CRATER LAKE Guidebook 1917

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

CRATER LAKE is a body of water of unbelievable blue occupying the crater of an extinct volcano in the very heart of the Cascade Range in Southern Oregon. In this neighborhood the Cascades merge into a broad, irregular platform surmounted by volcanic cones. The cones vary greatly in size and are distributed without regularity. Each has been an active volcano. The fragments, blown out by violent eruption, have fallen upon the volcanic orifice, from which they issued and built up cinder cones.

From their bases have spread streams of lava (coulees), raising the general level of the country between the cones. From some vents by many eruptions, both explosive and effusive, large cones, like McLoughlin, Shasta, and Hood, have been built up. Were we to examine their internal structure, exposed in the walls of the canyons carved in their slopes, we should find them composed of overlapping layers of lava and volcanic conglomerate. But to this general form of volcanic architecture there was an exception. One of the very largest of these ancient volcanoes was Mount Mazama, which lifted its majestic cone nearly to the height of Mount Rainier, 300 miles to the north.

But this was ages ago. No human eyes ever saw Mount Mazama. Long before man came the entire upper part of it in some titanic cataclysm fell in upon itself as if swallowed by a subterranean cavern, leaving its craterlike lava sides cut sharply downward into the central abyss.

What a spectacle that must have been!

The first awful depth of this vast hole no man can guess. But the volcano was not quenched. It burst up through the collapsed lavas in three places, making lesser cones within the crater, but none quite so high as the surrounding rim.

Then the fires ceased and gradually, as the years passed, springs percolated into the vast basin and precipitation, in the form of snow, filled it with water within a thousand feet of its rim.

This is Crater Lake.

To-day one small cone emerges a few hundred feet from the surface. The lake is 2,000 feet deep in places. It has no inlet of any sort, nor is there any stream running out of it; but the water is supposed to escape by underground channels and to reappear as springs in the Klamath region, a few miles away.

Geologists find Crater Lake of special interest because of the way nature made it. Many volcanoes have had their tops blown off and Mount Rainier was one of these, but no other in the United States has fallen in like Mount Mazama.

The evidence of this process is quite conclusive. The lava found on the slopes that remain was not blown there from an exploding summit, but ran, hot and fluid, from a crater many thousands of feet higher. The pitch of these outer slopes enables the scientist to tell with reasonable probability how high the volcano originally was.

There are crater lakes in other lands; in Italy, for instance, in Germany, India, and Hawaii; and although there are thousands of craters in this country, some of which contain small lakes, there is but one great caldera in the world and that contains Crater Lake.

Approaching the lake the observer sees a broad cluster of gentle peaks risin a out 1,000 feet above the general crest of the range on which they stand. The way winds over a large moraine littered with lava bowlders and well studded with firs. Arriving at the Crest, the lake in all its majestic beauty comes suddenly upon the scene, and is profoundly impressive.

"The lake?" wrote Joaquin Miller in the Sunset Magazine, "The Sea of Silence? Ah, yes, I had forgotten—so much else; besides, I should like to let it alone, say nothing. It took such hold on my heart, so unlike Yosemite, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, when first seen, that I love it almost like one of my own family. But fancy a sea of sapphire set around by a compact circle of the great grizzly rock of Yosemite. It does not seem so sublime at first, but the mote is in your own eye. It is great, great; but it takes you days to see how great. It lies 2,000 feet under your feet, and as it reflects its walls so perfectly that you can not tell the wall from the reflection in the intensely blue water you have a continuous unbroken circular wall of 24 miles to contemplate at a glance, all of which lies 2,000 feet, and seems to lie 4,000 feet, below. Yet so bright, so intensely blue is the lake, that it seems at times, from some points of view, to lift right in your face."

AN UNFORGETABLE SPECTACLE.

Crater Lake is one of the most beautiful spots in America. The gray lava rim is remarkably sculptured. The water is wonderfully blue, a lovely turquoise along the edges, and in the deep parts, seen from above, extremely dark. The contrast on a sunny day between the unreal, fairylike rim across the lake and the fantastic sculptures at one's feet, and, in the lake between, the myriad gradations from faintest turquoise to deepest Prussian blue, dwells on in the memory.

Unforgetable also are the twisted and contorted lava formations of the inner rim. A boat ride along the edge of the lake reveals these in a thousand changes. At one point near shore a mass of curiously carved lava is called the Phantom Ship because, seen at a distance, it suggests a ship under full sail. The illusion at dusk or by moonlight is striking. In certain slants of light the Phantom Ship suddenly disappears—a phantom, indeed.

Another experience full of interest is a visit to Wizard Island. One can climb its sides and descend into its little crater.

The somewhat mysterious beauty of this most remarkable lake is by no means the only charm of the Crater Lake National Park. The surrounding cliffs present some of the most striking pictures of the entire western country. These can best be studied from a boat on the lake, but the walk around the rim of the lake is one of the most wonderful experiences possible.

HOW IT WAS DISCOVERED.

This lake was not discovered until 1853. Eleven Californians had undertaken once more the search for the famous, perhaps fabulous, Lost Cabin, mine. For many years parties had been searching the Cascades again they had come into the Klamath region. With all their secrecy their object became known, and a party of Oregonians was hastily organized to stalk them and share their find. The Californians discovered the pursuit and divided their party. The Oregonians did the same. It became a game of hide and seek. When provisions were nearly exhausted and many of both parties had deserted, they joined forces.

"Suddenly we came in sight of water," writes J. W. Hillman, then the leader of the combined party. "We were much surprised, as we did not expect to see any lakes and did not know but that we had come in sight of and close to Klamath Lake. Not until my mule stopped within a few feet of the rim of Crater Lake did I look down, and if I had been riding a blind mule I firmly believe I would have ridden over the edge to death."

It is interesting that the discoverers quarreled on the choice of a name, dividing between Mysterious Lake and Deep Blue Lake. The advocates of Deep Blue Lake won the vote, but in 1869 a visiting party from Jacksonville renamed it Crater Lake, and this, by natural right, became its title.

THE INDIAN LEGEND.

According to the legend of the Klamath and Modoc Indians the mystic land of Gaywas was the home of the great god Llao. His throne in the infinite depths of the blue waters was surrounded by giant crawfish, his warriors, who were able to lift great claws out of the water and seize too venturesome enemies on the cliff tops.

War broke out with Skell, the god of the neighboring Klamath marshes. Skell was captured and his heart used for a ball by Llao's monsters. But an eagle, one of Skell's servants, captured it in flight, and a deer, another of Skell's servants, escaped with it; and Skell's body grew again around his living heart. Once more he was powerful and once more he waged war against the God of the Lake.

Then Llao was captured; but he was not so fortunate. Upon the highest cliff his body was torn into fragments and cast into the lake and eaten by his own monsters under the belief that it was Skell's body. But when Llao's head was thrown in, the monsters recognized it and would not eat it.

Llao's head still lies in the lake, and white men cali it Wizard Island. And the cliff where Llao was torn to pieces is named Llao Rock.

UNUSUAL FISHING.

This magnificent body of cold, fresh water originally contained no fish of any kind. A small crustacean was found in its waters in large numbers, the suggestion, no doubt, upon which was founded the Indian legend of the gigantic crawfish which formed the bodyguard of the great god Llao.

In 1888 Will G. Steel brought troutlings from a ranch 40 miles away, but no fish were seen in the lake for more than a dozen years. Then a few were taken, one of which was fully 30 inches long.

Since then trout have been taken in ever-increasing numbers. They are best caught by fly casting from the shore. Anglers of experience in western fishing testify that, pound for pound, the rainbow trout taken in the cold, deep waters of the Crater Lake are the hardest fighting trout of all.

In Crater Lake 5 fish per person per day, and in all other waters 20 fish per person per day, constitute a day's catch. In all waters of the park the fishing season is from July 1 to September 30 unless otherwise ordered by the supervisor.

ADMINISTRATION.

The Crater Lake National Park was established by the act of May 22, 1902 (32 Stat., 202), and has an area of 159,360 acres. Exclusive jurisdiction over the park was ceded to the United States by act of the Oregon Legislature of January 25, 1915, and accepted by Congress by act approved August 21, 1916 (39 Stat., 521). Will G. Steel is United States commissioner of the park.

The tourist season extends from July 1 to September 30. The address of the supervisor is Crater Lake, Oreg., during the tourist season, and Medford, Oreg., during the balance of the year. General information may be obtained from the supervisor, and complaints should be addressed to him.

HOW TO GET THERE.

The park may be reached from Klamath Falls and Medford, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Medford is on the main line between San Francisco and Portland—the Shasta Route, while Klamath Falls is on the Klamath Falls branch, which connects with the main line at Weed, Cal.

The Southern Pacific Co. will sell excursion tickets to Crater Lake from June 29 to September 25, inclusive. Rates may be obtained from local agents.

Railroad routes to Crater Lake National Park.

Section 27 of circular 2917 of the Southern Pacific Co. contains the following regulations governing stop-overs to visit Crater Lake:

All classes of tickets covering passage between Roseville or Davis, Cal., or points beyond, and Portland, Oreg., or points beyond, will be honored in direction they read any day from July 1 to September 25, 1917, and during same period of subsequent years, via Weed, Cal., to Klamath Falls or Kirk, Oreg., and from Medford, Oreg., or vice versa, without additional charge, when passengers desire to visit Crater Lake National Park, Oreg.

Between Klamath Falls or Kirk¹ and Medford, Ore ., passengers must pay their own transportation expense. * * * (Rates will be found on page 9.)

Passengers desiring to make the side trip should so inform train conductor into Klamath Falls or Kirk¹ or Medford, as may be. The latter will indorse tickets "Off at Klamath Falls," or "Off at Kirk,"¹ or "Off at Medford," as may be, showing train number and date, thereaftor signing his name.

Extension of limits. —On application of holder to agent at Klamath Falls on southbound tickets and to agent at Medford on northbound tickets, limits on first or second-class one-way continuous trip tickets will be extended the number of days consumed in making the Crater Lake National Park trip, not to exceed 10 days. The time consumed in making Crater Lake trip will be reckoned from date of conductor's indorsement on ticket as per item 1, this section.

Baggage—Hand baggage not to exceed 25 pounds in weight will be transported with each whole-fare passenger free of charge between Klamath Falls or Kirk and Medford. Excess baggage charges will be at rate of 2 cents per pound. Trunks or other heavy baggage will not be handled over the route shown, necessitating their transportation over Southern Pacific Co. direct.

See baggage tariff No. 3 (F. W. Hodges, agent), I. C. C. No. 7, C. R. C. No. 5, P. S. C. Or. No. 1 supplements thereto or reissues thereof, relative waiving charge for storage of baggage at specified points for passengers making Crater Lake National Park trip as above.

The Crater Lake Co. operates a daily automobile service between Medford and Crater Lake and between Klamath Falls and Crater Lake.

Automobiles leave the Hotels Medford and Nash, Medford, at 9 a. m. daily, stop for lunch at Prospect, and reach Crater Lake at 4 p. m. Returning leave Crater Lake at 9 a. m. daily, reaching Medford in time to connect with the outgoing evening trains.

Automobiles leave White Pelican Hotel, Klamath Falls, at 7.30 a. m., and arrive at Crater Lake Lodge at noon; returning, leave Crater Lake Lodge at 1 p. m., and arrive at Hotel Pelican at 6 p. m.

Automobile rates from Medford and Klamath Falls to Crater Lake.

HOTELS AND CAMPS.

Partly because it is off the main line of travel, but chiefly because its unique attractions are not yet well known, Crater Lake has been seen by comparatively few. Under concession from the Department of the Interior, the Crater Lake Co. operates a hotel and a comfortable camp in the park.

Crater Lake Lodge, on the rim of the lake, is of stone and frame construction and contains 64 sleeping rooms, with ample bathing facilities as well as fire protection. Tents are provided at the lodge as sleeping quarters for those who prefer them, meals being taken at the lodge.

At Anna Spring Camp, 5 miles below the rim of Crater Lake, the company maintains a camp for the accommodation of guests, a general store (with branch at Crater Lake Lodge) for the sale of provisions and campers' supplies, and a livery barn.

The authorized rates are as follows:

Rates at Crater Lake Lodge.

GENERAL STORES.

Provisions, tourists' supplies, gasoline, motor oil, hay and grain, fishing tackle, drugs, kodak supplies, and bakers' goods at reasonable rates at the general store at Anna Spring Camp and branch store at Crater Lake Lodge.

TRANSPORTATION WITHIN THE PARK.

Automobiles are allowed in the park under the regulations given on pages 15-17. The Crater Lake Co., under a concession from the Department of the Interior, operates an automobile, saddle horse, and stage transportation service for the accommodation of the hotel guests and other tourists; but every person is at liberty to provide his own means of transportation and to camp, subject to the regulations given on pages — and —.

Fares for automobile and launch trips and rates for guides, horses, and rowboats are as follows:

Transportation rates.

AUTOMOBILE.

PRINCIPAL POINTS OF INTEREST.

Distances from Crater Lake Lodge by road or trail to principal points.

For trips to any of the above-named points in the park, arrangements may be made at Crater Lake Lodge. The ordinary outing clothing will be sufficient.

For trips to Mount Thielsen, Diamond Lake, and other remote points some camp equipage, pack horses, and a guide will be necessary. These can be secured at Crater Lake Lodge.

Saddle horses, pack animals, and necessary equipment can usually be obtained in the near-by valleys, and guides can also be secured when wanted.

MAP OF CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK.

(click on map for an enlargement in a new window)

MAP.

The following map may be obtained from the Director of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Remittances should be by money order or in cash.

Map of Crater Lake National Park: 13-3/4 by 18-3/4 inches; scale 1 mile to the inch. Price, 10 cents.¹

The roads, trails, and names are printed in black, the streams and lakes in blue, and the relief is indicated by brown contour lines. On the back of the map is a description of the lake.

PANORAMIC VIEW.

The view described below may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Panoramic view of Crater Lake National Park; 16-1/2 by 18 inches; scale, 1 mile to the inch. Price, 25 cents.¹

This view is based on accurate surveys and gives an excellent idea of the configuration of the surface as it would appear to a person flying over it. The meadows and valleys are printed in light green, the streams and lakes in light blue, the cliffs and ridges in brown tints, and the roads in light brown. The lettering is printed in light brown and is easily read on close inspection, but merges into the other colors when the sheet is held at some distance.

GENERAL REGULATIONS.

The following rules and regulations for the government of the Crater Lake National Park are hereby established and made public, pursuant to authority conferred by the acts of Congress approved May 22, 1902 (32 Stat., 202), August 21, 1916 (39 Stat., 521), and August 25, 1916 (39 Stat., 535):

1. Preservation of natural curiosities. — The destruction, injury, or defacement in any way of the public property or the trees, vegetation, rocks, minerals, animal and bird or other life, or other natural conditions and curiosities in the park is prohibited.

2. Camping. — No camp will be made along roads except at designated localities. Blankets, clothing, hammocks, or any other article liable to frighten teams must not be hung near the road.

Many successive parties camp on the same sites during the season, and camp grounds must be thoroughly cleaned before they are abandoned. Tin cans, bottles, cast-off clothing, and all other debris must be placed in garbage cans or pits provided for the purpose. When camps are made in unfrequented localities where pits or garbage cans may not be provided, all refuse must be burned or hidden where it will not be offensive to the eye.

Campers may use dead or fallen timber only for fuel.

3. Fires — Fires constitute one of the greatest perils to the park; they must not be kindled near trees, dead wood, moss, dry leaves, forest mold, or other vegetable refuse, but in some open space on rocks or earth. Should camp be made in a locality where no such open space exists nor is provided, dead wood, moss, dry leaves, etc., must be scraped away to the rock or earth over an area considerably larger than required for the fire.

When fires are no longer necessary they must be completely extinguished, and all embers and bed smothered with earth or water so that there remains no possibility of reignition.

Especial care must be taken that no lighted match, cigar, or cigarette is dropped in any grass, twigs, leaves, or tree mold.

4. Hunting. — The park is a sanctuary for wild life of every sort and no one should frighten, hunt or kill, wound or capture any bird or wild animals in the park, except dangerous animals when it is necessary to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting injury.

The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trapping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or in possession of game killed on the park lands under other circumstances than prescribed above, must be taken up by the supervisor and held subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in cases where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the property of the person or persons violating this regulation and the actual owner was not a party to such violation. Firearms will be permitted in the park only on written permission of the supervisor. Visitors entering or traveling through the park to places beyond should, at entrance, report and surrender all firearms, traps, nets, seines, or explosives in their possession to the first park officer, and, in proper cases, may obtain his written leave to carry them through the park sealed.

5. Fishing. — Fishing is permitted with hook and line only, and never for profit or merchandise. Fishing in particular water may be suspended, or the number of fish that may be taken by one person in any one day from the various streams or lakes may be regulated by the supervisor. All fish hooked less than eight inches long shall be carefully handled with moist hands and returned at once to the water, if not seriously injured. Fish retained should be killed. Five fish shall constitute the limit for a day's catch from the lake, and 20 from other waters of the park.

6. Private operations. — No person will be permitted to reside permanently, engage in any business, operate a moving-picture camera, or erect buildings upon the Government lands in the park without permission in writing from the director of the National Park Service. Application for such permission may be addressed to the supervisor of the park, or to the National Park Service, Washington, D. C.

7. Patented lands. — Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled to the full use and enjoyment thereof; the boundaries of such lands, however, must be determined, and marked and defined, so that they may be readily distinguished from the park lands. While no limitations or conditions are imposed upon the use of such private lands so long as such use does not interfere with or injure the park, private owners must provide against trespass by their stock or cattle, or otherwise, upon the park lands, and all trespasses committed will be punished to the full extent of the law. Stock may be taken over the park lands to patented private lands with the written permission and under the supervision of the supervisor, but such permission and supervision are not required when access to such private lands is had wholly over roads or lands not owned or controlled by the United States.

8. Grazing. — Allowing the running at large, herding, or grazing of cattle or stock of any kind on the Government lands in the park, as well as the driving of such stock or cattle over same, must be avoided, except where authority therefor has been granted by the supervisor. Cattle or stock found improperly on the park lands may be impounded and held until claimed by the owner and the trespass adjusted.

9. Saloons and bars. — No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted upon Government lands in the park.

10. Advertisements. — Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or displayed on Government lands within the park, except such as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the public, and then only by permission from the supervisor.

11. Travel on trails. — Pedestrians on trails when animals are passing them must remain quiet until animals have passed. Persons traveling on the trails of the park, either on foot or saddle animals, must not make short cuts but must confine themselves to the main trail.

12. Horse-drawn vehicles. — Saddle horses, pack trains, and horse-drawn vehicles have right of way over motor-propelled vehicles at all times.

13. Concessioners. — All persons, firms, or corporations holding concessions in the park must keep the grounds used by them properly policed and maintain the premises in a sanitary condition to the satisfaction of the supervisor. No lessee or licensee shall retain in his employment a person whose presence in the park may be deemed by the supervisor subversive of good order and management of the park.

14. Employees of concessioners. — Transportation, camp, and hotel concessioners will require each of their employees to wear a metal badge with a number thereon, the name and the number corresponding therewith being registered in the supervisor's office. These badges must be worn in plain sight on the hat or cap. Concessioners must also report the fact of discharge of employees; if for cause, such cause must be stated.

15. Dead animals — All domestic animals that may die on the Government lands in the park at any tourist camp, or along any of the public thoroughfares, must be immediately removed to a point not nearer than one-fourth mile from such camp, or thoroughfare, and there be buried at least 2 feet beneath the ground by the owner or person having charge of such animal.

16. Miscellaneous — Travel. — (a) Freight, baggage, and heavy camping outfits on sidehill grades throughout the park must take the outer side of the road while being passed by passenger vehicles in either direction.

(b) Wagons used in hauling heavy freight over the park roads must have tires not less than 4 inches in width.

(c) All vehicles must be equipped with lights for night travel. At least one light must be carried by horse-drawn vehicles, and it must be carried on the left front side of the vehicles in a position such as to be visible from both front and rear.

17. Miscellaneous — General. — (a) Campers and others must not wash clothing or cooking utensils in or in any other way pollute the waters of the rivers and creeks of the park, or bathe in any of the streams near the regularly traveled thoroughfares in the park without suitable bathing clothes.

(b) Stock must not be tied so as to permit their entering any of the streams of the park. All animals should be kept a sufficient distance from camping grounds not to litter the ground and make unfit for use the area which may be used later as tent sites.

(c) Campers and all others, save those holding licenses from the Secretary of the Interior, are prohibited from hiring their horses, trappings, or vehicles to tourists or visitors in the park. No pack trains will be allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly registered guide.

(d) All complaints by tourists and others as to service, etc., rendered in the park should be made to the supervisor, in writing, before the complainant leaves the park. Oral complaints will be heard daily during office hours.

18. Dogs and cats. — Cats are not permitted in the park, and dogs only to those persons passing through the park to the territory beyond, in which instances they must be kept tied while crossing the park. This rule does not apply to trained dogs used by Government employees in extermination of predatory wild animals.

19. Fines and penalties. — The supervisor is hereby authorized and directed to remove from the park all trespassers and all persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly conduct or bad behavior, and to enforce these rules and regulations and the provisions of the acts of Congress in the premises, violation of which is punishable by summary ejection from the park, or by a fine of not to exceed $500 or imprisonment not to exceed six months, or by any combination of these penalties. Persons ejected from the park will not be permitted to return without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior or the supervisor of the park.

AUTOMOBILE AND MOTORCYCLE REGULATIONS.

Pusuant to authority conferred by the act of Congress of May 22, 1902 (32 Stat., 202), and the Act of August 25, 1916 (39 Stat., 535), the following regulations governing th admission of automobiles and motorcycles into the Crater Lake National Park are hereby established and made public:

1. Entrances. — Automobiles and motorcycles may enter and leave the park by the western or Castle Creek entrance, the eastern or Sand Creek entrance, and the southern or Anna Creek entrance.

2. Automobiles. — The park is open to automobiles operated for pleasure, but not to those carrying passengers who are paying, either directly or indirectly, for the use of machines (excepting, however, automobiles used by concessioners under permit from the department). Careful driving is demanded of all persons using the roads. The Government is in no way responsible for any kind of accident.

3. Hours. — Automobiles or motorcycles will not be permitted to enter or leave the park before 6.30 a. m. or after 8 p. m., except in case of emergency.

4. Motorcycles. — Motorcycles are admitted to the park under the same conditions as automobiles and are subject to the same regulations as far as they are applicable.

5. Permits. — Permits must be secured at the ranger station where the automobile enters the park and will entitle the holder to go over any or all of the roads in the park. This permit must be conveniently kept, so that it can be exhibited to park rangers on demand. Each permit must be exhibited to the checking ranger for verification on exit from the park. Permits will show (a) name of station where permit is issued, (b) name of owner or driver, (c) State and license number of automobile.

6. Fees. — Fee for automobile or motorcycle permits are $2.50 and $1, respectively, and are payable in cash only. The permits are good for the entire season, expiring on December 31 of the year of issue.

7. Distance apart—Gears and brakes. — Automobiles while in motion must not be less than 50 yards apart, except for purpose of passing, which is permissible only on comparatively level or slight grades. All automobiles, except while shifting gears, must retain their gears constantly enmeshed. Persons desiring to enter the park in an automobile will be required to satisfy the ranger issuing the automobile permit that all parts of machine, particularly the brakes and tires, are in first-class working order and capable of making the trip, and that there is sufficient gasoline in the tank to reach the next place where it may be obtained. The automobile must carry at least one extra tire.

8. Speeds. —Speed is limited to 10 miles per hour, except on good roads with straight stretches and when no team is nearer than 200 yards the speed may be increased to 20 miles per hour.

Automobile routes of Crater Lake National Park.

9. Horns. — The horn will be sounded on approaching curves or stretches of road concealed for any considerable distance by slopes, overhanging trees, or other obstacles, and before meeting or passing other machines, riding or driving animals, or pedestrians.

10. Lights. — All automobiles must be equipped with head and tail lights, the headlights to be of sufficient brilliancy to insure safety at night, and all lights must be kept lighted after dark when automobile is on the roads. Headlights must be dimmed when passing other automobiles or horse-drawn vehicles.

11. Muffler cut-outs. — Muffler cut-outs must be closed while approaching or passing riding horses, horse-drawn vehicles, hotels, camps, or checking stations.

12. Teams. — When teams, saddle horses, or pack trains approach, automobiles will take the outer edge of the roadway, regardless of the direction in which they may be going, taking care that sufficient room is left on the inside for the passage of vehicles and animals. Teams have the right of way, and automobiles will be backed or otherwise handled as may be necessary so as to enable teams to pass with safety. In no case must automobiles pass animals on the road at a speed greater than 8 miles an hour.

13. Accidents. — When, due to breakdowns or acidents of any other nature, automobiles are unable to keep going, they must be immediately parked off the road, or, where this is impossible, on the outer edge of the road.

14. Stop-overs. — Automobiles stopping over at points inside the park must be parked off the road, or, where this is impossible, on the outer edge of the road.

15. Reduced engine power, gasoline, etc. — Due to the high altitude of the park roads, ranging between 4,000 and 7,000 feet, the power of all automobiles is much reduced, so that about 40 per cent more gasoline Will be required than for the same distance at lower altitudes. Likewise, one gear lower will generally have to be used on grades than would have to be used in other places. A further effect that must be watched is the heating of the engine on long grades, which may become serious unless care is used. Gasoline can be purchased at regular supply stations as per posted notices.

16. Fines and penalties. — Violation of any of the foregoing regulations for government of the park shall be punishable by revocation of automobile permit, by immediate ejectment from the park, or by fine of not to exceed $500, or by any combination of the three, and be cause for refusal to issue new automobile permit to the owner without prior sanction in writing from the Secretary of the Interior.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS.

Government publications on Crater Lake National Park may be obtained as indicated below. Separate communications should be addressed to the officers mentioned. The sale publications may be purchased by personal application to the supervisor of the park, but that officer can not fill mail orders.

DISTRIBUTED FREE BY THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.

The following publications may be obtained free by written request addressed to the Secretary of the Interior, or by personal application to the office of the supervisor of the park:

General information regarding Crater Lake National Park.

This circular is issued each season and contains data regarding hotels, camps, and principal points of interest, list of books and magazine articles, a sketch map, and the rules and regulations.

Glimpses of our National Parks. 48 pages.

Contains descriptions of the most important features of the principal national parks and the Grand Canyon of the Colorado.

SOLD BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS.

The following publications may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at the price given. Remittances should be by money order or in cash:

Geological History of Crater Lake, by J. S. Diller, 32 pages, including 28 illustrations. Price, 10 cents.¹

Contains an account of the formation of crater Lake.

Forests of Crater Lake National Park, by J. F. Pernot. 1916. 40 pages, including 26 illustrations. Price, 20 cents.¹

Contains descriptions of the forest cover and of the principal species.

BOOKS.

ALLEN, E. F. A guide to the national parks of America. 1915. 286 pp.

BRYCE, JAMES. University and historical addresses. 1913. 433 pp.

National Parks—The need of the future, pp. 389-406.

DILLER, J. S., and PATTON, H. B. Geology and petrography of Crater Lake National Park. Professional Paper No. 3, U. S. Geological Survey. 1902. 167 pp.

FINCK, H. T. Pacific coast scenic tour. 1890. 309 pp., illustrated.

Crater Lake on pp. 157-158; Yellowstone on pp. 279-293; Mount Rainier on pp. 200-216; Yosemite on pp. 81-107.

FOUNTAIN, PAUL. The eleven eaglets of the west. 1906. 362 pp.

Crater Lake on pp. 46-49; Yellowstone on pp. 173-195; Yosemite on pp. 21-27; Mount Rainier on pp. 110-112.

HERBERTSON, F. D. and A. J. Descriptive geography from original sources; North America. 1901. 252 pp.

Crater Lake on pp. 166-167; Yellowstone on pp. 175-180; Yosemite on pp. 194-196.

RUSSELL, I. C. Lakes of North America. 1895. 125 pp.

Crater Lake on pp. 20-21.

_____ Volcanoes of North America. 1897. 346 pp.

Crater Lake on pp. 235-236; Mount Rainier on pp. 241-245.

STEEL, W. G. The mountains of Oregon. 1890. 112 pp.

Crater Lake on pp. 12-13; Mount Rainier on pp. 23-51; 55-65.

VICTOR, FRANCES FULLER. Atlantis arisen. 1891. 412 pp.

Crater Lake on pp. 179-183.

MAGAZINE ARTICLES.

AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION (Washington, D. C.) NATIONAL PARKS, 32 pages.

Contains "National parks, the need of the future," by James Bryce: Address on a bureau of national parks, by W. H. Taft; Address on a bureau of national parks, by Walter L. Fisher; "Are national parks worth while?" by J. H. McFarland.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, 4th s., vol. 3 (March, 1897), pp. 165-172. Crater Lake, Oreg., by J. S. Diller.

AMERICAN NATURALIST, Vol. 22 (November, 1888), pp. 996-1005. Sketches of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, by E. D. Cope.

ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, Vol. 35, (March, 1910), pp. 1-12. The parks and recreation facilities in the United States, by John Nolen.

_____ vol. 35 (March, 1910), pp. 15-24. Our national parks and reservations, by W. E. Curtis.

APPALACHIA, vol. 12 (July, 1911), pp. 213-226. A western mountaineering summer, by E. W. Harnden.

ATLANTIC MONTHLY, vol. 81 (January, 1883), pp. 15-28. The wild parks and reservations of the West, by John Muir.

COAST, vol. 8 (July, 1904), pp. 29-30. Crater Lake, by R. V. Grubbe.

COUNTRY LIFE, vol. 23 (January, 1913), pp. 33-36. Touring in our national parks, by E. A. Mills.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, vol. 9 (May, 1903), pp. 236-240. Crater Lake National Park, by J. M. Baltimore.

GOOD ROADS AND CYCLIST (October, 1896). Awheel to Crater Lake, by E. M. Wilbur.

HARPER'S WEEKLY, vol. 40 (Sept. 19, 1896), p. 932. Crater Lake, by G. W. Kirkman.

_____ vol. 41 (June 5, 1897), pp. 563-567. The national parks and forest reservations, by John Muir.

INDEPENDENT, vol. 49 (Feb. 25, 1897), p. 240. Crater Lake, Oreg., by G. F. Wright.

INLAND EDUCATOR, vol. 4 (June, 1897), p. 209. Crater Lake, by B. W. Evermann.

JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY, vol. 11 (June, 1913), pp. 322-324. Mount Mazama and Crater Lake, by L. Martin.

JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY, vol. 13 (September, 1914), pp. 9-12. Crater Lake, by J. F. Chamberlain.

JOURNAL OF SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, vol. 1 (November, 1877), pp. 266-269. Crater Lake, Oreg., by J. S. Diller.

LITERARY DIGEST, vol. 46 (June 7, 1913), p. 1303. Western mountain and national parks.

MAZAMA, vol. 1 (1897), pp. 139-150. Description of Crater Lake, by E. M. Wilbur.

______ vol. 1 (1897), pp. 150-161. The discovery and early history of Crater Lake, by M. W. Gorman.

______ vol. 1 (1897), pp. 161-170. The geology of Crater Lake, by J. S. Diller.

______ vol. 1. (1897), pp. 170-203. The August vegetation of Mount Mazama, Oreg., by F. V. Coville.

______ vol. 1 (1897), pp. 204-230. The mammals of Mount Mazama, Oreg., by C. R. Merriam.

______ vol. 1 (1897), pp. 230-238. U. S. Fish Commission investigations at Crater Lake, by B. W. Evermann.

MAZAMA, vol. 1 (1897), pp. 239-242. The Mazamas' Outing of 1896, by C. H. Sholes.

MOTOR AGE, vol. 25 (Apr. 9, 1914), pp. 1-10. Uncle Sam—his parks, by C. G. Sinsabaugh.

______ vol. 25 (Apr. 9, 1914), pp. 10-12. How to get to the national parks, by John P. Dods.

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, vol. 8 (February, 1897), pp. 33-48. Crater Lake, Oreg., by J. S. Diller.

______ vol. 23 (June, 1912), pp. 531-579. Our national parks, by L. F. Schineckebier.

NATURE, vol. 57 (Feb. 17, 1898), pp. 375-376. Crater Lake, Oreg.

OREGON NATIVE SON, vol 1 (July, 1899), pp. 135-137. Legend of Crater Lake, by M. B. Kerr.

OUT WEST, vol. 17 (August, 1902), pp. 173-187. The story of Crater Lake, Oreg., by H . W. Fairbanks.

OUTDOOR WORLD AND RECREATION, vol. 49 (July, 1913), pp. 22-26. Vacation jaunts to Uncle Sam's playgrounds, by Arthur Chapman.

OUTING, vol. 31 (December, 1897), pp. 257-260. A pilgrimage to Crater Lake, Oreg., by S. G. Bayne.

_____ vol. 11 (December, 1873), pp. 548-554. Klamath Land, by Samuel H. Clarke.

OUTLOOK, vol. 95 (May 28, 1910), pp. 157-169. Scenery as a national asset, by Allen Chamberlain.

_____ vol. 100 (Feb. 3, 1912), p. 246. A national park service.

_____ vol. 102 (Dec. 14, 1912), pp. 811-815. National parks, the need of the future, by James Bryce.

OVERLAND MONTHLY, 2d a., vol. 1 (March, 1883), pp. 295-301. Mountaineering in Oregon, by F. F. Victor.

Contains a short account of a trip to Crater Lake.

_____ 2d s., vol. 41 (May, 1903), pp. 334-348. Crater Lake National Park, by Nora Batchelor.

_____ 2d s., vol. 60 (October, 1912), pp. 393-398. Klamath and Crater lakes, by R. W. Neighbor.

PACIFIC MONTHLY, vol. 6 (October, 1901), pp. 187-189. Oregon's majestic Crater Lake, by D. H. Stovall.

_____ vol. 6 (October, 1901), pp. 190-191. Wimawita, a legend of Crater Lake, by M. B. Kerr.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST (June, 1896). Crater Lake, by H. L. Wells.

PACIFIC UNITARIAN (October 1896). A trip to Crater Lake, by E. M. Wilbur.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, Vol. 52 (March, 1898), 716. Crater Lake, Oreg.

_____ vol. 80 (June, 1912), pp. 531-547. The national parks from the scientific and educational side, by L. F. Schineckebier.

REVIEW OP REVIEWS, vol. 40 (July, 1909), pp. 44-48. The Nation's playgrounds, by G. O. Smith.

SCIENCE, vol. 7 (Feb. 26, 1886), pp. 179-182. Crater Lake, Oreg., a proposed national reservation, by C. E. Dutton.

_____ n. s., vol. 4 (Sept. 25, 1896), pp. 446-448. Meeting of the Mazamas at Crater Lake, Oreg., by C. H. Merriam.

_____ n. s., vol. 15 (Feb. 7, 1902), pp. 203-211. Wreck of Mount Mazama, Oreg., by J. S. Diller.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, vol. 75 (Dec. 5, 1896), p. 405. Crater Lake, Oreg., by E. M. Wilbur.

SIERRA CLUB BULLETIN, vol. 8 (January, 1912), pp. 236-239. National parks: Are they worth While? by J. H. McFarland.

SUNSET, vol. 9 (May, 1902), pp. 68-73. Crater Lake by night and day, by C. W. Hodgson.

_____ vol. 13 (May, 1904), pp. 14-25. In the Klamath country, by G. B. Oceltree. vol. 13 (September, 1904), pp. 395-404. The sea of silence, by Joaquin Miller.

_____ vol. 28 (March, 1912), pp. 299-304. Crater Lake, Oreg., in winter, by H. H. Hicks.

TECHNICAL WORLD, vol. 9 (August, 1908), pp. 655-662. In a drowned volcano's crater, by Rene Bache.

_____ vol. 17 (July, 1912), pp. 627-628. Lowering a boat into Crater Lake.

TRAVELER (November, 1896). The Mazamas at Crater Lake.

WORLD'S WORK, vol. 16 (May, 1908), pp. 10250-10261. Playground on a crater's edge, by O. Wilson.

_____ vol. 24 (May, 1912), pp. 68-77. Unknown wonders of our national parks.

THE NATIONAL PARKS AT A GLANCE.

[Number, 17; total area, 9,774 square miles.]