cook to Dir., Sept. 9, 1965, ibid.; Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, ibid.; Guillet to Dir., Jan. 12, 1966, ibid.

224. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, ibid.

225. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, ibid.

226. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 7, 1965, C de C, A2823.

227. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, C de C, A2615.

228. Guillet to Dir., Nov. 9, 1965, ibid.

229. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 7, 1965, C de C, A2823.

230. Guillet to Dir., "Monthly Narrative Report-April 1965," n.d., ibid.

231. Ibid.

232. Eddy to Gillette [sic] Apr. 22, 1965, C de C, W14; Guillet to Dir., "Monthly Narrative Report-April 1965," n.d., C de C, A2823.

233. Guillet to Dir., "Monthly Narrative Report-April 1965," n.d., C de C, A2823; Guillet to Dir., Aug. 9, 1965, C de C, A2615.

234. Guillet to Dir., Oct. 12, 1965, C de C, A2615.

235. Guillet to Dir., Jan. 12, 1966, ibid.

236. Wallace to Supt., Dec. 6, 1965, C de C, A2616.

237. Guillet to Dir., Aug. 9, 1966, C de C, A2615.

238. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 8, 1966, ibid.; Guillet to Dir., May 11, 1966, ibid.

239. Guillet to Dir., May 11, 1966, ibid.

240. Guillet to Dir., June 10, 1966, ibid.

241. Ibid.

242. Guillet to Dir., July 11, 1966, ibid; Weaver to Dir., Aug. 9, 1966, ibid.

243. Guillet to Dir., Feb. 8, 1966, ibid.; Guillet to Dir., May 11, 1966, ibid.

244. Wallace to Dir., Jan. 11, 1966, ibid.

245. Guillet to Dir., May 11, 1966, ibid.

246. Guillet to Dir., June 10, 1966, ibid.

247. Wallace to Dir., July 11, 1966, ibid.

248. Weaver to Dir., Aug. 9, 1966, ibid.

249. Cook to Dir., Sept. 12, 1966, ibid.

250. Guillet to Dir., May 11, 1966, ibid.

251. Guillet to Dir., Apr. 4, 1966, ibid.; Guillet to Dir., June 10, 1966, ibid.; Wallace to Dir., July 11, 1966, ibid.

252. Ibid.

253. Weaver to Dir., Aug. 9, 1966, ibid.

254. Cook to Dir., Sept. 12, 1966, ibid.

255. Guillet to Dir., Mar. 7, 1966, ibid.

256. Guillet to Dir., May 11, 1966, ibid.

257. Wallace to Dir., July 11, 1966, ibid.

258. Wallace to Supt., Apr. 4, 1966, ibid.

259. Guillet to Dir., May 1966, ibid.; Guillet to Dir., June 10, 1966, ibid.

260. Wallace to Dir., July 11, 1966, ibid.; Cook to Dir., Sept. 12, 1966, ibid.

261. Guillet to Dir., June 10, 1966, ibid.; Wallace to Dir., July 11, 1966, ibid.

262. Cook to Dir., Sept. 12, 1966, ibid.

1. "Highlights of the Calendar Year," C de C.

2. Wallace to Actg. Supt., Oct. 4, 1966, C de C, A2615.

3. Cook to Dir., Dec. 12, 1966, ibid.

4. Cook to Dir., Jan. 7, 1967, C de C, A2615.

5. Cook to Reg. Dir., Oct. 12, 1966, C de C, W4618.

6. Ibid.

7. Corbett to Reg. Dir., Nov. 15,. 1966, C de C, L24.

8. Schroeder to Supt., Nov. 29, 1966, ibid.

9. Cook to Reg. Dir., Dec. 22, 1966, C de C, W4618.

10. Cook to Dir., Feb. 9, 1967, C de C.

11. Cook to Rev. Wallace R. Cromwell, Jan. 19, 1967, C de C, W4618.

12. Udall to Brown, Jan. 25, 1967, ibid.

13. Wallace to Dir., Mar. 8, 1967, C de C, A2615.

14. Cook to Reg. Dir., Sept. 8, 1967, C de C, L24.

15.

16. Cook to Reg. Dir., Nov. 16, 1967, ibid.

17. Freeman to All Field Directors, Mar. 28, 1972, C de C, L24.

18. Harris to Asst. Dir., Operations, SWRO, Jan. 8, 1973, ibid.

19. Utley to Reg. Dirs., Jan. 4, 1974, ibid.

20. Cook to Dir., June 6, 1967, C de C, A2615.

21. Cook to Dir., May 11, 1967, ibid.

22. Cook to Dir., June 6, 1967, ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. Dir. to Reg. Dir., Aug. 10, 1967, encl., C de C.

25. Asst. to the Dir. to Reg. Dir., Aug. 10, 1967, ibid.

26. Federal Register 32, no. 179, p. 13129, Sept. 15, 1967.

27. Wallace to Dir., Apr. 11, 1967, C de C, A2615.

28. Brugge to Gen. Supt., July 15, 1974, NALA, H30.

29. Special Use Permit No. 3:334-1, approved Mar. 30, 1967, C de C; also Nos. 3:334-2 et seq., 1968-74, ibid.

30. Cook to Reg. Dir., May 16, 1967, C de C, L30.

31. Supt. to Dir., July 10, 1967, C de C, A2615.

32. Ibid.

33. "Memorandum of Agreement between the National Park Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs Relating to Joint Road Development on the North Rim of Canyon del Muerto,"approved by Actg. Reg. Dir., SWRO, Sept. 18, 1967, and by Asst. Area Dir., Nay. Area Off., Nov. 21, 1967, C de C.

34. Cook to Hand, Jan. 15, 1968, C de C, L3027.

35. Area Dir. to Cook, Jan. 31, 1968, ibid.

36. Chmn., NTC, to Nay. Area Off., Jan. 25, 1968, ibid.

37. Cook to Reg. Dir., Dec. 28, 1967, C de C, L7423.

38. Cook to Roper, Oct. 27, 1967, C de C, W34.

39. Cook to Reg. Dir., Nov. 27, 1967, ibid.

40. Reg. Dir. to ed., SUMMIT Magazine, Dec. 20, 1967, ibid.

41. O. F. Oldendorph, "Some Observations on Navajo and Canyon de Chelly Monuments," National Parks Magazine 42, no. 248 (1968): 4-6.

42. Cook to Clark, Mar. 27, 1968, NALA, A8027.

43. Voll, personal communication, June 14, 1974.

44. Cook to Reg. Dir., June 16, 1969, C de C, L48.

45. Reg. Dir, to Dir., Apr. 30, 1971, ibid.

46. Deputy Dir. to Reg. Dir., July 7, 1971, ibid.

47. Gen. Supt. to Supt., Chinle Agency, June 9, 1969, C de C, L30.

48. Cook to Hand, July 14, 1970, ibid.

49. Binnewies to Supt., Chinle Agency, Jan. 21, 1974, C de C, L3035.

50. Archeologist, Albuquerque Office, NPS, to Area Dir., Nav. Area Off., Mar. 22, 1974, ibid.

51. Binnewies to Gen. Supt., Mar. 21, 1973, C de C, L54.

52. Ibid.

53. Binnewies to Eberhard, July 26, 1973, ibid.; Binnewies to Eberhard, Feb. 21, 1974, ibid.; Binnewies to files, May 23, 1974, ibid.

54. Binnewies to Kelsey, June 4, 1974, and encl., C de C, L3027.

55. Nakai to La Font, June 17, 1969, DSC.

56. "Memorandum of Agreement," signed by Charles B. Voll and Gereald La Font, July 28, 1969, ibid.

57. Kowski to McDonald, Jan. 24, 1973, ibid.

58. Cammack to Dir., Apr. 23, 1971, C de C, L34.

59. Cook to Clinch, June 17, 1970, C de C, L3423.

60. Binnewies to Gen. Supt., Mar. 29, 1973, encl., C de C, L34.

61. Binnewies to Gen. Supt., Aug. 6, 1973, C de C, L3035.

62. Voll, personal communication, June 14, 1974.

1. Denis Foster Johnston, An Analysis of Sources of Information on the Population of The Navaho, BAE Bulletin 197 (Washington: GPO, 1966), p. 49.

2. Curator to Gen. Supt., July 15, 1974, Chaco Center, H30.

3. David M. Brugge, "Indian Control of Educational and Medical Institutions in Navajo Country," paper read at the Western History Association Conference, Rapid City, South Dakota, Oct. 3, 1974.

4. Robert B. Edgerton, "Some Dimensions of Disillusionment in Culture Contact," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 3, pp. 231-43. Edgerton, basing his theses on observations among the Menomini in North America and among four tribes in Uganda, Kenya, and Tanganyika in East Africa, holds a very pessimistic view of the durability of "European-Native" friendships. While much of what he writes is quite true, the implication that such relationships are impossible does not fit all Navajo-white relationships and may have been unintended on his part. He contrasts two extreme types of relationships, one in which both parties adhere rigidly to socially sanctioned roles based on the political subordinance of the native group and one that he calls "pseudo-friendship," in which the "European" makes condescendingly energetic efforts to befriend the "native," motivated by intense idealism but with neither party having a very realistic view of the cultural demands of such a relationship in terms of the other culture. Intermediate degrees of friendship that allow for greater flexibility and that build on creative modifications of socially defined roles rather than on either strict conformance or total rejection seem to be those that have the best prospects of success, at least between whites and Navajos at the present time (1974).