Civil War Defenses of Washington Historic Resource Study

¹ Cyril Falls, The Art of War from the Age of Napoleon to the Present Day (London, England: Oxford University Press, 1961), 113; Horst De La Croix, Military Considerations in City Planning: Fortifications (New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1972), 8.

² U.S., Engineer School, Pamphlet on the Evolution of the Art of Fortification, Engineer School Occasional Papers No. 58 Prepared Under the Direction of William M. Black (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 16-17.

³ De La Croix, Military Considerations, 32-57; George Sydenham Clarke (Sydenham), Fortification: Its Past Achievements, Recent Developments, and Future Progress Second Edition. 1907 (Reprint edition, Liphook, Hants, Beaufort Publishing Ltd., 19–), 151.

⁴ Antoine Henri Jomini, The Art of War Translated from the French by G.H. Mendell and W.P. Craighill (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott, 1862) [1971 Greenwod Press reprint edition], 87.

⁵ Clarke (Sydenham), Fortification, 15.

⁶ Jomini, The Art of War, 107.

⁷ William A. Mitchell, Outlines of the World's Military History Fourth Edition [1940] (Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Company, 1931), 353.

⁸ James Quentin Hughes, Military Architecture: The Art of Defence from Earliest Times to the Atlantic Wall Second Edition (Liphook, Hants, England: Beaufort Publishing Ltd., 1881), 123-24; Christopher Duffy, The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great, 1660-1789 (Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), 78-81; De La Croix, Military Considerations, 56- 57; Henry Guerlac, "Vauban: The Impact of Science on War," Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age Edited by Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 64-90.

⁹ Hughes, Military Architecture, 133-36.

¹⁰ Richard B. Morris, Encyclopedia of American History Updated & Revised Edition (New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1965), 83, 84, 86, 94, 95, 110-11, 113; Sol Holt, The Dictionary of American History Paperback edition (New York, NY: MacFadden-Bartell Corporation, 1964), 72; Robert B. Roberts, Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988), 511- 12, 686-87.

¹¹ Pamela Scott and Antoinette J. Lee, Buildings of the District of Columbia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 16-19; Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800-1950 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962) [consulted Princeton University Press paperback edition first printed in 1976], 8; Morris, Encyclopedia of American History, 120, 122-23; Albert E. Cowdrey, A City for the Nation: The Army Engineers and the Building of Washington, D.C., 1790-1967 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1978), 2-3.

¹² Cowdrey, A City, 3-6; Taylor Peck, Roundshot to Rockets: A History of the Washington Navy Yard and U.S. Naval Gun Factory (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1949), 4.

¹³ Cowdrey, A City, 7-9; Scott and Lee, Buildings, 19; "A Brief History of the U.S. Naval Hospital, Washington, D.C., 23rd and E Streets, N.W.," Edited by E. Caylor Bowen, Transplantation Research Program Center, Naval Medical Research Institute, Naval Medical Command, National Capital Region, Bethesda, Maryland., n.d. Navy Department Library, Vertical File, Navy Yards and Stations, 7; Peck, Roundshot to Rockets, 4.

¹⁴ "Capsuled History of Post, 1791-1948," The Passing Review, (August 18, 1964); "A Brief History of Fort McNair: Part 1," The Passing Review, (September 1967); Barbara Goddard and Palmer D. Wells, Fort Lesley J. McNair: An Historical Landmark (Washington, DC [1964] NWC), 1-2; Phyllis I. McClellan, Silent Sentinel on the Potomac: Fort McNair, 1791-1991 (Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, Inc., 1993), 1, 5, 7-9.

¹⁵ E.W. Roe, "Brief Historical Sketch of the Navy Yard at Washington, D.C," The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Historical Transactions 1893-1943 (New York: The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1945), 34-35; U.S. Navy, Chesapeake Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Draft Report: Underwater Archaeological Investigations, Washington Navy Yard, Anacostia Waterfront, Washington, D.C. Prepared by Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Bartlett, Tennessee. Contributing Authors Stephen R. James, Jr., Michael A. Cinquino Argana and James A. Duff. (Washington, D.C.: October 1994), 1, 5; "District of Columbia, Washington Navy Yard, 1800-," United States Navy and Marine Corps Bases, Domestic Edited by Paolo E. Coletta (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985), 181-82; U.S. Navy, Engineering Field Activity, Chesapeake Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Special Study: Cultural Resources Management of Historic Washington Navy Yard Building Drawings, November 1994. Prepared by ONYX (Washington, DC: The Division, 1994), 1; CDR Diane Vosilus, USNR, "General History of the Washington Navy Yard and Its Quarters," Navy Department Library, Vertical File, Navy Yards and Stations, 1-2; Linda E. Constantine, [History 491, Independent Historical Research, for Dr. Joseph Vance, April 28, 1977] "The Invasion of Washington and Burning of the Navy Yard, August 24, 1814," Navy Department Library, Vertical File, Navy Yards and Stations, 1; Katherine Ainsworth Semmes, for the Naval Officer's Wives Club of Washington, D.C., A Historic Heritage: The Washington Navy Yard (Washington, DC: the Club, 195-), 1; Peck, Roundshot to Rockets, 4-10; Tom Bartlett, "Post of the Month: Marine Barracks and USMC Headquarters, Washington, D.C.," U.S. Lady, (November 1967), 10-11; Robert Debs Hienl, Soldiers of the Sea: The United States Marine Corps, 1775-1962 (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, 1962), 12; Michael D. Visconage, "A Living Monument to Marine History," Marine Corps Gazette, 71 (December 1987), 54; Joel D. Thacker, "Highlights of U. S. Marine Corps Activities in the District of Columbia," Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C., Volumes 51-52 (1951-52), 78-79; Home of the Commandants (Washington, DC: Leatherneck Association, 1956), 34.

¹⁶ Emanuel Raymond Lewis, Seacoast Fortifications of the United States: An Introductory History Fifth Printing (Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company), 1979, 21; Robert S. Browning, III, Two If By Sea: The Development of American Coastal Defense Policy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), 6-8; Michael T. Miller, "Jones Point: Haven of History," Yearbook: The Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia, Volume 21—1986-1988, 23-24; James R. Hinds, "Potomac River Defenses," 2—3.

¹⁷ Governor Lighthorse Harry Lee to Colonels Fitzgerald and Little, 19 April 1794, and Governor to Secretary of War, 2 July 1794, Executive Letter Books, pages 408 and 454-55, Microfilm Reel 4, Virginia State Archives; Miller, "Jones Point," 25-26; Hinds, "Potomac River Defenses," 2-3; Browning, Two If By Sea, 8-9; Dale E. Floyd, "Introduction: The Corps of Engineers' Role in Coast Defense." Defending America's Coasts, 1775-1950: A Bibliography. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1997, xii.

¹⁸ Hinds, "Potomac River Defenses," 3; Miller, "Jones Point,"26; Floyd, "Introduction," xii-xiii; Browning, Two If By Sea, 9-10; Jonathan Williams, Chief Engineer, to Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, 6 February 1808, W-446, Letters Received, and Report of Secretary of War, November 28, 1794, pages 505-18, frames 286-94, Entry 1, Letters Sent and Received, 1791-97, Microcopy M1062, Roll 1, Record Group 107, Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, National Archives; John Fitzgerald, Agent for Erecting Fortifications at Alexandria, In Account with the United States, #9429, Miscellaneous Treasury Accounts, 1790-1894, Microcopy M235, Roll 34, Record Group 217, Records of the United States General Accounting Office, National Archives; U.S. Congress, American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, 1789—1838 (38 Volumes, Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1832—61), Military Affairs, Volume 1, 115-16, 152-53, 197.

¹⁹ Floyd, "Introduction," xiii; Miller, "Jones Point," 24; Hinds, "Potomac River Defenses," 2-4; U.S., National Park Service, Fort Washington, Maryland (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1966); Cowdrey, A City, 11.

²⁰ U.S., National Park Service, Fort Washington, Maryland; Hinds, "Potomac River Defenses,"4-7; Cowdrey, A City, 11-12.

²¹ Some authors argue that the Army changed the name to Fort Washington but for this report, the fort will be called Fort Warburton until construction of a new fort begins in 1814. Cowdrey, A City, 11; David L. Salay. "Very picturesque, but regarded as nearly useless": Fort Washington, Maryland, 1816-1872. Maryland Historical Magazine, 81 (Spring 1986), 67.

²² Hinds, "Potomac River Defenses, 4-6; U.S., National Park Service, Fort Washington, Maryland; Cowdrey, A City, 11-12; James Dudley Morgan, "Historic Fort Washington on the Potomac," Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C., 7 (1904), 10; Salay, "Very picturesque," 67.

²³ Green, Washington, 60-63; Cowdrey, A City, 12-13; Peck, Roundshot to Rockets, 47-48.

²⁴ Hinds, "Potomac River Defenses," 6; Peck, Roundshot to Rockets, 48-50; Charles G. Muller, The Darkest Day: 1814, the Washington-Baltimore Campaign (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1963), [actually consulted Curtis Books paperback edition], 90.

²⁵ One of the reasons that the British wanted to destroy the U.S. capital was in retaliation for the American's burning York, which would become Toronto, the year before, in 1813. Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998), 16.

²⁶ Peck, Roundshot to Rockets, 50-52; Walter Lord, The Dawn's Early Light (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1972 [consulted Dell 1973 paperback copy], 44-45; Pitch, The Burning, 30-38, 51-85; Muller, The Darkest Day, 99-103; David Eggenberger, A Dictionary of Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1967), 54.

²⁷ Pitch, The Burning, 99-144; Peck, Roundshot to Rockets, 52-66; Green, Washington, 61-62; Lord, Dawn's Early Light, 106-39; Muller, The Darkest Day, 163-87; McClellan, Silent Sentinel, 12-13; "District of Columbia, Washington Navy Yard, 1800-," 183.

²⁸ Muller, The Darkest Day, 188-95; Pitch, The Burning, 152-60; Lord, Dawn's Early Light, 145-53; U.S., National Park Service, Fort Washington, Maryland; Hinds, "Potomac River Defenses," 7-8; Cowdrey, A City, 12.

²⁹ Pitch, The Burning, 162-79; U.S., National Park Service, Fort Washington, Maryland; Hinds, "Potomac River Defenses,"8-10; Morgan, "Historic Fort Washington," 11-15; Salay, "Very picturesque," 67; Cowdrey, A City,12-13.

³⁰ Salay, "Very picturesque," 69-70; U.S., National Park Service, Fort Washington, Maryland; Cowdrey, A City,12-13.

³¹ Salay, "Very picturesque," 68-69.

³² Salay, "Very picturesque," 70-71; U.S., National Park Service, Fort Washington, Maryland; Cowdrey, A City, 12-13.

³³ Salay, "Very picturesque," 70-71, 78-80; U.S., National Park Service, Fort Washington, Maryland; Cowdrey, A City, 12-13.

¹ Pamela Scott and Antoinette J. Lee, Buildings of the District of Columbia. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, 6; Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800-1950 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962) [consulted Princeton University Press paperback edition first printed in 1976, I, 21; John C. Proctor, Editor, Washington, Past and Present: A History (New York: Lewis, 1930), I, 123.

² Proctor, Washington Past and Present, 115-17, 122; Green, Washington, I, 21.

³ Chapter XIX, "The Form of Government of the District of Columbia," by Daniel E. Garges, in Proctor, Washington Past and Present, vol no and page no.; Proctor, Washington Past and Present, I, 116-17, Green, Washington, I, 158, 162-63.

⁴ Scott and Lee, Buildings of the District, 6-7; Green, Washington, 29, 86-88; Proctor, Washington Past and Present, I, 117.

⁵ Green, Washington, I, 136-37, 172-73; Proctor, Washington Past and Present, 115-17.

⁶ Green, Washington, I, 133, 164; Proctor, Washington Past and Present, I, 117.

⁷ Green, Washington, I, 164; Proctor, Washington Past and Present, I, 117-18.

⁸ Proctor, Washington Past and Present, I, 118-19; Green, Washington, I, 93-95, 134-35, 202-03.

⁹ Green, Washington, I, 103, 130-31, 203-14, 228-29; Proctor, Washington Past and Present, I, 120-22, 123.

¹⁰ Proctor, Washington Past and Present, I, 123-24.

¹¹ U.S., Works Progress Administration, Washington, D.C.: A Guide to the Nation's Capital, New Revised Edition (New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1968), 36-37; Green, Washington, I, 115-18, 193-99, 259-60; II, 50-52; Proctor, Washington Past and Present, I, 122-23, 186; II, 714-22, 771; Reed Hansen, "Civil War to Civil Concern: A History of Fort Marcy, Virginia," M.A. thesis in History, George Mason University, 1973, 13-14; William Tindall, "Beginnings of Street Railways in the National Capital," Columbia Historical Society Records, 21, 1918, 24-26.

¹² Proctor, Washington Past and Present, I, 122-23; Washington at Home: An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in the National Capital, Kathryn Schneider Smith, Editor (Northridge, CA: Windsor Publications, Inc., produced in cooperation with the Columbia Historical Society, 1988), 77, 98-99.

¹³ Washington at Home, 75; Scott and Lee, Buildings of the District, 6.

¹⁴ John G. Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 1-6, 10-14; Scott & Lee, Buildings of the District, 6; Cooling and Owen, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 7, 9; Regis de Trobriand, Our Noble Blood: The Civil War Letters of Regis de Trobriand, Edited by William B. Styple (Kearny, NJ: Belle Grove Publishing Co., 1997), 14-15; John B. Ellis, Sights and Secrets of the National Capital; A Work Descriptive of Washington and All Its Phases (Chicago, IL: Jones, Junkin and Company, 1869), 22-23; George Alfred Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside. A Picture and A Narrative of the Origin, Growth, Excellences, Abuses, Beauties, and Personages of Our Governing City (Hartford, CT: James Betts & Co., 1873), 219, 638; Randolph Keim, Keim's Illustrated Hand-Book. Washington and Its Environs: A Descriptive and Historical Hand-Book to the Capital of the United States of America, Fourth Edition, corrected to July, 1874 (Washington, DC: For the Compiler, 1874), 232-33; Stilson Hutchins and W.F. Morse, A Souvenir of the Federal Capital and of the National Drill and Encampment at Washington, D.C. May 23d to May 30th. 1887 (Washington, DC: W.F. Morse, 1887), 62; Christine Sadler, "One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts, Road to Pass Fortifications of Civil War, Will Run Along Rims of Hills That Make Saucer of City, Expected to Be One of Nation's Most Scenic and Historic, The Washington Post, Sunday, October 10, 1937.

¹⁵ Reed Hansen, "Civil War to Civil Concern: A History of Fort Marcy, Virginia." M.A. thesis in History, George Mason University, 1973, 13-14; National Archives and Records Administration, Archives I, Record Group 92, Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General [hereafter referred to as RG92], Special Files, 1794-1926, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, 1794-1890, "Defenses of Washington, DC, Box 484; National Archives and Records Administration, Archives I, Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers [hereafter referred to as RG77], Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 574, Land Releases, 1865, including "Defenses of Washington, List of transfers of Public property as compensation for damages and releases by the Claimants," December 16, 1865."

¹⁶ National Archives and Records Administration, Archives I, Record Group 29, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Microcopy 653, Eighth Census of the United States, 1860 [hereafter referred to as M653], Roll 102, 2nd Ward, p. 451; RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484.

¹⁷ Wynn E. Withans, "Preservation Plan for Fort C.F. Smith," Plan 830 (January 1986) [Found in Fort Ward, Cooling Papers, Research Files, "Mr. Lincoln's Forts" Box 2 of 2, folder marked Fort C.F. Smith], 7; Ruth Ward, "Life in Alexandria County During the Civil War," The Arlington Historical Society Journal, VII, (October 1984), 3; Dorthea Abbott, Historian, to Gail Baker, Chairman, HALRB, September 20, 1990, Subject: History of the Hendry property, in Arlington County Central Library, Virginia Room, Vertical File, Civil War Forts–Fort C.F. Smith; RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484; RG77, Defenses of Washington, Entry 574, Land Releases, 1865, including "List of transfers of Public property as compensation for damages and releases by the Claimants," December 16, 1865."

¹⁸ RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484.

¹⁹ Fort Myer Post, The History of Fort Myer, Virginia, 100th Anniversary Issue, June 1863, 1-2; A Narrative History of Fort Myer Virginia [1954?] Falls Church, VA: Litho-Print Press, n.d., 1; RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484.

²⁰ RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484; William Silvey, RG77, Defenses of Washington, Entry 574, Land Releases, 1865, William Silvey and "List of transfers of Public property as compensation for damages and releases by the Claimants, December 16, 1865"; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, and Walton H. Owen, II. Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988, 64.

²¹ RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC, Box 484.

²² Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D. C.: Country Village into City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 97, 113, 119; RG92, E- 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Fort Reno, DC, 1863-"; Fort Ward, Cooling Papers, Research Files, "Mr. Lincoln's Forts" Box 1 of 2, 2nd folder; Washington at Home, 82-83.

²³ RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC, Box 484; RG77, Defenses of Washington, Entry 574, Land Releases; M653, Roll 103, Th Ward, page 71; RG77, Land Releases, 1865, including "List of transfers of Public property as compensation for damages and releases by the Claimants, December 16, 1865."

²⁴ M653, Roll 103, 4th Ward, page 23; RG92, E-225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "De Russy, Fort (1865-66)" and "Defenses of Washington, DC"; RG92, Central Records, Claims, 1839-1914, Claims Registers and Claims, 1839-1901, Miscellaneous Claims, Entry 843, Claims and Related Papers for Damage to Property by Troops in the Service of the United States, 1861-65, #189; RG77, Letters Received, 1826-66, SW4579, L.H.T. to B.T. Swart.

²⁵ M653, Roll 103, 4th Ward, page 203; Fort Ward, Cooling Papers, Research Files, "Mr. Lincoln's Forts" Box 1 of 2, 2nd folder,"Fort DuPont";Entry 574, Land Releases, 1865, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Records of Detached Engineer Officers; RG77; RG77, Defenses of Washington, Entry 574, Land Releases, 1865, Michael Caton, August 15, 1865 and "List of transfers of Public property as compensation for damages and releases by the Claimants," December 16, 1865."

²⁶ M653, Roll 103, 4th Ward, page 157; RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Slocum, Fort—D.C.," Box 1041.

²⁷ M653, Roll 103, 4th Ward, page 1; RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484.

²⁸ M653, Roll 103, 4th Ward, page 29; RG77, Defenses of Washington, Entry 574, Land Releases, 1865; RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC, Box 484; U.S., Bureau of Naval Personnel, Register of the Commissioned, Warrant, and Volunteer Officers, of the Navy of the United States, Including Officers of the Marine Corps, to January 1, 1863 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1863), 100-01.

²⁹ Washington at Home, 92-93; Philip W. Ogilvie, "Elizabeth Thomas (1821-1917), multi-page document of events in her life and reproduction of numerous published accounts about her (1998); Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid On Washington 1864 (Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989), 132, 134, ; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Symbol, Sword, and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War, Second Edition (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1991), 80; Cooling and Walton, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 159; Cramer, John Henry Cramer, Lincoln Under Enemy Fire: The Complete Account of His Experiences During Early's Attack on Washington, (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1948), 24-25; William Van Zandt Cox, The Defenses of Washington– General Early's Advance on the Capital and the Battle of Fort Stevens, July 11 and 12, 1864. (Washington, 1907?), 4; Program for the Commorative Ceremony on The One Hundreth Anniversary of the Battle of Fort Stevens at Fort Stevens, Washington, D.C., 2:00 o'clock, July 11, 1964 (1964), "Aunt Betty," 2 pages; U.S., Congress, Senate, Committee on the District of Columbia. Park Improvement Papers: A Series of Twenty Papers Relating to the Improvement of Park System of the District of Columbia, No. 4, Fort Stevens, Where Lincoln Was Under Fire by William V. Cox (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1901), 2; Major D.C. Houston to Brevet Major General Andrew A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, May 11, 1869, #A2298, Entry 36, Letters Received ("A File"), November 1867-November 1870, Correspondence Relating To Fortifications, Correspondence of Office Divisions, 1865-70, Records of the Central Office, RG77; Bryan Lee Dilts, Compiler. 1860 District of Columbia Census Index: Heads of Households and Other Surnames in Households Index (Salt Lake City, Utah: Index Publishing, 1983), listings under Elizabeth Thomas and Bettin [or Bettia] Thoma–there were any listings for Betsy Thomas; M653, Rolls 102-4; 3rd Ward, page 859; 4th Ward, pages 191, 216; 6th Ward, pages 573, 651, 699.

³⁰ Fort Ward, Cooling Papers, Research Files, "Mr. Lincoln's Forts" Box 1 of 2, folder marked Forts Lincoln, Thayer—Battery Jameson; "The Rambler" column, The Sunday Star, May 21, 1916—Part 4, page 7 and June 4, 1916–Part 4, page 6; Alan Virta, Prince George's County: A Pictorial History (Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company Publishers, 1984 & 1991), 121, 125; RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484.

³¹ Helms, Tenlytown, DC, 73, 103, 119; Making Civil War History Come Alive: A Student Project to Identify Neighborhood Sites, Grade 5, Washington Episcopal School, 5600 Little Falls Parkway, Bethesda, MD 20816, 1998, 28, 35; RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484.

³² Making Civil War History Come Alive, 28, 35; RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484; Helm, Tenlytown, DC, 73, 103, 119.

³³ RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Defenses of Washington, DC," Box 484; Making Civil War History Come Alive, 28, 35; Helm, Tenlytown, DC; 73, 103, 119.

¹ Cooling, Benjamin Franklin, III, Symbol, Sword, and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War Second Edition Revised (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1991), 1-17; Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1941), 14-32; James H. Whyte, "Divided Loyalties in Washington during the Civil War," Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. (hereafter referred to as RCHS), 1960-62, 103- 122; Elden E. Billings, "Military Activities in Washington in 1861,"RCHS, 1960-62, 123-24.

² Leech, Reveille in Washington, 12-13, 28-29; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 2, 9-10; Billings, "Military Activities," 124-27.

³ Leech, Reveille in Washington, 29-32, 11-14; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 10-12; Billings, "Military Activities," 124-27.

⁴ Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960., III, 20-22; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 33-34.

⁵ Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 1-17; Lincoln Day By Day, III, 24-26; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 34-46; Billings, "Military Activities," 126.

⁶ Billings, "Military Activities," 126-27; Thomas M. Woodruff, "Early War Days in the Nation's Capital," Minnesota Commandery, The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Glimpses of the Nation's Struggle, Third Series, New York, NY: D.D. Merrill Company, 1992, 90-92; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 65.

⁷ Billings, "Military Activities," 128, 129-31; Woodruff, "Early War Days, 89-98; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 18-36; James I. Robertson, "Norfolk, Va., fall of," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 535; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 46-86; E.B. Long with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861-1865 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971), 47- 77; Scott Sumpter Sheads and Daniel Carroll Toomey, Baltimore during the Civil War (Lithicum, MD: Toomey Press, 1997, 12-27.

⁸ Long, The Civil War, 61-64; Cooling , Symbol, Sword, 22-26; Billings, "Military Activities," 128, 130; U. S., Naval History Division, Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1971), I-9–I-11, VI-15; Sheads & Toomey, Baltimore, 12- 27; Woodruff, "Early War Days, 92; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 58-59.

⁹ Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 25-26, 28-31; Eric Mills, Chesapeake Bay in the Civil War (Centreville, MD: Tidewater Publishers, 1999), 24-26, 28- 31; Civil War Naval Chronology, I-11, VI-15; Long, The Civil War, 63-66; Billings, Military Activities, 130-31; Woodruff, "Early War Days," 93-95; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 63-64, 66-67.

¹⁰ Billings, "Military Activities," 131; Civil War Naval Chronology, I-10–I-15, VI-12–VI-13, VI-15, VI-19; Long, The Civil War, 64, ; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 28-31; Mills, Chesapeake Bay, 39-41.

¹¹ Billings, "Military Activity," 130-31; Woodruff, "Early War Days," 93-98; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 31-33; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 66- 79; Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan, A History of the National Capital From Its Foundation Through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act (New York, NY: The Macmillan Company, 1916), Volume II, 478-79.

¹² Leech, Reveille in Washington, 79-80; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 32-36, 41; Sheads & Toomey, Baltimore, 30-32.

¹³ Long, The Civil War, 77; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 80.

¹⁴ Taken from The Civil War: A Newspaper Perspective. The Charleston Mercury; The New York Herald; The Richmond Enquirer. A CD-ROM produced by Accessible Archives.

¹⁵ Barber, James G., Alexandria in the Civil War (Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988), 14-15; Long, The Civil War, 77-78; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 36-37; William H. Price, "Civil War Military Operations in Northern Virginia in May-June 1861," The Arlington Historical Magazine, 2, (October 1961), 43-44; Ames W. Williams, "The Occupation of Alexandria," Virginia Cavalcade, 11, (Winter 1961-62), 33-34.

¹⁶ Charles Paullin, "Alexandria County in 1861," RCHS, 28, 1926, 114.

¹⁷ J.G. Barnard and W.F. Barry, Report of the Engineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac from Its Organization to the Close of the Peninsular Campaign (New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1863), 9-10.

¹⁸ U.S., War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (hereafter referred to as AORs), 70 Volumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), I, 5, 678-79.

¹⁹ Thian, Raphael P. Notes Illustrating the Military Geography of the United States (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1881), 81; Long, The Civil War, 79; C.B. Rose, Jr., Arlington County Virginia: A History ( Arlington, VA: Arlington Historical Society, 1976), 100, 108; Price, "Civil War Military," 44-57; Cooling, Symbol, 39-51.

²⁰ Jeffrey D. Wert, "Bull Run, Va., First Battle of," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 90-92; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Frances H. Kennedy, Editor, Supported by the Conservation Fund, Second Edition (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998). 11-15; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 88-98; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 47-51.

²¹ Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 90-92; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 12-15; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 98-107; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 51-55.

²² Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 92, 806; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 14-15; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 101-10; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 52-57.

²³ Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 456, 804-05; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 112- 13; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 55-59; Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903, 2 Volumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1903), Volume 1, 656.

²⁴ AORs, I, Volume 5, 24, 685.

²⁵ AORs, I, Volume 5, 11.

²⁶ AORs, I, Volume 5, 11, 678-84.

²⁷ Mahan, Dennis Hart, A Treatise on Field Fortification, Containing Instructions on the Method of Laying Out, Constructing, Defending, and Attacking Intrenchments, With the General Outlines Also of the Arrangement, the Attack, and Defence of Permanent Fortifications, Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged (New York: John Wiley, 1863), 17.

²⁸ Mahan, Field Fortification, 32-33.

²⁹ Henry L. Scott, Military Dictionary: Comprising Technical Definitions; Information on Raising and Keeping Troops; Actual Service Including Makeshifts and Improved Material; and Law, Government, Regulation, and Administration Relating to Land Forces (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1861), 296-297.

³⁰ Henry D. Grafton, A Treatise on the Camp and March with Which Is Connected the Construction of Field Works and Military Bridges. With an Appendix of Artillery Ranges, &c. for Use of Volunteers and Militia in the United States (Boston: W.P. Fetridge and Co., 1861), 30.

³¹ Viele, Egbert L., Hand-book for Active Service; Containing Practical Instructions in Campaign Duties, for the Use of Volunteers, Reprinted in 1968 by Greenwood Press, Publishers of New York (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1861), 120.

³² William P. Craighill, The Army Officer's Pocket Companion (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1863.), 233.

³³ Alfred Bellard, Gone for a Soldier: The Civil War Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard Edited by David Donald. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1975), 162.

³⁴ Rice C. Bull, Soldiering: The Civil War Diary of Rice C. Bull Edited by Karl Jack Bauer (San Rafael, CA, 1977), 43.

³⁵ Dale E. Floyd, "Army Engineers in the Civil War," In Military Engineering and Technology: Papers Presented at the 1982 American Military Institute Annual Meeting, U. S. Army Engineer Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia (Manhattan, KS: MA/AH Publishing, 1984), 23-32.

³⁶ General Orders No. 11, Department Of Washington, April 28, 1861.

³⁷ Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers (hereafter referred to as RG77), Returns, 1832-1918, Entry 119, Monthly Returns of the Engineer Department, 1832- 1918, Monthly Returns, Department of Washington, April-September 1861; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 71, C22, from Lt James W. Cuyler, April 7, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 107, to Lt James W. Cuyler, December 10, 1864.

³⁸ Thompson, Gilbert, The Engineer Battalion in the Civil War: A Contribution to the History of the United States Engineers, Engineer School Occasional Paper No. 44 (Washington, DC: Press of the Engineer School, 1910), page 2; Wesley Brainerd, Bridge Building in Wartime. Edited by Ed Malles.(Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1997), page 46: RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863 Military Telegraph from A.W. Whipple, to Barnard, August 24, 1862; Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple, to Barnard, September 16, 1862; Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple, to Barnard, August 22, 1862; Record Group 393, Records of United State Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920 (hereafter referred to as RG393), Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869 Box 1, 1862, B43, Barnard to Captain R.B. Irwin, A.A.G., September 26, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, page 101, Volume 1, Barnard to Captain Wrigley, Volunteer Engineers near Fort Corcoran; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1862, B–can not make out number, Barnard to Captain R.B. Irwin, A.A.G., October 14, 1862; ORAs, I, Volume 12, Part III, page 81; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 575, W15, Captain H.E. Wrigley, Near Fort Corcoran, September 15, 1862.

³⁹ Barnard, A Report, 82.

⁴⁰ Barnard, A Report, 82-83.

⁴¹ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B267', Barnard, March 12, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 395, J.G. Barnard to Captain William P. Craighill, Corps of Engineers, April 29, 1864.

⁴² RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 113, E12, A.C. Entrikin, Brooklyn, NY, October 24, 1864; page 413, P3, Leander A. Poor, December 10, 1862; page 579, W1, G.W. Watson, City Surveyor & Engineer's Office, New York, February 3, 1864; page 481, S1, Sanitary Commission, C.C. Nott, Secretary, NY, January 1, 1865; RG77, B1551, 1863, J.G. Barnard to Chief of Engineers, J.G. Totten, January 9, 1863; RG77, Papers of Engineer Officers and Others, 1803-1907, Entry 146, Letters and Reports of Col. Joseph G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, 1803-1864, Volume 10, Papers of J.G. Totten, 1861-64, page 222-Totten to Barnard, Jan. 5, 1864.

⁴³ The Rambler Column from the Sunday Star, Dec. 13, 1916, Part 4, page 3; RG77, SW 3687, October 30, 1861.

⁴⁴ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B77', Gunnell and Childs, Civil Engineers Defences of Washington, to Barnard, November 25, 1863.

⁴⁵ Patricia L. Faust, "Conscription," in Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, page 160; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65 Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 3, No. A7, Alexander, October 22, 1862; RG77, Entry 8, Letters, Reports, and Statements Sent to the Secretary of War and Congress, 1836-68, Volume 10, April 22, 1859-January 12, 1863, pages 442-3, J.D. Kurtz to Secretary of War, August 14, 1862.

⁴⁶ Faust, "Conscription," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 160; Maury Klein, "draft riots," in Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 225-26; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, T25, Tannatt, December 5, 1863; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, A2140, March 1, 1865, Samuel Breck, A.A.G., to Richard Delafield, March 1, 1865; A2133, B.S. Alexander, February 23, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 145-46, to Stanton, February 25, 1865; RG77,Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized Regular Register of Letters Received, page 116, E8, Engineer Department, March 1, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, A2143, B.S. Alexander, March 6, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 151, to Stanton, March 6, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, O1, James R. O'Burne, Major, 22nd Vermont Regiment, Acting Provost Marshal., March 23, 1865.

⁴⁷ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 156, Barnard to Frost, January 5, 1863; page 157, Barnard to Childs, January 10, 1863; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 93, Edward Frost, Engineer Office, Defences of Washington, South of the Potomac, Roach's House, to Lt. Col Hoyt, Commanding 143rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Nov 13, 1862; Barnard, A Report, 82; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 559, Special Orders, Headquarters Defenses of Washington, August 1862-July 1865, page 55, Special Orders No. 6, September 2, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, M 4160, July 5, 1862, Received on July 8, 3 enclosures, Brevet Captain Wm. E. Merrill to Mr. Frost; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 554, Letters Sent by Headquarters, Military Defenses Southwest of the Potomac, April-June 1862, page 40, May 9, 1862, Whipple to Lt. Col. Littlefield, 9th Regiment New York Volunteers, Commanding. Fort. Lyon; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6744, Letters Received and Sent, March-December 1862, Edward Frost, Engineer, Engineer Office, Roach's House, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, to Major L. Hunt, A.A.G., &c., November 19, 1862.

⁴⁸ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65 Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 159, G5, Gunnell, Dec 28, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 150, Barnard to John Collins, Superintendent, December 30, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 160, G6, Gunnell, December 30, 1862.

⁴⁹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, C29, C.D. Clark, November 30, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 35, to Honorable J.M. Broodhead, Second Comptroller, August 5, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & A.A.G., Department of Washington, to De Russy, July 2, 1863.

⁵⁰ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, A5, Annonymous, October 28,1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 109, to J.H. Taylor, December 14, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 57, C15, A.G. Childs, April 2, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B170 1863, Ensign Bennett, Superintendent &c. To A.C. Childs, Civil Engineer, April 17, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Whipple, Va., 1864-67, Entry 1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division at Fort Corcoran, September 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032 DW, page 610, By Command of J.N. Whistler, Commanding 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Div., March 10, 1865, Circular; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 61, endorsement of Barnard on letter of Ensign Bennett to A. G. Childs, dated Engineer Camp, VA., April 17, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Whipple, Va., 1864-67, Entry 1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division at Fort Corcoran, at Fort CorcoranSeptember 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032 DW, page 503, General Orders No. 31, Headquarters, 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division, Fort Corcoran, December 11, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 419, P7, P.M. Pearson, Assessor, US Internal Revenue, August 26, 1864.

⁵¹ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864, Montly report for December 1863 filed with; B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, August 8, 1864; A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; A2074, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, December 3, 1864; A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, January 3, 1865; A2120, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, February 6, 1865; RG77, A2145, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, March 3, 1865; A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, April 6, 1865; A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, May 4, 1865; A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; A2232, Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865; A2260, Alexander to Delafield, August 2, 1865; A2299, Alexander to Delafield, September 8, 1865.

⁵² Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War. Edited by Ira Berlin , et al. (Edison, NJ: The Blue & Grey Press, 1997), 200-04; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65 Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 159, G1, W.C. Gunnell, October 22, 1862;. page 450, R10, D.H. Rucker, Quartermaster, October 21, 1862; page 450, R11, D.H. Rucker, October 23, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, Captain E.S. Allen, A.A.A.G., 6th St. Wharf, to Barnard, November 11, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 65.

⁵³ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, Military Defenses Southwest of the Potomac, Page 33, August 25, 1862, Eddy to Colonel; Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 78, May 14, 1862, Governor To Whipple; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 571, Monthly Record of Clothing Furnished Contrabands at Fortifications North of the Potomac, 1862-63; RG77, E-18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of July 1864, Aug. 8, 1864; Library of Congress, Manuscript division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Edward Frost to Brigadier General Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineerr Office, May 9, 1862; Free at Last, 212-14; Anne S. Frobel, The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel of Wilton Hill in Virginia (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1992), 90; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 7, Arlington, June 19, 1862, Lt. Eddy, A.A.C.S. to Gen. Whipple. Commanding Defenses Southwest of the Potomac; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 159, G1, W.C. Gunnell, October 22, 1862.

⁵⁴ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Army of the Potomac, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, February-August 1862 and April 1863-July 1865, Volume 21/240 5AC, April 6, 1862, page 35, Department to Brigadier General Silas Casey; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, pages 14-15, ADC, Whipple's Division Reserve Army Corps, to Colonel or Captain Commanding, July 18, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 55, Lt. Eddy, ADC, Whipple's Division, to Colonel , August 25, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 14, July 18, 1862, Lt. Eddy to Colonel or Captain Commanding; Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 12, July 11, 1862, to General; RG393, Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 7, Arlington, June 19, 1862, Lt. Eddy, A.A.C.S. to General Whipple. Commanding Defenses Southwest of the Potomac.

⁵⁵ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 78, May 14, 1862, Governor to General Whipple; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 59, W.E. Merrill, U.S.E., June 1, 1862; Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, A, No. 14, B.S. Alexander, November 3, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Col. McKeever, A.A.G., November 3, 1862 [this letter and letter below also in RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, pages 121-23; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Edward Frost to Brigadier General Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, May 9, 1862, document tipped in in front of letter press letterbook.

⁵⁶ Library of Congress, U.S., Army, Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 85, Edward Frost to Colonel Taylor, Provost Marshal of Alexandria, November 10, 1862; Frobel, The Civil War Diary, 89-90.

⁵⁷ [U.S., Engineer School. Pamphlet on the Evolution of the Art of Fortification, Engineer School Occasional Papers No. 58 Prepared Under the Direction of William M. Black (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 89.

⁵⁸ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 12, July 11, 1862, to Gen; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, A2023, Alexander, July 31, 1864; A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864.

⁵⁹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 61, C33, Clark to Childs, November 4, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, Page 187, July 30, 1862, Sherburne [for Sturgis?] to Whipple.

⁶⁰ Alanson A. Haines. History of The Fifteenth Regiment New Jersey Volunteers. New York: Jenkins & Thomas, Printers, 1883, 17; Bellard, Gone for a Soldier, 151.

⁶¹ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 14, July 18, 1862, Lt. Eddy to Col. or Captain Commanding; Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 78, May 14, 1862, Governor to General Whipple; Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, pages 14-15, ADC, Whipples Division Reserve Army Corps, to Colonel or Captain Commanding, July 18, 1862; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Edward Frost to Brigadier General Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, May 9, 1862, document tipped in in front of letter press letterbook.

⁶² Leech, Reveille in Washington, 139; Barber, Alexandria in the Civil War, 18.

⁶³ William Todd, The Seventy-Ninth Highlanders: New York Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1865 (Albany, NY: Brandow, Barton and Co., 1886), 72-73; Bellard, Gone for a Soldier, 161; Robert McAllister, The Civil War Letters of General Robert McAllister Edited with an Introduction by James I. Robertson, Jr. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965), 49-50; U.S., War.Department, Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Edited by Janet B. Hewett (Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1998), Part II-Record of Events, Volume 78, Serial No. 90, 45 USCT, April 1864-June 1865, 36; John C. Williams, Life in Camp: A History of the Fourteenth Vermont Regiment . . . (Claremont, NH: Claremont Manuf. Co., 1864), 35; Alfred S. Roe, The Tenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry 1861-1864 (Springfield, MA: Tenth Regiment Veteran Association, 1909), 35; Haines, History of The Fifteenth Regiment, 15; Souvenir of First Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers Excursion to Battle Fields, . . . Historical Sketch of Regiment (N.p.: 1907), 43.

⁶⁴ Charles H.Moulton, Fort Lyon To Harper's Ferry: On the Border of North and South with "Rambling Jour". The Letters and Newspaper Dispatches of Charle H. Moulton (34th Mass Vol. Inf.) Compiled and Edited by Lee C. Drickamer and Karen D. Drickamer (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishibg Company, Inc., 1987.), 71.

⁶⁵ Fred C. Floyd, History of the Fortieth Regiment New York Volunteers (Boston: F.H. Gilson, 1909), 64.

⁶⁶ Franklin McGrath, The History of the127th New York Volunteers " Monitors . . . (N.p., 1898?), 20, 34; David W. Judd. The Story of the Thirty-Third N.Y. S. Vols.: Or Two Years Campaigning in Virginia and Maryland (Rochester, NY: Benton and Andrews, 1864), 50; Edwin B. Houghton, The Campaigns of the Seventeenth Maine (Portland, ME: Short & Loring, 1866), 8; McAllister, The Civil War Letters, 49-50; A.R. Small, The Sixteenth Maine Regiment in the War of the Rebellion 1861-1865 (Portland, ME: B. Thurston & Company, 1886), 27; George W. Ward, History of the Second Pennsylvania Veteran Heavy Artillery . . . (Philadelphia, PA: George W. Ward, Printer, 1904), 23;; Todd, The Seventy-Ninth Highlanders, 72; Alfred Seelye Roe, The Ninth New York Heavy Artillery . . . (Worcester, MA: Published by the Author, 1899), 53.

⁶⁷ Elisha Hunt Rhodes, All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes Edited by Robert Hunt Rhodes (New York: Orion Books, 1991), 41.

⁶⁸ George Washington Beidelman, The Civil War Letters of George Washington Beidelman Edited by Catherine H. Vanderslice (New York: Vantage Press, 1978), 41.

⁶⁹ M.D. Hardin, History of the Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserve Corps (41st Regiment of the Line) . . . (New York: Published by the Author, 1890), 6.

⁷⁰ J.R.Sypher, History of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps (Lancaster, PA: Elias Varr, 1865), 114.

⁷¹ William W. Thompson, Historical Sketch of the Sixteenth Regiment N.Y. S. Volunteer Infantry, April, 1861–May, 1863 (Albany, NY: Printed by Brandow, Barton & Co., 1886), 10.

⁷² Roe, The Ninth New York, 44.

⁷³ Rhodes, All for the Union, 42; McGrath, The History of the 127th, 20; Moulton, Fort Lyon, 70; Ward, History of the Second Pennsylvania, 23; Charles H. Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade . . . (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1876), 20.

⁷⁴ Williams, Life in Camp, 35; McGrath, The History of the127th, 34; Newton Martin Curtis, From Bull Run to Chancellorsville: The Story of the Sixteenth New York Infantry together with Personal Reminiscences (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906), 61; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864; B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, August 8, 1864; A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; A2074, B.S. Alexander to Delafield; December 3, 1864; A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, January 3, 1865; A2120, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, February 6, 1865; A2145, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, March 3, 1865; A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, April 6, 1865; A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, May 4, 1865; RG77, A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; A2232, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865.

⁷⁵ ORAs, I, Volume 21, Endorsement on Communication from Alexander to Barnard, December 22, 1862, page 871; ORAs, I, Volume 21, Alexander to Barnard, Dec 21, 1862, page 871; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869 Box 1, 1862, B21, Barnard to Captain R.B. Irwin, A.A.G, September 17, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, pages 57-58, endorsement on letter, December 21, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 21, B.S. Alexander to C.C. Augur, July 16, 1864.

⁷⁶ ORAs, I, Volume 19, Part II, 291; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869 Box 1, B133 1862, Barnard to Col. C. McKeever, A.A.G., November 3, 1862.

⁷⁷ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer, Defenses of Washington, to Brigadier General De Russy, Commanding De Russy's Division, May 25, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B133 1862, Barnard to Col. C. McKeever, A.A.G., November 3, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 268, Barnard to Brigadier General G.A. DeRussy, July 18, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, pages 57-58, endorsement on letter, Dec. 21, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, January 1863-August 1865, Volume 189 DW, pages 285-86, Thomas Thompson, Captain & A.A.G., DeRussy's Division, to Commanding Officer, 2d Brigade, DeRussy's Division, June 4, 1864.

⁷⁸ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5383, Letters Received (Unentered), 1863-67, Alexander to Lt. Col. J.H. Taylor, A.A.G., June 23, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B375 1863, Barnard to Lt.Col. J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & ADC, August 31, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page. 58-60, to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2, organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 581, W23, Department of Washington, September 15,1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 96, endorsement on letter of Colonel Alexander to Major General Casey dated September 18, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, C25, C.D. Clark, Suptintendent, September 15, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, from R.B. Marcy, Chief of Staff, Army of the Potomac, to Barnard, August 29, 1862.

⁷⁹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, P 24, Potter, August 11, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, Brigadier General C. Grover, Commanding Grover's Division, to Barnard, September 15, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, B57, Barnard, to Major General Heintzelman, Commanding, Defenses of Washington, February 19, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6744, Letters Received and Sent, March-December 1862, Headquarters, Casey,s Division, to Maj. L. Hunt, ADC, Defences South of the Potomac, November 24, 1862.

⁸⁰ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 559, Special Orders, Headquarters Defenses of Washington, August 1862-July 1865, Special Orders No. 6, Headquarters, Department of Washington, September 2, 1862.

⁸¹ ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part I, 351.

⁸² RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, Brigadier General C. Grover, Commandig Grover's Division, to Barnard, September 15, 1862; ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part I, 531; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, C33, Colonel M. Cogswell, Commanding Artillery Brigade, near Fort Corcoran, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, A.A.G., Defenses of Washington, January 23, 1863; Box 1, 1863, C47, Colonel M. Cogswell, commanding Artillery Brigade, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, A.A.A.G., February 4, 1863.

⁸³ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 509, T5, T.R. Tannatt, Colonel, Commanding Defenses South of the Potomac, Arlingtom, May 22, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, 3d Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6708, Letters Sent, January 1863-June 1865, Volume 184/408 DW, A. Brown, Colonel, 10th New York Artillery, Commanding Brigade, 3rd Brigade, Fort Baker, D.C., to Lt.Col. Haskin, ADC, Charge of Defenses North of the Potomac, September 6, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 339, Department to Lt.Col. B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer, Defenses of Washington, August 19, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 88, D17, G.A. DeRussy, November 19, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864 with reply by MajorGeneral S. Casey.

⁸⁴ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862- 66, Volume 1, page 129, Barnard to Heintzelmann, November 25, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2, organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 1, No. 4, B.S. Alexander, September 27, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, C32, Colonel M. Cogswell, Commanding Arillerty Brigade, near Fort Corcoran, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, A.A.G., Defenses of Washington, January 22, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, pages 117-18, B.S. Alexander to Lt.Col. J.A. Haskin, ADC, October 28, 1862.

⁸⁵ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 4, A12, Alexander, October 22, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 129, Barnard to Major General Heintzelman, November 25, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861- 66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 1, No. 4, B.S. Alexander, September 27, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, C32, Col M. Cogswell, Commanding Artillery Brigade, near Fort Corcoran, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, A.A.G., Defenses of Washington, January 22, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 58, C20, Childs, Engineer in Charge, June 18, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, 3d Division, 3d Army Corps, Entry 6770, Letters Received, September-October 1862, W.C. Gunnell, per James A. Brown, Clerk, Headdquarters, Engineer Department, Defenses Of Washington, to Col. Haskin, Dec. 16, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, January 1863-August 1865, Volume 189 DW, pages 285-86, Thomas Thompson, Captain & A.A.G., DeRussy's Division, to Commanding Officer, 2d Brigade, DeRussy's Division, June 4, 1864.

⁸⁶ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 584, W27, Department of Washington, November 30, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6744, Letters Received and Sent, March-December 1862, Edward Frost, Engineer, Engineer Office, Roach's House, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, to Major L. Hunt, A.A.G., &c., November 19, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, C143, Ensign Bennett, Superintendent &c., Camp on Traitors Hill, Va, to Engineer in Charge A.G. Childs, April 20, 1863.

⁸⁷ RG77, Entry 18, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, A1820 (1862), A. Alberti, Captain 5th Michigan Infantry Regiment, near Fort Ramsay, to Geneneral Totten, October 1, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, E4, Eveleth, March 5, 1863; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, C5082, Received February 12, 1862, C.B. Comstock, Lt. of Engineers/Chief Engineer, Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, to General J.G. Totten, February 10, 1862; United States, War Department, Revised Regulations for the Army of the United States, 1861, with a Index (Philadelphia, PA: J.G.L. Brown, Printer, 1861), page 127, Article XXXIX, #902; United States, War Department, Revised United States Army Regulations of 1861, with an Appendix containing the Changes and laws Affecting Army Regulations and Articles of War to June 25, 1863 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1863), page 127, Article XXXIX, #902.

⁸⁸ Thompson, Historical Sketch of the Sixteenth Regiment, 10; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6770, Letters Received, September-October 1862, S.S. Carroll, Commanding Brigade, to Captain H.R. Dalton, A.A.G., October 7, 1862.

⁸⁹ Larry Gara, "black soldiers," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 63.

⁹⁰ A few photographs taken during the Civil War depict USCTs at some of the forts in Washington [see collection of photos accompanying this report] but their stay at the forts was only temporary; ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part 1, 570, 700; The Black Military Experience. (Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861 - 1867 Selected from the Holdings of the National Archives of the United States; Series II) Ira Berlin, Editor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 374-75; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861- 66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 96, endorsement on letter of Colonel Alexander to Major General Casey dated September 18, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862- March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 516, Department to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 15, 1864; US, War Department, Supplement, Part II-Record of Events, Volume 78, Serial No. 90, 45 USCT, April 1864-June 1865, 36; US, War Department, Supplement, Part II-Record of Events, Volume 77, Serial No. 89.28th USCT, Feb 1864-June 1865, Regiment, 626-27.

⁹¹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 516, Department to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 15, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861- 65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, C25, C.D. Clark, Superintendent, September 15, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1,Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5383, Letters Received (Unentered), 1863-67, Alexander to Lt. Col. J.H. Taylor, A.A.G., June 23, 1863.

⁹² RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864, see specifically Casey's endorsement of September 19; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page. 96, September 20, 1864, Casey endorsement on letter of Colonel Alexander to Major General Casey dated September 18, 1864.

⁹³ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, 20DW, page 511, Department to Alexander, Sept 14, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 583,W23, Department of Washington, September 15,1864; U.S., War Department, Supplement, Part II-Record of Events, Volume 78, Serial No. 90, 45 USCT, April 1864-June 1865, 36.

⁹⁴ Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 81.

⁹⁵ McAllister, The Civil War Letters, 213 (Camp Ellsworth, Oct 1, 1862.

⁹⁶ Moulton, Fort Lyon, 65 (Camp Lyon, Dec 9, 1862).

⁹⁷ R.W. Rock (pseudo.), History of the Eleventh Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers, in the War of the Rebellion (Providence, RI: Providence Press Company, Printers, 1881), 99, 106.

⁹⁸ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 59-60, C28, Clark, Superintendent, Headquarters, Engineer Camp, Defenses South of the Potomac, October 19, 1863; page 60, C29, C.D. Clark, Superintendent, to A.G. Childs, October 20, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A31, Alexander to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, October. 22, 1863.

⁹⁹ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A31, Alexander to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, October 22, 1863.

¹⁰⁰ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A31, B.S. Alexander to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, October 22, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, C31, Clark to Childs, October 22, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, B10, J.G. Barnard to Major General S. Heintzelman, Commanding Defenses of Washington, July 9, 1863.

¹⁰¹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, C35, Clark to Childs, November 6, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A31, Alexander to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, October 22, 1863; Rock (pseudo.), History of the Eleventh Regiment, 88.

¹⁰² Patricia L. Faust, "Conscription," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 160; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 55, to Lt.Col. J.H. Taylor, September 6, 1864; Volume 2, Page 130, Department to Lt.Col. S. McKelvy, Commanding Rendezouvs of Distribution, July 17, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, Volume 20DW, page 511, Department to Alexander, Sept 14, 1864.

¹⁰³ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, 20DW, page 129, Department to Commanding Officer, Fort Lincoln, July 17, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, pages 58-59, to Taylor, September 15, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 66, C23, A.G. Childs, August 5, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 36, to DeRussy, August 6, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, 20DW, page 130, Department to Lt.Col. S.. McKelvy, Commanding Rendezouvs of Distribution, July 17, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 130, Department to Lt.Col. S. McKelvy, Commanding Rendezouvs of Distribution, July 17, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, Volume 20DW, page 511, Department to Alexander, September 14, 1864.

¹⁰⁴ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Whipple, Va., 1864-67, Entry 1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division at Fort Corcoran, September 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032DW, pages 541-42, Military District of Washington, General Orders No. 30, Sept 5, 1864.

¹⁰⁵ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A30, B.S. Alexander to Augur, Commanding Department, October 18, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, A. Grant Childs, Civil Engineer, to Barnard, August 1, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 61, C34, Clark to Childs, November 5, 1863; page 60, C32, Clark to Childs, Nov 4, 1863.

¹⁰⁶ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, Barnard to De Russy, Commanding Division, May 16, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B375 1863, Barnard to Lt.Col. J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & ADC, August 31, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 85, D2, Brigadier General DeRussy, May 19, 1864; ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part 1, 531, De Russy to Barnard, May 24, 1864; Bellard, Gone for a Soldier, 161.

¹⁰⁷ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 413, P25, Potter, September 5, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, 20DW, page 130, Department to De Russy, Commdg Div, Arlington House, July 17, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, A. Grant Childs, Civil Engineer, to Barnard, Aug. 1, 1863.

¹⁰⁸ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 111, E24, Engineer Department, December 24, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer, Defenses of Washington, to Brigadier General De Russy, Commanding De Russy's Division, May 25, 1864.

¹⁰⁹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 78, to Brigadier General J.H. Martindale, endorsement on letter of Colonel T. Ingraham to Captain Theodore McGovern, March 12, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 85, D2, Brigadier General DeRussy, May 19, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, endorsement on page 88; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page227, I1, T. Ingraham, Colonel & Provost Marshal, March 11, 1864; page. 64, C13, A.G. Childs, May 11, 1864; Record Group 94, Recordrs of the Adjutant General's Office, 1780s to 1917 (hereafter referred to as RG94), Regimental Papers in Entry 57, Muster Rolls of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, Mexican War, Creek War, Cherokee Removal, and Other Wars, 1836-65, Civil War, 2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, box 4055, Headquarters., 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division, Fort Ethan Allen, Colonel A.A. Gibson, Commanding to Lt.Col. J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & A.A.G., May 17, 1864.

¹¹⁰ U. S., Navy Department, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion Multivolumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1894-1927) (hereafter referred to as ORN), Series I, Volume 4, 565, 641-42, 655-56,707; U. S., Naval History Division, Civil War Naval Chronology, August 28, 1861, I-23; Roe, Tenth Regiment Massachusetts, 38-39; Billings, "Military Activities, 131.

¹¹¹ RG77, Issuances, 1811-1941, Entry 127, Orders, Engineer Orders and Circulars, 1811-68, page 195, Circular, Engineer Department, December 29, 1863, following decision of the Secretary of War upon the act to prevent frauds, approved June 2, 1862; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army, Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, no page no., Edward Frost to Brig. Gen. Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, May 9, 1862, document tipped in in front of letterbook; RG77, Entry 8, Letters, Reports, and Statements Sent to the Secretary of War and Congress, 1836-68, Volume 10, April 22, 1859-January 12, 1863, page 263, Totten to Secretary of War, August 5, 1861; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 554, Letters Sent by Headquarters, Military Defenses Southwest of the Potomac, April-June 1862, page 102 [not actually numbered], June 5, 1862, Whipple to Captain E.L. Hartz, Department QM, U.S.A.; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Whipple, Va., 1864-67, Entry 1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division at Fort Corcoran, Sept. 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032 DW, page 583, Circular, 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, January 23, 1865; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, January 1863-August 1865, Volume 189 DW, page 321, August 10, 1864, to Col. Wilhelm (messages to at least one other to do the same); RG94, Entry 112, Regimental Lettter Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 113, Order Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 114, Descriptive Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 115, Morning Reports of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, 1st Maine Heavy Artillery, Letter, Order and Guard Report Book, pages not numbered, Letter, Headquarters., 2d Brigade, Haskins Division, 22 Army Corps, Fort Reno, May 9, 1864, to Colonel Commanding, 1st Maine Artillery; ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part 1, 400, General Orders No. 29, Department of Washington, May 7, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, Fred S. Benson, Signal Corps, at Signal Station, near Fort Whipple, to Captain Thomas Thompson, A.A.G., May 14, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6730, Letters Received, 1863, Barnard to Col. C. H. Potter, A.A.G., April 11, 1863; ORAs, I, Volume 2, General Orders, No. 17, Department of Northeastern Virginia, July 16, 1861, 303-05; ORAs, I, Volume 15, Part 2, 129-30; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 55, Barnard to Ripley, Chief of Ordnance, August 28, 1862; Record Group 92, Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General (hereafter referred to as RG92), Washington, D.C., 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72 perused B651, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864, Headquarters, Department of Washington, Office of the Chief QM, Col. Elias M. Green, to Captain E.E. Camp, A.Q.M., August 2, 1864; B731, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864, Col. B.S. Alexander, Lt. Col. ADC, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of Defences, Washington, August 18, 1864, to Captain E.E. Camp, A.Q.M.; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 566, Ledgers of Accounts for Supplies Furnished, 1861-66, page 63, Engineers & QM Property 63-64, 67, May 13, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, C5082, Received February 12, 1862, February 10, 1862, C.B. Comstock, Lt. Engineers./Chief Engineer, Hd.Grs., A of P, to Gen J.G. Totten; ORAs, I, Volume 33, 673– Halleck, C of S, March 13,64, "Memorandum for General J.G. Barnard, Chief Engineer Defenses of Washington; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Bunker Hill, D.C., 1862-65, Entry 158, Post Orders, June 1863-April 1864, Volume 178/384 DW, Circular No. 12, Defenses North of the Potomac, Ft Bunker Hill, July 28, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, 2nd Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6695, Special Orders, September 1862-February 1864 and August 1864-September 1865, Volume 178/382 DW, pages 101-02, Special Orders No. 73, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862.

¹¹² RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses North of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, January 1864- August 1865, Volume 162/333DW, page 64, to the Secretary of War, Endorsement of Col. B.S. Alexander on letter of Mr. S.R. Colby to Secretary of War (W23), Washington, June 1863 concerning payment for timber taken from his land for use in Forts Stevens & Slocum; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 8, A27, Abbott, August 18, 1863; page 71, C26, Moses A. Commins, no date given; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, The Papers of Harry F. Schonborn, Notebook, 1861-63, first page in notebook followed by accounts to September 1863, Certified Bills Sent to Mr. Eveleth, October 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 85, Wm McLean, September 16, 1862; Volume 1, No. 88, J.T. Lenman, Sept 18, 1862; Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 134, E8, Frost, November 21, 1862; Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 481, S4, Samuel Strong, August 31, 1864, S5, Samuel Strong, September 3, 1864, S6, S. Strong, September 6, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 559, Special Orders, Headquarters Defenses of Washington, August 1862-July 1865, page 59, Special Orders No. 18, August. 27, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, B10, Barnard to Heintzelman; RG92, Miscellaneous Claims, Entry 843, Claims and Related Papers for Damage to Property by Troops in the Service of the United States, 1861-65, #189, B.T. Swart, Fort DeRussy, DC, B.T. Swart to Brigadier General M.C. Meigs, December 15, 1862; RG92, Special Files, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, Defenses of Washington, DC. and De Russy, Fort (1865-66).

¹¹³ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, B.S. Alexander to Brigadier General G.A. DeRussy, Commanding Division, May 22, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, Page 167, to Thomas Thompson, A.A.G., April 13, 1865; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, A. Grant Childs, Engineer in Charge, Defenses South of the Potomac, Brigadier General G.A. DeRussy, Commanding Division, May 22, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 86, Edward Sowers, September 16, 1862; No. 108, Johns & Crosley, November 24, 1862; RG94, Entry 112, Regimental Lettter Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 113, Order Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 114, Descriptive Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 115, Morning Reports of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, 1st Maine Heavy Artillery, Letter, Order and Guard Report Book, pages not numbered, Letter, Headquarters, 2d Brigade, Haskins Division, 22 Army Corps, Fort Reno, to Colonel Commanding 1st Maine Artillery, May 9, 1864.

¹¹⁴ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 268, Barnard to Eveleth, July 24, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 25, B1, H.W. Bowers, A.A.G., September 13, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 566, Ledgers of Accounts for Supplies Furnished, 1861-66, page 63, Engineers & QM Property 63-64, 67, Volume 2, page 4; RG77, Entry 8, Letters, Reports, and Statements Sent to the Secretary of War and Congress, 1836-68, Volume 10, Apr. 22, 1859-Jan. 12, 1863, page 263, Totten to Secretary of War, August 5, 1861; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, F.J. Porter, at Fort Corcoran, to General Williams, September 7, 1862; Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple to Barnard, 5th, no other date; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 254, to James Eveleth, June 30, 1863; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, SW3413, April 19, 1861, Frederick E. Prime to J.G.Totten, to Secretary of War and back on April 20, signed by Secretary of War Simon Cameron; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 91, Captain E.L. Hartz, AQM, September 11, 1862; ORAs, I, Volume 2, 653-54, Department Northeastern Virginia, May 29, 1861; Library of Congress, The Papers of Harry F. Schonborn, Notebook, 1861-63, 1st page in notebook followed by accounts to September 1863, Certified Bills Sent to Mr. Eveleth, October 1862.

¹¹⁵ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 100, E.M. Luithicum, October 28, 1862; RG77, E-18, B8741, May 7, 1861, Barnard to Totten; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B515', B, Barnard to Delafield, July 13, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B8945, 1861, J.G. Barnard to Totten, December 23, 1861; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 566, Ledgers of Accounts for Supplies Furnished, 1861-66, Volume 1, pages 63 & 264, Volume 2, pages 4 &38; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Army, Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, no page No., Edward Frost to Brig. Gen. Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac,Engineer Office, May 9, 1862, document tipped in front of letterbook; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 68, Joseph Nicholson, July 10, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, January 1863-August 1865, Volume 189 DW, page 321, Aug 10, 1864; RG77, Entry 6, Letters, Reports, and Statements Sent to the Secretary of War and Congress, 1836-68, Volume 10, Apr. 22, 1859-Jan. 12, 1863, page 263, Totten to Sect War, Augt 5, 1861.

¹¹⁶ National Archives Microfilm Publication Microcopy 619, (RG94) Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General Main Series 1861- 1870, Roll 79, 1160 B 1862, Barnard to Stanton, transmits report of Commission, December 30, 1862; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, The Papers of Harry F. Schonborn, Notebook, 1861-63, 1st page in notebook followed by accounts to September 1863, Certified Bills Sent to Mr. Eveleth, October 1862.

¹¹⁷ RG77, E-18, B8744, Barnard to Totten, May 7, 1861; David V. Miller, The Defense of Washington During the Civil War (Buffalo, New York: Mr. Copy, 1976), Pages 7; RG77, E-18, B8741, May 7, 1861, Barnard to CE Totten; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 566, Ledgers of Accounts for Supplies Furnished, 1861-66 Volume 1, pages 63 & 264, Volume 2, pages 4 & 38; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 514, T3, Tannatt, Fort Whipple, March 17, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 79; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 90, Col onel A.A. Gibson; No. 74, Wm R. Hutton, Aug 4, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, SW3413, Frederick E. Prime to J.G. Totten, to Secretary of War and back on April 20 signed by Secretary of War Simon Cameron, April 19, 1861.

¹¹⁸ Horace H. Shaw, The First Maine Heavy Artillery 1861-1865 (Portland, ME: , 1903), 98; Bellard, Gone for a Soldier, 162; Vanderslice, The Civil War Letters, 41; C.B. Fairchild, Compiler, History of the 27th Regiment N.Y. Vols. . . . (Binghampton, NY: Carl & Matthews, 1888), 22; Haines, History of The Fifteenth Regiment, 17; Small, The Sixteenth Maine Regiment, 27.

¹¹⁹ Charles Paullin, "Alexandria County in 1861," RCHS, 28, 1926, 114; ORAs, I, Volume 2, 653; ORAs, I, Volume 2, 38, Barnard, May 28, 1861; RG77, E-18, B515', B, Barnard to Delafield, July 13, 1864.

¹²⁰ Dale E. Floyd, "U.S. Army Officers in Europe, 1815-1861" In Proceedings of the Citadel Conference on War and Diplomacy 1977. Edited by David H. White and John W. Gordon (Charleston, SC: The Citadel, 1979), 26-30; Edward M.. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784-1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers & Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America 1775-1865 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1968); Skelton, William B. Skelton, An American Profession of Arms: The Army Officer Corps, 1784-1861 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1992); Dale E. Floyd, Comparative Analysis, American Camp Fortifications, San Juan Island National Historical Park, prepared for the Columbia Cascades System Office, National Park Service, September 1996.

¹²¹ Henry W. Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1846), 375-77; Henry W. Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia Second Edition With Critical Notes on the Mexican an Crimean Wars (New York: D. Appleton & Co.,1859), 375-77; Francis A. Lord, "Army and Navy Textbooks and Manuals Used by the North during the Civil War." Military Collector &Historian, 9, Fall 1957, 61-67; Winter 1957, 95-102; Francis A. Lord, "Manuals and Training Literature," in Francis A. Lord, They Fought for the Union (Harrisburg, PA: The Stackpole Press, 1960), 39-52.

¹²² Henry W. Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1846), 375-77; Henry W. Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia Second Edition With Critical Notes on the Mexican an Crimean Wars (New York: D. Appleton & Co.,1859), 375-77; Francis A. Lord, "Army and Navy Textbooks and Manuals Used by the North during the Civil War." Military Collector &Historian, 9, Fall 1957, 61-67; Winter 1957, 95-102; Francis A. Lord, "Manuals and Training Literature," in Francis A. Lord, They Fought for the Union (Harrisburg, PA: The Stackpole Press, 1960), 39-52.

¹²³ Halleck, Henry W., Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1846), 374-75; Henry W.Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia. Second Edition. With Critical Notes, on the Mexican and Crimean Wars (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1859), 374-75.

¹²⁴ Leech, Reveille in Washington, 112.

¹²⁵ ORAs, I, Volume 5, 685.

¹²⁶ Barnard, A Report, 85.

¹²⁷ ORAs, I, Volume 2, Irvin McDowell to E.D. Townsend, May 29, 1861, 653-54; McDowell to E.D. Townsend, May 29, 1861, 654-55; G.T. Beauregard To the good People of the Counties of Loudon, Fairfax, and Prince William, June 5, 1861, 907.

¹²⁸ ORAs, I, Volume 2, G.T. Beauregard To the good People of the Counties of Loudon, Fairfax, and Prince William, June 5, 1861, 907; General Orders No. 4, Department of Northeastern Virginia, June 27, 1861, 659.

¹²⁹ ORAs, I, Volume 2, General Orders, No. 4, June 2, 1861, 659.

¹³⁰ ORAs, I, Volume 5, General Orders, No. 19, October 1, 1861, 611-12.

¹³¹ Reed Hansen, "Civil War to Civil Concern: A History of Fort Marcy, Virginia." Masters thesis in History, George Mason University, 1973, pages 3-4.

¹³² Barnard, A Report, 63, 65.

¹³³ Dale E. Floyd, "U.S. Army Officers in Europe, 1815-1861" In Proceedings of the Citadel Conference on War and Diplomacy 1977. Edited by David H. White and John W. Gordon (Charleston, SC: The Citadel, 1979), 26-30; U.S., Military Commission to Europe, 1855-56, Report on the Art of War in Europe in 1854, 1855, and 1856 By Richard Delafield (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1860); Laurence W. Mazzeno, "Major Richard Delafield and the U. S. Military Mission to the Crimean War," Joint Perspectives, I (Winter 1981), 72-83; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B8422, B8464, T2164, T2171, T2172 T2164,T2190 _ (1858-59); National Archives Microfilm Publication Microcopy 567, (RG94) Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General Main Series 1822-1860, Roll 597, 359B, 1859.

¹³⁴ T.E. Compton,"Entrenched Lines in Military History Since Vauban," United Service Magazine, LIX (May 1919), 98-110; James Quentin Hughes, "Wellington & Fortifications," Fort: The International Journal of Fortification and Military Architecture (The Journal of the Fortress Study Group), XV (1987), 61-90; David G. Chandler, "Notes on Battlefields, III: The Lines of Torres Vedras, 1810-1811,"History Today, XXVIII (February 1978), 126-29; J.T. Jones, "A Report on Torres Vedras," Royal Engineers Journal, XIII (April 1911), 265-68; James Marshall- Cornwall, "The Lines of Torres Vedras," The Royal Engineers Journal, LXXV (December 1961), 383-93; A.H. Norris and R.W. Brewer, The Lines of Torres Vedras: The First Three Lines and Fortifications South of the Tagus (Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal, 1980); Edward T. Thackeray, "Sieges and the Defence of Fortified Places by the British and Indian Armies in the XIXth Century: Description of the Lines of Torres Vedras," The Royal Engineers Journal, XIX (May 1914), 309-14; Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington, "Lord Wellington's Memorandum and Instructions for the Construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras," The Royal Engineers Journal, XIV (November 1911), 285-88; "Torres Vedras," In David G. Chandler, Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979), 443-45; ORAs, I, Volume 21, 902-903; J.G. Barnard and W.F. Barry, Report of the Engineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac from Its Organization to the Close of the Peninsular Campaign (New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1863), 9-12.

¹³⁵ National Archives Microfilm Publication Microcopy 619, (RG94) Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General Main Series 1861- 1870, Roll 79, 1160 B 1862, Barnard to Stanton, transmits report of Commission, December 30, 1862; ORAs, I, Volume 5, 683; Volume 11, Part 1, 107.

¹³⁶ ORAs, I, Volume 51, Part 1, Letter submitted by SW to Speaker of house, December 11, 1861, by SW Simon Cameron recommending appropriation of $150,000. for completing the defenses with enclosures, 510; Volume 21, J.G. Barnard to Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, December 30, 1862, 903.

¹³⁷ ORAs, I, Volume 5, J.G. Barnard to General A.S. Williams, October 24, 1861, 626.

¹³⁸ Barnard, A Report, 88-90.

¹³⁹ Barnard, A Report, 95-100.

¹ Barnard, A Report, 6; Jacqui Handly, Civil War Defenses of Washington, D.C.: A Cultural Landscape Inventory (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office [Falls Church Office, Denver Service Center, National Park Service], 1996), 41.

² Barnard, A Report, 33

³ Barnard, A Report, 86; Kelly, Fortification, 35; Joseph Mills Hanson, Bull Run Remembers . . . The History, Traditions and Landmarks of the Manassas (Bull Run) Campaigns Before Washington 1861-1862 (Manassas, VA: National Capitol Publishers, 1961), 29; Chapter Three, "Defenses of Washington," In Engineer Operations in Past Wars, Part One (Fort Humphrey, VA: The Engineer School, 1926), 31.

⁴ Barnard, A Report, 63; Gustave J. Fiebeger, A Text-Book on Field Fortification, Third Edition (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1913), 73; John M. Wilson, "The Defenses of Washington, 1861-1865," #38 in The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, The Washington, DC Commandery, War Papers (Washington, DC: The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, 1901), 16; Kelly, Fortification, 27; U.S., Engineer School, Pamphlet on the Evolution of the Art of Fortification, Engineer School Occasional Paper No. 58, Prepared Under the Direction of William M. Black (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 89; for Barnard's lengthy description of the forts, see the Appendices.

⁵ George B. McClellan, McClellan's Own Story — The War for the Union, the Soldiers Who Fought It, the Civilians Who Directed It And His Relations to It and to Them (New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1887), 72; Chapter Three, 30; Pamphlet, 89; Barnard, A Report, 33, 86; Hanson, Bull Run Remembers, 29.

⁶ Barnard, A Report, 72-73

⁷ Barnard, A Report, 76; David V. Miller, The Defense of Washington During the Civil War. (Buffalo, New York: Mr. Copy, 1976), 7; Fiebeger, A Text-Book, 73; Kelly, Fortification, 29.

⁸ Barnard, A Report, 76-77

⁹ History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery (Boston, MA: Luther E. Cowles, Publisher, 1902), 67; Alfred Bellard, Gone for a Soldier: The Civil War Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard, Edited by David Donald (Boston, MA, 1975), 274; ORA, I, 46, Part 3 (serial 97), Memorandum of C.C. Augur, May 10, 1865, 1130; RG77, E-18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers; RG77, E-18, A2120, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, February 6, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2145, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, March 3, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, May 4, 1865; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2, organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 588, W21, Department of Washington, April 8, 1865.

¹⁰ RG77, E-18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; RG77, E-18, A2120, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, February 6, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2145, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, March 3, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, May 4, 1865.

¹¹ Pamphlet, 89; Barnard, A Report; 33, 86; Hanson, Bull Run Remembers, 29

¹² Barnard, A Report, 73-74

¹³ Barnard, A Report, 58-62; "Defenses of Washington," in DeB. Randolph Keim, Keim's Illustrated Hand-Book. Washington and Its Environs: A Descriptive and Historical Hand-Book to the Capital of the United States of America, Fourth Edition–Corrected to July, 1874 (Washington, DC: For the Compiler, 1874), 230; Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 225-32; T. Michael Miller, "Jones Point: Haven of History," The Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia Yearbook, 21 (1986-1988), 15-73; Ames W. Williams, "The Location of Battery Rodgers," Echoes of History, 5, April 1975, 33-34; ORA, I, 39, Part 2 (serial 49), J.G. Barnard to Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, October 13, 1863, 310-11; for a great amount of information pertaining to Fort Foote and Battery Rodgers see: Leonard E. Brown, National Capital Parks: Fort Stanton, Fort Foote, Battery Ricketts (Washington, DC: Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center, National Park Service, 1970) and William J. Dickman, Battery Rodgers at Alexandria, Virginia (Manhattan, KS: MA/AH Publishing, 1980).

¹⁴ Barnard, A Report, 32-33 [see footnote at bottom of pages], 62; Brown, Fort Stanton, 119-21.; Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 225-32; Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield, (1991 edition), 236; Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 1863-65, Volume 13 [(Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1866), 354; RG77, E-36, A4354, Brevet Lieutenant Colonel William P. Craighill, Baltimore, Maryland, to Chief Of Engineers, December 1, 1870; ORA, I, 39, Part 2 (serial 49), J.G. Barnard to Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, October 13, 1863, 310-11.

¹⁵ ORA, I, 19, Part 2 (serial 28), Nathaniel P. Banks to Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, September 11, 2862, 264; ORA, I, 43, Part 1 (serial 91), 281, October 4, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, 281; Barnard, A Report, 86; ORA, I, 46, Part 3,(serial 97), Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, to Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, May 6, 1865, 1099-1100.

¹⁶ Barnard, A Report, 16-17

¹⁷ ORA, I, 29, Part 2 (serial 49), J.G. Barnard to John C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant General, U.S. Army, October 27, 1863, 393; RG77, E560, Military Telegraph, G.D. Ramsay, Arsenal, to Lieutenant Thomas M. Farrell, Aide-de-Camp, September 8, 1862; ORA, I, 37, Part 2 (serial 71), C.C. Augur to Henry W. Halleck, Chief Of Staff, July 29, 1864, 492-95; ORA, I, 25, Part 2 (serial 40), R.O. Tyler to Brigadier General Henry J. Hunt, October 22, 1862, 129-30; RG393, Part 2, E6744, Colonel William Bly(?) To Major L. Flint, September 24, 1862; ORA, I, 19, Part 2 (serial 28), J.G. Barnard to Major General Fitz John Porter, September 8, 1862, 212; RG393, Part 2, E6731, B.S. Alexander to Brigadier General J.A. Haskin, Chief of Artillery, January 18, 1865; RG393, Part 2, E6731, A. Grant Childs, Engineer in Chief, Defenses South of the Potomac, to Gustavus A. De Russy, commanding Division, April 6, 1865; RG77, E575, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, May 23, 1863, pages 3-4; RG77, E575, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, May 23, 1863, pages 4-5.

¹⁸ ORA, I, 29, Part 2 (serial 49), Special Orders No. 497, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, November 9, 1863, 443; ORA, I, 29, Part 2 (serial 49), J.G. Barnard to John C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant General, U.S. Army, October 27,1863, 393-94; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 4, 1864, B86, W.F. Barry, Inspector of Artillery, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, January 9, 1864; RG393, Part 2, E6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 13, #31, J.A. Haskin, Haskin's Division, to Brigadier General W.F. Barry, Chief Of Artillery, February 29, 1864 RG77, E553, Volume 2, pages 141-42, B.S. Alexander to Brigadier General A.B. Dyer, Chief of Ordnance, February 17, 1865.

¹⁹ RG77, E560, Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple to J.G. Barnard, September 5th, 1862; ORA, I, 25, Part 2 (serial 40), J.G. Barnard to Major General S.P. Heintzelman, March 31, 1863, 177-80; RG393, Part 1, E5412, Chief of Ordnance, Department of Washington, February 10, 1864; RG77, E553, Volume 2, pages 154-55, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, March 14, 1865; ORA, I, 43, Part 1 (serial 91), B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, October 4, 1864, 281; RG393, Part 1, E5412, Colonel L. Schrimer, commanding 2nd Brigade and 15th Regiment New York Artillery, Defences South of Potomac, Fort Lyon, to B.S. Alexander, November 21, 1863; RG393, Part 2, E6708, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 184/408 DW, Colonel A. Piper, commanding 3rd Brigade, Fort Baker, to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskin, commanding Haskin's Division, February 27, 1864; RG94, E-65, Returns of Civil War Army Corps, Divisions, and Departments, 1861-65, Defenses of Washington, Box 143, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Semi-monthly Tabular Statement, showing the strength of the Garrisons and Armament of the forts . . . on the 15th June 1863; ORA, I, 36, Part 2 (serial 68), A.P. Howe to Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, May 17, 1864, 883-96; ORA, I, 12, Part 3 (serial 18), Lieutenant.Colonel N.B. Sweitzer to Colonel D.B. Sacket, Inspector-General, March 29, 1862, 29- 30; Barnard, A Report, at the end of the plates at the end of the report are two pages of "Tables of Armaments" in the works of the Defenses of Washington.

²⁰ Henry L. Scott, Military Dictionary: Comprising Technical Definitions; Information on Raising and Keeping Troops; Actual Service Including Makeshifts and Improved Material; and Law, Government, Regulation, and Administration Relating to Land Forces (New York: D. Van Nostrand, l86l), 393-94; U.S., Department of Defense, The Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dictionary of United States Military Terms for Joint Usage (Short Title: JD); JCS Pub. 1 (Washington, DC: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, February 1, 1962),129; The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Edited by William Morris.(New York, NY: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. and Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973), 767.

²¹ U. S., Naval History Division, Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1971), I-23.

²² James A. Huston, The Sinews of War: Army Logistics 1775-1953, Army Historical Series (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1966), 168-69; Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775-1939 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1962), 333-87; Richard M. Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City: An Illustrated Guide to the Civil War Sites of Washington (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1981), 14-17; Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1941), 186, 189-90, 213-14; United States Army Logistics 1775-1922: An Anthology, Selected and Edited by Charles R. Shrader, Volume 1 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1997), 191, 194-95; Miller, The Defense, 47; Handly, Civil War Defenses, 18-20; Marvin A. Kreidberg and Merton G. Henry, History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army 1775-1945; Department of the Army Pamphlet No. 20-212 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1955), 85-86, 123-29.

²³ Huston, The Sinews, 173-75; Risch, Quartermaster Support, 389-92.

²⁴ RG393, Part 2, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Volume 21/240 5AC, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, page 1, Colonel Thomas D. Doubleday to General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant General, U.S. Army, February 26, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Volume 21/240 5AC, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, pages 22-24, Thomas D. Doubleday to Major Julius P. Garesche, Assistant Adjutant General, U.S. Army, March 22, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Volume 7/48, 1 AC, General Orders & Special Orders, E 3722, page 341, General Orders No. 3, March 2, 1862; Frank J. Welcher, The Union Army, 1861-1865: Organization and Operations, Volume 1, The Eastern Theater (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1989), 495,546-62; Huston, The Sinews, 170-71, 173-75; Risch, Quartermaster Support, 389-92.

²⁵ Risch, Quartermaster Support, 384; Huston, The Sinews, 174

²⁶ Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 14

²⁷ Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 14-16; Stephen M. Forman, A Guide to Civil War Washington (Washington, D.C.: Elliott & Clark Publishing, 1995), 77-80

²⁸ Huston, The Sinews, 174-75; Thomas J. Owen, "Dear Friends at Home . . .": The Letters and Diary of Thomas James Owen, Fiftieth New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment, During the Civil War, Edited with an Introduction by Dale E. Floyd (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1985), xiii and xvi, footnote 7; Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 16; Risch, Quartermaster Support, 384, 427, 430.

²⁹ Brown, Fort Stanton, 87, 108, 110-11; Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 39, 48-49, 123-25; 151-53; B.S. Alexander D. Mitchell, IV, Washington, D.C.: Then and Now (San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press, 2000), 66-67; Forman, A Guide, 21; William D. Haley, Philp's Washington Described, A Complete View of the American Capital, and the District of Columbia; with Many Notices, Historical, Topographical, and Scientific, of the Seat of Government (Washington, D.C.: Philp & Solomons, circa 1861), 224-25; RG77, E560, Military Telegraph, J.G. Benton to J.G. Barnard, October 10, 1863; RG393, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, E5382, Letters Received, 1863, supplement B Appendix, Box 2, J.G. Barnard to S.P Heintzelman, commanding Department Washington, May 27, 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 226, J.G. Barnard to S.P Heintzelman, May 27, 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 133, B.S. Alexander to Major Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, December 1, 1862; ORA, I, 51, Part 1 (serial 107), Special Orders No. 15, Headquarters, Defenses of Washington, September 24, 1862, 862; Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Edited by Janet B. Hewett; Assistant Editors. Jocelyn Pinson, Julia Nichols and Katherine Hill (Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, Volume 42 (serial 54), Part 2-Records of Events, 1997), Ninth New York Heavy Artillery, Field And Staff, August 1863, page 34; RG393, Part 1, E5382, 1863, Box No. 2, A 48 1863, supplement, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant. Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, December 17, 1863; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 1, B132 1862, J.G. Barnard to Colonel Chauncey McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862 including a letter filed with it–B.S. Alexander to J.G. Barnard, October 20, 1862 [copies found in RG77, E553, pages 121-23].

³⁰ Barnard, A Report, 77

³¹ Barnard, A Report, 78

³² Barnard, A Report, 33, 85; ORA, I, 19, Part 2 (serial 28), October 6, 1862, J.G. Barnard to J.C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant General, 392; Black, The Evolution of the Art of Fortification. 89.

³³ Barnard, A Report, 77, maps following page 152; Joseph B. Mitchell, Outlines of the World's Military History (Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Company, copyright 1931, 4th Edition, August 1940), 468; RG 393, Part 2, E6610, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel Haskin, Aide-de-Camp, in charge of Defences North of the Potomac, December 2, 1862 [also in RG77, E553, page 136]; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 226, J.G. Barnard to S.P. Heintzelman, May 27, 1863; RG77, E18, B314', J.G. Barnard to J.G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1864; RG 77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, pages 397-98, J.G. Barnard to C.C. Augur, May 5, 1864; RG393, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, E443, Volume 207/475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, pages 101-02, SO 73, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, 201, H4, Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, March 13, 1864; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 133, B.S. Alexander to Major Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, December 1, 1862; RG 393. Part 2, E6744, Fort Woodbury, November 21, 1862, to Colonel Leavitt Hunt, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac–In obediance to Circular November 21 referring to General Order No. 6 of October 29, 1862; RG 393. Part 2, E6744, Fort Woodbury, November 21, 1862, to Colonel Leavitt Hunt, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac; RG 393. Part 2, E6744, Fort Lyon, November 21, 1862, Colonel George Wells, commanding Fort Lyon, to Colonel Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac; RG 393. Part 2, E6744, Headquarters, Artillery Defenses of Alexandria, November 21, 1862, Colonel R.O. Tyler, commanding Artillery Defenses of Alexandria, to Colonel Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac; RG393, Part 3, Military District Of Washington, 1862-64, E646, Letters, 1862-64, T50–1863 & W443–1863, J.W. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, 22 AC, to Brigadier General J.H. Martindale, Military Governor, Washington, DC, November 28, 1863; RG393, Part 2, E6708, Letter Sent, 1863-65, Volume 184/408 DW, n page number, Headquarters, 3rd Brigade, Fort Baker, December 3, 1863 to Lieutenant. Colonel Haskin, Aide-de-Camp, Charge of Haskin's Division; RG393, Part 1, E5382, 1863, Box No. 2, A48 1863, supplement, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief Of Staff, December 17, 1863; ORA, I, 43, Part 2 (serial 91), October 4, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, 280, 283, 287; ORA, I, 21 (serial 31), December 24, 1862 "Commission Report," 915; Viator [Joseph Bradley Varnum], The Washington Sketch Book (New York: Mohyn Ebbbs & Hough, 1864), Chapter XXXV. FORTS, 267[268], 270-71; RG393, Part 2, E6744, Headquarters, Casey's Division, to Major Leavitt Hunt, Aide-de-Camp, Defences South of the Potomac, November 24, 1862; ORA, I, 33 (serial 60), Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, March 13, 1864, "Memorandum for General J.G. Barnard, Chief Engineer Defenses of Washington, 673; RG393, Part. II, E6610, Headquarters, Defences of Washington, June 28th, 1863, J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff Assistant Adjutant General to Colonel J.A. Haskin in charge of Defences North of Potomac; RG 393, Part 2, E6610, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskin, Aide-de-Camp, in charge of Defences North of the Potomac, December 2, 1862 [also in RG77, E553, page 136]; RG393, Part 1, E5382, 1863, Box No. 2, A48 1863, supplement, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant. Colonel J.H. Taylor, Department Chief Of Staff, December 17, 1863; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 1, A46 1862, B.S. Alexander to J.A. Haskin, Lieutenant. Colonel, A.D.C., Sep 30, 1862; RG77, E560, Military Telegraph, Lieutenant Daniel F. Schenck, Fort Lyon, to J.G. Barnard, May 28, 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 133, B.S. Alexander to Major Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, December 1, 1862; RG77, E575, page 18, Memorandum–Fort Mahan, July 18, 1864; RG77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 397-98, J.G. Barnard to C.C. Augur, May 5, 1864; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, No. 76, John Collins, August 6, 1862; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 365, N2, C.H. Nichols, Superintendent, Insane Asylum, December 16, 1863; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 416, P17, C.H. Potter, Assistant Adjutant General, June 1, 1863; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 201, H4, Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, March 13, 1864; RG77, E18, B314', J.G. Barnard to J.G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1864; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 136, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskin, in charge Defences North of the Potomac, December 2,1862; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 136, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskin, in charge of Defences, North of Potomac, December 2, 1862; RG393, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, E443, Volume 207/475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, page 101-02, Special Orders No. 73, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862; RG 77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 388-89, J.G. Barnard to Colonel T.R. Tannatt, April 5, 1864; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, No. 76, John Collins, August 6, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Volume 178/382 DW, page 34, Special Orders 39, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, October 19, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Volume 178/382 DW, page 73, Special Orders 59, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, November 17, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Volume 178/382 DW, page 305, De Russy's Division, to Colonel J.C. Lee, July 3, 1864.

³⁴ Barnard, A Report, 77-78; Pamphlet, 89; RG77, E18, A2057, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, November 1, 1864; RG77, E-18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, January 3, 1865; Viator, The Washington Sketch Book, 273.

³⁵ Pamphlet, 89; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 1, B132 1862, J.G. Barnard to Colonel Chauncey McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862 [this and letter from B.S. Alexander to J.G. Barnard, October 20, 1862 are also in RG77, E553, pages 121-23], B.S. Alexander to J.G. Barnard, October 20, 1862; RG 77, E558, page 86, endorsement on the letter from the Interior Department in re: to injury done the Washington Aqueduct by travel of heavy government wagons over it, referred to these Headquarters for a report, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of the Defenses of Washington, April 26, 1861; John Tidball, 3rd Brigade, De Russy's Division, Fort Ethan Allen, November 27, 1863, to Captain C.H. Potter, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington.

³⁶ Anne S. Frobel, The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel of Wilton Hill in Virginia (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1992), 195; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, 201, H4, Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, March 13, 1864; ORA, I, 33 (serial 60), 673, J.G. Barnard's Memorandum, March 13, 1864; RG77, E18, B314', J.G. Barnard to J.G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1864; Barnard, A Report, 126.

³⁷ Barnard, A Report, 78-81; Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 157-58; Mitchell, Washington, D.C, 136-37; Stanley Kimmel, Mr. Lincoln's Washington (New York, NY: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1957), 40-42, 133; Haley, Philp's Washington Described, 193-95.

¹ John G. Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 32-33, 82-85.

² ORA, I, Volume 5, pages 698-99, Barnard to Gen S. Williams, Assistant Adjutant General, Army of the Potomac, January 13, 1862, page 698; Barnard, A Report, 32-33; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Page 160, Frost to Colonel Cogswell, Commanding Brigade, December 29, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864 (Within–letter from Barnard to SW, January 16, 1864); RG77, Entry 18, B9332, Barnard to Kurtz, in Charge of Engineer Bureau, October 15, 1862, with this personal report–Barnard, Extract, October 6, 1862–enclosed with B9332 (B9332, Barnard to Kurtz, in Charge of Engineer Bureau, October 15, 1862; ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, February 2, 1864, 64.

³ Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, 125, 133; 0ra[ Elmer] Hunt, "Defending the National Capital," In Francis T. Miller. The Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 Volumes (New York: The Review of Reviews Co., 1911), Volume 5, 102.

⁴ ORA, Serial 71, Volume 37, Part 2, Alexander to Halleck, July 6, 1864, made examination of Chain Bridge and Aqueduct Bridge, page 85; ORA, I, Serial 91, 286, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 4, A116, 1865, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, April 6, 1865.

⁵ ORA, I, 33, page 888, Halleck to Grant, April 17,1864; Barnard, A Report, 125; RG 77, Entry 18, B9932, with this personal report– Barnard, Extract, October 6, 1862–enclosed with B9332(B9332, Barnard to Kurtz, in Charge of Engineer Bureau, October 15, 1862) after some remarks–; RG77, E556, Volume 1, No. 40, Colonel, 59th New York Volunteer, March 17, 1862.

⁶ RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 162, G5, A.A. Gibson, April 18, 1864; RG393, Part 2, E6731–Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, to DeRussy, commanding Division, July 9, 1864; RG77, Entry 554, page 33, May 6, 1862, Brightly to Captain F.E. Prime, Engineer of Fortifications; ORA, Serial 91, page 287, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864; RG393, Part 4, E1358, Volume 398/1027 DW, page 7-8, Captain Robert J. Nevin, commanding post, Fort Whipple, to Lieutenant Lyman SW Cushing, Acting Assistant Adjutant General 1st Brig, DeRussy's Division, December 22, 1864.

⁷ RG393, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, E443, Volume 207/475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, No page, General Orders 1, Fort Ethan Allen, January 4, 1864; ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, War Department, Adjt. General's Office, February 2, 1864, page 63-64; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 585, W7, Department of Washington, February 3, 1865; ORA, Serial 71, Volume 37, Part 2, Alexander to Halleck, July 6, 1864, pages 84.

⁸ ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, February 2, 1864, page 63-64; ORA, Serial 125, page 62, No. 11, February 1864; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 124-25, Barnard to Robert B. Parrot, November 6; Anne S. Frobel, The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel of Wilton Hill in Virginia (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1992), 194; Miller, The Photographic History, "Forts and Artillery,", page 187.

⁹ Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 62, 64; E.B. Long with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861-1865 (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971), 364; Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960), 189; Frobel, The Civil War Diary, 195-98; ORA, I, Serial 87, page 992, Major Thomas Lincoln Casey, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army to the Chief of Engineers, Richard Delafield December 29, 1864; ORA, I, Serial 89, Volume 92, Part 3, Richard Delafield to Charles A. Dana, November 18, 1864, 641-42; Record Group77, Entry 18, Letters Received, B9806, Barnard to Chief of Engineers, June 25, 1863, encloses copy of Lieutenant D.F. Schenck, 50th New York Volunteer Engineers, Report of June 18, 1863, concerning magazine explosion at Fort Lyon; Record Group 393, Part 1, Entry 5412, Major J.C. Willard, Aide-de-Camp to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Assistant Adjutant General, June 10, 1863; Record Group 393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 1863- 65, Volume 189 DW, page 114, June 10, 1863.

¹⁰ ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, February 2, 1864, regulations for the care of field-works and the government of their garrisons, prepared by Brigadier General Barry, U.S. Army Inspector of Artillery, page 64.

¹¹ ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, February 2, 1864, regulations for the care of field-works and the government of their garrisons, prepared by Brigadier General Barry, U.S. Army Inspector of Artillery, page 64.

¹² ORA, I, 5, pages 698-99, Barnard to General S. Williams, Assistant Adjutant General, Army of the Potomac, January 13, 1862, page 698; RG77, E558, to S.P. Heintzelman, Endorsement of Gen Barnard on letter of Colonel B.S. Alexander dated Washington June 25th 1863 (Letters Received 250), page 65; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 1, 1863, B10, J.G. Barnard to Major General S. Heintzelman, commanding Defenses of Washington, July 9, 1863; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 250, Alexander to Barnard, June 25, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, 1862, 63-65, Volume 21/240 5AC, Page 37-38, Headquarters, Military Defenses North of Potomac, Assistant Adjutant General to Major U. Doubleday, Ordnance Officer, April 15, 1862.

¹³ ORA, Series , Volume , Serial 91, pages 280-88, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, pages 287-88.

¹⁴ RG77, Entry 18, A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2232, Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers, December 3, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2145, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of February 1865, March 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2120, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of January 1865, February 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of April 1865, May 4, 1865; RG 393. P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6744, Fort Lyon, November 21, 1862, Colonel George Wells, commanding Fort Lyon, to Colonel Hunt, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defenses South of the Potomac; RG77, Entry 18, B196', Barnard to Totten, February 4, 1864; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, Major Andrew Washburne, Acting Ordnance Officer, Arlington, to Barnard, September 9, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864.

¹⁵ RG77, Entry 18, A1862 1863, Colonel H.L. Abbot, Captain, Engineers, near Fort Richardson, to Totten, May 26, 1863; RG 77, Entry 18, B9913, Barnard to Totten, August 20, 1863; RG 77, Entry 18, B9933, Barnard to Totten, August 29, 1863.

¹⁶ The Library of Congress, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Page 146, Edward Frost to Colonel B.S. Alexander, December 22, 1862.

¹⁷ RG77, Entry 554, page 33, May 6, 1862, Brightly to Captain F.E. Prime, Engineer of Fortifications about Washington; ORA, Serial 68, Volume 36, Part 2, A.P. Howe to Halleck, May 17, 1864, report of inspection of the works in the defenses, pages 886, 890-91, 894, 896.

¹⁸ RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of April 1865, May 4, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2120, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of January 1865, February 6, 1865; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 240, Alexander to Lieutenant D.F. Schenck, Fort Lyon, June 11, 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 241, Alexander to Lieutenant D.F. Schenck, Fort Lyon, Jun 13, 1863; ORA, Serial 91, page 281, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 287.

¹⁹ Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 25-27, Edward Frost to ________ , overseer, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, June 20, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864; RG393, Part 2, E6731, Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Colonel M.I. Ludington, Chief Quartermaster, Department of Washington, February 8, 1865; RG77, E558, page 83– Endorsement on requisition of Lieutenant Heevey, Quartermaster of 1st Mass Heavy Artillery, for lime for purpose of whitewashing forts, Office of Chief Quartermaster, April 9, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2260, Alexander to Delafield, August 2, 1865; RG77, E553, Volume 2–, Page 23, Barnard to ColonelJH Taylor, July 20, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, B196', Barnard to Totten, February 4, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; RG 77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 337, Barnard to Augur, December 2, 1863; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 62, C39, Childs, December 17, 63; RG77, E556, Volume 1, No. 31, Lieutenant M.D. McAlester, February 14, 1862; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 68, C7 [1865], Childs, February 7, 1865; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 585, W7, Department of Washington, February 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2145, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of February 1865, March 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865; ORA, Serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864–Page 282, 285.

²⁰ RG77, Entry 18, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864–sends copy of report the Secretary War of 11th October 1863, also a copy of a letter of the House of Representatives explanatory thereof, My letter to the same authority of the 14th, asking an application of $100,000 until an appropriation be made, from any funds available for "field works" has I believe communicated to you." I also send a monthly report, in conformity to paragraph 64, Engineer Regulations, for December 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 2–, Page 23, Barnard to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, July 20, 1864; ORA, Serial 91, page 280, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, submit the following report of operations on the defenses of Washington during the year ending September 30, 1864: pages 283, 287.

²¹ Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 25, Edward Frost to ________ , overseer, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, June 20, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2145, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of February 1865, March 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865; ORA, Serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 285.

²² RG77, Entry 558, Endorsements on requisition of Lieutenant Heevey, Quartermaster of 1st Mass Heavy Artillery, for lime for purpose of whitewashing forts, Office of Chief Quartermaster, April 9-10, and 18, 1864, page 83.

²³ RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 337, Barnard to C.C. Augur, December 2, 1863; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 62, C39, Childs, December 17, 1863; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 68, C7 [1865], Childs, February 7, 1865; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 585, W7, Department of Washington, February 3, 1865; RG393, Part 2, E6731, Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Colonel M.I. Ludington, Chief Quartermaster, Department of Washington, February 8, 1865.

²⁴ ORA, Series 3, Volume 4, Serial 125, General Orders No. 45, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, February 2, 1864, Article 17, page 64; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, 1863, B10, J.G. Barnard to Major General S Heintzelman, commanding Defenses of Washington, Januaryy 9, 1863; RG77, Enter 553, Volume 1, page 156-57, Barnard to Heintzelman, January [between 6 and 10], 1863; ORA, I, Volume 5, pages 698-99, Barnard to S. Williams, Army of the Potomac Assistant Adjutant General, January 13, 1862.

²⁵ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, Entry 5382, Letters Received, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A8, B.S. Alexander to A.G. Childs, Engineer in charge, South Of Potomac, September 4, 1863; Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, ORA, Serial 91, pages 280-288, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 287.

²⁶ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, 1863, B10, J.G. Barnard to Major General S.P. Heintzelman, commanding Defenses of Washington, January 9, 1863; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 1, page 156-57, Barnard to Heintzelman, January [between 6 and 10], 1863; RG393, Part 2, E6708, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 184/408 DW, no page no., ColonelA. Piper, commanding Third Brig, Defenses North Of the Potomac, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Haskins, Aide-de-Camp in charge of Defenses North of Potomac, May 29, 1863; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 250–Alexander to Barnard, June 25, 1863; ORA, Serial 91, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on the defenses of Washington During year ending September 20, 1864, page 286-87.

²⁷ RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, ORA, Serial, ar91, page 280-288, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, pages 281-85. RG77, Entry 18, A2120, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of January 1865, February 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865.

²⁸ Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, 87; ORA, Volume , Serial 91, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, 280; RG 77, Entry 558, page 86, Endorsement on letter of Honorable J.P. Hoher, Secretary of Interior, in reference to an injury done the Washington Aqueduct by travel of heavy Government wagons over it, referred to these Headquarters for report, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of Defenses Washington, April 26, 1861; RG77, Entry 558, page 56–October 25, 1862, To Major General N.P. Banks. Endorsement on memorandum of Lieutenant Colonel B.S. Alexander in relation to the repairs of the road in the District defining the nature of repairs required, dated at Washington October 24, 1862; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 1, page 123, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862 [this and letter below also in RG77, E553, pages 121-23]; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 14, Alexander, November 3, 1862; RG393, PP.I. 172, art III, Military District Of Washington, 1862-64, Entry 646, Letters, 1862-64, T50–1863 & W443--1863, J.J. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, 22d Army Corps, to Brigadier General J.H. Martindale, Military Governor, DC, November 28, 1863.

²⁹ RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862[this and letter below also in RG77, Entry 553, pages 121-23.

³⁰ RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 136, Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, in charge defences North Of the Potomac, December 2,1862; RG 393, Part 2, E6610, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Aide-de-Camp, in charge of Defenses North of the Potomac, December 2, 1862 [also in RG77, Entry 553, page 136].

³¹ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, Entry 443, Volume 207/475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, Page 101-02, Special Orders No. 73, Headquarters, Second Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862, pages 101-02.

³² ORA, I, Volume 21, Serial 31, 904; Barnard, A Report, 17-32; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 1, pages 121-23, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 189 DW, Page 170-71, South of the Potomac, August 29, 1863 (Arlington) to Lieutenant Colonel Solon H. Lathrop, Assistant Inspector General; RG393, Part III, Military District Of Washington, 1862-64, Entry 646, Letters, 1862-64, T50–1863 & W443–1863, J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, 22nd Army Corps, to Brigadier General J.H. Martindale, Military Governor, DC, November 28, 1863; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, 1863, Box No. 2, A48 1863, supplement, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief Of Staff, December 17, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6708, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 184/408 DW, no page no., Headquarters, Third Brigade, Fort Baker, December 3, 1863 to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Aide-de-Camp, Charge of Haskins Division; ORA, Serial 31, December 24, 1862 Commission report, page 915; ORA, Serial 91, page 280,, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, page 286.

³³ Frobel, The Civil War Diary, 195 (Friday 5 June 1863); RG77, Entry 18, B196', Barnard to Totten, February 4, 1864; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, A, B, C, and so on, 201, H4, Halleck, March 13,1864.

³⁴ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862 [this and letter below also in RG77, Entry 553, pages 121-23]]; RG 393. P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6744, John P. Slough, Military Governor of Alexandria, November 22, 1862, To Colonel Hunt, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac; RG 393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6610, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Aide-de-Camp, in charge of Defences North of the Potomac, December 2, 1862 [also in RG77, Entry 553, page 136; RG393, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, Entry 443, Volume 207/ 475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, Page 101-02, Special Orders No. 73, Headquarters, Second Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862, pages 101-02.

³⁵ RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, vol. 162/333 DW, page 3, #7, Headquarters, Haskins Division, January 7, 1864, to Colonel Greene, Chief Quartermaster Department; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 25, Edward Frost to ________ , overseer, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac,Engineer Office, June 20, 1862; RG92, Washington, DC, 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72, J19, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864–– R.M. Jones, 1st Lieutenant, 24th Veteran Reserve Corps, Commanding Guard, Sourh End Long Bridge, Va, to A.V. Gish, Captain & Acting Assistant Adjutant General, October 27th 1864; RG92, Washington, DC, 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72, B731, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864––Colonel B.S. Alexander, Lieutenant Colonel Aide-de-Camp, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of Defences, Washington, August 18, 1864, to Captain Elisha E. Camp, Assistant Quartermaster; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6610, Captain Nesmith, Assistant Quartermaster, Hardins' Division, to Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Commanding Division, October 10, 1864–submits report in obedience to your instructions, application of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas, dated Fort Bunker Hill, October 1864; RG393, Part 2, E6731, Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff ,Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Colonel M.I. Ludington, Chief Quartermaster, Department of Washington, February 8, 1865; RG92, Washington, DC, 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72, B731, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864––Colonel B.S. Alexander, Lieutenant Colonel Aide-de-Camp, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of Defences of Washington, August 18, 1864, to Captain Camp, Assistant Quartermaster; RG77, Entry558, page 83– Endorsement on requisition of Lieutenant Heevey, Quartermaster of 1st Mass Heavy Artillery, for lime for purpose of whitewashing forts, Office of Chief Quartermaster, April 9, 1864; RG393, pt. 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 189 DW, Page 33, same command, March 4, 1863, Aide-de-Camp to ColonelGeorge D. Welles.

³⁶ RG393, Part 1, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, Volume 1–20DW, page 268, Department of Washington, to Major General M.C. Meigs, Quartermaster General, August 8, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 189 DW, page 321, August 10, 1864 to Colonel Thomas Wilhelm (messages to at least one other to do the same).

³⁷ RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 84, to Taylor, October 13, 64; RG393, Part II, Entry 6731, H.P. Norris, 1st Lieutenant, 1st US Artillery, commanding Fort Morton, to Captain Thomas Thompson, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, De Russy's Division, near Fort Corcoran, March 13, 1865; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 84, to Taylor, October 13, 1864.

³⁸ RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, No. 79, Major D.C. Houston, August 17, 1862; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, No. 91, Captain E.L. Hartz, Assistant [or, in a few cases, Acting] Quartermaster, September 11, 1862; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 95, to Brigadier General Daniel H. Rucker, Chief Quartermaster, November 14, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, Major J.G. Benton, Ordnance, commanding Washington Arsenal, to General DeRussy, November 1, 1864; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, 18634, B86, W.F. Barry, Inspector of Artillery, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, January 9, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, Major J.G. Benton, Ordnance, commanding Washington Arsenal, to General DeRussy, November 1, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 63-65, Volume 189 DW, page 447, Thomas Thompson, Captain & Assistant Adjutant General, De Russy's Division, to Colonel W.S. King, commanding Third Brigade, April 15, 1865; ORA, 2, pages 653-54 McDowell to Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, May 29, 1861; ORA, Volume 37, Part 1 [S# 70], Special Orders No.123, Headquarters Department Of Washington, Twenty-Second Army Corps, May 18, 1864, page 483; ORA, Volume 37, Part 1 [S# 70], R. Chandler, Assistant Adjutant General, Hardin's Division, to Captain Conant, Company B, Maine Coast Guard, May 18, 1864, page 484; ORA, Volume 37, Part 1,[S# 70], Special Orders No. 34, Headquarters Haskins' Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, Department of Washington, May 6, 1864, page 393.

³⁹ RG393, Part 2, E6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 172, #409, Hardin, commanding Hardins Division, to Lieutenant Colonel Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, September 23, 1864; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 162, G7, Gunnell, August 13, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6610, Captain Nesmith, Assistant [or, in a few cases, Acting] Quartermaster, Hardins Division, to Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Commanding Division, October 10, 1864–submits report in obedience to your instructions, application of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas, dated Fort Bunker Hill, October 1864; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, 1863, B204, Barnard, to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskins, in charge of Defenses, July 1, 1863; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 397-98, Barnard to Augur, May 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 575, Page 18, Menorandum–Fort Mahan, July 18, 1864; ORA, I, Volume 33, pages 887-8–Halleck to Grant, April 17, 1864–page 888; ORA, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, June 29, 1863, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins, page 405.

⁴⁰ RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 162, G7, Gunnell, August 13, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 172, #409, Hardin, commanding Hardins Division, to Lieutenant Colonel Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, September 23, 1864.

⁴¹ Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, Appendix C, 137; ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, June 29, 1863, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins, page 405; RG77, Entry 575, page 18, Memorandum–Fort Mahan, July 18, 1864.

⁴² RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, 1863, B204, Barnard, to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskins, in charge of Defenses, July 1, 1863; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 397-98, Barnard to Augur, May 5, 1864.

⁴³ RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, vol. 162/333 DW, page 3, #7, Headquarters, Haskins Division, January 7, 1864, to Colonel Greene, Chief Quartermaster, Department; RG393, Part 4, Entry 1358, Volume 398/1027 DW, pages 7-8, Captain Robert J. Nevin, commanding post, Fort Whipple, to Lieutenant Lyman S.W. Cushing, Acting Assistant Adjutant General First Brigade, DeRussy's Division, December 22, 1864; RG92, Washington, DC, 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72, J19, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864––R.M. Jones, 1st Lieutenant, 24th Veteran Reserve Corps, Commanding Guard, Sourh End Long Bridge, Va, to A.V. Gish, Captain & Acting Assistant Adjutant General, October 27th 1864.

⁴⁴ RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 397-98, Barnard to Augur, May 5, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Colonel M.I. Ludington, Chief Quartermaster, Department of Washington, February 8, 1865; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, A. Grant Childs, Civil Engineer, to Barnard, August 1, 1863; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Volume 189 DW, page 358, Brigadier General, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, November 14, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6610, Captain Nesmith, Assistant [or, in a few cases, Acting] Quartermaster, Hardins Division, to Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Commanding Division, October 10, 1864–submits report in obedience to your instructions, application of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas, dated Fort Bunker Hill, October 1864; ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins from Barnard, June 29, 1863, page 405; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 162, G7, Gunnell, August 13, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Volume 189 DW, page 358, Brigadier General , to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, November 14, 1864.

⁴⁵ ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins from Barnard, June 29, 1863, page 405; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5383, Captain G. St. Albe, Aide-de-Camp, Department of Washington, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Assistant Adjutant General & Chief of Staff, July 2, 1863.

⁴⁶ United States, War Department, Revised United States Army Regulations of 1861, with an Appendix containing the Changes and laws Affecting Army Regulations and Articles of War to June 25, 1863 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1863), 14; ORA, III, Volume 4, Serial 61, General Orders No. 42, February 2, 1864, Regulations for care of field-works.

⁴⁷ Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 37-38, April 15, 1862, Lieutenant Assistant Adjutant General to Major A. Doubleday, 4th New York Artillery, Ordnance Officer, General on April 14th; RG393, Part 2, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, 1862, 63-65, Volume 21/240 Fifth Army Corps, Page 37-38, Headquarters, Military Defenses, North of the Potomac, April 15, 1862, Assistant Adjutant General to Major U. Doubleday, Ordnance Officer; RG 77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 87-88, Barnard, Memorandum for Mr. Frost September 9, 1862; ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, Barnard's Memorandum for Colonel Haskins., June 29, 1863, page 405; RG77, Entry 575, page 5-7, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins, June 29, 1863; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 9-10, Barnard to DeRussy, June 7, 1864.

⁴⁸ RG393, PI 172, Part 1????, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864–, Volume 1–120 DW, pages 27-28, Department To Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Cmmdg. Division, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 575, Page 18-, Menorandum–Fort Mahan, July 18, 1864; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, Page 141, Department to Hardin, July 19, 64; ORA, I, Volume , Part , Serial 71, July 19, 1864, Department to Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, commanding Division; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, J.W. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Brigadier General De Russy, Commanding Division, July 27, 1864; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial page 480, Headquarters, Hardin's Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, Department of Washington, to Colonel Hayward, Second Brig., July 28, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 135, #295, Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Hardin's Division, to Lieutenant Colonel JH Taylor, Chief of Stf &Assistant Adjutant General, July 28, 1864; ORA, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial , July 28, 1864, Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Hardin's Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, to Chief of Staff and Assistant Adjutant General Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Department, page 479.

⁴⁹ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, A2023, Alexander, July 31, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, Volume 1, 20DW, page 268, Department of Washington, to Major General Meigs, Quartermaster G, August 8, 1864; RG393, PI 172, Part 1, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864, Volume 1, 20DW–, page 271, Department to Major Cutting, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, August 8, 1864; RG393, [PI 172, Part 1], Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864, Volume 1, 20DW–, page 272, Department to DeRussy at Fort Corcoran, August 8, 1864; RG393, P.I.172 , Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, De Russy's Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, 1863-65, Volume 189 DW, page 321, August 10, 1864.

⁵⁰ ORA, Volume , Serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 14, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 286; RG77, Entry 18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2120, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of January 1865, February 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2145, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of February 1865, March 3, 1865.

⁵¹ Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, Appendix C, 133.

⁵² ORA, I, Volume 29, Part 2, Serial, Barnard to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, October 14, 1863, makes comments on work of commission, page 316; ORA, Volume , serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, pages 284, 287.

⁵³ RG393, PI 172, Part 1, Letters Sent, E5375, Volume 3–22DW, page 228, Department to Alexander, April 14, 1865; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 191, Assistant Adjutant General R. Chandler, Hardin's Division, to Captain George P. Thyng, commanding Fort Foote, November 19, 1864; RG393, Part II, E6731, A. Grant Childs, Engineer in Chief, Defenses South of the Potomac, to Captain Thomas Thompson, Assistant Adjutant General, De Russy's Division, near Fort Corcoran, March 31, 1865; RG393,P.I. 172, Part II, Entry 6731, BS Alexander, to De Russy, commanding Division, May 26, 1865.

⁵⁴ RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of April 1865, May 4; ORA, Volume , Serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 285; RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2028, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers–report of operations for month of November 64; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of March 1865, April 6; RG77, Entry 18, A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2232, Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2260, Alexander to Delafield, August 2, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2299, Alexander to Delafield, September 8, 1865.

⁵⁵ ORA, I, Volume 19, Part 2, Serial 28, Barnard to Kelton, October 6, 1862, page 391; ORA, Volume , Serial , Barnard to Stanton, December 30, 1862, in Commission's report, page 904; ORA, Volume , Serial 91, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, page 287.

⁵⁶ ORA, I, Volume 19, Part 2, Serial 28, Barnard to Kelton, October 6, 1862, page 391-93; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, A150 1864,Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, August 11, 1864; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, from F.W. Laggard (?) 1st Lieutenant, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters Artillery Brigade, Fort Albany, to Thomas M. Farroll, Aidede- Camp, September 23, 1862; Military Telegraph, Lieutenant Colonel G.D. Ramsay, Commanding Washington Arsenal, to Barnard, October 21, 1862; Military Telegraph, F.J. Porter at Fort Corcoran to Barnard, September 8, 1862; Military Telegraph, Major Andrew Washburne, Acting Ordnance Officer, Arlington, to Barnard, September 9, 1862; Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple to Barnard; Military Telegraph from A.W. Whipple to Barnard, August 28, 1862; Military Telegraph from A.W. Whipple to Barnard, September 3, 1862; Military Telegraph, G.D. Ramsay, Arsenal, to Barnard, September 13, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5412, Colonel Schrimer, commanding Second Brigade and 15th New York Volunteer Artillery Regiment, Defenses South of Potomac, Fort Lyon, to B.S. Alexander, November 21, 1863; RG77, Entry 18, A1998, 1864, BS Alexander to Chief of Engineers, Delafield, June 17, 1864; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, 1862, D19, Lieutenant W.G. Dickson, Artillery Officer, Headquarters, Military Defenses, North of Potomac, to Captain R.B. Irwin, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, September 26, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, A1989, 1864, B.S. Alexander, to Delafield, May 26, 1864; RG393, P.I. Part 2, Entry 6731–Colonel H. L. Abbott, 1st Conn Artillery, commanding Artillery Brig, to Captain Thomas Thompson, Assistant Adjutant General, Defenses South Of Potomac, July 1, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6744, Colonel Wm Bly––(?), commanding Brigade of Heavy Artillery and line of forts, Fort Albany, to Major L. Flint, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Military Defenses South of Potomac, September 24, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Emtry 6708, Letters Sent 63-65, Volume 184/408 DW, Colonel A. Piper, commanding Third Brig., Fort Baker, to Captain Conlis, Tenth New York Artillery, Fort Dupont, June 21, 1863: RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 157, Alexander to Brigadier General A.B., Chief of Ordnance, March 31, 1865; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, E6708, Letters Sent, 53-65, Volume 184/408 DW, Colonel A. Piper, commanding Third Brigade Fort Baker, to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, commanding Haskins' Division, February 27, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, vol. 162/333 DW, page 171, #397, Headquarters, Hardin's Division, 22nd Army Corps, September 21, 1864, to Colonel B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer Department of Washington; ORA, Series I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, Major General C. C. Augur, to Halleck, July 29, 1864, pages 494-95; ORA, Series I, Volume 36, Part 2, Serial 68, Brigadier-General A. P. Howe, Inspector of Artillery, to Halleck, May 18, 1864, 886-96: RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5412, Colonel Schrimer, commanding Second Brigade and 15th Regt New York Artillery, Defenses South of Potomac, Fort Lyon, to B.S. Alexander, November 21, 1863.

⁵⁷ Frobel, The Civil War Diary, 134; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6744, Colonel Wm Bly, commanding Brigade of Heavy Artillery and line of forts, Fort Albany, to Major L. Flint, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Military Defenses South of Potomac, September 24, 1862; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 87-88, Barnard, Memorandum for Mr. E. Frost September 9, 1862; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, from R.O. Tyler, Colonel Commanding, Fort Richardson, to Thomas M. Farroll, Aide-de-Camp, September 23, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6731, Colonel H.L. Abbott, 1st Connecticut Artillery, commanding Artillery Brigade, to Captain Thomas Thompson, Assistant Adjutant General, Defenses South Of Potomac, July 1, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, 18634, B86, W.F. Barry, Inspector of Artillery, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, January 9, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6731, B.S. Alexander to Brigadier General J.A. Haskins, Chief of Artillery, January 18, 1865; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6731, A. Grant Childs, Engineer in Chief, Defenses South of Potomac, to DeRussy, commanding Division, April 6, 1865; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 64-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 104, #218, R. Chandler, Assistant Adjutant General, Haskins' Division, to Colonel J.M.C. Marble, Second Brigade June 25, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 13, #31, J.A. Haskins, Haskins' Division, to Brigadier General W.F. Barry, Chief Of Artillery, February 29, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6708, Letters Sent 63-65, Volume 184/408 DW, Colonel A. Piper, commanding Third Brigade, Fort Baker, to Captain Conlis, 10th New York Artillery, Fort Dupont, June 21, 1863; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 157, Alexander to Brigadier General A.B., Chief of Ordnance, March 31, 1865; RG393, Part II, Military Department of Washington, Entry 642, Letters Sent, 1862-64, Volumes. 98-100 DW, Volume 98, page 84, May 17, 1862, Governor to A.W. Whipple; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, from FW Laggard (?, First Lieutenant, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters Artillery Brigade, Fort Albany, to Thomas M. Farroll, Aide-de-Camp, September 23, 1862; Military Telegraph, G.D. Ramsay, Lieutenant Colonel, Commanding Washington Arsenal, to Barnard, October 21, 1862; Military Telegraph, F.J. Porter at Fort Corcoran to Barnard, September 8, 1862; Military Telegraph, Major Andrew Washburne, Acting Ordnance Officer, Arlington, to Barnard, September 9, 1862; RG77, E560, MilitaryTelegraph, from First Lieutenant T.C. Bradford, Ordnance, to Barnard, December 5, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, 1862, D19, Lieutenant W.G. Dickson, Artillery Officer, Headquarters, Military Defenses, North of Potomac, to Captain R.B. Irwin, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, September 26, 1862.

⁵⁸ RG77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 87-88, Barnard, Memorandum for Mr. E. Frost September 9, 1862; ORA, I, Volume 19, Part 2, Serial 28, Barnard to John C. Kelton, October 6, 1862, pages392-93; RG77, Entry 18, B9332, Barnard to Kurtz, in Charge of Engineer Bureau, October 15, 1862; RG77, Entry 575, page 11-13, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, no date; RG77, E575, pages 3-4, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, May 23, 1863; RG77, E575, Pages 4-5, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, May 23, 1863; RG77, Entry 575, page 8-9, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, June 30, 1863; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple to Barnard, 5th–no other date; Military Telegraph from A.W. Whipple to Barnard, August 28, 1862.

⁵⁹ RG77, Entry 575, Page 15, Memorandum for Mr. Childs, August 1, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6708, Letters Sent, 63-65, Volume 184/408 DW, no page no., Colonel A. Piper, 10th New York Artillery, commanding Third Brig, Haskins' Division, to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Aide-de-Camp, charge of Haskins' Division, March 15, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6731, W.F. Barry, U. S. Army Inspector of Artillery, to Brigadier General G.A. De Russy, commanding Defenses South of Potomac, January 28, 1864; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2. Serial 71, C.C. Augur to Halleck, July 29, 1864, 492-93.

⁶⁰ RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, Page 115-16, July 15, 1864, Department to Brigadier General Barnard, Chief Engineer Defenses of Washington; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 43, to Lieutenant Colonel JH. Taylor, August 11, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, A150 1864, Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, August 11, 1864; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 31, B9 (1864), J.G. Benton, August 8, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, vol. 162/333 DW, page 171, #397, Headquarters, Hardin's Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, September 21, 1864, to Colonel B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer, Department of Washington; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, Page 202, H8, Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, September 21, 64.

⁶¹ RG77, Entry 18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers, December 3, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of April 1865, May 4, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2232, Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2260, Alexander to Delafield, August 2, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2299, Alexander to Delafield, September 8, 1865.

⁶² ORA, I, Volume 5, 622, S. Williams, Assistant Adjutant General, to Barnard, Chief Engineer, Army of the Potomac, October 18, 1861; ORA, I, Volume 5, page 624, Barry and Barnard to Williams, October 22, 1861; ORA, I, 5, 626-28, Barry and Barnard to Williams, October 24, 1861; ORA, I, 5, 671-73, Barnard Memorandum for General McClellan, December 1, 1861; 678-85, Barnard to General J.G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, December 10, 1861; 698-99, Barnard to Brigadier General A. Seth Williams.

⁶³ ORA, I, Volume 15, Serial 15, 223; ORA, I, Volume 5, Serial 5, 732; ORA, I, Volume 12, Part I, 224-25; George B. McClellan, McClellan's Own Story (New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1887), 163-66, 222-42, 261-70, 276-79, 534-65; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, Symbol, Sword and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War, 2nd Revised Edition (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1991), 97-119, 130-34, 149-61.

⁶⁴ ORA, I, Volume 12, Part 3, Serial 18, 782; ORA, I, Volume, Serial 28, 264; ORA, I, Volume 21, Serial , 939.

⁶⁵ ORA, I, Volume 25, Part 2, Serial 40, 3-4; ORA, I, Volume 25, Part 2, Serial 40, 177-78.

⁶⁶ Barnard, A Report, 91, 123-28; ORA, I, Volume 33, Serial , 888; ORA, I, Volume 25, Part 2, Serial 40, 499-500; ORA, I, Volume , Serial 70, 234-35, 568-70, 698-701; ORA, I, Volume 43, Part 1, Serial 90, 974-79.

⁶⁷ ORA, I, Volume 43, Part I, Serial, 846; ORA, I, Volume 46, Part 2, Serial 96, 754; ORA, I, Volume 46, Part 3, Serial 97, 1038.

⁶⁸ RG393, P.I. 172, Part II, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Volume 21/240 5AC, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, page 39, April 16, 1862, Doubleday to Colonel Peter Fritz, commanding 99th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment; ORA, I, Volume 12, Part 3, Serial 18, 752; RG77, Entry 554, Page 68, May 20, 1862, A.W. Whipple to General James Wadsworth, Military Governor.

⁶⁹ RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, Major General George B. McClellan, Army of the Potomac, to J.G. Barnard, August 29, 1862: ORA, I, Volume 18,Serial , 728; ORA, I, Volume 19, Part II, Serial , 291.

⁷⁰ ORA, I, Volume 19, Part II, Serial, 291; Noah Brooks, Mr. Lincoln's Washington: Selections from the Writings of Noah Brooks Civil War Correspondent, Edited by P.J. Staudenraus (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, , 1967), 197; ORA, I, Volume 33, Serial, Major General Henry W. Halleck to U.S. Grant, April 17, 1864, page 888.

⁷¹ ORA, I, Volume 4, Serial 125, 64; RG393, P.I. 172, Part I, Entry 5818, Unidentified loose records of the Civil War Period [in box 64], "Regulations respecting the Field Works on the South of the Potomac," "Additional Regulations " Number 17; U. S., Naval History Division, Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1971), August 28, 1861, I-23; ; U. S., Navy Department, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion Multi-volumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1894-1927) (hereafter referred to as ORN), Series I, Volume 4, 565, 641-42, 655-56,707; Alfred S. Roe, The Tenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry 1861-1864 (Springfield, MA: Tenth Regiment Veteran Association, 1909), 38-39; Elden E. Billings, "Military Activities in Washington in 1861," Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C., 1960-1962, 131.

⁷² Barnard, A Report, 8, 81-85; Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865, (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960), 48, 70, 88, 151, 168, 189, 203.

⁷³ United States, War Department, Revised United States Army Regulations of 1861, with an Appendix containing the Changes and Laws Affecting Army Regulations and Articles of War to June 25, 1863 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1863), 37- 38, 490, 511, 530-31; Jeffrey D. Wert, "sutlers," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 738; RG393, Part 2, 2nd Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6695, Special Orders, September 1862-February 1864 and August 1864-September 1865, Volume 178/382 DW, page 182, Fort Reno, June 1,1863, Special Orders No. 46; RG393, Part 4, Fort Whipple, E-1360, General Orders and Special Orders, June-August 1864, and E-1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division at Fort Corcoran, September 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032 DW, page 549, Circular, 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division, October 9,1864; RG77, E- 554, pages 94-95, June 2, 1862, AADC for Whipple to Lieutenant Colonel Senges, 3d Battalion New York Artillery, Fort Ethan Allen; C.B. Fairchild, Compiler, History of the 27th Regiment N.Y. Vols. . . ., (Binghampton, NY: Carl & Matthews, 1888), 22; RG77, E-554, .page 91, May 30, 1862, AADC for Whipple to Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel Senges, 3d Battalion New York A; RG77, E553, Volume 2, page 47, to Colonel Moses N. Wisewell, Military Governor, DC, August 29, 1864; M.D. Hardin, History of the Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserve Corps (41st Regiment of the Line) . . . (New York: Published by the Author, 1890), 6; R.W. Rock (pseudo.), History of the Eleventh Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers, in the War of the Rebellion (Providence, RI: Providence Press Company, Printers, 1881), 23; Joseph Keith Newell, "OURS." Annals of 10th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, in the Rebellion (Springfield, MA: C.A. Nichols & Co., 1875), 46; Donald P. Spear, "The Sutler in the Union Army, Civil War History, 16 (June 1970), 121-38; Francis A. Lord, Civil War Sutlers and Their Wares (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, Publisher, 1969), 23-63.

⁷⁴ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 571, Monthly Record of Clothing Furnished Contrabands at Fortifications North of the Potomac, 1862-63; Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom and the Civil War, Edited by Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland. (Edison, NJ: The Blue & Gray Press, 1997), 212-14; Anne S. Frobel, The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel of Wilton Hill in Virginia (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1992), 90; [U.S., Engineer School. Pamphlet on the Evolution of the Art of Fortification, Engineer School Occasional Papers No. 58 Prepared Under the Direction of William M. Black (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 89; Reed Hansen, "Civil War to Civil Concern: A History of Fort Marcy, Virginia," M.A. thesis in History, George Mason University, 1973, 20; Barnard, Report, 81-85; Joseph Keith Newell, "OURS." Annals of 10th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, in the Rebellion (Springfield, MA: C.A. Nichols & Co., 1875), 46.

⁷⁵ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, 2nd Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6695, Special Orders, September 1862-February 1864 and August 1864-September 1865, Volume 178/382 DW Volume 178/382 DW, page 175, Fort Reno, June 2, 1863, Special Orders No. 39, "I"; RG94, Regimental Books, 2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Order Books, Companies B-F, Co. B, Headquarters, 1st Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, June 2, 1863, unnumbered Circular; Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (paperback), 257-59; Charles S. Wainwright, A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, Edited by Allan Nevins (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1962), 318, 328, 437; Betty Sowers Alt and Bonnie Domrose Stone, Campfollowing: A History of the Military Wife (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991), 33-42; Robert McAllister, The Civil War Letters of General Robert McAllister, Edited by James I. Robertson, Jr. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965), 99-100, 103, 388; Thomas P. Lowry, The Civil War Bawdy Houses of Washington, D.C. (Fredericksburg, VA: Sergeant Kirkland's Museum and Historical Society, Inc., 1997), 11.

⁷⁶ Charles H. Moulton, Fort Lyon To Harper's Ferry: On the Border of North and South with "Rambling Jour." The Letters and Newspaper Dispatches of Charles H. Moulton (34th Mass Volunteer Inf.), Compiled and Edited by Lee C. Drickamer and Karen D. Drickamer (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Co., Inc., 1987), 70 (December 28, 1862); RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 2, 1863, T72, Colonel Thomas R. Tannatt, commanding 14th Mass Artillery, at Fort Albany, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, Assistant Adjutant General, April 3, 1863; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960, Third Edition (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1962), 329- 59; for detailed information about the Northern journalists during the Civil War and in Washington, D.C. at that time, see J. Cutler Andrews, The North Reports the Civil War (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press,1955).

⁷⁷ Moulton, Fort Lyon To Harper's Ferry, 92.

¹ Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1941), 101-10; U. S., War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 Volumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880-1901) (hereafter referred to as ORA), I, Volume 5, Serial 5, 732; I, Volume 12, Part I, 224-25; I, Volume 15, Serial 15, 223; George B. McClellan, McClellan's Own Story (New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1887), 163-66, 222-42, 261-70, 276-79, 534-65; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, Symbol, Sword and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War, 2nd Revised Edition (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1991), 52-57, 97-119, 122-34, 149-61; Paul J. Sedgwick, The Shield (Washington, DC: The District of Columbia Civil War Centennial Commission, 1965), 12; Francis F. Wilshin, Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia, National Park Service Historical Handbook Series No. 15, Revised Edition (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, Manassas, 1957), 16-17, 36-37; Robert McAllister, The Civil War Letters of General Robert McAllister, Edited by James I. Robertson, Jr. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965), 199-201; Alpheus Seth Williams, From the Cannon's Mouth: The Civil War Letters of General Alpheus S. Williams, Edited by Milo M. Quaife (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1959), 103-13.

² Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D. C.: Country Village into City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 150-58; Virgil Carrington Jones, "Mosby's Capture of Stoughton." In Fairfax County and the War Between the States, Official Publication of the Fairfax County Civil War Centennial Commission (Fairfax County, VA: Office of Comprehensive Planning, Fairfax County, 1987), 65-70; James G. Barber, Alexandria in the Civil War (Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988), 74, 88, 90; Fairfax County, Virginia: A History. By Nan Netherton, Donald Sweig, Janice Artemel, Patricia Hickin and Patrick Reed. 250th Anniversary Commemorative Edition 1992. Fairfax, VA: Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, 1992, 353-59; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, Symbol, 144, 147, 151-52, 161,163, 186, 213, 225-26; James H. Johnston, "The Man Who (Almost) Conquered Washington," The Washington Post, March 18, 2001, Style Section, F1, F4; Virgil Carrington Jones, "Action Along the Union Outposts in Fairfax," Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia, Inc. Yearbook, 3, 1954, 1-3; Charles H. Moulton, Fort Lyon To Harper's Ferry: On the Border of North and South with "Rambling Jour". The Letters and Newspaper Dispatches of Charles H. Moulton (34th Mass Vol. Inf.), Compiled and Edited by Lee C. Drickamer and Karen D. Drickamer (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Co., Inc., 1987), 102, 104; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid On Washington 1864 (Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989), 7, 228-29; W.W. Curry, "To the Potomac," Edited by Paula Mitchell Marks, Civil War Times Illustrated, 28, September-October 1989, 24-25, 59-65; Thomas J. Evans and James M. Moyer, Mosby's Confederacy: A Guide to the Roads and Sites of Colonel John Singleton Mosby (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1991), x-xi, 1-28, 43-65, 103, 116-17; ORA, I, Volume , Part , Serial 71, J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff and Assistant Adjutant-General, Headquarters, Department of Washington, Twenty-second Army Corps, to Major Waite, commanding the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, August 1, 1864, 563.

³ Frank E. Vandiver, Jubal's Raid: General Early's Civil War Attack on Washington in 1864 (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1960), 18-26; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid On Washington 1864 (Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989), 8-11; Jubal A. Early, "Early's March to Washington in 1864," In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War . . ., Edited by Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buell, 4 Volumes (New York: The Century Company, 1887-88), Volume 4, 492; ORA, I, Volume, 37, Part 1, Serial 70, Lt. Gen. Jubal Early to Gen. John C. Breckenridge, June 16, 1864, 12:30 [p.m.]; Robert E. Lee, Lee's Dispatches: *Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A. to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America 1862-65 from the Private Collections of Wymberly Jones de Renne, of Wormsloe, Georgia, Edited by Douglas Southall Freeman (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1957), 216-20, 239-40; John Gross Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 108-09; E.B. Long, with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861-1865, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971), 521; Thomas McCurdy Vincent, "Early's March to Washington," In Washington During War Time: A Series of Papers Showing the Military, Political, and Social Phases During 1861 to 1865. Official Souvenir of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, Collected and Edited by Marcus Benjamin Under the Direction of the Committee on Literature for the Encampment (Washington, DC: The National Tribune Co., n.d.), 50.

⁴ Barnard, A Report, 109; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 11-13; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 26-58; Early, "Early's March," 492-93; Jeffrey D. Wert, "Lynchburg, Va., eng. at," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 454; Jeffrey D. Wert, "Hunter's Raid, 26 May-18 June 1864," In Historical Times, 376-77; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Edited by Frances H. Kennedy, Supported by the Conservation Fund, Second Edition (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998), 504; Long, The Civil War, 524-28; Vincent, "Early's March," 50.

⁵ Barnard, A Report, 109-10; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 13-17; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 52-64; Early, "Early's March," 493; Jeffrey D. Wert, "Early's Washington Raid," In Historical Times, 233-34; Robert E. Lee, The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, Edited by Clifford Dowdey New York, NY Bramhall House and Virginia Civil War Commission, 1961), Robert E. Lee to General Jubal A. Early, June 18, 1864, "800, 791; Long, The Civil War, 528; Vincent, "Early's March," 50-51.

⁶ Long, The Civil War, 529-31; Barnard, A Report, 110-11; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 17-26; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 64-77; Early, "Early's March," 493-94; Vincent, "Early's March," 51.

⁷ Long, The Civil War, 532-34; Barnard, A Report, 111; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 25-29, 39-42; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 75-96; Early, "Early's March," 494-95; Vincent, "Early's March," 51-52.

⁸ ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, U.S. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, July 5, 1864, 60; ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 1, Serial 70, 661, 684; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, 12, 26, 47; Vincent, "Early's March," 52; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 38-39; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 130-31, 135-39.

⁹ Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 39-40; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 92-94, 102-03, 139, 156, 164; Wert, "Early's Washington Raid," 233; Lee, Lee's Dispatches, 279-80; Early, "Early's March," 495.

¹⁰ Wert, "Early's Washington Raid," 233-34; Early, "Early's March,"495, 497; Long, The Civil War, 534, 536, Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 42-43, 52; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 90-92, 107, 118.

¹¹ Early, "Early's March," 495; Long, The Civil War, 534-35; Barnard, A Report, 111 ; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 46-52; Vincent, "Early's March," 52; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 94-104.

¹² Jeffrey D. Wert, "Monocacy, Md., Battle of," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 504; Early, "Early's March," 495; Long, The Civil War, 534-35; Barnard, A Report, 111; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 46-81; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 104-121; Vincent, "Early's March," 52; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, U.S. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, July 5, 1864, 60; Lew Wallace to Henry W. Halleck, July 9, 1864, Received 9:15 a.m., 144; Lew Wallace to Henry W. Halleck, July 9, 1864, Received 11:40 p.m., 145; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 505-08; U.S., Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields: Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries, Revised and Reprinted, Researched and Written by Dale E. Floyd and David W. Lowe (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1998), Monocacy, 56.

¹³ Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 117-21, 138-43, 157-58; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 78-89; Early, "Early's March," 497; Barnard, A Report, 111; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, Lew Wallace to Henry W. Halleck, July 9, 1864, Received 11:40 p.m., 145; U.S. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, July 10, 1864, 156; U.S. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, July 9, 1864–5:30 p.m., 134; U.S. Grant to President Abraham Lincoln, July 10, 1864–10:30 p.m., 155-56; H.W. Halleck to U.S. Grant, July 10, 1864–3:30 p.m., 157.

¹⁴ Long, The Civil War, 536; Early, "Early's March,"497 ; Barnard, A Report, 111; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 102-06; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 140; Vincent, "Early's March,"52; John Henry Cramer, Lincoln Under Enemy Fire: The Complete Account of His Experiences During Early's Attack on Washington (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1948), 11-12; Joseph Judge, Season of Fire: The Confederate Strike on Washington, (Berryville, VA: Rockbridge Publishing Company, 1994),214-22; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, 164, 16-67.

¹⁵ Early, "Early's March," 497; Long, The Civil War, 537; Barnard, A Report, 111; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 108-10; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 149-52; Cramer, Lincoln Under Enemy Fire, 12-13; Judge, Season of Fire, 224, 227.

¹⁶ Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 96-101; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 141-45; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 1, Serial 70, 230, 232; III, Volume 5, Serial 126, 163.

¹⁷ Jeffrey D. Wert, "Fort Stevens, District of Columbia," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 279; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 508-09; U.S., Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields: Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries, Revised and Reprinted, Researched and Written by Dale E. Floyd and David W. Lowe (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1998), Fort Stevens, 13; Long, The Civil War, 537; Judge, Season of Fire, 225, 227; A Hundred Days to Richmond: Ohio's "Hundred Days" Men in the Civil War," Edited with an Introduction by Jim Leeke (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999), 129; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 84-90, 92-102, 275-79; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 140-47, 157-58; Cramer, Lincoln Under Enemy Fire, 13-14; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, 171; Dale E. Floyd, "Invalid Corps," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 383; Barnard, A Report, 84.

¹⁸ Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 108-09; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 150; Martin D. Hardin, "The Defence of Washington Against Early's Attack in July, 1864." In Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Illinois Commandery. Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Volume II. Chicago, IL: A.C. McClure and Company, 1894, 133-34.

¹⁹ Early, "Early's March," 497, Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 110-123; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 150-56; Martin D. Hardin, "The Defence of Washington, " 134-36.

²⁰ Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 121-22; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 159-61; Early, "Early's March," 497-98; Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960), 270.

²¹ Early, "Early's March," 498-99; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 137-51; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 161-71; Martin D. Hardin, "The Defence of Washington, " 136-40; Long, The Civil War, 537-38; Lincoln Day by Day, 271-72.

²² Hardin, "The Defence of Washington," 136-37; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 138, 150.

²³ Long, The Civil War, 537-39; Hardin, "The Defence of Washington," 139-40; Lincoln Day by Day, July 15, 272; Early, "Early's March," 499; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 508-09; U.S., Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields: Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries, Revised and Reprinted, Researched and Written by Dale E. Floyd and David W. Lowe (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1998), Fort Stevens, 13; Wert, "Fort Stevens, 279.

²⁴ Information for this section was gathered from the following sources: Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Battlefield Survey Files, Fort Stevens; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid On Washington 1864 (Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989); Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988); Alice H. Cromie, A Tour Guide to the Civil War, Fourth Edition, Revised (Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press, 1992); Maizie Jean Cummings, Battleground National Cemetery; An Example of A Victorian Mourning Area, George Washington University, August 24, 1990; Stephen M. Forman, A Guide to Civil War Washington (Washington, D.C.: Elliott & Clark Publishing, 1995); Charles T. Jacobs, Civil War Guide to Montgomery County, Maryland (Rockville, MD: The Montgomery County Historical Society and the Montgomery County Civil War Round Table, 1983); Charles T. Jacobs, Civil War Guide to Montgomery County, Maryland (Rockville, MD: The Montgomery County Historical Society, 1996); Elizabeth Kastor, "Battleground of Time Gone By," The Washington Post, July 12, 1996, Style Section, F1-F2; Richard M. Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City: An Illustrated Guide to the Civil War Sites of Washington (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1981.); Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960); Pamela Scott and Antoinette J. Lee, Buildings of the District of Columbia, Society of Architectural Historians' Buildings of the United States (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1993); U.S., Congress, Senate, Senate Report No. 243, 44th Congress, 1st Session, 1876, 1-3; Jay Wertz and Edwin C. Bearss, Smithsonian's Great Battles & Battlefields of the Civil War: A Definitive Field Guide Based on the Award-Winning Television Series by Master-Vision (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1997).

¹ Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Mr, Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 14-15.

² Longyear, John Munro. "Georgetown during the Civil War." Georgetown Today, 7, March 1975, 10.

³ U.S., War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880-1901) (Hereafter referred to as AOR), (Serial 125) Series III, Volume IV, 1280-81.

⁴ AOR, (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 875-76.

⁵ Engineer Orders and Circulars, Orders, Issuances, 1811 - 1941, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Record Group 77, Archives I, National Archives and Records Administration (hereafter referred to as RG77).

⁶ AOR (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 1119.

⁷ A2175, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, May 1, 1865, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

⁸ A2175, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, May 1, 1865, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

⁹ AOR, (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 1130.

¹⁰ SW4529, Richard Delafield to E.M. Stanton, May 6, 1865, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77; AOR, (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 1099-1100.

¹¹ Endorsements, SW4529, Richard Delafield to E.M. Stanton, May 6, 1865, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77; AOR, (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 1101.

¹² AOR, (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 1285-86.

¹³ AOR, (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 1293-94.

¹⁴ A2180, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, May 20, 1865, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

¹⁵ A2181, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, May 22, 1865, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

¹⁶ A2184, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, May 29, 1865, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

¹⁷ A2191, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, June 6, 1865; A2232, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, July 10, 1865; A2326, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, October 17, 1865; Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

¹⁸ A2191, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, June 6, 1865; A2232, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, July 10, 1865; A2260, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, August 2, 1865; A2299, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, September 8, 1865; A2326, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, October 17, 1865; A2331, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, October 18, 1865; A2379, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, December 5, 1865; Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

¹⁹ A2191, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, June 6, 1865; A2232, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, July 10, 1865; A2260, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, August 2, 1865; A2299, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, September 8, 1865; A2326, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, October 17, 1865; A2331, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, October 18, 1865; A2379, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, December 5, 1865; Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

²⁰ A2435, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, January 13, 1866, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

²¹ A2630, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, July 14, 1866, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77.

²² SW4529, Richard Delafield to E.M. Stanton, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77; AOR, (Serial 97), Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 1099; Fort Myer Post, The History of Fort Myer, Virginia. Special Centennial Edition of the Fort Myer Post. Fort Myer, VA: Fort Myer Post, [June] 1963, 4.

²³ "Defenses of Washington, DC," Consolidated Correspondence File, 1794-1890, Special Files, 1794-1926; and #189, B.T. Swart, December 15, 1862, Claims and Related Papers for Damage to Property by Troops in the Service of the United States, 1861-65, Miscellaneous Claims, Claims Registers and Claims, 1839-1901, Central Records, Claims, 1839-1914; Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, Record Group 92, Archives I, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. (hereafter referred to as RG92); District of Columbia, Land Papers, 1794-1916, Lands, 1790-1916, Records Relating to Various Subjects; Land Releases, 1865, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Records of Detached Engineer Officers; and SW4579, L.H.T. to B.T. Swart, Letters Received, 1826-66; RG77.

²⁴ John G. Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U S Army, Corps of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 85.

²⁵ "De Russy, Fort (1865-66)," "Reno, Fort, DC, 1863," and "Defenses of Washington, DC." Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, 1794-1890, Special Files, 1794-1926 and #189, S 1138, B.T. Swart, December 15, 1862, Entry 843, Claims and Related Papers for Damage to Property by Troops in the Service of the United States, 1861-65, Miscellaneous Claims, Claims Registers and Claims, 1839-1901, Central Records, RG92; District of Columbia; Land Papers, 1794-1916, Lands, 1790-1916, Records Relating to Various Subjects and Land Releases, 1865, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Records of Detached Engineer Officers and SW4579, L.H.T. to B.T. Swart, Letters Received, 1826-66; RG77; Helm, Tenleytown, D. C., 168.

²⁶ SW4529, Richard Delafield to E.M. Stanton, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77; AOR, (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 1099.

²⁷ Army and Navy Journal, III, August 26, 1865, 5.

²⁸ "Defenses of Washington, DC," Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, 1794-1890, Special Files, 1794-1926," RG92; Entry 574, Land Releases, 1865, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Records of Detached Engineer Officers and SW4529, Richard Delafield to E.M. Stanton, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77; Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield Second Revised Edition (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1991), 238-39; AOR, (Serial 97) Series I, Volume XLVI, Part 3, 1099.

²⁹ "Defenses of Washington, DC," Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, 1794-1890, Special Files, 1794-1926," RG92; Defences of Washington, List of transfers of Public property as compensation for damages and releases by the Claimants," December 16, 1865; and other papers, Land Releases, 1865, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Records of Detached Engineer Officers; RG77; Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield, 238-39.

³⁰ #1240, Book F, Box 86, and #3817, Book H, Box 125, Quartermaster Stores, Rent, Services, and Miscellaneous Claims, and #1417, Book 54, Box 15, Miscellaneous Claims, Document File, Claims Branch, 1861-1889, RG92.

³¹ A2395, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, December 12, 1865, Letters Received, 1826-66, RG77; Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield, 236; The Army and Navy Journal, III, November 25, 1865, 208.

³² Leonard E. Brown, Fort Stanton, Fort Foote and Battery Ricketts: Historic Structures Reports (Washington, DC: Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Services Center, National Park Service, 1970), 85-121; Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 16, 47, 217-18, 225-32; Jacqui Handly, Civil War Defenses of Washington, D.C.: A Cultural Landscape Inventory (Washington, D.C. The Government Printing Office [Falls Church Office, Denver Service Center, National Park Service], 1996), 45.

³³ Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 15; C.B. Rose, Jr., "Civil War Forts in Arlington," The Arlington Historical Magazine, 1 (October 1960), 25-26; Zack Spratt, "Rock Creek Bridges," Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 1953-56, Volumes 53-56, 107-08; O.E. Hunt, "Defending the National Capital," in Francis Trevelyan Miller, The Photographic History of the Civil War (10 Volumes, New York: The Review of Reviews Co., 1911), Volume 5, Forts and Artillery, 94.

³⁴ Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 163-65; U.S., Army, Judge Advocate General, United States Military Reservations, National Cemeteries, and Military Parks, Edited by Lewis W. Call (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1910), 41.

³⁵ Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 165; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid on Washington in 1864 (Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989), 116, 238-39.

¹ James H. Whyte, The Uncivil War: Washington during the Reconstruction 1865-78 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1958), 17.

² Edward Ingle, The Negro in the District of Columbia (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1893), 91; Whyte, The Uncivil War, 21, 31, 106, 178-79, 251, 257; Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D. C.: Country Village into City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 168; Louise Daniel Hutchinson, The Anacostia Story: 1608-1930 (Washington, DC: Published for the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 70; Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard Major General United States Army, Two Volumes (New York: The Baker & Taylor Company, 1908), volume 2, page 460.

³ Patricia L. Faust, "Freedmen's Bureau," in Historical Times illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War. (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 290; Bobbi Schildt, "Freedman's Village," Northern Virginia Heritage, 7 (February 1985), 12; Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom and the Civil War, Edited by Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, Reprint Edition (Edison, NJ: The Blue & Gray Press, 1997), xxxiii, 331; Elaine Cutler Everly, "The Freedmen's Bureau in the National Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, George Washington University, 1972.

⁴ Schildt, "Freedmen's Village," 11-12; University of Maryland, Freedmen and Southern Society Project, Xeroxed Documents Collection, J47; E.H. Luddington to Inspector General, Army; RG92, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Alexandria, Va," Box 22, DC area, March 1867, Capt S.F. Lee to Lt. W.W. Rogers, March 21, 1867; RG 105, District of Columbia, AC, Entry 456, Letters Received, S.N. Clark to W.W. Rogers, 10 Nov 1866, Box 3, #130, 9792; Eilliam Hazaiah Williams, "The Negro in the District of Columbia during Reconstruction," The Howard Review, 1 (June 1924), 140; Whyte, The Uncivil War, 32-33; Everly, "The Freedmen's Bureau."

⁵ The District of Columbia Bureau officers submitted numerous reports, found in the Bureau records in the National Archives and among the Xeroxed Documents Collection maintained by the Freedmen and Southern Society Project at the University of Maryland describing and documenting the living conditions of freedmen and other refugees in the city but none of those examined contained any information about squatters at forts; Whyte, The Uncivil War, page 15; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, Symbol, Sword, and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War Second Edition (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1991), 238-39.

⁶ George Alfred Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside. A Picture and A Narrative of the Origin, Growth, Excellences, Abuses, Beauties, and Personages of Our Governing City (Hartford, CT: James Betts & Co., 1873), 219-20.

⁷ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 640-41.

⁸ Whyte, The Uncivil War, 15.

⁹ Helm, Tenleytown, D. C., 168; Louana M. Lackey, "A Preliminary Archaeological and Historical Survey of A Portion of Fort Reno Park in Washington, D. C. Prepared by the Department of General Services of the District of Columbia." Washington, DC: The Potomac River Archeology Survey, American University, 1983, 5-7; Neil E. Heyden, "The Fort Reno Community: The Conversion and Its Causes. Washington, DC: Department of History, American University, 1981, 1-2.

¹⁰ Helm, Tenleytown, D. C., 168, 173-74; Lackey, "A Preliminary Archaeological and Historical Survey," 7; Heyden, "The Fort Reno Community," 1-2.

¹¹ Anne C. Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights," Arlington Historical Magazine, 5 (October 1973), 39; Anne Ciprani Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights," Periodical: The Journal of the Council on Abandoned Military Posts, 4, July 1972, 6; John. L. Viven, 1st Lt., 12th US Infantry, Acting Garrison Quartermaster, to Lt. Will A. Coulter, 12th U.S. Infantry, Garrison Adjutant, Washington, DC, RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, E-5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 8W 1867, August [27 or 28], 1867; Special Order 54, Headquarters, Department of Washington, March 15, 1866; IV, RG92. Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Fort Reno, D.C., 1863—, Box 892; Army and Navy Journal, 3 (March 24, 1866), 486; Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 1863-65, Vol. 13 (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1866), July 2, 1864, Chapt. CCXI, An Act making Appropriation For the Construction, Preservation, and Repairs of certain Fortifications for Year ending the 30th of June, 1865..., 353-54; Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 1863-65, Vol. 13 (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1866), February 28, 1865, Chapt. LXVIII, An Act making Appropriations for the Construction, Preservation, and Repairs of certain Fortifications for Year ending the 30th of June, 1866 ..., 442-43; Helm, Tenleytown, 168; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5395, Station Book of Troops, 1866-68, Volume 59/73 DW, various returns; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Volume 5 of 5, Vol. 24, Letters Sent, Department of Washington, 1866-69, page 229, Assistant Adjutant General to General J.C. McFerrar, Oct 15, 1867, page 396, Acting Assistant Adjutant General Stacy to George W. Wallace, 12th US Infantry, Commanding Garrison, Washington, DC, Aug 18, 1868, and page 429, Oct. 3, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt: 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5381, Registers of Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Volume 18 DW, August 1868, Guard at forts Corcoran, Greble & Strong; RG 393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Lt. Col. Geo. W. Wallace, 12th US Infantry, Commanding Garrison of Washington, Washington, DC to Bvt. Col. J.H. Taylor, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, 131 W 1868, Sept. 22, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Bvt. Major R.C. Parker, Capt. 12th Infantry, Commanding Post, Russell Barracks, Washington, DC, 28 R 1868, Sept 30, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, 82 A 1868, March 14, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, DC, to Commanding General. Department of Washington, Through Headquarters, Military Division of the Atlantic, Washington, DC, 300 A 1868, August 13, 1868; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 2, Defenses of Washington, August 1865-April 1866, Entry 698, Special Orders and General Orders, August 1865-April 1866, Volume 248/612 DW, Headquarters, Defenses of Washington page 36, Special Order No. 61, Nov. 11, 1865; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5376, Letters Sent, Supplemental, 1866-69, Vol. 25/31 DW, page 50, JA Hopkins, Chief of Artillery to G.A. DeRussy, Chief of Artillery, Commanding Division, April 13, 1865, page 62, J.A. Haskins to M.D. Hardin, Commdg Division, June 12, 1865, and page 63, J.A. Haskins to G.A. DeRussy, June 12, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-1866, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2331, Oct 18, 1865.

¹² RG 77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield; A2395, December 12, 1865; "The Dismantled Forts," The Evening Star, Thursday, Sept. 28, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2326, Oct. 17, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2363, Nov 25, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2379, Dec. 5, 1865; RG77, E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2395, Dec. 12, 1865; RG77, Entry 30, Letters Sent, Third Division, Volume 2, page 527, J.D. Kurtz (OCE) to N. Michler, April 20, 1869: RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2191, June 5, 1865; Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield, 233; Record Group 77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Major W.K. King to Gen. J.H. Simpson, A1173, Received July 20, 1868; Anne Ciprani Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights, "Periodical, 6; Special Order 54, Headquarters, Department of Washington, March 15, 1866; IV, RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Fort Reno, D.C., 1863—," Box 892; Special Order No. 533, Headquarters of the Army, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, DC, October 9, 1865; 4; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, By Brig. Gen. N. Michler, Office of Public Buildings, Grounds, and Works, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC, to Chief of Engineers, A2284, May 8, 1869; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, By Maj. W.R. King, July 2, 1868, Letter Sent to Gen. James H. Simpson, A1173, July 2, 1868; RG92, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Alexandria, Va," Box 22, DC area, March 1867, Capt S.F. Lee to Lt. W.W. Rogers, March 21, 1867; Army and Navy Journal, November 25, 1865, page 208; Anne C. Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights," Arlington, 39; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, 82 A 1868, March 14, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, 1864-69, Volume 23 DW, page 440, Acting Assistant Adjutant General to J.A. Haskin, April 18, 1866; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79 DW, page 29, J.B. Campbell to Bvt. Col. D.M. Sells, Commanding 107 U.S. Colored Troops, October 19, 1866.

¹³ RG393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, E-5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, John L. Viven, 1st Lt., 12 US Infantry, Acting Garrison Quartermaster, to Lt. Will A. Coulter, 12th U.S. Infantry, Garrison Adjutant, Washington, DC, 8 W 1867, August [27 or 28], 1867; Special Order 54, Headquarters, Department of Washington, March 15, 1866; IV, RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Fort Reno, D.C., 1863—," Box 892; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, E-5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, 82 A 1868, March 14, 1868; The Army and Navy Journal, 2 (November 25, 1865), 208.

¹⁴ RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Vol 5 of 5, Vol. 24, Letters Sent, Department of Washington, 1866-69, page 187, Aug. 29, 1867, General Commanding Department to General A.B. Dyer, Ordnance Department; National Archives Microfilm Pub., M6 17, Post Returns, Post Return, Fort Greble, DC, Roll 1378, October, 1867; Army and Navy Journal, Volume 3, March 24, 1866, 486.

¹⁵ Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 215; Jacqui Handly, Civil War Defenses of Washington, D.C.: A Cultural Landscape Inventory (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, Falls Church Office, Denver Service Center, National Park Service], 1996), 45; George J. Olszewski, Historic Structures Report: Forts Carroll and Greble, Washington, D.C. (Washington, DC: Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center, National Park Service, 1970), 24; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5381, Registers of Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Volume 18 DW, Albert J. Myer Meyer request Fort Greble, August 12, 1868; Rebecca Robbins Raines. "Getting the Message Through": A Branch History of the US Army Signal Corps Army Historical Series (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1996), 43-44; Paul J. Scheips, "'Old Probabilities': A.J. Myer and the Signal Corps Weather Service," The Arlington Historical Magazine, 5 (October 1974), 31; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, J.C. Kelton, Asst. Adj. Gen., War Department, to the Commanding General, Department of Washington, through Headquarters Military Division of the Atlantic, Washington, DC., Washington, D.C., 107 W 1868 August 20, 1868.

¹⁶ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2379, Dec. 5, 1865; RG77, E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2395, Dec. 12, 1865; RG77, E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2363, Nov 25, 1865; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, T.J. Treadwell, Ordnance Department to Chief of Engineers, A2190, April 14, 1869; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, T.J. Treadwell, Ordnance Department to Chief of Engineers, A2205, April 19, 1869; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, W.P. Craighill, Engineer Office, Baltimore, MD, to Ch. Of Engineers, A3624, May 13, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Mr. Samuel O. Bagot to W.P. Craighill, A-3557, April 20, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, W.P. Craighill, Engineer Office, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3624, April 28, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Adjutant General to Commanding General, 1st Military District, Richmond, Va., A 10623, June 6, 1868; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, By Maj. W.R. King, A1173, July 2, 1868, Letter Sent to Gen. James H. Simpson, July 2, 1868; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Brig. Gen. N. Michler, Office of Public Buildings, Grounds, and Works, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC, to Chief of Engineers, A2284, May 8, 1869; The Army and Navy Journal, 2 (November 25, 1865), 208, and 3 (March 24, 1866), 486; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 29, J.B. Campbell to Bvt. Col. D.M. Sells, Commanding. 107 US Colored Troops, October 19, 1866; RG77, Entry 30, Letters Sent, 1866-70, Volume 3, 1869-70, 1st Division, Page 18, N. Michler, June 24, 1869; Special Order 54, Headquarters, Department of Washington, March 15, 1866; IV, RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Fort Reno, D.C., 1863—," Box 892; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 23 DW, Page 440, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington to J.A. Haskins, April 18, 1866; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 29, J.B. Campbell to Bvt. Col. D.M. Sells, Commanding. 107 US Colored Troops, October 19, 1866; Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield, 233; RG 77, Entry 36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Major W.K. King to Chief of Engineers, Sent to Gen. J.H. Simpson, A1173, Received July 20, 1868; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-1866, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, A2326, Received Oct. 18, 1865,; Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-1866, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2395, December 12, 1865; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, E-5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, 82 A 1868, March 14, 1868.

¹⁷ RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Bvt. Brig. Gen. F.T. Dent, ADC, by order of Secretary of War, to Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding Department of Washington, 285 W 1867, Nov. 23, 1867; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, Entry 5376, Letters Sent, Supplemental, 1866-69, Vol. 25/31 DW, page 76, July 17th, 1865; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 29, J.B. Campbell to Bvt. Col. D.M. Sells, Commanding. 107 US Colored Troops, October 19, 1866; Leonard E. Brown, National Capital Parks: Fort Stanton, Fort Foote, Battery Ricketts (Washington, DC: Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center, National Park Service, 1970), 78; U.S., Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, A Historical Summary of the Works of the Corps of Engineers in Washington, DC and Vicinity 1852-1952 By Sacket L. Duryee (Washington, DC: U.S., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, 1952), 26; RG 94, E-464, Reservation File, "Fort Foote."

¹⁸ The Army and Navy Journal, 3 (March 10, 1866), 454 and (March 24, 1866), 486; Anne Ciprani Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights," Periodical, 6.

¹⁹ RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, 1864-69, volume 23 DW, page 210, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to J.A. Haskin, Commanding Defenses of Washington, Aug. 28, 1865 and page 410, Major General Commanding to J.A. Haskin, Commanding Defenses of Washington, March 7, 1866.

²⁰ RG77 E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt Col W.P. Craighill, Engineer Office, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3624, April 28, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3602, May 4, 1870; Adjutant General to Commanding General, 1st Military District, Richmond, Va., A10623, June 6, 1868, furnished for the information of the Chief of Engineers, June 11, 1868]; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3694, June 9, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3779, July 4, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3909, July 10, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3892, Aug 9, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Ch. of Engineers, A4268, Nov 1, 1870; George W. Cullum, Z.B. Tower & Wm. P. Craighill, Office, Board of Engineers for Fortifications, Army Bldg. New York, to Chief of Engineers, A4320, Nov. 9, 1870; and Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A4354, Dec 1, 1870; T. Michael Miller, "Jones Point: Haven of History," The Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia Yearbook, 21(1986-1988), 15-73; William J. Dickman, Battery Rodgers at Alexandria, Virginia (Manhattan, KS: MA/AH Publishing, 1980), 30.

²¹ Report of the Chief of Engineers Accompanying Report of Secretary of War, 1867 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1870), 520; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1870 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1870), 21; Report of the Secretary of War, Being Part of the Message and Documents Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress at the Beginning of the Second Session of the Forty-Second Congress, House Executive Document 1, Part 2 (42d Congress, 2d Session) Volume II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 17-18; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1873, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1873), 15; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1874, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1874), 18; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1875, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1875), 19; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1876, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1876), 20; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1877, House Executive Document, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1877), 16; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1878, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1878), 19; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1879, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1879), 23; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1880, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880), 39; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1882, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1882), 35-36, 421; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1882, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1882), 35-36, 42; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, to the Secretary of War for the Year 1885, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1885), 30; Brown, Fort Stanton, 51-129; Surgeon General Circular No. 8, A Report on the Hygiene of the United States Army, with Descriptions of Military Posts (Washington, DC: GPO, 1875), 24-25; RG 94, E-464, Reservation File, "Fort Foote"; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 121 F 1868; U.S., Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, A Historical Summary, 25; RG77, Entry 171, Land Papers, 1794-1916, District of Columbia; RG 393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Bvt. Col. R. Losear (?), Capt., 4th US Artillery to Department Commander, 179 F 1867, Nov. 28, 1867; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, 1864-69, volume 23 DW, pages 508-10, Major General commanding to the Chief of Staff, Army of the United States, August 30, 1866; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5395, Station Book of Troops, 1866-68, Volume 59/73 DW, various dates; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 28, J.B. Campbell, Acting Assistant Inspector General, to Bvt. Col. J.H. Taylor, AAG, Department of Washington, Oct. 15, 1865; RG77, E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2260, Aug. 2, 1865; RG77. E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, Report on 15-inch Gun at Ft. Foote, A2303, Sept. 16, 1865; Randolph Keim. Keim's Illustrated Hand-Book. Washington and Its Environs: A Descriptive and Historical Hand-Book to the Capital of the United States of America Fourth Edition, corrected to July, 1874 (Washington, DC: For the Compiler, 1874), 230.; Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 723; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt: 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, 1864-69, Volume 23 DW, pages 508-10, Major General Commanding to the Chief of Staff, Army of the U.S., August 30, 1866; National Archives Microfilm Publication, M6 17, Post Returns, Fort Foote, MD, 1864-78, roll 370; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3711, June 8, 1870; RG 77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, J.D. Kurtz, Lt. Col. Engineers, Bvt. Col., US Engineer Office, No.1930 Penn Ave, Washington, DC,, to By Maj. Gen. A.A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, Washington, DC, A3412, March 2, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Brig. Gen. N. Michler, Office of Public Buildings, Grounds, and Works, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC, to Chief of Engineers, A2284, May 8, 1869; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3602, May 4, 1870; RG77, E-36, Vol. 53 DW, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3694, June 9, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief Of Engineers, A3779, July 4, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3909, July 10, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3892, Aug 9, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A4268, Nov 1, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, George W. Cullum, Z.B. Tower & Win. P. Craighill, Office Board of Engineers for Fortifications, Army Bldg. New York, to Chief of Engineers, A4320, Nov. 9, 1870; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5385, Volume 6 of 6, Volume 53 DW, General Order No. 62, Headquarters, Department of Washington, October 19, 1866; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Brig. Gen. N. Michler, Office of Public Bldgs, Grounds, and Works, to Chief of Engineers, Al 149, July 14, 1868; RG 393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5386, General Orders and Circulars, 1867-69, volume 1 of 2, General Order No. 18, March 14th, 1867, Headquarters, Department Of Washington; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry E-5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 23DW, pages 508-10, Major General Commanding to the Chief of Staff, Army of the United States, August 30, 1866.

²² Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 232; Ed Fitzgerald to Rock Comstock, September 24, 1973, CRBIB Material, Fort Circle Parks, in Stephen Potter's Office, National Park Service, National Capital Parks; U.S., Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District. A Historical Summary, 25; Brown, Fort Stanton, 78, 92-94; RG 94, E-464, Reservation File, Fort Foote; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1879, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1879), 23: Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1880, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880), 39; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1882, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1882), 35-36, 421; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, to the Secretary of War for the Year 1885, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1885), 30; Martha Strayer, "Old Fort Foote, A Forlorn and Forgotten Place," The Washington Daily News, Monday, July 20, 1931.

²³ Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 233; Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 1863-65, Volume 13 (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1866), 354; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Chief of Engineers to Secretary of War, A1396, September 19, 1868; N. Michler to Chief of Engineers, A1386, August 1868; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3602, May 4, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Ch. of Engrs, A3694, June 9, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3779, July 4, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3892, August 9, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A4268, Nov 1, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A4354, Dec 1, 1870; By BG N. Michler, Office of Public Bldgs, Grounds, and Works, to Chief of Engineers, A1149, July 14, 1868; Report of the Secretary of War, Being Part of the Message and Documents Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress at the Beginning of the Second Session of the Forty-Second Congress, House Executive Document 1, Part 2 (42d Congress, 2d Session) Volume II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 17-18; Brown, Fort Stanton, 119-21.

²⁴ The Army and Navy Journal, 3 (March 10, 1966), 454 and (March 24, 1966), 486; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 37, J.B. Campbell, Acting Assistant Inspector General, to Bvt. Col. D.H. Taylor, February 28, 1867; U.S., War Department, Report of the Secretary of War, with the Reports of Officers, for the Year 1869, Accompanying Papers Abridged (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1869), 276-81; Surgeon General Circular No. 8, 94; National Archives Records Administration, Record Group 98 (now in Record Group 393), Fort Myer, VA, Administrative History and Records Listings Page; A Narrative History of Fort Myer Virginia (Falls Church, VA: Litho-Print Press, 1954?), 2-3; The History of Fort Myer Virginia 100th anniversary Issue (Special Centennial Edition of the Fort Myer Post) June 1963, 4, 6, 8; RG77, E 171, Land Papers, 1794-1916, District of Columbia; Raines, Getting the Message Through, 43-44; Scheips, Old Probabilities, 31.

²⁵ General Orders No. 56., Headquarters Department Of Washington, Twenty-Second Army Corps, April 26, 1865, In U.S., War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880-190), Serial 97, 962, 1299; General Orders No. 118, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, June 27, 1865, U.S., War Department, The War of the Rebellion, Serial 97, 1299; The Army and Navy Journal, 2 (August 5, 1865), 796 (August 12, 1865), 801; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5385, Volume 6 of 6, volume 53 DW, volume 6 of 6, General Order No. 17, Headquarters, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, April 27th, 1866 [CC Augur, Commanding]; RG393, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5385, Volume 6 of 6, Volume 53 DW, volume 5 of 6, General Order No. 109, Headquarters, Department of East, Aug 5, 1865, 2d.

²⁶ Henry L. Abbot, "Biographical Memoir of John Gross Barnard.' Professional Memoirs, Corps of Engineers, United States Army and Engineer Department at Large, 5 (January-February 1913), 83-90; Robert G. Kindmark, "John Gross Barnard: His Civil War Career and Military Writings," Senior Paper, Allegheny College, April 1978; RG77, Entry 36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3335, March 28, 1870; John G. Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U S. Army, Corps of Engineers. Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871).

²⁷ Jubal A. Early, "General Barnard's Report on the Defences of Washington, in July 1864," Southern Magazine (Baltimore), 10 (June 1872), 724; RG77, Entry 36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, J.G. Barnard to Chief of Engineers, A1840, January 20, 1869; J.G. Barnard to J.D. Kurtz, A2987, November 11, 1869; J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3335, March 28, 1870; J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3544, April 11, 1870; J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3711, June 8, 1870; J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3758, June 27, 1870; Record Group 77, Entry 30, Letters Sent, 1866-70, Volume 2, Third Division, page 429, to J.G. Barnard, Jan.25, 1869; John G. Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U S. Army Corps of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871).

²⁸ RG 77, Entry 103, General Correspondence, 1894-1923, #14394.

²⁹ John B. Ellis, Sights and Secrets of the National Capital; A Work Descriptive of Washington and All Its Phases (Chicago, IL: Jones, Junkin and Company, 1869), 22-23.

³⁰ A Guide to the City of Washington, What To See, and How To See It (Washington, DC: Philip & Solomons, 1869), 25-26.

³¹ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 219.

³² Townsend Washington, Outside and Inside, 220.

³³ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 638.

³⁴ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 640-41.

³⁵ Townsend, Washington: Outside and Inside, 722-23.

³⁶ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 723.

³⁷ Mary Clemmer Ames, Ten Years in Washington. Life and Scenes in the National Capital, as A Woman Sees Them (Hartford, CT: A.D. Worthington & Co., 1873), 75.

³⁸ Keim, Keim 's Illustrated Hand-Book, 232-33.

³⁹ Stilson Hutchins and W.F. Morse, A Souvenir of the Federal Capital and of the National Drill and Encampment at Washington, D.C. May 23d to May 30th. 1887 (Washington, DC: W.F. Morse, 1887), 62.

⁴⁰ William H. Beach, The First New York Lincoln (Cavalry) from April 19, 1861 to July 7, 1865 (New York: The Lincoln Cavalry Association, 1902), 523.

⁴¹ RG46, 56th Congress, Committee Papers, Committee on Military Affairs, Sen 56A-F21, Box 97; Archives of the District of Columbia, Records of the District of Columbia, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department, (ED) Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #23181.

⁴² U.S., Congress, Senate. The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia, Senate Report No. 166, Edited by Charles Moore, 57th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1902), 11-12; U.S., Congress, Senate, Committee on the District of Columbia. Park Improvement Papers: A Series of Twenty Papers Relating to the Improvement of Park System of the District of Columbia, No. 4, Fort Stevens, Where Lincoln Was Under Fire by William V. Cox (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1901), 17-25; "For Park At Fort Stevens," The Washington Post, December 21, 1906; "Fort Stevens," The Washington Star, March 27, 1911; Pamphlet, Commemoration Ceremony on The One Hundreth Anniversary of the Battle of Fort Stevens at Fort Stevens (Washington, D.C., July 11, 1864).

⁴³ Rock Creek Park Files, Fort Stevens: Enabling Legislation, "Fort Stevens Property, Washington, D.C., Rock Creek Park Files, Fort Stevens: Enabling Legislation, S. 8142, 62d Congress, 3d Session, January 16, 1913; "Fort Stevens-Lincoln National Military Park," Senate Document No. 433, 57th Congress, 1st Session, June 26, 1902 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1902); RG46, 59th Cong. Sen 59A-E1, Box 45; "For Military Park," The Evening Star, Thursday, December 20, 1906; "Fort Stevens, Near Washington City," Confederate Veteran, 8 (December 1900), 538; RG46, 56th Congress, Committee Papers, Committee on Military Affairs, Sen 56A-F21, Box 97; Archives of the District of Columbia, Records of the District of Columbia, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department, (ED) Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #23181; Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 56th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1901), 247 (S6065); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 57th Congress, 1st Session, 1901-02 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1902), 290 (HR 10528); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 57th Congress, 1st Session, 1901-02 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1902), 228, 521, 527 (S4476); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 58th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1903), 30, 47 (S2526); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 58th Congress, 3d session, 1904-05 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1905), 455 (HR19204); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 59th Congress, 1st Session, 1905-06 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1906), 525, 547 (S 6265); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 62d Congress, 3rd Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1912), 70(S8142).

⁴⁴ "Fort Stevens," Editorial in The Washington Star, March 27, 1911; "Old Fort Stevens Sold, Purchased by Syndicate of Virginia and Maryland Capitalists": The Evening Star, March 22, 1911; "For Military Park," The Evening Star, Thursday, December 20, 1906; "Fort Stevens, Near Washington City," Confederate Veteran, 8 (December 1900), 538.

⁴⁵ RG46, 59th Congress, Sen 59A-E1, Box 54 and 60th Congress, Sen 60A-E1, Box 36; "Public Park at Fort Thayer, District of Columbia," Senate Report No. 362, 60th Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1908); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 59th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1907), 91(S7646): Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 60th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1908), 216(S5132); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 1907-08, 60th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1908), 526 (HR18129).

⁴⁶ RG46 58th Congress, Sen 58A-E1, Box 38; US, US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District. "AAA Site Fort Reno, Washington, D.C., Project Number-C03DC048401, March 1997," 4.1.1 General Site History"; RG66, E-17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Reno—Water Tower; RG77, E-103, General Correspondence, 1894-1923, #22803, September 25, 1897; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 58th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1904), 270 (HR 12149); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 1907-08, 60th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1908), 16, (HR291); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 58th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1904), 119 (S3886).

⁴⁷ Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 62 Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1912), 75, 93, 107; Statutes at Large, 62d Congress, 1911-13, Vol. 37, Pt. 1, June 24, 19 12—Ch. 182 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1918), 178-79; John Nolen, Jr., Director of Planning, Memorandum to Mr. Wirth: Subject: Fort Dupont Park, June 5, 1937, "Fort Dupont Park,"535, Parks & Recreation, Planning Files, 1924-67, General Records, Records of the National Capital Planning Commission, Record Group 328.

⁴⁸ U.S., Congress, House of Representatives. Investigations Into the Affairs of the District of Columbia, House Report No. 72, 42nd Congress, 2d Session (Serial 1542) (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1872), 739.

⁴⁹ "The Fort Drive, Major Powell's Proposed Circuit of the War Time Defenses, Historic Remains About This City, How Washington Was Defended During the Rebellion, Memories of the War: The Proposition of Engineer Commissioner Powell to establish a new drive-way through the suburbs of Washington to be called "Fort Drive," The Evening Star, May 23, 1896; Whyte, The Uncivil War, 137-48; Regina D. Eliot, "The Fort Drive." The Washingtonian, November 1930, 18; Gene Hart Day, "Washington's Scenic Masterpiece—A Highway of Fort," American Motorist, (February 1933), 16-17, 32-33; Paul H. Caemmerer, A Manual of the Origin and Development of Washington; Senate Document No. 178 (75th Congress, 3d Session) (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1939), 108, 111-12; U.S., National Capital Planning Commission. Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital. Frederick Gutheim, Consultant (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 194-96; William Bushong, Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990), 93-95, 102; Thomas Walton, "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980, 138, 149; U.S., Congress, Senate, The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia; 57th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Report No. 166 Edited by Charles Moore (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1902), 111-12; Carey H. Brown, Engineer, to The Newspaper Information Service, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, DC, May 4, 1927, RG328, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, page 6; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Brochure (1953); T. S. Settle, Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia, November 14-15, 1940; T.C. Jeffers, A Brief History of The Fort Drive - Evolution of Its Concept and Function, March 17, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "The Fort Drive, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; RG328, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2; Colonel William W. Harts to Brigadier General William M. Black, Chief of Engineers, Re: Fort Drive, June 12, 1917, RG328, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #1; "Justification: The Fort Drive - Washington, D.C., Syllabus, Archives of the District of Columbia, Records of the District of Columbia, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Case Files, 1897-1955, #248515.

⁵⁰ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.S. Settle, Secretary, and Legal Advisor, National Capital Park and Planning Commission. "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940, 2.

⁵¹ U.S., Congress, Senate. The improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia, Senate Report No. 166, Edited by Charles Moore, 57th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D C The Government Printing Office, 1902), 111-12.

¹ Major General Amos A. Fries, Editor, "The District of Columbia in the World War," In John C. Proctor, Editor, Washington, Past and Present: A History. (New York: Lewis, 1930), 398-413; A Narrative History of Fort Myer Virginia (Falls Church, VA: Litho-Print Press, 1954?), 3; Ed Fitzgerald to Rock Comstock, September 24, 1973, CRBIB Material, Fort Circle Parks, in Stephen Potter's Office, National Park Service, National Capital Parks; Fort Foote," The Evening Star, June 1, 1926; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II. Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 232; Record Group 328, Records of the National Capital Planning Commission, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG328), General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, William W. Harts, Col, U.S. Army, Officer in Charge, to General William M. Black, Chief of Engineers, June 17, 1917.

² Record Group 42, Records of the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG42), Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System, Civil War Forts Parkway, October 1919 listing of forts RG77; Entry 103, Correspondence, 1894-1923, #124636.

³ RG42, Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System, Civil War Forts Parkway, including 307/6-7, Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia to Honorable Lawrence Y. Sherman, Chairman, Committee on the District of Columbia, United States Senate, November 8, 1919; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155186-3, HR 10695,60th Congress, 1st Session, November 19, 1919; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 66th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 594 (HR 10695).

⁴ RG42, Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System, Civil War Forts Parkway, October 1919 listing of forts; Record Group 46, Records of the United States Senate, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG46), 67th Congress, Papers Relating to specific Bills and Resolutions, S.1-50, Box 1, Letter from Cuno H. Rudolph, President, Commissioners of the District of Columbia, to Honorable L. Heisler Ball, Chairman, Committee on the District of Columbia, United States Senate, April 11, 1921, submitted with a proposed bill; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155 186-1, Cuno H. Rudolph, President, Commissioners of the District of Columbia, to Honorable Benjamin Focht, Chairman, Committee on the District of Columbia, House of Representatives, April 11, 1921; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155186-3, HR 10695, 60th Congress, 1st Session, November 19, 1919; RG77, Entry 103, Correspondence, 1894-1923, #124636; RG42, Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System: Civil War Forts Parkway; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 66th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 594 (HR 10695).

⁵ Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 67th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1922), 14 (S4); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 67th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1921), 497 (HR 8792); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 67th Congress, 2d Session, 19221-22 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1922), 116 (HR 8792); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 68th Congress, 1st Session, 1923-24 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1924), 58 (S 1340); Journal of the Senate of the United States, 68th Congress, 2d Session, 1924-25 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1925), 50(S1340); "Parkway to Connect Forts in District of Columbia," House Report No. 649, 67th Congress, 2d Session, February 3, 1923; "Parkway Connecting Civil War Forts," Calendar No. 627, Senate Report No. 585, 68th Congress, 1st Session, May 20, 1924, May 20 (calendar day, May 22), 1924; RG46, 67th Congress, Papers relating to specific Bills and Resolutions, S.1-50, Box 1; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155 186-3; "Linking of Forts Embodied in Plan," The Evening Star, December 4, 1925; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, S 1340, 68th Congress, 2D Session, January 2, 1925; Record Group 66, Records of the Commission on Fine Arts, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG66), Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Lincoln Cemetery, Prince Georges County, MD; Memorandum, May 14, 1921, "FORT DRIVE AND EASTERN AVENUE."

⁶ William Bushong. Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990, 934-95, 102; RG42, Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System, Civil War Forts Parkway, 307/8, Judge C.D. Bundy, Board of Trade, District of Columbia, to Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, received on January 10, 1920; RG328, General Records, Planting Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," Feb. 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; and T.S. Settle, "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940.

⁷ William Bushong. Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990, 93-95, 102; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," Feb. 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; and T.S. Settle, "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940.

⁸ Walton Thomas. "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital." Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980. 128, 149, William Bushong, Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990), 93-95, 102; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; and T.S. Settle, "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940.

⁹ For important text of the Capper-Cramton Act see Appendix B; Walton, Thomas. "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital." Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980. 128, 149, William Bushong, Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990), 93-95, 102; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; and T.S. Settle, "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940; Statutes at Large, Volume 46, page 482, Public Law No. 284, 71st Congress, approved May 29, 1930.

¹⁰ "National Capital Park and Planning Commission." In H.S. Wagner and Charles G. Sauers, Study of the Organization of the National Capital Parks (Washington, DC: The National Park Service, National Capital Parks, 1939), 40.

¹¹ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2; T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?).

¹² RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67,545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, J.E. Wood to Lt. Col. C.O. Sherrill, March 10, 1924, J.C. Langdon to Major Brown July 31 and August 3, 1925, U.S. Grant, III, to Mr. D.W. O'Donohue, Union Trust Building, July 31, 1926, "Fort Drive"by C.W. Eliot, City Planner, and C.W. Eliot to Major Brown May 10, 1929; Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, a Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; Chris Shaheen, "The Fort Drive: The Influence and Adaption of a 20th Century Planning Effort in Washington, D.C.," Paper in George Washington University Historic Preservation Course (Professor Richard Longstreth), May 30, 1994, 4.

¹³ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.C. Jeffers to Captain Chisolm, March 13, 1931 and "Emergency Public Works Program Brief Justification For Fort Drive Projects," August 31, 1933; and Fort Drive, #2; Fort Drive, Acquisition of Land, February 1, 1947, and T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?).

¹⁴ Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG79), Records of the Branch of Recreation, Land Protection, and State Cooperation, Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in NPS Areas, 1933-35, District of Columbia, Box 12, Narrative Report, NP Camp #7, Benning, D.C., April 1-September 30, 1935; Box 13, Camp NP-7, Narrative Report, April-October 1935, Camp Name, Fort Dupont, projects 7-10—7-22; NP Camp 7, Benning, D.C., Narrative Report, October 1934-April 1935; NP Camp 7, Narrative Report, October 1934-January 1935; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.S. Settle, Secretary, Memorandum to Mr. Gillen, March 5, 1940, SUBJ: Fort Drive; U.S., Office of National Capital Parks, "A History of National Capital Parks," By Cornelius W. Heine (Washington, DC: National Capital Parks, National Park Service, 1953), 31; Christine Sadler, "One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts, Road to Pass Fortifications of Civil War, Will Run Along Rims of Hills That Make Saucer of City, Expected to Be One of Nation's Most Scenic and Historic, The Washington Post, Sunday, October 10, 1937.

¹⁵ Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #248515, including completed PWA application; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive, #2 T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; and T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?).

¹⁶ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive, #2 T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; and T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?); Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November. 15, 1940; "History of Fort Drive," In National Capital Planning Commission, Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965 By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planing Commission, 1965), 3; Shaheen, "Fort Drive," 9-10.

¹⁷ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive, #2 T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; and T.C . Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?); Christine Sadler, "One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts, Road to Pass Fortifications of Civil War, Will Run Along Rims of Hills That Make Saucer of City, Expected to Be One of Nation's Most Scenic and Historic, The Washington Post, Sunday, October 10, 1937; Thomas Walton, "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980, 149; "Fort Drive," The Evening Star, Saturday, November 16, 1940; Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November 15, 1940; "History of Fort Drive," In National Capital Planing Commission, Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965 By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission, 1965), 3; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?) Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November. 15, 1940.

¹⁸ An illustrated History: The City of Washington, By the Junior League of Washington, Edited by Thomas Froncek (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 320; RG328, NCPC, General Records, Planing files, 1924-67, 535, Parks & Recreation, Battery Kemble Park, John Nolen, Jr., Director of Planing to Mr. T.P. Pendleton, Chief Topographical Engineer, Geologic Survey, Department of the Interior, Washington, December 29, 1944, Subj.: Name of Battery Kemble Park; RG328, General Records, Planing Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Dupont Park, John Nolen, Jr., Director of Planning, Memorandum to Mr. Wirth, SUBJ: Fort Dupont Park, June 5, 1937; "Fort Dupont Park Suits Under Way," The Evening Star, December 11, 1935; Rock Creek Park Files, Battery Kemble, Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, January 27, 1931, General Order No. 384, Subject: Acquisition of Land; "Fort Foote Military Reservation in Prince Georges County, MD; "Calendar No. 1101, Senate Report No. 1036, 68th Congress, 2d Session, February 3, 1925; U.S., Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, A Historical Summary of the Works of the Corps of Engineers in Washington, DC and Vicinity 1852-1952 By Sacket L. Duryee (Washington, DC: U.S., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, 1952), 25; Ed Fitzgerald to Rock Comstock, September 24, 1973, CRBIB Material, Fort Circle Parks, in Stephen Potter's Office, National Park Service, National Capital Parks; "Fort Foote," The Evening Star, June 1, 1926; "Fort Foote Wanted in D. C. Park System," Evening Star, April 29, 1924; RG46, 69th Congress, Papers relating to specific Bills and Resolutions, E-1, Box 39, Dwight Davis, Secretary of War to Honorable James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Chairman, Committee on Military Affairs, United States Senate, August 19, 1925; "Fort Foote Ordered Delayed," The Evening Star, June 12, 1926; National Park Service, National Capital Region, Binder titled Fort Foote, in Gary Scott's Office, Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, General Order No. 432, November 6, 1931, issued by U.S. Grant, III, SUBJ: Acquisition of Land by Transfer, 1; Martha Strayer, "Old Fort Foote, a Forlorn and Forgotten Place," The Washington Daily News, Monday, July 20, 1931; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 68th Congress, 2d Session, 1924-25 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1924), 280, 288, 476 (S.J. 117); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 69th Congress, 1st session 1925-26 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1926), 739, 1099 (HR 12644); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 69th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1926), 436, 712 (S4401); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 68th, 1st Session, 1923-24 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1924), 304, 578 (SJ117); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 68th Congress, 2d Session, 1924-25 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1925), 157, 204 (SJ117) [February 17, 1925, approved public resolution No. 46]; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 68th Congress, 2d Session, 1924-25 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1924), 95, 290, 444 (HR11365); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 70th Congress, 1st Session, 1927-28 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1928), 378, 11744 (HR10556); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 71st Congress, 2d session, 1929-30 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1930), 431, 523 (HR1 1489); "National Military Park to Commemorate Battle of Fort Stevens," Hearings Before the Committee on Military Affairs, House of Representatives, Sixty-Eighth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 11365, Monday, January 12, 1925, Statement of Hon. Samuel E. Cook of Indiana. (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1925); Union Calendar No. 520, H.R. 11365, [House Report No. 1537], 68th Congress, 2D Session, February 20, 1925; "Commemoration of Certain Military Historic Events, and for Other Purposes," House Report No. 1525, 71st Congress, 2d Session, May 19, 1930, 24; RG42, Entry 109, Newspaper Clippings, 1926-27, Box 5, "Land Approved For Parks," newspaper article, 1926; Mark Tooley, "Battle at Fort Stevens Saved," The Washington Post, August 6, 1994; Record Group 233, Records of the United States House of Representatives, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG233), Papers Accompanying Specific Bills and Resolutions, HR70A-D20, Box 375—H.R. 10556, 70th Congress, 1st Session, In the House of Representatives, February 6, 1928; Bruce L. Brager, "Fort Stevens—Lincoln Under Fire." Northern Virginian, 12, July-August 1982, 22; "Ft. Stevens Falls in Building Drive," The Evening Star, May 16, 1925; "Historic Spot Is Site For New Homes," Washington Times, Oct 29, 1927; William J. Wheatley, "Fort De Russy to be Restored: Surrounding Section in Rock Creek Park Being Cleared to Open Area," The Evening Star, Dec. 5, 1926; "Fort Bayard Park Has Much History," The Washington Post, July 13, 1930; Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D.C. Country Village into A City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 363.

¹⁹ RG79, Records of the Branch of Recreation, Land Protection, and State Cooperation, Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in NPS Areas, 1933-35, District of Columbia, Boxes 11, National Capital Parks, Narrative Report covering Fifth Enrollment Period, ECW Camp N.A. #1, Washington, DC, Apr-Oct 1935; Reservation #412, Reservation #443, and Reservation #475, Box 12, Narrative Report, NP Camp #7, Benning, DC, April 1—September 30, 1935, Box 13, Camp NP-7, Narrative Report, April-October 1935, Camp Name—Fort Dupont—Project 7-1—7-9, and projects 7-10—7-22, NP-7, Benning, DC, General Report for Second Enrollment Period, Oct 1933-Apr. 1934, Field Work at Fort Dupont, NP Camp 7, Benning, DC, Narrative Report, Oct 1934-April 1935, minor road construction at Fort Dupont, cleanup at Reservation 544, Ft. Totten, NP Camp 7, Narrative Report, Oct 1934-Jan 1935, work on Fort Drive, NP Camp 7, Benning, DC, Narrative Report, July-Oct 1934, sewer at Fort Dupont, Ft. Foote, General Cleanup; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.S. Settle, Secretary, Memorandum to Mr. Gillen, March 5, 1940, SUBJ: Fort Drive; U.S., Office of National Capital Parks, "A History of National Capital Parks," By Cornelius W. Heine (Washington, DC: National Capital Parks, National Park Service, 1953), 31; Christine Sadler, "One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts, Road to Pass Fortifications of Civil War, Will Run Along Rims of Hills That Make Saucer of City, Expected to Be One of Nation's Most Scenic and Historic, The Washington Post, Sunday, October 10, 1937; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.S. Settle, Secretary, Memorandum to Mr. Gillen, March 5, 1940, SUBJ: Fort Drive; The Rambler (Richard Rogers), "Old Fort Resists Siege of Time," The Evening Star, Oct. 19, 1956; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 161; Bernard Kohn, "Restored Civil War Fort Is New Sightseeing Shrine," The Sunday Star, July 4, 1937.

²⁰ Martha Strayer, "Old Fort Foote, A Forlorn and Forgotten Place," The Washington Daily News, Monday, July 20, 1931; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Stanton; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Totten Park, Extract from minutes of the 55th meeting of the National Capital Parks and Planning Commission held on March 6, 1938 and Extract from minutes of the 122nd meeting of the National Capital Parks and Planning Commission held on October 28 & 29, 1937; "Park Board May Wreck Historic Fort," The Washington Post, October 28, 1937; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Dupont—Water Tower; Statutes at Large, 67th Congress, 1921-23, Vol. 42, Pt. 1 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office 1923), 1368; "Bunker Mentality," City Paper, January 13-19, 1995; Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D. C.: Country Village into City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 470; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Foote, Extract from minutes of 156th meeting of National Capital Parks and Planning Commission held on Dec. 19-20, 1930 or 40?; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, "Fort Reno—Water Tower," New Fourth-High Tower at Reno, Built in 1928.

²¹ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #2, Committee on—A.E. Demaray, Associate Director, National Park Service, Memorandum for Secretary, August 12, 1944, and T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Fort Drive, John Russell Young, President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia to Hon. Gilmore D. Clarke, Chairman, The Commission of Fine Arts, Interior Department Building, April 4, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); Thomas Walton, "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980, 149; Cooperative Agreements and Historic Site Designation Orders, Agreement with District of Columbia, Memorandum of Agreement of October 24, 1944 Between the National Park Service and the District of Columbia Relating to Development of Two Sections of Fort Drive.

²² RG328, General Records, Planning files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Committee on—A.E. Demaray, Associate Director, National Park Service, Memorandum for Secretary, August 12, 1944; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); Thomas Walton, "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980, 149; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Fort Drive, John Russell Young, President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia to Hon. Gilmore D. Clarke, Chairman, The Commission of Fine Arts, Interior Department Building, April 4, 1947, and Budget Officer and Assessor, District of Columbia, to the Commissioners, District of Columbia, Subject: Acquisition of Land, January 21, 1947; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.S. Settle, Secretary, Memorandum to Mr. Gillen, March 5, 1940, SUBJ: Fort Drive; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November 15, 1940; Helm, Tenleytown, 448; "Park Board Approves Changes In Fort Drive Project Plans." The Washington Post, June 21, 1947; "Fort Drive Up for Study Today." The Washington Post, March 20, 1947; "Fowler to Stick To His Figures on Fort Drive Cost." The Washington Post, February 25, 1947.

²³ "History of Fort Drive," In National Capital Planning Commission, Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965 By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission, 1965), 3-9; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); "District, Park Service Clash Over Highway vs. Parkway." The Washington Post, April 2, 1961; Willard Clopton, "Park Service Weighs Future of Fort Drive," The Washington Post, Monday, April 30, 1962; Martha Strayer, "JFK Settles Battle Over Ft. Drive," Washington Daily News, May 28, 1963.

²⁴ "A Ring of Parks," The Washington Post, May 14, 1965; "Beauty Duty Sought for 16 Old Forts, The Washington Post, May 7, 1965; Henry Aubin, "District's Old Forts: Squirrels Man Ivied Ramparts," The Washington Post, Monday, December 28, 1970; National Capital Planning Commission, Fort Park System, iv.

²⁵ Willard Clopton, "Park Service Weighs Future of Fort Drive," The Washington Post, Monday, April 30, 1962; "Fort Drive," The Evening Star, Saturday, November 16, 1940; Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November 15, 1940; U.S., Office of National Capital Parks, "A History of National Capital Parks," By Cornelius W. Heine (Washington, DC: National Capital Parks, National Park Service, 1953), 88; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D.C. Country Village into A City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 484; National Capital Planning Commission. Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965, By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission, 1965), 1, 8.

²⁶ National Capital Planning Commission. Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965, By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission, 1965), 1, 8.

²⁷ U.S., National Capital Planning Commission, Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital Frederick Gutheim, Consultant (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 194; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155186-3, HR 10695, 60th Congress, 1st Session, November 19, 1919; RG328, General Records, Planning files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Committee on, A.E. Demaray, Associate Director, National Park Service, Memorandum for Secretary, August 12, 1944; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Fort Drive, Gilmore D. Clarke, Chairman, Commission on Fine Arts, to Honorable John Russell Young, President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia, March 6, 1947.

²⁸ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, Carey H. Brown, Engineer, to The Newspaper Information Service, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, DC, May 4, 1927, 6; U.S., National Capital Planning Commission, Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital Frederick Gutheim, Consultant (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 196; "Fort Sites Eyed for Future Use," The Washington Post, Friday, October 2, 1964.

²⁹ USACE\CEMVS\ED-U.S. Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, Report on Fort Reno, AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C., Project Number - C03DC048401, March 1997, 4.0 SITE HISTORY, 4.1 HISTORICAL SITE SUMMARY, 4.1.1 General Site History; RG338, Unit Records, Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade, Box 20, History of the 36th AAA Battalion," not dated c. 1954, 3; Helm, Tenleytown, 534-35; Neighborhood Planning Councils 2 and 3, Footsteps: Historical Walking Tours of Chevy Chase, Cleveland Park, Tenleytown, Friendship (Washington, DC: Neighborhood Planning Councils 2 and 3, 1976), 10.

³⁰ "Huge Reservoir Is Taking Shape," The Washington Post and Times Herald, Thursday, May 10, 1956; "Bunker Mentality," City Paper, January 13-19, 1995; Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D.C. Country Village into A City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 535; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Reno-—Water tower; John M. Johnson, Colonel, Corps of Engineers, District Engineer, to Commission of Fine Arts, November 1, 1944.

³¹ Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 232; House Executive Document No. 361, 81st Congress, 1st Session, "Supplemental Estimate of Appropriation for the Department of the Interior," October 11, 1949; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Totten Park, Irving C. Root, Superintendent, National Park Service, National Capital Parks, to Mr. Edmund H. Brook, National Brick and Supply Co January 15, 1948; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Totten Park, Extract from minutes of the 190th meeting of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission held on Dec. 16, 1943; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Totten Park, Letter of February 14, 1947; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Dupont Park; A.E. Demaray, Acting Executive Director, to Lt. Col. William C. Ready, Corps of Engineers, Mid-Atlantic Division, Dec. 2, 1944.

³² Martha Strayer, "Old Fort Foote, a Forlorn and Forgotten Place," The Washington Daily News, Monday, July 20, 1931; Louise Daniel Hutchinson, The Anacostia Story: 1608-1930 (Washington, DC: Published for the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 126, 129, 135; Mark Tooley, "Battle at Fort Stevens Saved." The Washington Post, August 6, 1994.

³³ Reed Hansen, "Civil War to Civil Concern: A History of Fort Marcy, Virginia,"Masters thesis in History, George Mason University, 1973, 71, 74-77, 80, 83, 88; Eleanor Lee Templeman, "Fairfax Heritage No. 3: Fort Marcy's Fate Uncertain, Northern Virginia Sun, February 28, 1958; "Fort Marcey's Guns Protected Bridge Entering 'Georgetown Pike," Fairfax Herald, February 25, 1972, 7; "Civil War's Fort Marcy Slated to Become Park," The Washington Post and Times Herald, Thursday, March 13, 1958; Jack Eisen, "Unreconstructed Rebels Will Not Buy Civil War Fort Marcy for Parkway," The Washington Post, April 3, 1958; Jean M. White, "Access Road Will Be Built to Fort Marcy," The Washington Post, November 6, 1960; "Fairfax Official Recalls how "Sit-In" Saved Historic Fort From Bulldozers," The Washington Post, July 30, 1963; "Housewife's Defiance Saved Fort Marcy," The Evening Star, July 29, 1963; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 543-36, Civil War Forts, Preservation of, Harry T. Thompson, Acting Superintendent, National Capital Parks, Memorandum to Director, National Capital Planning commission, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, May 28, 1954, and Stanley McClure, Assistant Chief, National Memorials and Historic Sites Section, National Capital Parks, NPS, to Messers. Kelly, Thompson, Gartside, Jett and Sager, May 24, 1954, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, 1952-54; U.S., Department of the Interior, National Park Service, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Earthworks Landscape Management Plan. Fort Marcy. (Washington, DC: U.S., Department of the Interior, National Park Service, George Washington Memorial Parkway, 1995).

³⁴ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 543-36, Civil War Forts, Preservation of, Stanley McClure, Assistant Chief, National Memorials and Historic Sites Section, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, to Messers. Kelly, Thompson, Gartside, Jett and Sager, May 24, 1954, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, 1952-54.

³⁵ "Site of 7 Corners Center Once Called Fort Buffalo," The Washington Post, Oct. 3, 1956; "Modern Shopping Center Stands Near Civil War Shooting Grounds, The Washington Daily News, October 3, 1956; "Fairfax Official Recalls how "sit-In" Saved Historic Fort From Bulldozers," The Washington Post, July 30, 1963; "County Seeks to Preserve Ft. Reynolds," The Washington Post, September 9, 1954; "Gun Battery Yields Only Yankee Button, The Evening Star, April 25, 1958; "Old Gun Emplacement Halts School Bulldozer," The Evening Star, April 23, 1958; Jack Eisen, "Unreconstructed Rebels Will Not Buy Civil War Fort Marcy for Parkway," The Washington Post, April 3, 1958; Jerry Kline, "Alexandria Restores Old Civil War Fort," Star, Aug 5, 1962; "Alexandria to Rebuild Civil War Fort Ward," The Washington Post, September 1, 1960; Deborah Churdhman, Searching for the Civil War [Report from the Forts]. The Washington Post, Weekend, October 23, 1981, 1, 10; Jim Ryan, "History Afoot At the Forts." The Washington Post, Weekend, January 6, 1989; Anne H. Oman, "The Forts of Washington: Only Two Saw Hostile Action." The Washington Post, Weekend, May 27, 1983, 58; Eugene L. Meyer, "Holding Down the Fort in D.C.," The Washington Post, Friday, January 23, 1987.

³⁶ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 543-36, Civil War Forts, Preservation of, Stanley McClure, Assistant Chief, National Memorials and Historic Sites Section, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, to Messers. Kelly, Thompson, Gartside, Jett and Sager, May 24, 1954, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, 1952-54; Roy C. Brewer, "Fort Scott—Past, Present, and Future," The Arlington Historical Magazine, 3 (October 1965), 46; "County Seeks to Preserve Ft. Reynolds," The Washington Post, September 9, 1954; "Site of 7 Corners Center Once Called Fort Buffalo," The Washington Post, October 3, 1956; "Modern Shopping Center Stands Near Civil War Shooting Grounds, The Washington Daily News, October 3, 1956; "Fairfax Official Recalls how 'Sit-In' Saved Historic Fort From Bulldozers, The Washington Post, July 30, 1963; "County Seeks to Preserve Ft. Reynolds," The Washington Post, September 9, 1954; "Gun Battery Yields Only Yankee Button, The Evening Star, April 25, 1958; "Old Gun Emplacement Halts School Bulldozer," The Evening Star, April 23, 1958; Jack Eisen, "Unreconstructed Rebels Will Not Buy Civil War Fort Marcy for Parkway," The Washington Post, April 3, 1958; Jerry Kline, "Alexandria Restores Old Civil War Fort," Star, Aug 5, 1962; "Alexandria to Rebuild Civil War Fort Ward," The Washington Post, September 1, 1960; Deborah Churdhman, Searching for the Civil War [Report from the Forts]. The Washington Post, Weekend, October 23, 1981, 1, 10; Jim Ryan, "History Afoot At the Forts." The Washington Post, Weekend, January 6, 1989; Anne H. Oman, "The Forts of Washington: Only Two Saw Hostile Action." The Washington Post, Weekend, May 27, 1983, 58; Eugene L. Meyer, "Holding Down the Fort in D.C.," The Washington Post, Friday, January 23, 1987.

³⁷ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 543-36, Civil War Forts, Preservation of, Stanley McClure, Assistant Chief, National Memorials and Historic Sites Section, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, to Messers. Kelly, Thompson, Gartside, Jett and Sager, May 24, 1954, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, 1952-54; "Fort Ward Museum & Historic Site." A 1990 pamphlet issued by the City of Alexandria; "Fort Ward Museum & Historic Site," An undated pamphlet issued by the City of Alexandria; "Alexandria to Rebuild Civil War Fort Ward," The Washington Post, September 1, 1960; John Neary, "Beareded Bus Dweller Probes Fort's Ruins," The Evening Star, June 36, 1961; Jerry Kline, "Alexandria Restores Old Civil War Fort," The Evening Star, Aug 5, 1962; Everard Munsey, "Capital's Citadel of 1861 Being Restored as Park," The Washington Post, July 15, 1961; Thomas Oliver, "Ft. Ward Emerges in Changed Role," The Evening Star, June 26, 1967; "Fort Ward, Unscathed by War, Hit by Drought," The Evening Star, September 3, 1962; "Alexandria to Rebuild Civil War Fort Ward," The Washington Post, September 1, 1960.

³⁸ James I. Robertson, Jr., Civil War Sites in Virginia: A Tour Guide. (Charlottesville, VA: The University Press of Virginia, 1982), 44.

³⁹ Charles T. Jacobs, Civil War Guide to Montgomery County, Maryland. Rockville, MD: The Montgomery County Historical Society and the Montgomery County Civil War Round Table, 1983, 12; "A Walking Tour of Fort C.F. Smith Park," Pamphlet for Arlington Park (Arlington, VA: Arlington, n.d.); "Marking the Forts, The Evening Star, Sunday Magazine, September 11, 1966.

⁴⁰ U.S., Work Projects Administration, Federal Writer's Program, Washington, D.C.: A Guide to the Nation's Capital, American Guide Series, Randall Bond Truett, Editor, New Revised Edition (Original edition published by The George Washington University of Washington, D. C. In 1942) (New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1968 Washington, DC: The George Washington University, 1942).

⁴¹ Daughters of the American Revolution, District of Columbia, State Historic Committee, Historical Directory of the District of Columbia (Washington, DC: State Historic Committee, District of Columbia, Daughters of the American Revolution, 1922), 74.

⁴² Theodore Dodge Gatchel, Rambling Through Washington: An Account of Old and New Landmarks in Our Capital City (Washington, DC: The Washington Journal, 1932), 227-28.

⁴³ Theodore Dodge Gatchel, Rambling Through Washington: An Account of Old and New Landmarks in Our Capital City (Washington, DC: The Washington Journal, 1932), 234.

⁴⁴ 25 Hikes In and Near Washington (Washington, DC: Capital Transit Company, 1930s?), 11.

⁴⁵ Information found in local phone books and maps of the area (1997).