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FORT DAVIS
History of Fort Davis, Texas |
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NOTES
Chapter One
1 Julius Frobel, Seven Years' Travel in Central America, Northern Mexico, and the Far West of the United States (London: Richard Bentley, 1859): 460.
2 N. A. Taylor and H. F. McDonald, The Coming Empire, or Two Thousand Miles in Texas on Horseback (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1877): 381.
3 H. Johnson, The Natural Regions of Texas, Bureau of Business Research Monograph No. 8 (Austin: University of Texas, 1931): 58.
4 Ibid., 146; Ronnie C. Tyler, The Big Bend: A History of the Last Texas Frontier (Washington: National Park Service, 1975): 5; Diary of Echols, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1860, p. 41 (quotation).
5 William A. Duffen, ed., "Overland Via 'Jackass Mail' in 1858: The Diary of Phocion R. Way," Arizona and the West 2 (Spring, 1960): 50 (quotation); Johnson, Natural Regions, 144.
6 Jerome A. Greene, Historic Resource Study: Fort Davis National Historic Site (U.S. Department of the Interior: National Park Service, 1986): 1.
7 Myer to My Dear James, Feb. 14, 1855, in M. L. Crimmins, ed., "General Albert J. Myer: The Father of the Signal Corps." West Texas Historical Association Year Book 29 (Oct., 1953): 57 (first quotation); Zenas R. Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 156, Barker Texas History Center (second quotation); Weather File, Fort Davis Archives; Johnson, Natural Regions, 42-43; The Texas Almanac and State Industrial Guide, 1984-1985 (Dallas: A. H. Belo Corp., 1983): 231.
8 Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 323-24, 328-30, Barker Texas History Center; Edward to Jenny, Mar. 25, 1856, Edward L. Hartz Papers, Library of Congress; Report of Emory, House Executive Document 135, 34th Congress, 1st session, serial 832, II, pt. 2: 4-5; James T. Nelson, "The Historical Vegetative Aspect of Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas" (Typescript, Fort Davis Archives, 1981): 69-74.
9 Barry Wade Hutcheson, The Trans-Pecos: A Historical Survey and Guide to Historic Sites, College of Agricultural Sciences, Research Report No. 3 (Lubbock: Texas Tech University, 1970): 5-6; Lynne A. Bresaart, et. al., comps. Prehistoric Archeological Sites in Texas: A Statistical Overview, Special Report No. 28 (Austin: Office of the State Archeologist, 1985): 151.
10 Hutcheson, Trans-Pecos, 5-10; Forrest Kirkland and W. W. Newcomb, Jr., The Rock Art of Texas Indians (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1967): 127-34; Ellvyn R. Stoddard, et. al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983): 70-73.
11 "Native Indian Culture in the Texas Big Bend: A Public Discussion" (Alpine: Museum of the Big Bend, 1978): 7-8.
12 W. W. Newcomb, Jr., The Indians of Texas: From Prehistoric to Modern Times (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961): 230-31.
13 Newcomb, Indians of Texas, 225-37.
14 J. Charles Kelley, "The Historic Indian Pueblos of La Junta de los Rios," New Mexico Historical Review 27 (October, 1952): 257-95; Kelley, "Juan Sabeata and Diffusion in Aboriginal Texas," American Anthropologist 57 (Oct., 1955): 981-93; Jack D. Forbes, "Unknown Athapaskans: The Identification of the Jano, Jocomo, Jumano, Manso, Suma, and Other Indian Tribes of the Southwest," Ethnohistory 6 (Spring, 1959): 97-159; George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, trans., Expedition into New Mexico Made by Antonio de Espejo, 1582-1583, as Revealed in the Journal of Diego de Luxan, a Member of the Party, Quivera Society Publications (1929; rpt. New York: Arno Press, 1967), 1: 54-56, 124.
15 Newcomb, Indians of Texas, 226-27.
16 Ibid., 226-29; Herbert E. Bolton, ed., Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542-1706, Original Narratives of Early American History (1907; rpt. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1963), 1: 104 (quotation).
17 The above discussion is based on Newcomb's seminal volume. For criticism of Kelley's theory, see Dee Ann Suhm, "Excavations at the Smith Rockshelter, Travis County," Texas Journal of Science 9 (Mar., 1957): 54-56. See also Michael L. Tate, The Indians of Texas: An Annotated Research Bibliography, Native American Bibliographic Series, No. 9 (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1986): 64-68, and Danny Martin Young, "Identification of the Jumano Indians" (MA thesis, Sul Ross State University, 1970).
18 William B. Griffen, "Southern Periphery: East," in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 10, ed. Alfonso Ortiz (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1983): 330, 334; Griffen, Indian Assimilation in the Fransiscan Area of Nueva Viscaya, Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, 33 (Tucson, 1979): 94-98.
19 Hammond and Rey, Expedition into New Mexico, 57-58; Newcomb, Indians of Texas, 225, 232-44. See also George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, eds. and trans., The Rediscovery of New Mexico, 1580-1594: The Explorations of Chamuscado, Espejo, Castano de Sosa, Morlete, and Leyva de Bonilla and Humana (1929; Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966).
20 Newcomb, Indians of Texas, 227-44; "Native Indian Culture in the Texas Big Bend," 5-6; Hammond and Rey, Expedition into New Mexico, 124-25.
21 Newcomb, Indians of Texas, 229-45; Griffen, "Southern Periphery," 341; Griffen, Indian Assimilation, 47-48.
22 Bolton, ed., Spanish Exploration, 2: 253; Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 172, Barker Texas History Center; C. L. Sonnichsen, The Mescalero Apaches (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958): 22-23.
23 Sonnichsen, Mescalero Apaches, 31; Bolton, Spanish Explorations, 1: 363 (first quotation); 2:253 (second quotation); Morris E. Opler, "The Apachean Culture Pattern and Its Origins," in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 10, ed. Alfonso Ortiz (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1983): 368-92. Opler argues that Coronado's Querechos were not necessarily Apaches.
24 Max L. Moorhead, The Apache Frontier: Jacobo Ugarte and Spanish-Indian Relations in Northern New Spain, 1769-1791 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968): 6, 200-203; Newcomb, Indians of Texas, 104; Sonnichsen, Mescalero Apaches, 33; Opler, "Mescalero Apache," in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 10, ed. Alfonso Ortiz (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1983): 419. Modern scholars usually divide the Apache into two major groups: the western Apaches, who lived west of the Rio Grande, and the eastern Apaches, who traveled the plains as far east as Kansas. Beyond this general classification, minimal consensus exists. With little political structure, these peoples were frequently given other names by explorers, soldiers, and missionaries, making any definite subtribal classification extremely hazardous.
25 Opler, "Mescalero Apache," 419-20.
26 Sonnichsen, Mescalero Apaches, 18; Opler, "Mescalero Apache," 418-21.
27 Sonnichsen, Mescalero Apaches, 18; Opler, "Mescalero Apache," 418-21.
28 Sonnichsen, Mescalero Apaches, 13-15; Bolton, Spanish Explorations, 1: 362 (quotation).
29 Opler, "Mescalero Apache," 428.
35 Newcomb, Indians of Texas, 112-24.
37 Elizabeth A. H. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795 (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1975): 265-66; Newcomb, Indians of Texas, 108.
38 Newcomb, Indians of Texas, 155-57.
40 Ibid., 174-85; Jean Louis Berlandier, The Indians of Texas in 1830, ed. John C. Ewers (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1969): 118.
41 Bolton, ed., Spanish Exploration, 1: 103-04 (quotations); Donald E. Chipman, "In Search of Cabeza de Vaca's Route Across Texas: An Historiographical Survey," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 91 (Oct., 1987): 127-48.
42 Carlos E. Casteneda, Our Catholic Heritage in Texas, 1519-1936 (Austin: Von Boeckman Jones) 1: 157; Howard G. Applegate and C. Wayne Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios del Norte y Conchos (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1974): 51-53.
43 Tyler, Big Bend, 23-24; Hammond and Rey, trans., "The Gallegos Relation of the Rodriguez Expedition," New Mexico Historical Review 2 (July, 1927): 252; J. Lloyd Mecham, "The Second Spanish Expedition to New Mexico: An Account of the Chamuscado-Rodriguez Entrada of 1581-1582," New Mexico Historical Review 1 (July, 1926): 265-91; George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, eds., Obregon's History of 16th Century Explorations in Western America (Los Angeles: Wetzel Publishing Co., 1928): 273, 276.
44 Bolton, ed., Spanish Exploration, 2: 172-90; Applegate and Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios, 13-14; Castaneda, Catholic Heritage, 1: 170-73; Hammond and Rey, Expedition into New Mexico, 124-25.
45 Castaneda, Catholic Heritage, 1: 181-87.
46 John F. Bannon, The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513-1821 (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970): passim.; Griffen, Indian Assimilation, 94; Kelley, "Juan Sabeata," 981-95.
47 Kelley, "Sabeata and Diffusion," 987; Bolton, ed., Spanish Exploration, 2: 314-43; Tyler, Big Bend: 25-26; Bannon, Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 98-100; John, Storms Brewed, 177.
48 Griffen, Indian Assimilation, 3, 12-13.
49 Oakah L. Jones, Jr., Nueva Vizcaya: Heartland of the Spanish Frontier (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988): 112-13.
50 Applegate and Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios, 26-27, 53; Charles W. Hackett, ed., Historical Documents Relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and the Approaches Thereto (Washington: Carnegie Institution, 1923-27) 2: 257-77
51 Applegate and Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios, 26-27, 53; Charles W. Hackett, ed., Historical Documents Relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and the Approaches Thereto (Washington: Carnegie Institution, 1923-27) 2: 257-77.
52 R. C. Reindorp, "The Founding of Missions at La Junta de los Rios," Supplementary Studies, Texas Catholic Historical Society 1 (1938): 5-12; Castaneda, Catholic Heritage, 3: 199-203; Applegate and Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios, 20-21, 54; Griffen, Indian Assimilation, 10-18, 97.
53 Hammond and Rey, Obregon's History, 273-276; Bannon, Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 229-38; Griffen, Indian Assimilation, 18.
54 Robert Weddle, San Juan Bautista: Gateway to Spanish Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968): 196-204; Bannon, Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 123; Jones, Nueva Vizcaya, 136-38.
56 Applegate and Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios, 21-22, 54-55; Tyler, Big Bend, 34-36; Griffen, Indian Assimilation, 97.
57 Bannon, Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 172-80; Casteneda, Our Catholic Heritage, 3: 231, 4: 236.
58 Odie B. Faulk and Sidney B. Brinkerhoff, eds., Lancers for the King: A Study of the Frontier Military System of Northern New Spain, with a Translation of the Royal Regulations of 1772 (Phoenix: Arizona Historical Foundation, 1965): 53-55; Rex E. Gerald, Spanish Presidios of the Late Eighteenth Century in Northern New Spain (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1968): 37-39.
59 Bannon, Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 180-82; Moorhead, Apache Frontier, 37-41; Sonnichsen, Mescalero Apaches, 48; Bernard E. Bobb, The Viceregency of Antonio Maria Bucareilli in New Spain, 1771-1779 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962): 143-45.
60 Bannon, Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 182; Alfred B. Thomas, Teodoro de Croix and the Northern Frontier of New Spain, 1776-1783 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1941): 26, 38-43.
61 Moorhead, Apache Frontier, 88-90, 120, 203-06, 245-48, 252-69; Thomas, Teodoro de Croix, 92-94.
62 Griffen, Indian Assimilation, 107-09; Marc Simmons, ed., Border Comanches: Seven Spanish Colonial Documents, 1785-1819 (Santa Fe: Stagecoach Press, 1967): 35-36.
63 Moorhead, Apache Frontier, 286-90; Castaneda, Catholic Heritage, 5: 114-15; Cecilia Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, Texas, 1535-1947 (Austin: Nortex Press, 1987), 1: 36-37, 65. Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History (New York: Rinehart, 1952), 2: 471, 585, 600, places the penal colony at Ojinaga.
64 David J. Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico, Histories of the American Frontier (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982): 108-17; Sonnichsen, Mescalero Apaches, 54-55.
65 Applegate and Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios, 23-24; Thompson, Marfa and Presidio County, 1: 33-34, 39, 49.
66 Applegate and Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios, 24, 56; Thompson, Marfa and Presidio County, 1: 39-40.
67 Carlysle Graham Raht, The Romance of Davis Mountains and Big Bend Country (Odessa: Rahtbooks Co., 1963): 47
68 Horgan, Great River, 2: 501-504; Tyler, Big Bend, 51-52; Applegate and Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios, 30-32; Josiah Gregg, Commerce on the Prairies: or, the Journal of a Santa Fe Trader (New York: Henry G. Langley, 1844): 334n-335n.
69 Ralph A. Smith, "Mexican and Anglo-Saxon Traffic in Scalps, Slaves, and Livestock, 1835-1841," West Texas Histori cal Association Yearbook 36 (1960): 99-100.
70 Hubert H. Bancroft, History of the North American States and Texas, (San Francisco: The History Company, 1890): 598-99; Smith, "Mexican and Anglo-Saxon Traffic, 98-100, 104; Weber, Mexican Frontier, 105.
71 Smith, "Mexican and Anglo-Saxon Traffic," 102-14.
72 Bancroft, North Mexican States, 2: 600-601.
73 Smith, "Mexican and Anglo-Saxon Traffic in Scalps," 102-14; Smith, "The Comanche Bridge Between Oklahoma and Mexico, 1843-1844," Chronicles of Oklahoma 39 (Spring, 1961): 102; Weber, Mexican Frontier, 87 (quotation).
74 John T. Hughes, Doniphan's Expedition (1848; rpt. Chicago: Rio Grande Press, 1962): 273-315; Clive Perry, The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1969), 102: 30-59.
76 Elton Miles, "Old Fort Leaton: A Saga of the Big Bend," in Hunters and Healers: Folklore Tales and Topics, ed. Wilson M. Hudson (Austin: Encino Press, 1971): 84-90; Leavitt Coming, Jr., Baronial Forts of the Big Bend: Ben Leaton, Milton Faver, and Their Private Forts in Presidio County (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1967): 25-28; Tyler, Big Bend, 53, 67 (quotation).
77 Applegate and Hanselka, La Junta de los Rios, 24, 56-57; Thompson, Marfa and Presidio County, 1: 67, 73.
78 Hughes Report, Senate Executive Document 32, 31st Congress, 1st session, p. 6 (first two quotations); Tyler, Big Bend, 53-57; James K. Greer, Colonel Jack Hays, Texas Frontier Leader and California Land Builder (New York: Dutton, 1952): 216-26; Hays to William Marcy, Dec. 13, 1848, Senate Executive Document 32, 31st Congress, 1st session, serial 558, p. 65 (third quotation).
79 William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West 1803-1863, Yale Publications in American Studies, No. 4 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959): 9-10, 209, 214-17.
80 Ibid., 225-30; "Journal of Henry Chase Whiting, 1849," in Exploring Southwestern Trails, 1846-1854, ed. Ralph P. Bieber and Averam B. Bender, Southwestern Historical Series, No. 7 (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1938): 77.
81 "Journal of Whiting," 331; Report of Smith, May 25, 1849, Senate Executive Document 64, 31st Congress, 1st session, serial 562, pp. 4-7.
82 Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 230-31; Kenneth F. Neighbours, Robert S. Neighbors and the Texas Frontier, 1836-1859 (Waco: Texian Press, 1975): 67, 300n.
83 Robert M. Utley, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas, National Park Service Historical Handbook Series no. 38 (Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1965): 4; Hunter to wife, June 2, 1849, in Robert W. Stephens, ed., A Texan in the Gold Rush: The Letters of Robert Hunter, 1849-1851 (Bryan: Barnum and White, 1972): 13-15; Greene, Historic Resource Study, 9.
84 Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 227-32; Tyler, Big Bend, 75-85.
85 Utley, Fort Davis, 4; Wayne R. Austerman, Sharps Rifles and Spanish Mules: The San Antonio—El Paso Mail, 1851-1881 College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1985): 9-10; Tyler, Big Bend, 62-63.
86 Report of Whiting, June 10, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1849, p. 288.
87 Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 280.
88 Austerman, Sharps Rifles, 20-23; Tyler, Big Bend, 112; Robert Schick, "Wagons to Chihuahua," The American West 3 (Summer, 1966): 76-77, 87.
90 Miles, "Old Fort Leaton," 114-23.
91 Report of French, Dec. 26, 1849, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1850, p. 309.
92 Report of French, Nov. 2, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1851, pp. 231-32.
93 J. K. F. Mansfield, Mansfield on the Condition of Western Forts, ed. Robert Frazer (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963): 28-29. Mansfield's thorough inspection impressed his superiors—the army eventually established a post at each of these locations.
94 John R. Bartlett, Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas, New Mexico, Sonora and Chihuahua (1852; rpt. Chicago: Rio Grande Press, 1965), 1: 140-41.
95 Griffen, Indian Assimilation, 108-10.
96 Weber, Mexican Frontier, 275-84.
97 Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978): 3-31.
98 Report of French, Nov. 2, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1851, pp. 231-32.
Chapter Two
1 Polk, Annual Address, Dec. 5, 1848, in James D. Richardson, comp., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1896-99), 4: 629.
2 Report of Weisel, in John S. Billings, Circular 4, War Department Surgeon General's Office: A Report on Barracks and Hospitals, with Descriptions of Military Posts (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1870): 228.
3 David J. Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico, Histories of the American Frontier (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982): 273-82.
4 Robert Wooster, "Military Strategy in the Southwest, 1848-1860," Military History of Texas and the Southwest 15 (no. 2): 6.
5 Ibid.; Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1984), 1: 315-18.
6 Report of Conrad, Dec. 4, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1852, p. 5 (quotation). For the origins of the reservation system, see Robert A. Trennert, Jr., Alternative to Extinction: Federal Indian Policy and the Beginnings of the Reservation System, 1846-51 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975).
7 On Neighbors and his reservations, see Kenneth F. Neighbours, Robert S. Neighbors and the Texas Frontier, 1836-1859 (Waco: Texian Press, 1975). For the Trans-Pecos reserve, see House Executive Document 76, 35th Congress, 1st session, serial 963; A.C. Hyde to Bryan, Nov. 19, 1857, Guy M. Bryan Papers, Barker Texas History Center; H. P. N. Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897 (Austin: Gammel Book Co., 1898), 4:258-59.
8 Prucha, Great Father, 1: 362-66.
9 Ibid., 1: 366-72; Robert Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 (1967; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981): 87-88; Garland to Thomas, June 5, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1854, p. 35; Report of Garland, Jan. 31, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1855, p. 56.
10 Conrad to Smith, Apr. 30, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1851, p. 117-18.
11 Robert McHenry, ed., Webster's American Military Biographies (New York: Dover Publications, 1978): 400.
12 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 61, 71-74; Robert W. Frazer, Forts West of the Mississippi: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River to 1898 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965): 139-63.
13 Smith to Freeman, July 19, 1853, in Martin L. Crimmins, ed. "W. G. Freeman's Report on the Eighth Military Department," Southwestern Historical Quarterly (Oct., 1950) 54: 211-16.
14 Brooke to Scott, May 28, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1850, pp. 35-36; Report of Chapman, Sept. 5, ibid., p. 328; Ronnie C. Tyler, ed., "Exploring the Rio Grande: Lt. Duff C. Green's Report of 1852," Arizona and the West 10 (Spring, 1968): 56.
15 Report of Jesup, Nov. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1852, pp. 69-70.
16 Report of Davis, Dec. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1853, p. 3 (first quotation); Smith to Cooper, May 6, 1854, #S 358, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60, National Archives (microfilm M 567, roll 505) (second quotation).
17 Thomas Wilhelm, ed., Synopsis of the History of the Eighth U.S. Infantry (New York, 1871): 47-48; Jerome A. Greene, Historic Resource Study: Fort Davis National Historic Site (U.S. Department of the Interior: National Park Service, 1986): 11; Smith to Cooper, Oct. 9, 1854, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567-506) (quotations).
18 Smith to Cooper, Oct. 30, 1854, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567-506).
19 Report of Weisel, in Billings, Report on Barracks and Hospitals, 227-28; Robert M. Utley, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas, National Park Service Historical Handbook Series no. 38 (Washington: Department of the Interior, 1965): 6-7; Martin L. Crimmins, ed., "Colonel J. F. K. Mansfield's Report of the Inspection of the Department of Texas in 1856," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 41 (Apr. 1939): 356. Service records obtained from Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903).
20 Willard B. Robinson, American Forts: Architectural Form and Function (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, published for Anion Carter Museum of Western Art, 1977): 147-54; Report of the Chief Engineer, Nov. 29, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1854, p. 109; Richard I. Dodge, Our Wild Indians: Thirty-three Years' Personal Experience Among the Red Men of the Great West (rpt. New York: Archer House, 1959): 518-21 (quotation).
21 Myer to James, Mar. 17 to Apr. 4, 1855, in David A. Clary, "'I Am Already Quite a Texan:' Albert J. Myer's Letters From Texas, 1854-1856," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 82 (July, 1978): 53, 57-58.
22 Zenas R. Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 119-20, Barker Texas History Center. See also Frederick Law Olmsted's description of Fort Inge, in his Journey Through Texas (New York: Dix, Edwards and Co., 1857): 174.
23 Utley, Fort Davis, pp. 7-8; Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report," 352; Edward to Father, Jan. 4, 1856, Edward L. Hartz Papers, Library of Congress (microfilm edition, Fort Davis Archives) (first quotation); Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 119-20, 173-74; James A. Bennett, Forts and Forays: A Dragoon in New Mexico 1850-1856, ed. Clinton E. Brooks and Frank D. Reeve (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1948): 79 (second quotation).
24 McHenry, ed., American Military Biographies, 271.
25 Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report," 352-58; Greene, Historic Resource Study, 55.
26 Johnston to Cooper, May 6, 1856, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-1858, National Archives (microfilm M 1165, roll 1).
27 McHenry, ed., American Military Biographies, 204.
28 Lee to Department of Texas, Aug. 30, 1856, p. 278, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas, National Archives (quotation); Greene, Historic Resource Study, 53-56 (quotation); Buell to Lee, Sept. 30, 1856, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1).
29 Buell to Lee, July 12, Sept. 30, 1856 (quotations), Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1).
30 Buell to Lee, July 12, 1856, ibid.; Seawell to Department of Texas, Dec. 20, 22, 1854, p. 486; Oct. 6, 1855, p. 195, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas.
31 W. Stephen Thomas, Fort Davis and the Texas Frontier: Paintings by Arthur T. Lee, Eighth U.S. Infantry (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1976): 4, 34; Lee to Department of Texas, Apr. 21, 1855, p. 265; June 11, 14, 1855, p. 268; July 5, 1855, p. 269; Dec. 27, 1856, p. 279, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas; Buell to Lee, Sept. 30, 1856, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1); Buell to Seawell, Dec. 8, 1856, ibid.; McDowell to Seawell, Feb. 28, 1857, ibid.
32 McDowell to Seawell, Feb. 28, May 12, 1857, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1); Withers to Seawell, June 30, Aug. 22, 1857, ibid.; Twiggs to Thomas, Oct. 4, 1857, ibid. (quotation).
33 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 56-57; Lee to Department of Texas, Oct. 24, 1856, p. 278, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas; McDowell to Lee, Jan. 2 (quotation), 31, 1857, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1); Statement of Jones, June 4, 1857, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820).
34 Statement of Jones, June 4, 1857, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820).
35 Twiggs to Thomas, July 25, 1857, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1) (quotations); Greene, Historic Resource Study, 59-60; Withers to Commanding Officer, Aug. 17, 1857, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58, (microfilm M 1165, roll 1); Statement of Jones, June 4, 1857, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820).
36 Dye to Jesup, July 4, 1859, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820); Peters to Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, DeWitt C. Peters Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Greene's conclusion that the reported differences in the sizes of the officers' quarters resulted from mismeasurement (the 32-by-20-foot houses were now 32 by 16 feet; the 20-by-16-foot buildings were now 18 by 16 feet) seems logical.
37 Joseph F. Johnston, "Reports from Military Inspections of the Posts in New Mexico and Texas . . . in 1859," Arizona Historical Society, Tucson, Arizona (typescript copy of original in National Archives).
39 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 62-63.
41 Statement of Jones, June 4, 1857, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820); Dye to Jesup, July 4, 1859, ibid.; Mansfield to Thomas, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625).
42 P. M. Ashburn, History of the Medical Department of the United States Army (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1929): 60-62; Report of Lawson, Nov. 10, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1855, pp. 174-81; Edward M. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784-1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986): 182, 186; James O. Breeden, "Health of Early Texas: The Military Frontier," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 80 (Apr., 1977): 362-64.
43 Coffman, Old Army, 182; "Medical Officers," typescript in Medicine File, Fort Davis Archives; McParlin to Cooper, Oct. 13, 1854, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60 (microfilm M 567, roll 502).
44 Seawell to Department of Texas, Nov. 27, 1854, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas, p. 485; Gould to Department of Texas, Dec. 3, 1854, ibid., p. 233; Myer to James, Sept. 26, 1855, in Clary, "I Am Already Quite a Texan," 72 (quotation); Paul J. Scheips, "Albert James Myer, An Army Doctor in Texas, 1854-1857," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 82 (July, 1978): 2-7, 19-24.
45 "Medical Officers," typescript in Medicine File, Fort Davis Archives; Crimmins, ed., "Mansfield's Report," 354 (quotations); Peters to Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, Peters Papers.
47 Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 304.
48 Nichols to Floyd, Apr. 22, 1857, # N40, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-1860 (microfilm M 567, roll 564); Proceedings of a Board of Inspection, Sept. 28, 1855, ibid. (quotation). See also Coffman, Old Army, 191-92.
49 Report of Lawson, Nov. 10, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1855, p. 179; Myer, undated letter (1855?), Albert J. Myer Papers, Library of Congress (microfilm copy, Fort Davis Archives); Foard to Dye, Nov. 15, 1855, # B581, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60 (microfilm M 567, roll 534).
50 Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775-1939 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960): 462-63; Mary L. Williams, "Care of the Dead: Neglected Duty, The Military Cemeteries at Fort Davis, Texas" (typescript, Fort Davis Archives, 1983).
51 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 2-12; Congressional Globe, 31 Congress, 2nd session, pp. 378-79 (quotation); ibid., 35 Congress, 1st session, p. 674.
52 Fillmore, Annual Message, Dec. 2, 1850, in Richardson, Messages and Papers, 5: 87; Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 20-22.
53 Report of Davis, Dec. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1853, pp. 11-13; ibid., 1854, pp. 5-6; Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 16.
54 Report of Davis, Dec. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1853, pp. 7-8; Report of Scott, Nov. 16, ibid., pp. 116-23.
55 See Fort Davis Archives microfilm M 665, roll 91; Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1854, p. 59; 1855, p. 137; 1856, p. 243; 1857, p. 75; 1858, p. 777; 1859, 605; 1860, p. 219.
56 Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report," 351-52.
57 Mansfield to Thomas, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625); Utley, Fort Davis, 56; Dagmar Mariager, "Camp and Travel in Texas, I," The Overland Monthly 17 (2nd ser., Feb., 1891): 188 (quotation).
58 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 16; Congressional Globe, 32nd Congress, 1st sess., p. 515 (quotation); Report of Conrad, Dec. 4, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1852, p. 4; Conrad to Hitchcock, Twiggs, Smith, and Sumner, May 5, 1852, Letters Sent, Secretary of War, vol. 33; Scott to Conrad, Nov. 22, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1852, p. 35.
59 Report of Jesup, Nov. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1852, pp. 72-73; Conrad to Johnson et. al., June 29, 1852, Letters Sent, Secretary of War, vol. 33; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 225-26; Report of Jesup, Nov. 26, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1856, pp. 255-57.
60 Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 225-26, 274-75. For the Corps of Topographical Engineers, see Chapter One.
62 Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report," 354-55.
63 Mansfield to Thomas, Sept. 27, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625); Mc.Dye to Jesup, July 4, 1859, ibid. (microfilm 906/8820; Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report," 354-55; also p. 137; House Executive Document 22, 36th Congress, 1st session, serial 1047, p. 7; Risch, Quartermaster Support, 311-12.
64 Thomas L. Connelly, "The American Camel Experiment: A Reappraisal," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 69 (Apr., 1966): 442-45.
65 Ronnie C. Tyler, The Big Bend: A History of the Last Texas Frontier (Washington: National Park Service, 1975): 104.
66 Connelly, "Camel Experiment," 454-55; Davis to Mason, Feb. 24, 1857, Senate Executive Document 62, 34th Congress, 3rd session, serial 881, p. 1; Journal of Beale, July 16-18, 1857, House Executive Document 124, 35th Congress, 1st session, serial 959, pp. 25-26 (first quotation); Lewis Burt Lesley, ed., Uncle Sam's Camels: The Journal of May Humphreys Stacey supplemented by the Report of Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1857-1858) (1929; rpt. Glorieta, N.M.: Rio Grande Press, 1970): 64 (second quotation).
67 Report of Hartz, Secretary of War, 1859, p. 425.
68 Diary of Echols, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1860, pp. 35-44 (quotations); Greene, Historic Resource Study, 23-24.
69 Connelly, "Camel Experiment," 457-62.
70 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 20; Emory Upton, The Military Policy of the United States (1904; rpt. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968): 192-93.
71 Telegraph and Texas Register, May 23, 1850 (quotation); Walter P. Webb, The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1955): 127.
72 Telegraph and Texas Register, Aug. 7, Sept. 7, 1850; Texas State Gazette, Oct. 27, 1847, Apr. 14, 1855; Congressional Globe, Jan. 29, 1855, p. 440 (first quotation); undated excerpt from the Austin Intelligencer, House Executive Document 27, 36th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1004, p. 13; Anderson to Buchanan, Mar. 20, 1858, ibid., p. 16; Floyd to Anderson, Apr. 19, 1858, ibid., p. 17; Runnels to Reagan, Oct. 30, 1858, John R. Reagan Papers, Barker Texas History Center (second quotation).
73 Texas State Gazette, Sept. 7, 1850; Crawford to Wood, Jan. 19, 1850, Letters Sent, Secretary of War, vol. 30; Congressional Globe, Jan. 29, 1855, p. 440 (quotation); ibid., Feb. 1, 1858, pp. 492-95; Crosby to Magoffin, Dec. 21, 1852, James Magoffin Papers, Barker Texas History Center; W.C. Holden, "Frontier Defense, 1846-1860," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 6 (June, 1930): 39-71.
74 Conrad to Howard, Sept. 7, 1852, Letters Sent, Secretary of War, vol. 33; Conrad to Bell, Sept. 30, 1852, ibid.; Davis to Pease, Aug. 29, 1854, vol. 36; Davis to Latham et. al., Sept. 24, 1856, ibid., vol. 38; Floyd to Anderson, Apr. 19, 1858, ibid., vol. 40; Report of Hardee, Sept. 14, Secretary of War, 1850, p. 59 (first quotation); Myer to "My Dear James," Feb. 14, 1855, in Martin L. Crimmins, ed., "General Albert J. Myer: The Father of the Signal Corps," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 29 (Oct., 1953): 52 (second quotation).
75 Report of Smith, Mar. 14, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1855, p. 52; Report of Simonson, Jan. 16, 23, 1855, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas, p. 487.
76 See Conrad's reports of Nov. 30, Secretary of War, 1850, p. 5; Nov. 29, 1851, p. 112-13 (quotation); Dec. 4, 1852, p. 5.
77 Report of Davis, Dec. 1, Secretary of War, 1853, pp. 5-6; Dec. 4, 1854, p. 5; Dec. 1, 1856, pp. 5-6 (quotation); Report of Scott, Nov. 18, Secretary of War, 1854, p. 51.
78 Seawell to Cooper, Dec. 3, 1854, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/506).
Chapter Three
1 Robert M. Utley, "Introduction: The Frontier and the American Military Tradition," in Soldiers West: Biographies from the Military Frontier, ed. Paul Andrew Hutton (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987): 5 (quotation); Robert M. Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 (1967; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981): 57; Edward M. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784-1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986): 77-78.
2 James L. Morrison, Jr., "The Best School in the World:" West Point, the Pre-Civil War Years, 1833-1861 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1986): 97-101.
3 Utley, Frontier Regulars, 57; Philip St. George Cooke, Scenes and Adventures in the Army: or, Romance of Military Life, The Far Western Frontier Series (1857; rpt. New York: Arno Press, 1973); George Catlin, Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians, 2 vols. (1844; rpt. New York: Dover Publications, 1973).
4 Arcadi Gluckman, United States Muskets, Rifles and Carbines (Buffalo: Otto Ulbrich, 1948): 36, 167-69, 188-89; James E. Hicks, Notes on United States Ordnance, vol. 1, Small Arms, 1776 to 1940 (2d ed., Mount Vernon, N.Y.: James E. Hicks, 1940): 79-80.
5 Glickman, U.S. Muskets, 179-80, 181, 223-24, 227-28; Hicks, Notes on Ordnance, 82-83.
6 Glickman, U.S. Muskets, 223-25.
7 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 26; Arcadi Gluckman, United States Martial Pistols and Revolvers (Buffalo: Otto Ulbrich, 1944): 153-58.
8 Ibid., 173-84; Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 26.
9 M. L. Crimmins, ed., "Colonel J. K. F. Mansfield's Report of the Inspection of the Department of Texas in 1856," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 42 (Apr., 1939): 352-53, 355-56.
10 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 27 (first quotation); Albert G. Brackett, History of the United States Cavalry. . . (1865; rpt. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1970): 160 (second quotation).
11 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 26; Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report," 355-56; Mansfield to Thomas, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625); Buell to Lee, Oct. 31, 1856, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-1858, National Archives (microfilm M 1165, roll 1).
12 Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775-1939 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960): 302-03; Randy Steffen, The Horse Soldier, 1776-1943: The United States Cavalryman: His Uniforms, Accoutrements, and Equipments, vol. 2, The Frontier, the Mexican War, the Civil War, the Indian Wars, 1851-1881 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978): 6-15, reprints the 1851 uniform regulations. See also U.S. Quartermaster's Department, Uniforms of the United States Army, Paintings by H. A. Ogden, Text by Henry Loomis Nelson (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959): 29-34. The final volume also includes seven full color paintings of 1850s uniforms.
14 Ibid., 7-14; Uniforms of the U.S. Army, 29.
15 Uniforms of the U.S. Army, 28-34.
16 Steffen, Horse Soldier, 7-8, 14, 16.
17 Robert Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers: Daily Life on the Texas Military Frontier, Clayton Wheat Williams Texas Life Series, No. 2 (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1987): 125; Martin L. Crimmins, ed., "W. G. Freeman's Report on the Eighth Military Department," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 54 (Oct., 1954): 210 (quotation).
18 Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers, 127; Steffen, Horse Soldier, 42-44.
19 Steffen, Horse Soldier, 17; Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report, 1856," 352-53 (quotations).
20 Edward to Father, Apr. 3, 1857, Edward Hartz Collection, Library of Congress (microfilm edition, Fort Davis Archives) (first quotation); Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 24-25 (second quotation).
21 The following account is based on Smith to Cooper, Oct. 9, 1854, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567-506); Walker to Gibbs, Oct. 6, 1854, ibid.; Dabney H. Maury, Recollections of a Virginian in the Mexican, Indian and Civil Wars (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1894): 84-91.
22 For a brief description of Carr, see Robert Wooster, The Military and United States Indian Policy, 1865-1903, Yale Western Americana Series, 34 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988): 68. Carr's papers are located at the U.S. Army Military History Research Center, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.
23 Walker to Gibbs, Oct. 6, 1854, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567-506) (quotation).
25 Ibid. (first three quotations); Smith to Cooper, Oct. 9, 1854, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567-506) (fourth quotation).
26 Report of Smith, Mar. 14, Secretary of War, 1855, p. 52; Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 30 (quotation).
27 Report of Smith, Mar. 14, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1855, p. 52; Report of Simonson, Mar. 12, 1855, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas, National Archives. True to Smith's prediction, Davis troops established a subpost there after the Civil War.
28 Garland to Thomas, June 30, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1854, p. 36; Report of Ewell, Feb. 10, ibid., 1855, pp. 59-61 (quotation); Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 148-51.
29 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 150-51.
30 Ibid., 151-52; Report of Garland, Mar. 31, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1855, p. 62.
31 Zenas R. Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 200-14, Barker Texas History Center; Hartz to Father, Feb. 10, Apr. 3, 1857, Hartz Collection (microfilm edition, Fort Davis Archives); Johnston to W. P. Johnston, Jan. 17, 1856, in William Preston Johnston, The Life of Albert Sidney Johnston, Embracing His Services in the Armies of the United States, the Republic of Texas, and the Confederate States (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1878).
32 McDowell to Commanding Officer, Feb. 23, 1857, p. 293, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58, National Archives (microfilm M 1165, roll 1).
33 Journal of Beale, July 4, 1857, House Executive Document 124, 35th Congress, 1st session, serial 959, p. 19.
34 Whiting to Deas, Mar. 14, 1850, Senate Executive Document 64, 31st Congress, 1st session, serial 562, p. 250.
35 Myer to James, Mar. 17 to Apr. 4, 1855, David A. Clary, ed., "'I Am Already Quite a Texan:' Albert J. Myer's Letters From Texas, 1854-1856," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 82 (July, 1978): 55.
36 Seawell to Department of Texas, Mar, 19, 1855, p. 490, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas; "Abstract of Statements of Expenditures made on account of Indian Hostilities . . . in the month of January 1860," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820).
37 Maury, Recollections of a Virginian, 87; Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 315.
38 Myer to My Dear James, Feb. 14, 1855, in Martin L. Crimmins, ed., "General Albert J. Myer: The Father of the Signal Corps," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 29 (Oct., 1953): 55-57; Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 303; Journal of Beale, July 8, 1857, House Executive Document 124, 35th Congress, 1st session, serial 959, p. 21 (quotation).
39 Lydia Spencer Lane, I Married a Soldier: or, Old Days in the Old Army (1893; rpt. Albuquerque: Horn and Wallace, 1964): 166 (first quotation); Myer to James, Aug. 13, 1855, in Clary, "Myer Letters," 63-65 (second quotation); Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 168-69, 218-19.
40 Crimmins, "Mansfield Report," 356-57 (quotation); Lane, I Married a Soldier, p. 74; Myer to James, Aug. 22, 1855, in Clary, "Myer Letters," 69.
41 Myer to James, Feb. 14, 1855, in Clary, "Myer Letters," 42.
42 Bliss Reminiscences, 2: 158.
43 Homer W. Wheeler, The Frontier Trail; or From Cowboy to Colonel. An Authentic Narrative of Forty-three Years in the Old West as Cattleman, Indian Fighter and Army Officer (Los Angeles: Times-Mirror Press, 1923): 314-15; Richard Irving Dodge, Our Wild Indians: Thirty-three Years' Personal Experience among the Red Men of the Great West (New York: Archer House, 1959): 521-25.
44 San Antonio Ledger, August, 1855.
45 Seawell to Department of Texas, Mar. 6, 1856, p. 393, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas; Edward to Father, June 24, 1856, Hartz Collection; Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report," 356 (quotation); San Antonio Herald, June 28, 1856.
46 Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report," 356; Dodge, Our Wild Indians, 548.
47 Buell to Seawell, July 12, 1856, p. 12, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1).
48 Edward to Father, June 24, 1856, Hartz Collection; Buell to Lee, Oct. 1, 1856, pp. 130-32, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1).
49 Buell to Lee, Oct. 1, 1856, pp. 130-32, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1) (first two quotations); Edward to Father, Oct. 18, 1856, Hartz Collection (third and fourth quotations).
50 Buell to Lee, Dec. 3, 1856, p. 174, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1) (quotation); Edward to Father, Dec. 9, 1856, Hartz Collection.
51 Johnston to Cooper, Dec. 5, 1856, pp. 175-79, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165, roll 1).
52 Twiggs to Thomas, May 27, 1857, p. 331-32, ibid.
54 Johnston to Cooper, Dec. 5, 1856, pp. 175-79, ibid.
56 Wayne R. Austerman, Sharps Rifles and Spanish Mules: The San Antonio—El Paso Mail,1851-1881 (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1985): 20-23.
57 Ibid., 26-27, 31; Jack C. Scannell, "A Survey of the Stagecoach Mail in the Trans-Pecos, 1850-1861," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 47 (1971): 119-20.
58 Sam Woolford, ed., "The Burr G. Duval Diary," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 65 (Apr., 1962): 496 (first quotation); N. A. Taylor and H. F. McDonald, The Coming Empire, or Two Thousand Miles in Texas on Horseback (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1877): 329 (second quotation); William A. Duffen, ed., "Overland Via 'Jackass Mail' in 1858: The Diary of Phocion R. Way," Arizona and the West 2 (Spring, 1960): 48.
59 Randolph B. Marcy, The Prairie Traveler: A Handbook for Overland Expeditions. With Maps, Illustrations, and Itineraries of the Principal Routes Between the Mississippi and the Pacific (1859; rpt. Williamstown, Mass.: Corner House Publishing, 1968): 289; Wayne R. Austerman, "Identifying a 'Lost' Stage Station, in Jeff Davis County," Password 25 (Spring, 1980): 9.
60 James G. Bell, "A Log of the Texas-California Cattle Trail, 1854," ed. J. Evetts Haley, Southwestern Historical Quarterly (Jan., 1932): 227; Robert Schick, "Wagons to Chihuahua," The American West 3 (Summer, 1966): 79.
61 Lane, I Married a Soldier, 44, 74 (quotation); Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report," 355.
62 Ibid. p. 51 (quotation); Marcy, Prairie, 290; Barry Scobee, Old Fort Davis (San Antonio: Naylor Co., 1947): 6.
63 Marcy, Prairie, 290; John C. Reid, Reid's Tramp, or a Journal of Ten Months Travel Through Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Sonora, and California, Including Topography, Climate, Soil, Minerals, Metals, and Inhabitants: with a notice of the Great Inter-Oceanic Rail Road (1858; rpt. Austin: Steck Co., 1935): 125-29.
64 Marcy, Prairie, 90; Lane, I Married a Soldier, 169.
65 Austerman, Sharps Rifles and Spanish Mules, 75-77; Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey Through Texas (New York: Dix, Edwards and Co., 1857): 287 (quotation).
66 Austerman, Sharps Rifles and Spanish Mules, 90-94.
67 Ibid., 148; Robert M. Utley, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas, National Park Service Historical Handbook Series no. 38 (Washington: Department of the Interior, 1965): 10-12.
68 Pitcher to Department of Texas, Aug. 24, 1855, p. 401, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas (first quotation); Report of Sheridan, Aug. 14, 1855, p. 194, ibid. (second quotation); I. Woods, "Report to Hon. A. V. Brown, Postmaster General," in Barker Texas History Center.
69 Woods, "Report to Brown;" Seawell to Gwin, July 13, 1858, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567-506).
70 Accounts of the Schroeder-Libbey fight may be found in "Proceedings of a Board of Officers . . ." Aug. 5, 1857, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-85/10427, roll 1); and General Orders No. 14, Nov. 13, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1857, 56-57.
73 Report of Hartz, July 30, 1857, Hartz Collection; General Orders No. 14, Nov. 13, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1857, pp. 56-57.
76 Marvin E. Kroeker, Great Plains Command: William B. Hazen in the Frontier West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976): vii-viii, 3, 26-30.
81 Ibid.; W.B. Hazen, "The Great Middle Region of the United States, and Its Limited Space of Arable Land," North American Review 120 (Jan., 1875): 1-34.
82 Report of Smith, June 2, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1855, p. 54.
83 Smith to Cooper, July 14, 1855, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/528).
84 Fink to Assistant Adjutant General, Feb. 4, 1860, #F 11/1860, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60, National Archives (microfilm M 567, roll 623).
85 Endorsements of Seawell, Feb. 9, and Scott, Feb. 24, ibid.
86 William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West 1803-1863 (1959; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979): 367.
87 Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 367-68; Edward to Father, June 13, 1857 (quotation), Sept. 13, 1857, Hartz Collection; Seawell to Cooper, June 5, 1858, #S 315 filed with #T 161/1858, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60 (microfilm M 567, roll 592); Bliss Reminiscences, 2: 2.
88 Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 367 (quotation); Pope to Humphreys, June 1, July 4, 1858, box 3, Miscellaneous Letters Received, Office of Exploration and Surveys, RG 48, National Archives; Seawell to Cooper, June 5, 1858, #S 315 filed with #T 161/1858, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60 (microfilm M 567, roll 592); Endorsement of McDowell, Aug. 2, 1858, ibid.
89 Seawell to Assistant Adjutant General, Apr. 16, 1858, #S 212/1858, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60 (microfilm M 567, roll 590); Pope to Seawell, Apr. 5, 1858, ibid.; Garrard to Seawell, May 4, 1858, ibid.
90 Kroeker, Great Plains Command, 25 (quotation); Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 128-35; Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers, 155-56.
91 Twiggs to Army HQ, Aug. 24, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1858, pp. 261-62 (first quotation); Brackett to Wood, May 16, ibid., 1859, pp. 366-68 (second quotation); Brackett to Seawell, Mar. 25, 1859, Brackett File, Fort Davis Archives; Heitman, Historical Register, 237; Brackett, History of the U.S. Cavalry.
92 Brackett to Wood, May 16, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1859, pp. 366-68.
95 Returns from Regular Army Regiments, Eighth Infantry, April-Dec. 1859, National Archives (microcopy M 665, roll 92); Lee to Adjutant General, Feb. 5, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1859, p. 360; Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 153, 244, 249; Woods, "Report to Brown," (quotation).
96 Seawell to Assistant Adjutant General, Aug. 30, 1859, #S 339/1859, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60 (microfilm M 567, roll 612).
97 Seawell to Cooper, Feb. 10, 1860, #S 41/1860, ibid. (microfilm M 567, roll 632).
98 Endorsement of Seawell, Feb. 10, ibid.; Endorsement of Floyd, May 12, ibid.; Diary of Echols, July 10, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1860, p. 44; Returns from Regular Army Infantry Regiments, Eighth Infantry, July 1860 (microcopy M 665, roll 92).
99 Lee to Cooper, June 13, 1860, #S 41/1860, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office,1822-60 (microcopy M 567, roll 632).
100 Endorsement of Thomas, Oct. 20, ibid.
101 Kroeker, Great Plains Command, 35 (quotation); San Antonio Ledger and Texan, Feb. 25, 1861.
102 Edward to Father, Apr. 3, 1857, Hartz Collection.
Chapter Four
1 Letter of Maclay, Feb. 5, 1856, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas and the 8th Military Department, 1851-1857, Record Group 393, National Archives; McDowell to Commanding Officer, Feb. 27, 1856, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58, National Archives (microfilm M 1165 roll 1); Bomford to Cooper, Feb. 26, 1858, #B 74/1858, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-1860, National Archives (microcopy M 567, roll 575); Letter of Blake, Dec. 20, 1854, Apr. 2, June 26, Aug. 24, Nov. 5, 1855, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas; Letter of Seawell, Dec. 24, 1854, Nov. 10, 1855, ibid.
2 Letter of Blake, Sept. 14, Oct. 10, 1854, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas; Court Martial of Edward E. Blake, HH 644, box 231, Court Martial Case Files, RG 153, National Archives; Seawell to AG, June 5, 1858, #S 282/1858, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-1860 (microcopy 567, roll 590).
3 Seawell to AG, July 6, 1857, #S 476, Registers of Letters Received, Adjutant General's office, 1822-1860, vol. 33, National Archives (microcopy M 711, roll 29); Ibid., Jan. 29, 1858, #S 59, vol. 35 (roll 30).
4 Peters to Sister, Dec. 20, 1854, DeWitt C. Peters Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (quotation); Zenas R. Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 221-25, 318-20, Barker Texas History Center; George W. Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy. . . (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1868), 2: 65.
5 Edward M. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784-1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986): 66-69; Letter of Bomford, July 2, 1855, p. 118, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas.
6 "Register of Officers Reporting at HQ, Dept. of Texas," Jan. 1859-Apr. 12, 1861, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1860-61, RG 393, National Archives; D. S. Stanley, Order of Indian Wars Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.; Coffman, Old Army, 82-84.
7 Erwin Thompson, "The Officers, Fort Davis, Texas," in Officers File, Fort Davis Archives; Robert M. Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865, The Wars of the United States (1967; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981): 33-34; Proceedings of a Board of Examination, Dec. 26, 1855, #S 837, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-1860 (microcopy M 567 roll 528); Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899).
8 Coffman, Old Army, 80 (quotation), 103. For brief sketches of commisioned personnel, see Heitman, Historical Register.
9 Utley, Frontier Regulars, 31; U.S. Statutes at Large, 2: 133.
10 "Army Register, 1853," House Executive Document 59, 33rd Congress, 1st session, serial 721, pp. 64-65.
11 Enclosure with Lee to Cooper, Oct. 25, 1855, #L 284, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-1860 (microcopy M 567 roll 520).
12 Official Army Register for 1857 (Washington: Adjutant General's Office, 1857), 46-47; Official Army Register for 1859, 46-47.
13 Edward to Father, Apr. 3,, Sept. 30, 1857, Jan. 1, Apr. 1, July 1, 1858, Edward L. Hartz Collection, Library of Congress (microfilm edition, Fort Davis Archives).
14 Slave Schedules, Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1860, Presidio County; Robert Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers: Garrison Life on the Texas Frontier, Clayton Williams Texas Life Series, 2 (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1987): 73-75; Don Rickey, Jr., Forty Miles a Day on Beans and Hay: The Enlisted Soldier Fighting the Indian Wars (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963): 111-12; U.S. Statutes at Large, 2: 134.
15 Peters to Mrs. Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, Peters Papers; Edward to Father, June 24, 1856, Hartz Collection; Court Martial of Walter Scott, Samuel Thompson, HH 698, box 235, Court Martial Case Files.
16 Edward to Jenny, Jan. 19, 1855, Hartz Collection; Edward to Father, Jan. 10, 17, 29, 1855, ibid.
17 Edward to Father, Mar. 1, 24, Apr. 14, May 29, 1855, Jan. 4, June 24 (quotation), Dec. 9, 1856, ibid.
18 Edward to Father, Apr. 1, 1858, Mar. 26, Apr. 4, Oct. 9 (quotations), 1859, ibid.
19 Smith to Cooper, Mar. 14, 1855, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/528) (first quotation); Report of Coolidge, Senate Executive Document 96, 34th Congress, 1st session, serial 827, p. 625 (second quotation).
21 Percival G. Lowe, Five Years a Dragoon ('49 to '54) And Other Adventures on the Great Plains (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965): 3.
22 Bandel to Parents, Oct. 19, 1856, Feb. 2, 1857, in Eugene Bandel, Frontier Life in the Army, 1854-1861, ed. Ralph P. Bieber (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1932): 72 (quotation), 112.
23 Report of Coolidge, Senate Executive Document 96, 34th Congress, 1st session, serial 827, p. 629; Report of Floyd, Dec. 5, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1857, p. 12 (quotation).
24 Manuscript returns, U.S. Census, 1860, Presidio County.
26 Ibid.; Mansfield to Thomas, Mar. 23, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625) (quotation).
27 Report of Coolidge, Senate Executive Document 96, 34th Congress, 1st session, serial 827, pp. 625-26; Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 41; Report of Scott, Nov. 13, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1858, p. 762.
29 Edward to Father, Nov. 1 (quotation), Dec. 5, 1855, Hartz Collection; Thomas to Smith, Sept. 21, 1855, Letters Sent, Headquarters of the Army, vol. 8/6, National Archives (microcopy M 857, roll 5).
30 Mansfield to Thomas, Mar. 23, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625).
31 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 31; Report of Kelton, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1891, p. 61; Bandel to Parents, Nov. 22, 1856, in Frontier Life, 105.
32 Coffman, Old Army, 153-55 (quotation); Robert W. Frazer, Forts and Supplies: The Role of the Army in the Economy of the Southwest, 1846-1861 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983): 98.
33 Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 36 n.69; "Table showing cost of rations, Texas forts, 1853," Martin L. Crimmins Papers, Barker Texas History Center; Report of Gibbons, Oct. 30, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1856, p. 258; Report of Taylor, Oct. 25, ibid., 1858, p. 801; Bandel to Parents, Oct. 19, 1856, in Frontier Life, 105.
34 Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers, 116-17; Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 171; Peters to Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, Peters Papers; Bandel to Parents, Oct. 19, 1856, in Frontier Life, 105 (quotation).
35 Martin L. Crimmins, ed., "Colonel J. K. F. Mansfield's Report of the Inspection of the Department of Texas in 1856," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 42 (Apr., 1939): 357 (first quotation); Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 171; Mansfield to Thomas, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625) (second quotation); Peters to Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, Peters Papers.
36 Letter of L. Hart, Apr. 2, 1856, p. 48, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas; Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report, 1856," 355; Diary of Echols, July 14, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1860, 44; John C. Reid, Reid's Tramp, or a Journal of Ten Months Travel Through Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Sonora, and California, Including Topography, Climate, Soil, Minerals, Metals, and Inhabitants; with a notice of the Great Inter-Oceanic Rail Road (1858; rpt. Austin: Steck Co., 1935): 122.
37 Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 180, 323-28; Dabney Herndon Maury, Recollections of a Virginian in the Mexican, Indian, and Civil Wars (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1894): 88-89.
38 McCormick to Twiggs, Jan. 6, McCormick to Gibson, Jan. 6, Twiggs to Gibons, Jan. 6, 1858, in Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1859, p. 451; Report of Floyd, Dec. 1, ibid., 1859, p. 7; U.S. Statutes at Large, 12: 68; Report of Taylor, Oct. 25, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1858, p. 801.
39 Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report, 1856," 354; Mansfield to Thomas, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625).
40 Edward to Father, Apr. 6, 1856, Hartz Collection; Peters to Mrs. Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, Peters Papers (quotation).
41 Edward to Father, Apr. 6, June 24, 1856, Hartz Collection.
42 Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers, 83-91; Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, 38, 42-48; Coffman, Old Army, 164-65, 171.
43 Hartz to Father, Apr. 6, 1856, Hartz Collection. See also Wooster, Utley, and Coffman, op. cit.
44 Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report, 1856," 353-54.
45 Joseph F. Johnston, "Reports from Military Inspections of the Posts in New Mexico and Texas . . . in 1859," Arizona Historical Society, Tucson (original in National Archives).
46 Mansfield to Thomas, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625).
47 Peters to Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, Peters Papers; Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 172; Lewis Burt Lesley, ed., Uncle Sam's Camels: The Journal of May Humphreys Stacey Supplemented by the Report of Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1857-1858) (1929; rpt. Glorieta, N.M.: Rio Grande Press, 1970): 49, 57.
48 Robert L. Griswold, "Anglo Women and Domestic Ideology in the American West in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," in Western Women: Their Land, Their Lives, ed. Lillian Schlissel, et. al. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988): 15-33.
49 Ibid., 15 (quotation), 28-29; Elizabeth Jameson, "Women as Workers, Women as Civilizers: True Womanhood in the American West," Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 7 (no. 3, 1984): 1-9; Glenda Riley, The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988): 195-201.
50 Sandra L. Myres, "Romance and Reality on the American Frontier: Views of Army Wives," Western Historical Quarterly 13 (Oct., 1982): 409-27; Myres, Westering Women and the Frontier Experience 1800-1915, Histories of the American Frontier (Albuqerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982): 36; Lydia Spencer Lane, I Married a Soldier; or, Old Days in the Old Army (1894; rpt. Albuquerque: Horn and Wallace, 1964): 22.
51 Peters to Mrs. Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860 (first two quotations), Mar. 13, 1861 (third quotation), Peters Papers; Lane, I Married a Soldier, 53-54.
52 Peters to Sister, Dec. 20, 1854, Peters Papers.
53 Lesley, ed., Stacey Journal, 48, 57.
54 Walker to Davis, Mar. 24, 1855; Seawell to Cooper, June 13, 1855 (first quotation), #S 486/177, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-1860 (microcopy M 567, roll 527); Peters to Mrs. Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, Peters Papers (second quotation).
55 U.S. Statutes at Large, 2: 134; Patricia Y. Stallard, Glittering Misery: Dependents of the Indian Fighting Army (Fort Collins and San Rafael, Colo.: Old Army Press and Presidio Press, 1978): 59; Miller J. Stewart, "Army Laundresses: Ladies of the 'Soap Suds Row,'" Nebraska History 61 (Winter, 1980): 421.
56 Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers, 64-68.
57 Mansfield to Thomas, Mar. 23, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625); Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report, 1856," 352-53; Anne M. Butler, Daughters of Joy, Sisters of Misery: Prostitutes in the American West, 1865-1890 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984): 122-46.
58 Wooster, Soldiers and Civilians, 192-93; Stallard, Glittering Misery, 61; Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1860, Presidio County.
59 Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 87, 172, 174; Edward to Father, June 24, 1856, Hartz Collection; (quotation) Eighth Infantry, June, 1856, Returns from Regular Infantry Regiments, June 1821-December 1916, National Archives (microcopy 655, roll 91).
60 Martin L. Crimmins, ed., "General Albert J. Myer: The Father of the Signal Corps," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 29 (Oct., 1953): 57-58 (first quotation); Woodland to Cousin Emma, Aug. 16, 1859, Woodland File, Fort Davis Archives; Edward to Father, Feb.27, 1858, Hartz Collection (second quotation); "Journal of Henry Chase Whiting, 1849," in Exploring Southwestern Trails, 1846-1854, ed. Ralph P. Bieber and Averam B. Bender, Southwestern Historical Series, 7 (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1938): 285-86 (third, fourth, and fifth quotations).
61 Edward to Father, June 24, 1856, Hartz Collection (first quotation); Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 309 (second quotation), 330; Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report, 1856," 354 (third quotation); Myer to James, Sept. 26, 1855, in David A. Clary, "'I Am Already Quite a Texan:' Albert J. Myer's Letters from Texas, 1854-1856," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 82 (July, 1978): 72 (fourth quotation).
62 Edward to Jenny, Mar. 25, 1856, Hartz Collection; Peters to Mrs. Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, Peters Papers.
63 Larsen Memoirs, 219-24 (quotation); Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 177-78.
64 Report of Scott, Nov. 20, Secretary of War, 1857, p. 48.
65 Coffman, Old Army, 197; Court Martial of Robert Carson, II 104, box 260, Court Martial Case Files; Court Martial of Gottard Sanders, HH 914, box 249, ibid.; Court Martial of John Malia, HH 953, box 251, ibid. (quotation).
66 Court Martial of William Gould, HH 888, box 247, Court Martial Case Files; Court Martial of William Morris, HH 698, box 235, ibid.; Court Martial of William Swan, II 9, box 255, ibid.
67 Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 298-303; Mansfield to Thomas, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625) (quotation); Court Martial of Peter Fay, HH 747, box 238, Court Martial Case Files; Court Martial of Peter Fay, II 9, box 255, ibid.; Court Martial of Peter Gilhooly, II 211, box 260, ibid.
68 Report of Davis, Dec. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report. 1853, p. 7; Report of Davis, Dec. 1, ibid., 1856, p. 3; Court Martial of Thomas Regan, John McKillop, HH 725, box 237, Court Martial Case Files; Court Martial of John J. Bartson, HH 815, box 243, ibid.; Court Martial of William Kearns, II 104, box 260, ibid.; Edward to Father, Apr. 6, 1856, Hartz Collection (quotation); Court Martial of John Laughlin, Jacob Hetler, Lewis D. Brooks, Smith Sanderson, and John Toole, HH 652, box 232, Court Martial Case Files. Coffman, Old Army, 196, reports another similar incident at Fort Randall, Dakota Territory.
69 Brooks to Friend, attached to HH 652, box 232, Court Martial Case Files.
70 Court Martial of Daniel Sullivan, HH 953, box 251, ibid.; Court Martial of John Dean, John Meldrum, HH 747, box 238, ibid.; Court Martial of Thomas Nary, HH 725, box 237.
71 Court Martial of William Snyder, HH 815, box 243, ibid.; Court Martial of Thomas Griffiths, HH 888, box 247, ibid.; Court Martial of Walter Scott, Samuel Thompson, HH 698, box 235, ibid.; Court Martial of John Guthrie, HH 725, box 237, ibid.; Court Martial of Samuel Cronk, HH 888, box 247, ibid.
72 John McCool, Registers of Enlistments in the United States Army, vol. 51, National Archives (microcopy M 233, roll 25); Court Martial of John McCool, HH 652, box 232; HH 888, box 247; HH 953, box 251; II 104, box 260, Court Martial Case Files.
73 Court Martial of James McDermott, Testimony of Jane McDermott, Statement of James McDermott, filed in HH 914, box 249, Court Martial Case Files. For a slightly different view, see Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 330.
75 Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers, 77; Coffman, Old Army, 177-78.
76 Registers of Post Traders, pp. 136, 166, vol. 1, RG 94, National Archives; Vinton to Nichols, Jan. 21, 1861, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1860-61, RG 393, National Archives; Charles B. Voll, "Archeological Excavations in First Fort Davis, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas" (1986): 23-25.
77 Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report, 1856," 357; Reid, Reid's Tramp, 123 (first quotation); Mansfield to Thomas, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625) (second quotation); Peters to Stoutenborough, June 12, 1860, Peters Papers; Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1860, Presidio County; Hartz to Father, Jan. 1, 1858, Hartz Collection.
78 Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report, 1856," 354-55; Letter of Seawell, Oct. 13, 1855, p. 195, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas.
79 Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1860, Presidio County.
81 Levitt Corning, Jr., Baronial Forts of the Big Bend: Ben Leaton, Milton Faver and Their Private Forts in Presidio County (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1967): 21-32; "Map of Texas and Part of New Mexico compiled in the Bureau of Topographl. Engrs. chiefly for Military Purposes," 1857; Bliss Reminiscences, 5: 201.
82 Cecilia Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, Texas, 1535-1947 (Austin: Nortex Press, 1986), 1: 55, 66, 78-79, 94; Ronnie C. Tyler, The Big Bend: A History of the Last Texas Frontier (Washington: National Park Service, 1975): 121-22.
83 Tyler, Big Bend, 122-23; Baronial Forts, 44-56; Sam Woolford, ed., "The Burr G. Duval Diary," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 65 (Apr., 1962): 499-500.
84 Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1860, Presidio County.
85 Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, 1: 79; Barry Scobee, Old Fort Davis (San Antonio: Naylor Co., 1947): 72-73; Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 311; Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1870, Presidio County, and 1880, Jeff Davis County; Depositions of Mar. 1, 1899, Claim 2744, Diedrick Dutchove [sic] vs. U.S. and Apache Tribe of Indians, Indian Depredations Files, Record Group 205, National Archives.
86 Jones to Jesup, June 3, 1858, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820); Tyler, Big Bend, 122; Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 260; Deposition of Mar. 1, 1899, Claim 3889, Daniel Murphy vs. US and Apache Indians, Indian Depredations Files.
87 Report of Meigs, Oct. 19, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1871, pp. 140-41; J. J. Bowden, Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in the Chihuahuan Acquisition (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1971): 196; Illustration No. 19, in Jerome Greene, Historic Resource Study: Fort Davis National Historic Site (U.S. Department of the Interior: National Park Service, 1986): 459; Clarence Raht, The Romance of Davis Mountains and Big Bend Country (Odessa: The Raht Co., 1963): 159.
88 John James, Frontier and Pioneer: Recollections of Early Days in San Antonio and West Texas (San Antonio: Artes Graficas, 1938): 19-23; Raht, Romance of Davis Mountains, 159; "Summary of Land Transactions at Fort Davis, 1854-1887," Appendix I, in Greene, Historic Resource Study, 380. For Hardin, see Mary Williams to Regional Director, Southwest Region, Aug. 16, 1990.
89 Letter of Seawell, Feb. 19, Mar. 17, Apr. 26, 1855, p. 488, 491, 492 (quotation), Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas; Letter of Magoffin, May 10, 1855, ibid., p. 523; Letter of Seawell, May 14, June 11, July 6, 1855, ibid., p. 190-92; Johnston to Cooper, May 6, 1856, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microcopy M 1165, roll 1); McDowell to Seawell, May 23, 1857, ibid.; Buell to Seawell, May 23, 1856, ibid.
90 Letter of Dawson, Aug. 14, 1856, p. 299, Register of Letters Received, Department of Texas (first quotation); Greene, Historic Resource Study, 16; Crimmins, "Mansfield's Report, 1856," 356; Mansfield to Thomas, Oct. 31, 1860, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 567/625); McDowell to Seawell, May 23, 1857, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1856-58 (microfilm M 1165 roll 1) (second quotation). The 1860 appropriation of $608.87 "to be paid as back rent for the site of Fort Davis, Texas," also suggests that the lease was not paid while the army sorted out proper ownership. U.S. Statutes at Large, 12: 65. See also "Summary of Transactions at Fort Davis, 1854-1887," Appendix I, in Greene, Historic Resource Study, 380. For a different interpretation, see ibid., 16.
91 Proceedings of a Board of Officers, Orders No. 55, Apr. 23, 24, 1857, #S 330/1858, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60 (microcopy 567, roll 590); Bryan to Floyd, Dec. 14, 1857, #B 691, ibid. (roll 555); Seawell to Assistant Adjutant General, July 6, 1858, #S 330/1858, ibid. (roll 590).
92 Seawell to Assistant Adjutant General, July 6, 1858, #S 330/1858, ibid. (roll 590); Jones to Cooper, July 6, 1858, ibid.; Lee to Assistant Adjutant General, July 9, 1858, ibid.; Petition of N. O. Green, Feb. 19, 1859, ibid.; Townsend to Twiggs, Aug. 21, 1858, ibid.; Seawell to Cooper, Oct. 13, 1860, ibid.; U.S., Statutes at Large, 12: 201. Much of this correspondence may also be found in the Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820).
93 H. P. N. Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897 (Austin: Gammel Book Co., 1898), 3: 464-65, 786, 969; 4: 906-07; 5: 1095.
94 Bliss Reminiscences, 2: 15-20.
95 See Miscellaneous letters, testimony, and court decisions in Court Martial Case File II 299 (mistakenly filed in folder II 298), Judge Advocate General's Office, Record Group 153, National Archives. Other correspondence is in File F # 15/1860, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1822-60 (microcopy M 567 roll 623). See also San Antonio Ledger and Texan, August 11, 1860; and Thomas G. Wilhelm, History of the Eighth U.S. Infantry from its Organization, in 1838 (2d ed., Headquarters, Eighth Infantry, 1873), 2: 62; Scobee, Old Fort Davis, 43.
97 Ibid.; Returns from Regular Army Infantry Regiments, Eighth Infantry, June-July 1860 (microcopy M 665, roll 92).
Chapter Five
1 Peters to Father, Aug. 16, 1856, DeWitt C. Peters Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (first quotation); Edward to Father, Dec. 9, 1856 (second quotation), Feb. 10, 1857 (third quotation), Edward L. Hartz Collection, Library of Congress (microfilm copy, Fort Davis Archives).
2 Edward to Father, Dec. 15, 1860, Hartz Collection; Lee to Custis, Jan. 23, 1861, in Francis Raymond Adams, Jr., "An Annotated Edition of the Personal Letters of Robert E. Lee, April, 1855—April, 1861" (Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland, 1955): 721-22 (quotations); Zenas R. Bliss Reminiscences, 1: 191, 231, Barker Texas History Center,
3 Ralph A. Wooster, The Secession Conventions of the South (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962): 121-35; Murphy to Pease, Feb. 25 (quotation), Mar, 1, 1861, E. M. Pease Papers, Austin History Center, Austin Public Library, Austin, Texas.
4 Russell K. Brown, "An Old Woman with a Broomstick: General David E. Twiggs and the U.S. Surrender in Texas, 1861," Military Affairs 48 (no. 2, 1984): 57-61.
5 Ibid.; Assistant Adjutant General to Waite, Feb. 4, 15 (quotation), 1861, Letters Sent, Headquarters of the Army (Main Series), 1828-1903, vol. 8/5, RG 108, National Archives (microcopy M 857, roll 5); Thomas Wilhelm, History of the Eighth U.S. Infantry from its Organization, in 1838 (2d ed., Headquarters, Eighth Infantry, 1873), 2: 63.
6 Report of Weisel, in John S. Billings, Circular No. 4, War Department Surgeon General's Office, A Report on Barracks and Hospitals, with Descriptions of Military Posts (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1870): 228; Brown, "Old Woman," 60; Lee to Sister, Apr. 20, 1861, in Adams, ed., "Lee Letters," 754-55; Edward to Father, Feb. 25 (first quotation), Mar. 11 (second and third quotations), 1861, Hartz Collection.
7 Peters to Sister, Mar. 13, 1861, Peters Papers (quotations); George Price, Across the Continent with the Fifth Cavalry (1883; rpt. New York: Antiquarian Press, 1959): 95; Murphy to Pease, Mar. 1, 1861, Pease Papers.
8 Peters to Sister, Mar. 13, 1861, Peters Papers (quotation); Erwin Thompson, "The Officers, Fort Davis, Texas," in Officers File, Fort Davis Archives; Francis B., Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899).
9 Ibid., Wilhelm, History of the Eighth Infantry, 2: 125-29. For birthplaces of enlisted men, see U.S. Manuscript Census, 1860, Presidio County. The pro-Union sentiment of the enlisted men is also reflected in a letter written by an officer stationed at Camp Cooper: "I believe a majority of the army rank & file to be Republicans." William L'Engle to E. M. L'Engle, Jan. 2, 1861, William L'Engle Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill.
10 Thomas to Waite, Feb. 15, 1861, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820); Blake to McFenin, Mar., 1861, ibid.; Bliss Reminiscences, 3: 3; Peters to Sister, Mar. 13, Peters Papers (quotation).
11 William H. Bell, "Ante Bellum: The Old Army in Texas in '61," Magazine of History 3 (Feb., 1906): 81-82; Bliss Reminiscences, 2: 238-39; 3: 1-2; Robert M. Utley, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas, National Park Service Historical Handbook Series no. 38 (Washington: Department of the Interior, 1965): 56; George Ruhlen, "Quitman: The Worst Post at Which I Ever Served," Password 11 (Fall, 1966): 110-11; M. L. Crimmins, "The Border Command at Fort Davis," West Texas Historical and Scientific Society Publications (1926), 1: 9, 11; "Notes and Sketches of Campaigns in New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas by a Participant Dr. M. W. Merrick From Feb. 16th 1861 to May 26th 1865 Actual Service in the Field," Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library, San Antonio (courtesy of Jerry Don Thompson) [hereafter cited as Merrick Diary] (quotation); General Order 44, Mar. 8, 1861, Returns from Regular Army Infantry Regiments, Eighth Infantry (microcopy M 665, roll 92). Standard secondary sources set April 13 as the date of the Federal withdrawal. However, enlistment records in Martin Hardwick Hall, The Confederate Army of New Mexico (Austin: Presidial Press, 1978): 379, show that at least two men had been mustered into Confederate service at Fort Davis by April 1. As such, the departure of April 13 seems unreliable.
12 Cecilia Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, Texas, 1535-1947 (Austin: Nortex Press, 1986), 1: 96; Merrick Diary (first quotation); Murphy to Pease, Mar. 1, 1861, Pease Papers (second quotation); Wilhelm, History of the Eighth U.S. Infantry, 2: 60; Brown, "Old Woman," 60.
13 Wilhelm, History of the Eighth U.S. Infantry, 2: 87-90.
14 Ibid., 87, 97-105; Peters to Sister, Aug. 13, 1861, Peters Papers (quotation).
15 Peters to Sister, Aug. 13, 1861, Peters Papers (first quotation); Wilhelm, History of the Eighth Infantry, 2: 97-105 (second quotation).
16 DeWitt C. Thomas Reminiscences, June 12, 1878, Barker Texas History Center.
17 Davis to Bomford, Bliss, et. al., Nov. 26, 1861, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, vol. 135, RG 109, National Archives; Wilhelm, History of the Eighth Infantry, 2: 272, 295, 300, 303, 329; 66742 AGO 1897, Dec. 7, 1897, in 965 A.C.P. File 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94, National Archives.
18 Army and Navy Journal 28 (Sept. 6, 1890): 22; Brown, "Old Woman," 60; Hebert to Sibley, July 31, 1862, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, vol. 134, RG 109; Wilhelm, History of the Eighth Infantry 2: 97-105, 125-29; U.S. Manuscript Census, 1860, Presidio County.
19 Hall, Confederate Army of New Mexico, 19, 377-80.
24 Martin Hardwick Hall, Sibley's New Mexico Campaign (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1960): 25-26.
25 Mrs. John Walker, "Data Sheet on James Walker," James C. Walker File, Fort Davis Archives; Merrick Diary, 28; Clayton Williams, Texas' Last Frontier: Fort Stockton and the Trans-Pecos, 1861-1895, ed. Ernest Wallace (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1982): 15; Hall, Confederate Army of New Mexico, 319-20 (quotation).
26 Hall, Sibley's New Mexico Campaign, 26-28; Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 15-18; McCulloch to Adams, Feb. 21, 1861, William C. Adams Papers, Fort Davis Archives; ---- to Mechling, Apr. 16, 1861, fragment, ibid.
27 Van Dorn to Ford, May 27, 1861, Adams Papers; Adams to Ford, Apr. 3, 1861, ibid.
28 Hebert to Secretary of War, Sept. 27, 1861, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, vol. 129, RG 109 (first quotation); Special Order No. 40, June 18, 1861, James B. Berry Papers, Barker Texas History Center (second quotation); Regimental Orders No. 12, July 13, 1861, ibid.; Invoice, July 3, 1861, Adams Papers.
29 Baylor to Adams, July 12, 1861, Adams Papers; Draper to Lane, Aug. 8, 1861, John H. Draper File, Fort Davis Archives (quotation); E. E. Townsend, "The Mays Massacre," West Texas Historical and Scientific Society Publications, No. 5 (1933): 30-31; Utley, Fort Davis National Historic Site, 17-18; Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 24-25; Baylor to Magruder, Dec. 29, 1862, War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, (series 1), 9: 916 (hereafter referred to as OR).
30 Petition of Ella P. Murphy, Dec. 6, 1873, Claim 588, Ella P. Ellis vs. U.S. & Mescalero Apache, Indian Drepredations Claims, Record Group 123, National Archives; Draper to Lane, Aug. 8, 1861, Draper File (quotation); San Antonio Herald, Sept. 7, 1861; Williams to Hassmer, Apr. 27, 1984, John Woodland Civilian File, Fort Davis Archives.
31 Townsend, "Mays Massacre," 29-30, 38-43; San Antonio Herald, Sept. 7, 1861; Draper to Lane, Oct. 4, 1861, Draper File.
32 Baylor to Adams, Aug. 18, 25, 1861, Adams Papers; Report of Baylor, Aug. 25, 1861, OR (series 1), 2: 25; Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 29-30; Post Returns, Sept. 1861, Adams Papers.
33 Baylor to Adams, Oct. 3, 1861, OR (series 2), 2: 1527 (quotations); "Richard C. Daly's Account to Harry Warren on Jan. 15, 1907, at Presidio, Texas," Town and Vicinity File, Fort Davis Archives; Adams to McCulloch. Oct. 21, 1861, OR (series 2), 2: 1526. The latter message may also be found in the Adams Papers.
34 Adams to McCulloch, Oct. 21, 1861, OR (series 2), 2: 1526; Wulff to Adams, Oct. 16, ibid., 1528.
35 Wulff to Adams, Oct. 16, ibid., 1529; Gibbons to President of Presidio del Norte, Oct. 16, 1861, ibid., 1527.
36 Wulff to Adams, Oct. 16, ibid., 1529; Wulff to Murphy, Nov. 16, 1861, ibid., 1530 (quotation); "Return of Soldiers in C Co. 2nd Regt. T.M.R. who have died since 8th June 1861," Mar. 1, 1862, Adams Papers.
37 Adams to McCulloch, Oct. 21, 1861, OR (series 2), 2: 1527 (quotation); Adams to Gibbons, Oct. 15, 1861, Adams Papers.
38 Wulff to Adams, Oct. 16, 1861, OR, 1530; Wulff to Murphy, Nov. 16, 1861, ibid. (quotation); Draper to Lane, Oct. 4, 1861, Draper File; Baylor to Adams, Nov. 15, 1861, Adams Papers.
39 Q.M. to A.A.G. Nichols, Apr. 8, 1861, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1860-61, RG 393, National Archives; James to Adams, Sept. 17, 1861, Adams Papers; Moke and Bro. to Adams, Sept. 28, 1861, ibid.; Special Orders No. 216, Dec. 4, 1861, ibid; Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 33-34.
40 Special Orders No. 87, Sept. 16, 1861, Adams Papers; Walker to Adams, Oct. 26, 1861, ibid.; Draper to Lane, Oct. 4, 1861, Draper File.
41 Post Returns, Oct., 1861, Adams Papers; Special Orders No. 108, Oct. 7, 1861, ibid.; Walker to Adams, Oct. 26, 1861, ibid. W. W. Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred and 91 Days in the Confederate Army (Jackson, Tenn.: McCowat-Mercer Press, 1954): 47, also predicted a fight near Fort Davis.
42 Draper to Lane, Oct. 4, 1861, Draper File; Draper to Mrs. A. J. Lane, Nov. 6, 1861, ibid. (quotations).
43 Hall, Sibley's New Mexico Campaign, 29-34.
44 Theophilus Noel, A Campaign from Santa Fe to the Mississippi: Being a History of the Old Sibley Brigade. . ., ed. Martin H. Hall and Edwin Adams Davis (Houston: Stagecoach Press, 1961): 19; Oscar Haas, trans., "The Diary of Julius Giesecke, 1861-1862," Texas Military History 3 (Winter, 1963): 231-32 (first quotation); W. Randolph Howell, "Journal of a Soldier of the Confederate States Army," Dec. 13, 1861, Barker Texas History Center (second quotation). Confederate soldiers often referred to the Fourth, Fifth, and Seventh Texas Mounted Volunteers as the First, Second, and Third regiments, respectively. Don E. Alberts, ed., Rebels on the Rio Grande: The Civil War Journal of A. B. Peticolas (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984): 20.
45 Howell, "Journal;" Hall, Sibley's New Mexico Campaign: 48-49.
46 Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred and 91 Days, 44-49; Abstract of Ordinance Expended by Co. C, 2nd Regt. T.M. Rifles, quarter ending Dec. 31, 1861, Adams Papers.
47 List of provisions purchased by Ellis, Dec., 1861, Adams Papers; List of provisions purchased by Ingram, ibid.; Adams to Moke and Brothers, May 6, 1862, ibid.
48 Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 34-35; Post Returns, Dec., 1861, Jan., 1862, Adams Papers; "Daly's Account," Fort Davis Archives; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred and 91 Days, 50 (quotation).
49 Statement of Patrick Murphy, May 18, 1862, Adams Papers; Post Returns, Feb.—May, 1862, ibid.
50 "Capt. W. C. Adams," Feb. 28, 1862, ibid., notes that Adams purchased a number of items for his family's use; San Antonio Herald, January 11, 1862.
51 Hall, Confederate Army of New Mexico, 23-36; Hall, Sibley's New Mexico Campaign, 59-160.
52 Sibley to Bee, May 27, 1862, OR (series 1), 9: 714; Noel, Campaign from Santa Fe to the Mississippi, 51-52 (first quotation); Alberts, ed., Rebels on the Rio Grande, 118 (second quotation).
53 Steele to Cooper, July 12, 1862, OR (series 1), 9: 721-22; Carleton to Drum, Sept. 20, 1862, ibid., 567; Eyre to Cutler, Aug. 30, 1862, ibid., 592; D. M. Poor to Mollie, May 7, Documents File, Civil War, Fort Davis (quotation); Hall, New Mexico Campaign, 210; Noel, Campaign from Santa Fe to the Mississippi, 52.
54 Shirland to Cutler, Sept. 2, 1862, OR (series 1), 9: 578; "Instructions for Col. DeBray," May 9, 1862, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, vol. 134, RG 109; Navarro to Navarro, May 11, 1862, Confederate Interlude File, Fort Davis Archives (quotation); Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred and 91 Days, 44.
55 Noel, Campaign from Santa Fe to the Mississippi, 53. The historian of the Sibley campaign writes that "all the remaining artillery . . . except for the prized 'Valverde Battery'" were buried between Albuquerque and El Paso. Local specialists Barry Scobee and Clayton Williams, however, cite oral and written testimony of three descendents of Sibley veterans to support the legend. Hall, Confederate Army of New Mexico, 36 (quotation); Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 45; San Angelo Times, Jan. 26, 1963, in clippings scrapbook, David A. Simmons Papers, Barker Texas History Center; Barry Scobee, Old Fort Davis (San Antonio: Naylor Co., 1947): 51.
56 Hall, Sibley's New Mexico Campaign, 222-24; Hebert to DeBray, May 19, 1862, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, vol. 134, RG 109; Baylor to Helm, Mar. 20, 1862, OR (series 1), 50, pt. 1: 942 (quotation). For a defense of the Baylor order, see McWillie to "Dear Sir," Jan. 10, 1863, ibid., 940-42.
57 Carleton to Canby, Sept. 9, 1862, OR (series 1), 9: 696, suggests that Navarro's command was at Davis. Although the OR cites the command of "Mararro," this is undoubtedly a printer's garbling of a scribbled Navarro. The discussion of the Indian raid on Fort Davis comes from Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 47-48. Williams cites Scobee, Old Fort Davis, and Carlysle Graham Raht, The Romance of Davis Mountains and Big Bend Country (Odessa: Raht Co., 1963). Although Scobee and Raht must be used with caution, circumstantial evidence from Shirland to Cutler, Sept. 2, 1862, OR (series 1), 9: 578; and "Appearance of Davis, 1862," 14, Fort Davis Archives, supports the idea that Indians did attack the fort after the Confederate withdrawal. As such, the general themes of the story are included; suspect details, however, have been omitted.
58 Hebert to Randolph, July 18, 1862, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, vol. 134, RG 109; Hebert to McCulloch, Aug. 26, 1862, ibid.; Hebert to Lubbock, Aug. 28, 1862, ibid. (quotation).
59 Carleton to Drum, Sept. 20, 1862, OR (series 1), 9: 567.
60 General Orders No. 16, Aug. 22, 1862, OR (series 1) 9: 577; Carleton to Canby, Sept. 9, 1862, ibid., 696; Shirland to Cutler, Sept. 2, 1862, ibid., 577-79.
61 Shirland to Cutler, Sept. 2, 1862, OR (series 1) 9: 577-79; Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 47, speculates that the buyer might have been Edward Hall. However, Williams provides no source for such a conclusion, save that Hall, claiming to be a Confederate agent, was later alleged to have sold public property in Chihuahua.
62 Shirland to Cutler, Sept. 2, 1862, OR (series 1), 9: 578-79.
63 Carleton to Drum, Sept. 20, 1862, OR (series 1) 9: 566-67; Canby to Carleton, Aug. 11, 12, 1862, ibid., 574-76; Carleton to Thomas, Sept. 30, 1862, ibid., 15: 576-77; Rigg to West, Nov. 11, 1862, ibid. 15: 598.
64 Carleton to Carson, Oct. 12, 1862, OR (series 1) 15: 579 (quotation); Rigg to West, Nov. 11, 1862, ibid.; Carleton to West, Nov. 18, 1862, ibid., 599-602.
65 Willis to Rynerson, Nov. 26, 1862, ibid., 606-07 (first quotation); Caniffe to Tully, Nov. 26, 1862, ibid., 606 (second quotation); Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail, ed. Lyle H. Wright and Josephine M. Bynum (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1954): 68 (third quotation); West to Cutler, Nov. 30, 1862, OR (series 1), 9: 605 (fourth quotation); Carleton to Thomas, Feb. 1, 1863, ibid., 669-70.
66 Fergusson to West, Feb. 13, 1863, ibid., 682-86; West to McFerran, May 8, 1863, ibid., 720-22 (quotation).
67 Carleton to Creel, Apr. 23, 1863, ibid., 708-09 (quotation); Hubbell to Baird, Apr. 28, 1863, ibid., 1065; Burgess to Scurry, Mar. 17, 1863, ibid., 1065; Magruder to Cooper, Dec. 9, 1862, ibid., 894-95; Hebert to Lubbock, Nov. 8, 1862, ibid., 858; Turner to Scurry, Apr. 1, 28, 1863, ibid., 1034.
68 Fergusson to West, Feb. 13, 1863, OR (series 1), 15: 675 (first quotation); Carleton to Terrazas, Feb. 20, 1863, ibid., 687 (second quotation).
69 Abstract from Record of Events on return of the District of Arizona for April, 1864, 34, pt. 1: 880 (quotation); William W. Mills, Forty Years at El Paso (El Paso: privately printed, 1901): 83-84.
70 Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 49-57.
71 W. C. Holden, "Frontier Defense in Texas During the Civil War," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 4 (1928): 16-31; Robert Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers: Garrison Life on the Texas Military Frontier, Clayton Wheat Williams Texas Life Series, no. 2 (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1987): 42, 49. Another "Fort Davis" was established during the Civil War. One of the many Civil War blockhouses constructed by Texas citizens, the position lay along the Clear Fork of the Brazos River, fifteen miles below Camp Cooper. For a description of life at the fort, see Samuel P. Newcomb Diary, Barker Texas History Center.
Chapter Six
1 Robert Utley, Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891, The Wars of the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1973): 12-13, 16.
3 William L. Richter, The Army in Texas During Reconstruction 1865-1870 (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1987): 12-20.
4 Ibid., 13 (first quotation), 66-70; Black to Throckmorton, Jan. 6, 1867, in Dorman Winfrey and James M. Day, eds., Texas Indian Papers, 1860-1916 (Austin: Texas State Library, 1961): 138-39; Sheridan to Grant, Oct. 3, 1866, Senate Executive Document 19, 45th Congress, 2 session, serial 1780, p. 7; Sheridan to Grant, Oct. 12, 1866, series 5, vol. 54, Ulysses S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress (microfilm edition, roll 24) (second quotation); Sheridan to Grant, Apr. 5, 1867, vol. 55, ibid. (third quotation).
5 Report of Sheridan, Nov. 21, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1867, p. 379 (first quotation); Report of Reynolds, Nov. 4, ibid., 1868, p. 705.
6 Richter, Army and Reconstruction in Texas, 119, 187-93; Davis to Butler, Dec. 7, 1876, vol. 7, The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886, National Archives (microcopy M 858, roll 5).
7 Clayton W. Williams, Texas' Last Frontier: Fort Stockton and the Trans-Pecos, 1861-1895, ed. Ernest Wallace (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1982): 61. For collected accounts of depredations in West Texas, see Winfrey and Day, eds., Texas Indian Papers, 91-92.
8 Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 61-62.
10 Douglas C. McChristian, "Military Protection for the U.S. Mail: A Fort Davis Case Study," May 20, 1983, Fort Davis Archives; Immecke, et. al., to Hamilton, Feb. 1, 1866, Governor's Records, Texas State Archives, Austin, Texas; Throckmorton to O. M. Roberts and B. H. Epperson, Dec. 23, Correspondence, Dec., 1866, James W. Throckmorton Papers, Barker Texas History Center; Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 63.
11 McChristian, "Military Protection," 3; Sheridan to Grant, Oct. 12, 1866, series 5, vol. 54, Grant Papers; Richter, Army in Texas During Reconstruction, 67-70; Throckmorton to Sheridan, Dec. 11, 1866, Correspondence, Dec., 1866, Throckmorton Papers; Sheridan to Throckmorton, Jan. 18, 1867, Transcript of Records, 1838-69, Texas Adjutant General's Office Papers, Barker Texas History Center.
12 See Robert Wooster, The Military and United States Indian Policy 1865-1903, Yale Western Americana Series, 34 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).
13 Ibid.; Arthur P. Wade, "The Military Command Structure: The Great Plains, 1853-1891," Journal of the West 15 (July, 1976): 20-21; Raphael P. Thian, Notes Illustrating the Military Geography of the United States 1813-1880, ed. John M. Carroll (1881; rpt. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979), 14-15.
14 Robert Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers: Garrison Life on the Texas Military Frontier, Clayton Wheat Williams Texas Life Series, 2 (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1987): 48; Wood to Merritt, (1869?), vol. 9: 30, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1865-70, National Archives (microcopy M 1165, roll 3) (quotation).
15 Wooster, Military and Indian Policy, passim.
16 Sheridan to Throckmorton, Jan. 18, 1867, Transcript of Records, 1838-69, Texas Adjutant General's Office Papers; G. Everett to W. A. Rapperty, Jan. 3, 1867, ibid.; Don E. Alberts, Brandy Station to Manila Bay: A Biography of General Wesley Merritt (Austin: Presidial Press, 1981): 179; Mark M. Boatner, III, The Civil War Dictionary (1959; rev. ed. New York: David McKay Co., 1987): 544-45.
17 Jack Foner, Blacks and the Military in American History: A New Perspective (New York: Praeger Press, 1974): 52-53; Jerome A. Greene, Historic Resource Survey: Fort Davis National Historic Site (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1986): 350.
18 Ord to Sherman, Nov. 1, 1875, vol. 41, William T. Sherman Papers, Library of Congress (microfilm edition, University of Texas, Austin, roll 21); Testimony of Sherman, Nov. 21, 1877, House Miscellaneous Document 64, 45th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1820, p. 20; H. H. McConnell, Five Years a Cavalryman: Or, Sketches of Regular Army Life on the Texas Frontier Twenty Odd Years Ago (Jacksboro, Texas: J. N. Rogers and Co., 1889): 212-13; Charles J. Crane, Experiences of a Colonel of Infantry (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1923): 59 (first quotation); Elizabeth B. Custer, Tenting on the Plains, or General Custer in Kansas and Texas (1897; rpt. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), 3: 677-78 (second quotation).
19 Dagimar Mariager, "Camp and Travel in Texas. I," The Overland Monthly 17(2nd ser., Feb., 1891): 189-90. See Erwin N. Thompson, "The Negro Soldiers on the Frontier: A Fort Davis Case Study," Journal of the West 7 (Apr., 1968): 228-29, for a discussion of the origins and use of the term "buffalo soldiers."
20 Foner, Blacks and the Military, 53-55, 60; Thompson, "The Negro Soldiers," 226,232; Knapp to Mead, Jan. 12, 1867, O. M. Knapp Papers, Barker Texas History Center (quotation); Mullins to Adjutant General, Jan. 1, 1877, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94, National Archives.
21 Alberts, Wesley Merritt, 180, 182; John H. Nankivell, comp. and ed., The History of the Twenty-Fifth Regiment of United States Infantry, 1869-1926, Regular Regiments Series (Fort Collins, Colo.: Old Army Press, 1972): 18. See also assorted correspondence in The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886, vol. 7 (microfilm M 858, roll 5).
22 Alberts, Wesley Merritt, 185; E. Carpenter to Grant, May 19, 1866, Louis H. Carpenter Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society Archives, Philadelphia; Sheridan to Rawlins, Mar. 30, 1867, Edwin Stanton Papers, Library of Congress (microfilm edition, roll 11).
23 Heitman, Historical Register, 1: 527; Alberts, Wesley Merritt, 181; Hunter to AG, Nov. 26, 1866, 4143 ACP 1873, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94, National Archives.
24 Albert, Wesley Merritt, 179, 185 (quotations); Griffin to Hartsuff, Apr. 19, 1867, 4: 280, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1865-70, National Archives (microfilm M 1165, roll 1); Taylor to Hatch, July 5, 1867, ibid., 373; "List of Indian Engagements participated in, actively by Colonel E. M. Heyl . . .," 4143 ACP 1873; Heitman, Historical Register, 2: 527. Ironically, Heyl later came to Fort Davis as a visiting inspector.
25 Merritt to Moore, July 1, 1867, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783); Richter, The Army in Texas During Reconstruction, 18; Jerome A. Greene, Historic Resource Study: Fort Davis National Historic Site (U.S. Department of the Interior: National Park Service, 1986): 34.
26 Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1868, pp. 764-65; Commanding Officer to Carleton, Jan. 28, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent); Robert W. Frazer, Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts West of the Mississippi River to 1898 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965): 144, 147, 152, 158, 162; Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 82.
27 McChristian, "Military Protection,:" 4-5. Distances are taken from Randolph Marcy, The Prairie Traveler: A Handbook for Overland Expeditions. With Maps, Illustrations, and Itineraries of the Principal Routes Between the Mississippi and the Pacific (1859; rpt. Williamstown, Mass.: Corner House Publishing. 1968).
28 James B. Gillett, Six years with the Texas Rangers, 1875-1881, ed. M. M. Quaife (1921; rpt. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963): 146; Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Nov. 21, 1877, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1) (quotations).
29 McChristian, "Military Protection," 5-6.
30 Post Adjutant to Iliff, May 27, 1868, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); McChristian, "Military Protection," 6-7 (quotation); Post Medical Returns, Jan., 1869, Fort Davis Archives.
31 H. P. N. Gammel, comp., The Laws of Texas 1822-1897 (Austin: Gammel Book Co., 1898), 5: 1095; Murphy to Mason, Aug. 19, 1868, File # M52, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1865-70, National Archives (microcopy M1193, roll 12); Deposition of Higgins, Aug. 19, ibid. (quotation); Merritt to Commanding Officer, San Antonio, Aug. 11, 1868, File # M50/1868, ibid.
32 Special Order No. 5, Sept. 28, 1868, Election Registers, Texas State Archives, Austin; Miscellaneous papers in File # M182/1868, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microfilm M 1193, roll 12).
33 Merritt to Morse, Jan. 5, 1869, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66/783, roll 1).
34 Richter, The Army in Texas During Reconstruction, 162; Special Order No. 37, Jan. 6, 1869, Election Registers; Carierc to Murphy, Feb. 5, 1869, vol. 7: 189, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1165, roll 2) (quotations). Patrick Murphy's wife later recalled that he "was very much interested in politics." Deposition of Ella P. Ellis, 1899-1900, claim 588, Ella P. Ellis vs. U.S. and Mescalero Apache, Indian Depredations Claims Files, Record Group 123, National Archives.
35 Merritt to Carierc, Mar. 1, 1869, File # D74, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M1193, roll 17) (first quotation); Carierc to Merritt, Mar. 22, 1869, vol. 7: 440, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1165, roll 2); Merritt to Morse, May 8, 1869, File # D142, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M1193, roll 17) (second quotation).
36 Richter, Army in Texas During Reconstruction, 166-74; Special Order No. 37, Feb. 17, 1870, Election Registers; Semi-Monthly Reports of Citizens Held and Released, Fort Davis Records, RG 393, National Archives; "Charge and Specification preferred against William Donelson, Citizen," Dec. 27, 1869, Box 17, ibid.; Wood to Wade, Nov. 16, 1869, vol. 9: 180, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1165, roll 3).
37 Gammel, Laws of Texas, 6: 206-07, 988-89.
38 Newcomb to Newcomb, June 7, 1871, James P. Newcomb Papers, Barker Texas History Center.
39 Newcomb to Newcomb, Nov. 12, 1872, ibid.
40 Extract of Strong, n.d., Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1868, p. 865.
41 Ibid., 866; Special Order No. 4, Jan. 15, 1868, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855/10427); Greene, Historic Resource Study, 93-94.
42 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 94-95.
43 Merritt to Potter, Sept. 2, 1868, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Patterson to General, Dec. 19, 1868, ibid. (quotations); Letter to Potter, vol. 4: 329, Registers of Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1193, roll 2).
44 Merritt to Potter, Sept. 2, 1868, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent); Report of J. G. Lee, June 30, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1868, p. 871.
45 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 95.
46 Ibid., 96 (quotation); Post Medical Return, 105, 113, 117, Fort Davis Archives. On the possible identity of the writer, see Wulff to Hatch, Nov. 6, 1869, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6).
47 Ibid., 96-97; Humfreville to Loud, May 1, 1870, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855/10427, roll 1); Report of Reynolds, Sept. 30, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1870, p. 41; Report of Sherman, Nov. 20, ibid., 1869, p. 31 (quotation).
48 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 115-16, 132-34; Post Medical Returns, p. 9, Fort Davis Archives.
49 Post Medical Return, pp. 9, 12, 197 (quotation), Fort Davis Archives; Report of Weisel, in John S. Billings, War Department Surgeon General's Office Circular No. 4: Report on Barracks and Hospitals with Descriptions of Military Posts (rpt. New York: Sol Lewis, 1974): 229.
50 Andrews, Inspection Report of Jan. 31, 1873, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783 reel 6) (quotation); Bliss, Inspection Report of Mar. 31, 1873, ibid.
51 Post Medical Return, pp. 9-13, Fort Davis Archives (first quotation); Greene, Historic Resource Study, 176 (second quotation).
52 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 222-24; Post Medical Return, p. 13, Fort Davis Archives; Report of Weisel, Circular No. 4, 229.
53 Report of Weisel, in Circular No. 4, 229 (first quotation); Post Medical Return, p. 177, Fort Davis Archives (second and third quotations); Greene, Historic Resource Study, 225 (fourth quotation).
54 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 240-41.
55 Report of Weisel, in Circular No. 4, 229; Greene, Historic Resource Study, 165-67, 200-212 (quotation); 181-92.
56 Report of Weisel, Circular No. 4, 229; Weisel to Geddes, Oct. 28, 1870, Post Medical Return, p. 190, Fort Davis Archives; Greene, Historic Resource Study, 168-71.
57 Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775-1939 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960): 476, 493; Thian, Military Geography, 99; Elvis Joe Ballew, "Supply Problems of Fort Davis, Texas, 1867-1880" (MA thesis, Sul Ross State University, 1971): 10-12, 143-46; Emily K. Andrews Diary, 31, Barker Texas History Center.
58 Ballew, "Supply Problems," 19-22, 35; J. Evetts Haley, Fort Concho and the Texas Frontier (San Angelo: San Angelo Standard-Times, 1952): 288, 296; Walter C. Conway, ed., "Colonel Edmund Schriver's Inspector-General Report on Military Posts in Texas, November 1872—January 1873," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 67 (Apr., 1964): 564, 570.
59 Merritt to Lee, June 12, 1867, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent) (first quotation); Merritt to Nash, July 19, 1867, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1) (second, third, and fourth quotations); Merritt to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 19, 1867, p. 284, vol. 3, Registers of Letters Received, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1193, roll 1).
60 Merritt to Morse, July 25, 1868, Fort Davis Archives, LS (photocopies); Report of Weisel, in Circular No. 4, 230; Haley, Fort Concho, 290.
61 Proceedings of a Board of Survey Convened at Fort Davis on May 20, November 22, 1872, H. B. Quimby Papers, Barker Texas History Center.
64 Ibid., June 21, 1872; Ibid., July 30, 1873; Affidavit of O. W. Dickermen and James D. Cooper, June 28, 1873.
65 Quartermaster to Ekin, May 27, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820).
66 Shafter to Wood, July 24, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1).
67 Report of Weisel, in Circular No. 4, 228-30; David A. Clary, "The Role of the Army Surgeon in the West: Daniel Weisel at Fort Davis, Texas, 1868-1872," Western Historical Quarterly 3 (Jan., 1972): 56-57; Mary Williams, "The Post and Hospital Gardens at Fort Davis, Texas 1854-1891," 1-3, Fort Davis Archives; Greene, Historic Resource Study, 301-02.
69 Belknap to Committee on Military Affairs, Apr. 20, 1870, House Executive Document 249, 41st Congress, 2nd session, serial 1425; Murphy to Reynolds, July 9, 1868, File # M60/1868, Letters Received, Department of Texas (microcopy 1193, roll 10) (quotations).
70 Moffett to Wickes, Aug. 24, 1867, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Moffett to Murphy, Aug. 19, 1867, ibid.; Merritt to Buchoz, Nov. 13, 1867, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906-8820) (quotation).
71 Moffett to Wickes, Jan. 1, 1868, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Circular, May 25, 1868, File #M60/1868, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1193, roll 10); General Orders No. 10, ibid. (second quotation).
72 Post Adjutant to Murphy, May 26, 1868, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Murphy to Reynolds, July 9, 1868, File #M60/1868, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microfilm M 1193, roll 10); Lesnisky & Co. to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 28, File # L75/1868, ibid.; Hubbell to Morse, Oct. 1, 1868, File # G97/1868, ibid.; Hulbert to Adjutant General, Oct. 1, 1868, File # G98/1868, ibid.; Murphy to Morse, Oct. 2, 1868, File # M130/1868, ibid.; Murphy to Morse, Dec. 28, 1868, File # M307/1868, ibid. (quotation); Registers of Post Traders, vol. 2: 140, RG 94, National Archives; Carierc to Murphy, Jan. 11, 1869, vol. 7: 46, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1165, roll 2).
73 Carierc to CO, Fort Davis Archives, Jan. 21, 1869, vol. 7: 102, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1165, roll 2); Carierc to Murphy, Feb. 25, 1869, p. 311, ibid.; Murphy to Loud, Apr. 2, 1869, File # M92, Letters Received, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M1193, roll 12); Hatch to Wood, Dec. 21, 1869, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Merritt to Morse, June 10, 1869, ibid.
74 Report of Belknap, Nov. 22, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1875, p. 24; Registers of Post Traders, vol. 3: 7; Chaney to French, Jan. 31, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Gerhard to Buchoz, Feb. 1, 1871, ibid. (microfilm 906-8820); Chaney to Rucker, Mar. 19, 1871, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 8) (quotation).
75 Registers of Applications, File # 87 and 127, vol. 1: 14-15, 22; Greene, Historic Resource Study, 214; Buchoz to Secretary of War, June 3, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906-8820); Wood to Davis, Apr. 17, 1871, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 8). On post traders, see Mary Williams, Feb., 1985, Post Trader File, Fort Davis Archives.
76 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 213; Proceedings of a Board of Officers convened at Fort Davis, January 27, 1871 (entry of Feb. 6), Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 2) (quotations).
77 Reynolds to Adjutant General, June 5, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 2) (quotations); Carleton to French, Feb. 3, 1871, ibid. (roll 1).
78 Geddes to Post Adjutant, May 13, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8) (quotations); Sheridan to French, May 14, 1871, ibid. (roll 1); Deposition of Apr. 11, 1891, claim 588, Ella P. Ellis vs. U.S. and Mescalero Apache, Indian Depredations Files, Record Group 205, National Archives; Ibid., Indian Depredations Claims, Record Group 123.
79 Report of Meigs, Oct. 11, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1870, pp. 148-49; Utley, Frontier Regulars, 69-72; Endorsement of July 14, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Summary of Ordnance . . . ending March 1872, ibid. (microfilm 816-8091); Sherman to Belknap, July 12, 1870, vol. 52, Letters Sent by the Office of the Adjutant General, National Archives (roll 39).
80 Utley, Frontier Regulars, 70-73.
82 Ibid., 75; Chappell, "Search for the Well-Dressed Soldier," 18-30; Wedemeyer Memoirs, Feb. 20, 1881; Douglas C. McChristian, "The Model 1876 Cartridge Belt," Military Collector and Historian 34 (Fall, 1982): 109-15; McChristian, "Company C, 3rd Cavalry," Military Images Magazine 4 (Mar.-Apr. 1983): 4-6.
83 Abert to Commanding Officers, July 27, 1867, vol. 4: 398, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1165, roll 1); Merritt to Morse, Sept. 15, 1868, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent); Thompson, "Negro Soldiers," 219 (quotation).
84 Douglas McChristian, "Incidents Involving Hostile Indians Within the Influence of Fort Davis, Texas 1866-1891," September 9, 1975, Fort Davis Archives; Burgess to Merritt, Aug. 5, 1869, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 6) (first two quotations); Report of Reynolds, Oct. 21, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1869, p. 144 (third quotation); French to Carleton, Jan. 28, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Post Medical Return, June, 1869, Fort Davis Archives.
85 Merritt to Moore, July 20, 1867, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Letter of Merritt, Apr. 29, 1867, vol. 2: 603, Registers of Letters Received of the Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1193, roll 1); Alberts, Wesley Merritt, 196.
86 Alberts, Wesley Merritt, 179, 196; Robert M. Utley, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas, National Park Service Handbook Series no. 38 (Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1965): 56-57; Post Medical Returns, Jan. 30, Fort Davis Archives (quotation).
87 Shafter to Augur, Feb. 12, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1).
Chapter Seven
1 Douglas McChristian, "Incidents Involving Hostile Indians Within the Influence of Fort Davis, Texas 1866-1891," Sept. 9, 1975, Fort Davis Archives; Report of Commissioners, Dec. 10, 1872, House Executive Document 39, 42nd Congress, 3rd session, serial 1565, pp. 2-3 (quotation); Report of the Committee on Indian Affairs, Apr. 11, 1874, House Report 395, 43rd Congress, 1st session, serial 1624, pp. 1-3.
2 Raphael P. Thian, Notes Illustrating the Military Geography of the United States 1813-1880, ed. John M. Carroll (1881; rpt. Austin: University of Texas, 1979): 99-100, 111-12; Report of Reynolds, Sept. 30, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1870, p. 41; Report of Reynolds, Sept. 30, ibid., 1871, p. 65; Hatch to Wood, Aug. 24, 1870, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1) (first and second quotations); Rucker to Starr, Mar. 7, 1871, ibid. (subsequent quotations).
3 On Shafter, see Paul H. Carlson, "'Pecos Bill' Shafter: On the Texas Frontier 1870-1875," Military History of Texas and the Southwest 15 (no. 4, 1979): 5-16; "William R. Shafter as a Frontier Commander," ibid., 12 (no. 1, 1975): 15-29; and "William R. Shafter Commanding Black Troops in West Texas," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 50 (1974): 104-16.
4 Carlson, "Frontier Commander," 23-25; L. F. Sheffly, ed., "Letters and Reminiscences of Gen. Theodore A. Baldwin: Scouting After Indians on the Plains of West Texas," Panhandle-Plains Historical Review 2 (1938): 17-19; Nolan to Benjamin Grierson, Feb. 8, 1881, Benjamin Grierson Papers, Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield, Illinois (hereafter referred to as GPSpr) (microfilm edition, Fort Davis Archives, roll 2); Shafter to Wood, June 5, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent). For a similar view, see French to Carleton, Jan. 28, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1).
5 Geddes to Rucker, Mar. 16, 1870, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855/10427, roll 1) (quotations); Commanding Officer to Carleton, Jan. 28, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent).
6 Shafter to Wood, July 18, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent).
8 "Tabular Statement of Expeditions and Scouts against Indians in Fort Davis, Texas," third quarter, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Shafter to Wood, Feb. 1, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent).
9 Shafter to Wood, Feb. 1, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent) (first quotation); Shafter to Wood, Feb. 5, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Shafter to Augur, Feb. 12, 1872, ibid. (second quotation); General Orders No. 5, Apr. 3, 1872, "The Regular Army in Texas," Martin L. Crimmins Collection, Barker Texas History Center (subsequent quotations).
10 Douglas C. McChristian, "Military Protection for the U.S. Mail: A Fort Davis Case Study," May 20, 1983, Fort Davis Archives; Shafter to Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Mar. 1, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1).
11 Robert M. Utley, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas, National Park Service Historical Handbook Series no. 38 (Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1965): 56-60; Paul Carlson, "'Pecos Bill' Shafter: On the Texas Frontier 1870-1875," Military History of Texas and the Southwest 15 (no. 4): 12; "Tabular Statement of Expeditions and Scouts Against Indians," Fort Davis Records, Record Group 393, National Archives.
12 Special Orders No. 130, Sept. 2, 1875, Louis H. Carpenter Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection (Philadelphia); Andrews to Carpenter, Oct. 8, 1875, ibid.; Woodward to Carpenter, Mar. 4, 1869, ibid.; Andrews to Adjutant General, Nov. 17, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1) (quotation).
13 Murphy to Assistant Adjutant General, Oct. 23, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); first endorsement, Oct. 25, ibid.; second endorsement, Nov. 3, ibid.; Andrews to Adjutant General, Nov. 17, 1875, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 1). See also Lizzie Crosson vs. U.S. and the Apache Indians, Indian Depredation No. 6322, Crosson Ranch Collection.
14 Andrews to Commanding Officer, Ft. Quitman, Sept. 5, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent); Andrews to Adjutant General, Nov. 17, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1) (first quotation); Ord to Sherman, Aug. 26, 1875, William T. Sherman Papers, Library of Congress (microfilm edition, University of Texas, Austin, roll 21) (second quotation).
15 McChristian, "Military Protection," 9-10.
16 Ibid., 10-12; Shafter to Taylor, undated [probably Jan. 4, 1872], Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Aug. 25, 1872, ibid.
17 McChristian, "Military Protection," 13-14; Andrews to Cardes, Aug. 28, 1877, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Valdez to Schurtz, Sept. 30, 1877, ibid. (microfilm 65-855, roll 1).
18 Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, July 21, Nov. 21 (first quotation), 1877, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); McChristian, "Military Protection," 14 (second quotation).
19 Post Adjutant to Jenkins, Nov. 6 (first quotation), 15, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Carpenter to Adjutant General, Nov. 23, 1878, ibid. (second quotation).
20 Ukkerd to James, Aug. 9, 10, 11 (quotations), 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Post Adjutant to Ukkerd, Aug. 16, 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1).
21 John S. Billings, Circular No. 4, War Department Surgeon General's Office, A Report on Barracks and Hospitals, with Descriptions of Military Posts (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1870): 230; L. Tuffly Ellis, ed., "Lt. A. W. Greely's Report on the Installation of Military Telegraph Lines in Texas, 1875-1876," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 69 (July, 1965): 69.
22 Ellis, "Greely's Report," 85-86; Orders No. 160, Nov. 6, 1877, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Feb. 20, 1879, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 2).
23 Mary Sutton, "Glimpses of Fort Concho Through the Military Telegraph," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 32 (1956): 122-34; Carlysle G. Raht, The Romance of Davis Mountains and Big Bend Country (Odessa: The Raht Co., 1963): 218.
24 Charles J. Crane, Experiences of a Colonel of Infantry (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1923): 105, 111-13; Mullins to Adjutant General, May 2, 1876, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905-8821) (first quotation); Raht, Romance of Davis Mountains, 218; Report of Ord, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 111; Woodward to Benjamin Grierson, Dec. 29, 1879, Benjamin Grierson Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois (hereafter referred to as GPNew) (microfilm edition, Fort Davis Archives, roll 2) (second quotation).
25 Bi-monthly inspection report, Mar. 6, 1876, Mar. 3, 1877 (quotation), Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6); Andrews to Crosson, Dec. 19, 1876, Crosson Ranch Collection; Mullins to Adjutant General, Apr. 2, 1877, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94, National Archives.
26 Sheffly, "Baldwin Letters," 24.
27 Robert Schick, "Wagons to Chihuahua," American West 3 (Summer, 1966): 72-75.
28 Ibid., 78; August Santleben, A Texas Pioneer (New York: Neal Co., 1910): 202-03.
29 Santleben, Texas Pioneer, 167-68; N. A. Taylor and H. F. McDonald, The Coming Empire, or Two Thousand Miles in Texas on Horseback (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1877): 357-64 (quotation).
30 Robert Wooster, The Military and U.S. Indian Policy, 1865-1903, Yale Western Americana Series, 34 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988): 91; Merritt to Norse, Sept. 24, 1868, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent); Acting Assistant Adjutant General to Merritt, Apr. 20, 1869, vol. 8: 36, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1865-70, National Archives (microcopy M 1165, roll 3); Belknap to Fish, Dec. 7, 1870, House Executive Documents 1, 42nd Congress, 2nd session, serial 1502, p. 608; Fish to Nelson, Dec. 12, 1870, ibid; Testimony of Sherman, Ord, House Miscellaneous Documents 64, 45th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1820, pp. 19-20, 93-94; For additional investigation, see Robert Wooster, "The Army and the Politics of Expansion: Texas and the Southwestern Borderlands, 1870-1886," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 93 (Oct. 1989): 151-68.
31 Shafter to McDonald, Dec. 8, 1870, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Shafter to Wood, Jan. 4, 1871, ibid.
32 Belknap to Secretary of State, Feb. 3, 1871, vol. 65: 94 (quotation); Feb. 23, 1872, vol. 68: 341, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs, National Archives (microcopy M 6, rolls 61, 63); Brown to Shafter, Nov. 20, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Shafter to Merritt, Feb. 17, 1872, ibid. (roll 1).
33 Augur to Shafter, Feb. 2, 1872, William Shafter Papers, Stanford University Library, Stanford, California (microfilm edition, University of Texas at Austin, roll 1); Brown to Commanding Officer, June 27, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Shafter to Assistant Adjutant General, July 23, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Patterson to Post Adjutant, July 27, 1872, ibid. (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Wooster, "Army and the Politics of Expansion," 155-57.
34 Sherman to Augur, Dec. 28, 1872, Christopher C. Augur Papers, Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield, Ill. (quotation); Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899), 1: 225; Clarke to Bliss, Nov. 26, 1873, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9).
35 Post Medical Return, p. 108, Fort Davis Archives; Bliss to Assistant Adjutant General, Dec. 12, 1873, Jan. 2, Mar. 10, 1874, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Bliss to Garcia, Apr. 1, 1874, ibid.; Belknap to Secretary of Interior, Mar. 17, 1874, vol. 75: 344, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs (microcopy M 6, roll 68).
36 Belknap to Secretary of State, Feb. 3, 1871, vol. 65: 94, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs (microcopy M 6, roll 61); Williams to E. P. Smith, July 14, 1875, File # W1142, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-80: Kickapoo Agency, 1872-76, National Archives (microcopy M 234, roll 374); Crosby to Secretary of Interior, Sept. 11, 1875, File # W 1435, ibid.; Cowen to Secretary of Treasury, Sept. 9, 1875, p. 205, Indian Division Letters Sent, 1849-1903, National Archives (microcopy 606, roll 17); Cowen to Secretary of War, Sept. 9, 1875, ibid., p. 206; Bristow to Delano, Sept. 23, 1875, vol. BA-1, pp. 395-96, Letters Sent to the Interior Department, Record Group 56, National Archives.
37 Endorsement of Andrews, Oct. 27, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent).
38 Andrews to Caldwell, Sept. 19, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Andrews to Adjutant General, Nov. 17, 1875, ibid.; Belknap to Secretary of Interior, Jan. 22, 1876, vol. 79: 96, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs (microcopy M 6, roll 72) (quotation).
39 Bliss to Shafter, Nov. 24, 1876, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1) (first quotation); Erwin N. Thompson, "The Negro Soldiers on the Frontier: A Fort Davis Case Study," Journal of the West 7 (Apr., 1968): 217-35; John H. Nankivell, comp. and ed., The History of the Twenty-Fifth Regiment of United States Infantry, 1869-1926, Regular Regiments Series (Fort Collins, Colo.: Old Army Press, 1972): 27; Andrews to Commanding Officer, Dec. 10, 11, 1876, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1) (second quotation). In a possibly related incident, Private Joseph Claggett, of H Company, Tenth Cavalry, claimed to have acted as "lanyard-puller" in a fight against "Mexican desperadoes" with "such excellent results" that many of the enemy were killed and fifteen others surrendered. Roster of Non-Commissioned Officers of the Tenth U.S. Cavalry (1897; rpt. Bryan, Texas: J. M. Carroll and Co., 1983): 32. Ironically, Kelley was eventually killed by Milton Faver's son, who suspected the merchant of having an affair with his wife. Cecilia Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, Texas, 1535-1947 (Austin: Nortex Press, 1985), 1: 102, 108, 145. For a description of Kelley and his residences, see "Diary of Mrs. Alex. R. Shepherd Containing Remembrances of First Trip into Mexico in 1880," Fort Davis Archives.
40 Nankivell, Twenty-Fifth Regiment, 27, 28; Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Dec. 29, 1876, Feb. 14, 1878 Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Sheridan to Ord, Jan. 25, 1877, ibid. (roll 8) (quotation); Kelley to Andrews, Feb. 11, 1877, ibid.
41 Report of Ord, Appendix A, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1877; Douglas McChristian, "Incidents Involving Hostile Indians within the Influence of Fort Davis, Texas 1866-1891," September 9, 1975, Fort Davis Archives; "Report of Indian Depredations," Jan. 1, 1878, in Dorman Winfrey and James H. Day, eds., Texas Indian Papers, 1860-1916 (Austin: Texas State Library, 1961), 4: 394; Baldwin to Andrews, "Report of Persons Killed or Captured by Indians," box 14, Fort Davis File, Record Group 393, National Archives; "Report of persons killed or capt. by Indians . . . during the 1st quarter, 1878," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6); McCrary to Commanding Officer, Apr. 22, 1878, vol. 83: 397, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs (microcopy M 6, roll 76).
42 Hernandez to Commanding Officer, Dist. of Pecos, Apr. 21, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Benjamin Grierson to Commanding Officer, May 1, 1878, ibid. (roll 8) (first two quotations); Andrews to Adjutant General, May 2, 1878, ibid. (roll 1) (third quotation); endorsement of June 14, 1878, ibid.
43 Walter P. Webb, The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1935): 407-08; Clayton Williams, Jr., Texas' Last Frontier: Fort Stockton and the Trans-Pecos, 1861-1895, ed. Ernest Wallace (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1982): 254.
44 H. H. McConnell, Five Years a Cavalryman; or, Sketches of Regular Army Life on the Texas Frontier, Twenty-odd Years Ago (Jacksboro, Texas: J. N. Rogers and Co., 1889): 296 (first quotation); Sherman, Dec. 5, 1877, Senate Executive Document 19, 45th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1780, p. 12 (second quotation). For examples of diverse cooperation, see Card to Ekin, Oct. 14, 1870, Letters Received, Subdistrict of the Pecos, Record Group 393, National Archives; Ord to Roberts, Apr. 12, 1879, in Texas Indian Papers, 4: 423; J. T. Gillespie to King, Oct. 31, 1881, Texas Adjutant General Papers, 1881 (typescript), Barker Texas History Center.
45 Mrs. D. W. Roberts, A Woman's Reminiscences of Six Years in Camp With the Texas Rangers (1928?; rpt. Austin: State House Press, 1987): 26; Caruthers to Nevill, June 8, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Papers (first quotation); J. Evatts Haley, "Interview with Jeff D. Milton," July 1, 1937, pp. 25-26, Barker Texas History Center (second quotation).
46 Grant to Stanton, Aug. 1, 1866, series 5, vol. 47, Ulysses S. Grant Papers, Library of Congress (microfilm edition, roll 21); Sam Woolford, ed., "The Burr G. Duval Diary," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 65 (Apr., 1962): 489, 496 (quotation), 505. See also "Receipt roll of Clothing Issued to Enlisted Men," Feb. 11, 1885, Enlisted Men File, Fort Davis Archives.
47 Woodward to Benjamin Grierson, Mar. 11, 1880, GPSpr (roll 1); Orders No. 42, Mar. 26, 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); Reed to Wilson, Apr. 7, 1880, ibid. (microfilm 85-3); Orders No. 65, May 9, 1880, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); Mills to Commanding Officer, May 13, 1880, ibid. (microfilm 85-3); Commanding Officer to Ft. Bliss, Feb. 3, 1882, ibid. (microfilm 65-855, roll 1). For a fine general account of the use of Indian auxiliaries, see Thomas W. Dunlay, Wolves for the Blue Soldiers: Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-1890 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982); for the Pueblos, see p. 230 n. 8.
48 Lebo to Post Adjutant, Apr. 27, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1).
49 Russell to Andrews, Mar. 13, 1878, ibid.; Russell to Andrews, July 21, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Carpenter to Post Adjutant, July 24, 1878, ibid.; Wilson to Carpenter, July 28, 1878, ibid.; Andrews to Russell, July 25, 1878, ibid. (roll 1); Andrews to Norvell, July 28, 1878, ibid.; "Tabular Statement of expeditions and scouts against Indians," Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1879, pp. 102-06; French to Adjutant General, Aug. 20, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (photocopies of Letters Sent); Carpenter to Post Adjutant, Oct. 8, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1).
50 Post Adjutant to Commanding Officer Co. H, June 20, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); "Tabular Statement," Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1879, pp. 102-06.
51 "Tabular Statement," Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1879, pp. 102-06; Read to Post Adjutant, July 17, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1) (quotation). Andrews endorsement, July 19, 1879 (typescript), Charles Mahle, Civilians File, Fort Davis Archives, undoubtedly describes the same incidents; the date (1879) seems to be a clerical error.
52 "Tabular Statement," Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1879, pp. 102-06. On Teresa Viele, see Sandra L. Myres, "Romance and Reality on the American Frontier: Views of Army Wives," Western Historical Quarterly 13 (Oct., 1982): 426.
53 "Tabular Statement," Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1879, pp. 102-06; Carpenter to Adjutant General, Nov. 27, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1).
54 "Tabular Statement," Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1879, pp. 102-106; Orders No. 131, Sept. 2, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); Carpenter to Adjutant General, Dec. 1, 1878, ibid. (roll 1); materials attached in Crisman to Levy, May 9, 1969, Stagecoaching File, Travel and Transportation Section, Fort Davis Archives.
55 Report of Ord, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1879, p. 113; Russell to Carpenter, Dec. 22, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1).
56 "Tabular Statement," Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1879, pp. 102-06; ibid., 1880, pp. 137-39.
57 Ibid.; McCrary to Secretary of State, May 21, 1879. vol. 85: 480, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs (microcopy M 6, roll 78); Crosby to Adjutant General, July 31, 1879, vol. 85: 644, ibid. (roll 78); "Tabular Statement," Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, pp. 137-39.
59 Depositions of Mar. 1, 1899, claim 2744, Deiderick Dutchove [sic] vs. U.S. and Apache Tribe of Indians, Indian Depredations Files, Record Group 205, National Archives; Deposition of Aug. 11, 1891, claim 3889, Daniel Murphy vs. U.S. and Apache Indians, ibid.; Thompson, History of Marfa, 1: 156-57; Ayres to Crosson, Aug. 28, 1888, Crosson Collection. Lizzie Crosson finally won a $2,590 judgment in 1902. See Weed to Crosson, Mar. 8, 1902, ibid.
60 Utley, Frontier Regulars, 368-69; Robert M. Utley, The Indian Frontier of the American West 1846-1890, Histories of the American Frontier (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984): 67; T. C. Godfrey to A. M. Dudley, Apr. 22, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905/8821).
61 Report of Van Valzah, Aug. 28, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1879, pp. 115-16; Utley, Frontier Regulars, 369; Eve Ball, Indeh: An Apache Odyssey (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1980): xiii, 11, 14-15, 41 (quotation), 73; Sheridan to Sherman, Dec. 12, 1879, Sherman Papers (roll 26).
62 Utley, Frontier Regulars, 368-69.
63 Briggs to Post Adjutant, Jan. 28, 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85-3) (quotation); G. W. Baylor to J. B. Jones, Mar. 18, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Papers.
64 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 154; William H. and Shirley A. Leckie, Unlikely Warriors: General Benjamin H. Grierson and His Family (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984): 258-59.
65 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, pp. 154-55.
68 Ibid. 158; Benjamin Grierson to Alice, Apr. 20, 1880, GPNew (quotation).
69 Utley, Frontier Regulars, 371; "Tabular Statement," Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, pp. 136-39; Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 158; Bruce Dinges, "Victorio Campaign of 1880: Cooperation and Conflict on the United States—Mexico Border," New Mexico Historical Review 62 (Jan., 1987): 87.
70 Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 239-40; Delaport to Commanding Officer, May 16, 1880, Port Davis Archives (microfilm 85-3) (quotation); Munson to McLaughlin, May 16, 1880, ibid. (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); McLaughlin to Assistant Adjutant General, May 17, 1880, ibid.; Carpenter to Assistant Adjutant General, June 13, 1880, ibid.; Post Adjutant to Baker, June 24, 1880, ibid.; Vincent to Commanding Officer, June 14, 1880, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 6), Williams to Shideler, Sept. 17, 1990 (copy in author's possession). James B. Gillett, Six Years with the Texas Rangers, 1875-1881, ed. M. M. Quaife (1921; rpt. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963): 285-86, argues that five or six regulars were also killed.
71 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General. Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 159; Smither to Nolan, July 7, 1880, Nicholas Nolan Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.; Douglas C. McChristian, "Grierson's Fight at Tinaja de las Palmas: An Episode in the Victorio Campaign," Red River Historical Review 7 (Winter, 1982): 50; Benjamin Grierson to Alice, July 20, 1880, GPNew (roll 1).
72 Ibid.; Dinges, "Victorio," 89; Robert K. Grierson, "Journal Kept on the Victorio Campaign in 1880," Fort Davis Archives.
73 McChristian, "Tinaja," 50-54; Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, pp. 159-60; Benjamin Grierson to Alice, Aug. 2, 1880, GPNew (roll 1).
74 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 159-60.
75 Ibid.; McChristian, "Tinaja," 59.
76 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, pp. 159-60; McChristian, "Tinaja," 45, 59-60; Robert Grierson, "Journal" (first quotation); Benjamin Grierson to Alice, Aug. 2, 1880, GPNew (roll 1) (second quotation). Colladay died at Fort Stockton on January 14, 1884, of an "abscess of the liver." He was survived by a wife and six children. "Record of Death and Interment," (photocopy), Samuel R. Colladay, Officers File, Fort Davis Archives.
77 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 160-61.
78 E. L. N. Glass, ed., The History of the Tenth Cavalry, 1866-1921 (Fort Collins, Co.: The Old Army Press, 1972): 22-23; Roster of Non-Commissioned Officers, 28; Returns from Regular Army Cavalry Regiments, Tenth Cavalry, Aug. 1880, National Archives (microcopy 744, roll 96); Registers of Enlistments in the United States Army, 1798-1914, vol. 77, National Archives (microcopy M 233, roll 40).
79 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 161; Robert Grierson, "Journal" (quotation).
80 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 161.
81 Ibid.; Baylor to Jones, Aug. 26, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Papers (quotations); McChristian, "Incidents Involving Hostile Indians."
82 Merryweather to Post Adjutant, Aug. 22, 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8) (first quotation); Nordstrom to Post Adjutant, Aug. 22, 1880, ibid. (second and third quotations).
83 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 162. McChristian, "Tinaja," 62; Baylor to Jones, Aug. 26, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Papers, Barker Texas History Center. For an excellent summation of the campaign, see Dinges, "Victorio," 90-91.
84 Peck to Commanding Officer, Aug. 22, 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Report of Ord, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, pp. 116-21; materials compiled by Robert Utley, accompanying Crisman to Levy, May 9, 1969, Travel and Transportation File, Fort Davis Archives. For good secondary accounts of the subpost system, see McChristian, "Tinaja," 49, and Frank M. Temple, "Colonel B. H. Grierson's Administration of the District of the Pecos," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 38 (Oct., 1962): 85-96.
85 Report of Ord, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, pp. 116-21; Eddie J. Guffee, "Camp Peña Colorado, Texas, 1879-1893" (MA thesis, West Texas State University, 1976): 20-21; Benjamin Grierson to Alice, Nov. 15, 1879, GPNew (roll 1) (quotation).
86 Muster Roll, Co. G, Tenth Cavalry, June-Aug. 1880, Tenth Cavalry, Units File, Fort Davis Archives; ibid., Co. A. In 1881, actual enlisted strength of cavalry troops averaged 58. Utley, Frontier Regulars, 17.
87 Robert Grierson, Aug. 14, 17 (first quotation), 20, 1880, "Journal;" Robert to Mama, July 26, 1880, GPNew (roll 1) (second quotation).
88 Robert Grierson, Aug. 7, 1880, "Journal."
89 Ibid., Aug. 20, 25, 30, 27 (quotation), 1880.
90 Dinges, "Victorio," 93; Utley, Frontier Regulars, 373.
91 Erwin N. Thompson, "The Negro Soldiers on the Frontier: A Fort Davis Case Study," Journal of the West 7 (Apr., 1968): 224; Nolan to Grierson, Sept. 12, 1880, Nolan Papers; Nolan to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 16, 1880, ibid.; McChristian, "Incidents Involving Hostile Indians;" Gillett, Six Years with the Texas Rangers, 286-88; Baylor to Jones, Oct. 28, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Papers; Nevill to Jones, Oct. 27, Dec. 20, 1880, Feb. 9, 1881, ibid.; Whitall to Post Adjutant, Jan. 21, 1881, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85-3) (quotation); Webb, Texas Rangers, 409. For another example of a case of mistaken identity, see Carpenter, extract of Sept. 21, 1880, Nolan Papers.
92 Kenneth A. Goldblatt, "Scout to Quitman Canyon: Report of Captain Geo. W. Baylor of the Frontier Battalion," Texas Military History 6 (Summer, 1967): 155-58; Nevill to Jones, Feb. 6, 1881, Texas Adjutant General Papers (quotation).
93 Shafter to Col. Cisneros, May 1, 1881, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1) (quotation); Vincent to Commanding Officer, July 29, 1881, ibid.; Nevill to Jones, June 11, 1881, Texas Adjutant General Papers; Nevill to W. H. King, Sept. 11, 1881, ibid.; Read to Post Adjutant, July 23, 1881, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85-3); McChristian, "Incidents Involving Hostile Indians."
94 Benjamin Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 163; General Orders No. 1, District of the Pecos, Feb. 7, 1881, GPNew (roll 1) (quotations); Dinges, "Grierson," 166-67
95 For the best told account, see Barry Scobee's Old Fort Davis (San Antonio: Naylor Co., 1947), and Fort Davis, Texas 1583-1960 (El Paso: Hill Printing Co., 1963).
96 Erwin Thompson, "Private Bentley's Buzzard," Apr. 2, 1965, Fort Davis Archives; Post Medical Returns, Jan. 8, 1882, Fort Davis Archives (quotation).
97 Utley, Frontier Regulars, 84-85; on Scobee, see Pansy Epsy, Oral Interview, July 27, 1982, Archives of the Big Bend.
Chapter Eight
1 Finkham to Miller, Nov. 4, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Finkham to Shafter, Nov. 4, ibid.; Miller to Shafter, Nov. 6, 1871, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Shafter to Miller, Nov. 6, 1871, ibid. (roll 1). For more favorable responses to Shafter, see Keesey et al. to Lamont, Oct. 9, 1894, 2220 A.C.P. 1879, box 570, Appointments, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94, National Archives; Crane et al. to Lamont, Oct. 11, 1894, ibid.
2 Shafter to Wood, Jan. 4, 1871 [1872], Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1).
3 Kelley to Sanborn, Sept. 16 (quotation), 17, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8).
4 Jack Foner, Blacks and the Military in American History: A New Perspective (New York: Praeger Press, 1974): 57-58; William H. Leckie, The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967): 108-09; Augur to Assistant Adjutant General, Mar. 17, 1879, The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886, Record Group 94, National Archives (microcopy M 858, roll 5) (quotation). For one example, see Post Medical Return, May, 1880, p. 273, Fort Davis Archives.
5 Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Oct. 25, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); W. J. McDonald to A. Blacker, Apr. 29, 1877, ibid. (roll 8); Cecilia Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, Texas, 1535-1947 (Austin: Nortex Press, 1985), 1: 135; Leavitt Corning, Jr., Baronial Forts of the Big Bend: Ben Leaton, Milton Faver and Their Private Forts in Presidio County (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1967): 40-41.
6 Clayton W. Williams, Texas' Last Frontier: Fort Stockton and the Trans-Pecos, 1861-1895, ed. Ernest Wallace (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1982): 251-53 (quotation); Dan L. Thrapp, Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography (Glendale, Ca.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1988), I: 473; Virginia Madison, The Big Bend Country of Texas (New York: October House, 1968): 42.
7 "To His Excellency O. M. Roberts," Texas Adjutant General Papers; J. M. Dean to O. M. Roberts, May 21, 1880, ibid.; Frazer to Roberts, May 24, June 3, 1880, ibid.; Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 254-57 (quotation); Caruthers to J. B. Jones, June 17, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Papers.
8 Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 257-59 (quotation); Nevill to Jones, Aug. 8, 26, Sept. 5, 17, 28, Nov. 17, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Papers; Nevill to King, May 30, 1882, ibid., 1880-1882. Nevill, who had formed a ranching partnership with J. B. Gillett, resigned his state commission upon being elected Presidio County sheriff in November 1882. Nevill also acted as land agent for several army officers. See Nevill to King, Nov. 14, 1882, Texas Adjutant General Papers, Barker Texas History Center and Walter P. Webb, The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1955): 410.
9 Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 259-60; Nevill to Jones, Oct. 23 (quotation), Dec. 20, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Papers. Evans escaped from the Huntsville state penitentiary on May 23, 1882. Thrapp, Encyclopedia, 1: 473-74.
10 "Contractors for Supplies at Fort Davis," H. B. Quimby Papers, Fort Davis Archives (typescript); Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 91-94, 140-41.
11 Report of Belknap, Nov. 22, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1875, p. 24; Robert M. Utley, Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891, The Wars of the United States (New York: Macmillan Co., 1973): 43 n. 94; Veck to Woodward, Jan. 21, Letters Received, Subdistrict of the Pecos, 1870, Record Group 393, National Archives; Sherman to Augur, Apr. 16, 22, 1870, Mar. 18, 1871, Christopher C. Augur Papers, Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield, Illinois.
12 Post Medical Return, p. 15, Fort Davis Archives (first two quotations); Registers of Post Traders, vol. 2: 140, Record Group 94, National Archives; Ibid., vol. 3: 7; Belknap to Commanding Officer, Nov. 9, 1874, vol. 76: 208, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs (microcopy M 6, roll 69); Belknap to S. Chaney, Nov. 9, 1874, ibid. (third quotation); Post Adjutant to S. Chaney, Dec. 23, 1874, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Post Adjutant to A. W. Chaney, Dec. 1, ibid.
13 Post Adjutant to A. W. Chaney, Nov. 27, 30, 1874, Jan. 7, 1875 (first and second quotations), Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Andrews to Belknap, Mar. 19, 1875, ibid. (third quotation).
14 Ibid.; Andrews to Belknap, June 8, 1875, ibid.; Davis to Inspector General, July 27, 1875, 4914 A.C.P. 1875, box 340, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch.
15 Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, June 2, 1877, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Orders No. 104, July 1, 1877, ibid. (roll 4) (first quotation); Applicants for Post Trader, vol. 2, Registers of Post Traders; ibid., vol. 3: 7; Utley, Frontier Regulars, 31; Andrews to Adjutant General, Mar. 20, 1876, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1) (second quotation).
16 Registers of Applications, File #541, vol. 1: 498-99, File #375, vol. 2: 45, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch; Andrews to Wilson, Apr. 11, 1876, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Cameron to Schleicher, June 6, 1876, vol. 79: 587, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs (microcopy M 6, roll 72); McKeever to Murphy, Aug. 13, 1873, vol. 4: 234, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, National Archives (microcopy M 1114, roll 2); Registers of Post Traders, vol. 2: 141; Applicants for Post Trader, ibid.; Williams to Shideler, Sept. 17, 1990 (copy in author's possession).
17 Circular, May 27, 1876, in 2496 A.C.P. 1876, box 376, Appointment, Commission, and Personal File; Post Adjutant to Davis, Oct. 4, 1876, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Registers of Post Traders, vol. 3: 7; Deed Records, Sept. 14, 1877, vol. 1: 15-16, Jeff Davis County Courthouse, Fort Davis, Texas; Jerome A. Greene, Historic Resource Study: Fort Davis National Historic Site (U.S. Department of the Interior: National Park Service, 1986): 216 (quotation); Wilhelmi to Post Trader, July 30, 1881, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1). A sketch of the complex, compiled by James Ivey, may be found in the Land Acquisitions File, Fort Davis Archives.
18 Mary Williams to Robert Wooster, Oct. 19, 1988, Fort Davis Archives; Williams to Scannell, Sept. 22, 1987, Sergeant John Scannell, Enlisted Men File, ibid.; Williams to Regional Director, Southwest Region, August 16, 1990.
19 Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1870 and 1880, Presidio County.
20 Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1870 and 1880, Presidio County; James Sheire, Fort Davis National Historic Site. Furnishing Study, Enlisted Men's Barracks HB-21 (Denver: National Park Service): 14, 15.
21 Bill dated May 1, 1885, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9); Miller J. Stewart, "Army Laundresses: Ladies of the 'Soap Suds Row,'" Nebraska History 61 (Winter, 1980): 423-24. John R. Sibbald, "Camp Followers All," American West 3 (Spring, 1966): 65, using similarly inconclusive evidence, comes up with similar estimates; Mrs. Merrill and Sister to Clendenin, Oct. 5, 1886, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9).
22 H. H. McConnell, Five Years a Cavalryman; Or, Sketches of Regular Army Life on the Texas Frontier, Twenty Odd Years Ago (Jacksboro: J. N. Rogers and Co., 1889): 211; Stewart, "Army Laundresses," 423; John S. Billings, Circular 8, War Department Surgeon General's Office, Report on the Hygiene of the United States Army, with Descriptions of Military Posts (Washington: Government Printing Office): 200; Greene, Historic Resource Study, 245-46; Annual Inspection of Public Buildings, Mar. 31, 1883, Mar. 31, 1884. Mar. 31, 1885, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 63-172) (quotations).
23 Taylor to Commanding Officer, Co. E, 35th Inf., June 8, 1867, vol. 4: 339, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, 1865-70 (microcopy M 1165, roll 1); Post Medical Returns, Jan., 1869, Fort Davis Archives (first quotation); Beck to Rob, Sept. 29, 1880, GPSpr (roll 1) (second quotation); Orders No. 84, Oct. 15, 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4).
24 Grierson to Banning, Feb. 12, 1876, House Report 354, 44th Congress, 1 session, serial 1709, p. 64; Andrews to Banning, Feb. 25, ibid., 115; Sherman to Banning, Feb. 4, ibid., 7; Robert Wooster, Soldiers, Sutlers, and Settlers: Daily Life on the Texas Military Frontier, Clayton Wheat Williams Texas Life Series, 2 (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1987): 64-68; Case of Ellen Goldsby-Lynch, June 14, 1923, William Lynch, Enlisted Men Files, Fort Davis Archives.
25 Sheire, Furnishing Study, 12-21; Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1870 and 1880, Presidio County. For other married enlisted personnel, see "Marriages," (typescript), Millard F. Eggleston, Officers File, Fort Davis Archives; Post Medical Returns, Aug., 1879, April 11, 1881, and Dec. 9, 1881, Fort Davis Archives.
26 C. E. Bishop to McChristian, June 8, 1981, William J. Bishop, Civilians File, Fort Davis Archives; Memo dated June 5, 1881, ibid.; J. T. Morrison to Post Adjutant, Jan. 31, 1884, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 8) (quotation).
27 Case of Ellen Goldsby-Lynch, June 14, 1923, William Lynch, Enlisted Men Files, Fort Davis Archives; Sheire, Furnishing Study, 14.
28 Smither to Grierson, June 3, 1883, Benjamin Grierson Papers, Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield (hereafter referred to as GPSpr) (microfilm edition, roll 2); S. J. Peelle to Shafter, Sept. 12, 1881, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Shafter to Peelle, Sept. 21, 1881, ibid. (quotations); Galveston Weekly News, Feb. 16, 1882; Registers of Enlistments in the United States Army, 1798-1914, vol. 79: 24 (microcopy M 233, roll 41). Joseph Bruister, the guilty party, "showed a stolid indifference" during his trial. San Antonio Daily Express, Feb. 12, 25, Apr. 5, 9 (quotation), 1882. For additional information regarding married personnel, see Douglas McChristian, "Notes from Archives, Washington, DC, Nov. 1979," Company C, Units File, Fort Davis Archives.
29 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 247; Post Medical Returns, Jan. 31, 1883, Fort Davis Archives; J. T. Morrison to Post Adjutant, Jan. 31, 1884, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 8).
30 General Orders 103, June 29, 1877, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4) (quotation); Christine Cooper to Assistant Adjutant General, July 30, 1873 (ibid., roll 9); Registers of Enlistments, vol. 76: 135 (microcopy M 233, roll 40); ibid., vol. 82: 106 (roll 43).
31 Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1870 and 1880, Presidio; Nita to Papa, undated fragment, box 13, Frank D. Baldwin Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, California; Mama to Nita, Jan. 28, 30, 1890, ibid.; Sis to Mother, July 19, 1890, James K. Thompson File, Fort Davis Archives; Mrs. Orsemus Bronson Boyd, Cavalry Life in Tent and Field (1894; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982): 142 (quotation).
32 Leighton Finley Diary, vol. 4, Officers File, Fort Davis Archives. For biographical material on Finley, see McChristian, "Notes from Archives."
33 "Marriages," Millard F. Eggleston, Officers File, ibid.; Williams to Wooster, Oct. 19, 1988, Feb. 23, 1989, Fort Davis Archives; Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1870 and 1880, Presidio County; M. Bock, undated memo in 2205 A.C.P. 1872, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94, National Archives.
34 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Sept. 26, 1888; Annie Nolan to Mrs. Grierson, Dec. 14, 1880, GPSpr (roll 1) (quotation); Post Medical Returns, Feb. 14, 1881, Fort Davis Archives.
35 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Feb. 17, 1890, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm); Sis to Mother, July 16, 1890, Thompson Files, Fort Davis Archives (first quotation); Mrs. James K. Thompson to Gram and Mother [October] (second quotation), Nov. 3, 1890, ibid.
36 Bliss to Assistant Adjutant General, Mar. 27, 1874, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Myres to Williams, Sept. 9, 1981, George Andrews File, Fort Davis Archives.
37 Court Martial Files, Case of Andrew Geddes, QQ 1387, box 1927, Records of the Judge Advocate General's Office, Record Group 153, National Archives.
38 Ibid.; see also Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899), 1: 451, 760; Patricia Y. Stallard, Glittering Misery: Dependents of the Indian Fighting Army (Fort Collins and San Rafael, Colo.: Old Army Press and Presidio Press, 1978): 117-21. Note, however, that Stallard changes Orleman's name to "Orleans."
39 David A. Clary, "The Role of the Army Surgeon in the West: Daniel Weisel at Fort Davis, Texas, 1868-1872," Western Historical Quarterly 3 (Jan., 1972): 53-55; Walter C. Conway, ed., "Colonel Edmund Shriver's Inspector-General Report on Military Posts in Texas, November 1872—January 1873," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 67 (Apr., 1964): 559-83.
40 Weisel to Markley, Feb. 18, 1869, Post Medical Return, 109-10, Fort Davis Archives; Ibid., May, 1869, p. 121; Ibid., Aug., 1869, p. 133; Weisel to Post Adjutant, Aug. 5, 1869, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6) (quotations).
41 General Orders No. 22, Dec. 30, 1869, Post Medical Return, p. 150, Fort Davis Archives; Clary, "Weisel," 54-55.
42 Clary, "Weisel," 55; Post Medical Return, Jan., 1869, p. 108, and Sept., 1869, p. 137, Fort Davis Archives; Greene, Historic Resource Study, 225 (quotation); John S. Billings, Circular 4, War Department Surgeon General's Office, A Report on Barracks and Hospitals, with Descriptions of Military Posts (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1870): 230.
43 Post Medical Returns, Dec., 1869, p. 151, and Dec., 1871, p. 246, Fort Davis Archives; Clary, "Weisel," 62-64; Billings, Circular No. 4, p. 228. For other comparative statistics: see P. M. Ashburn, History of the Medical Department of the United States Army (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1929): 113, for national averages; Herschel Boggs, "A History of Fort Concho" (MA thesis, University of Texas, 1940): 79, for state figures; and "Register of the Sick and Wounded at Post Hospital, Fort Davis, Texas," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85, roll 1) for entries between July 1, 1867, and Dec. 6, 1870, to the post hospital.
44 Hood to Post Adjutant, Mar. 1, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1) (first quotation); Weisel to Post Adjutant, Mar. 5, 1871, ibid. (second and third quotations).
45 Post Medical Return, p. 14, Fort Davis Archives.
46 Andrews to Adjutant General, Nov. 3, 1872, box 15, Monthly Inspection Reports, Fort Davis Records, Record Group 393, National Archives.
47 Ibid.; Clary, "Weisel," 62, 65-66.
48 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 225.
50 Ibid., 227; Post Medical Return, Nov., 1873, p. 105, Fort Davis Archives.
51 DeGraw to QM, Mar. 14, 1874, Post Medical Return, Fort Davis Archives; "Annual Estimate Hospital Fort Davis, Texas," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906-8820); Greene, Historic Resource Study, 228.
52 Post Medical Return, Sept., Oct., 1874, Jan., 1875, pp. 127, 129, 135, Fort Davis Archives; Greene, Historic Resource Study, 229; Billings, Circular 8, Report on Hygiene, 199.
53 "Medical Officers Serving at Permanent Posts by Stations...," in Medicine File, Fort Davis Archives (typescript); Registers of Enlistments, vol. 76: 84 (microcopy M 233, roll 40); Post Medical Return, May, 1873, March, April, Aug., 1875, pp. 92, 139, 141, 151, Fort Davis Archives.
54 "Proceedings of a Board of Officers convened at Fort Davis," Mar. 17, 1870, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 7); Post Medical Return, July, 1873, Mar., 1874, July, 1876, Nov., 1876, pp. 97, 113, 173, 180, Fort Davis Archives.
55 Post Medical Return, Nov. 30, 1876, Dec., 1878 (quotation), and July, 1880, Fort Davis Archives. Medical officers, with dates of appointment, are found in "Records of the Adjutant General's Office: Medical Books, Texas, Fort Davis," in Medicine File, Fort Davis Archives.
56 Colonel to Adjutant General, Aug. 9 (first quotation), 11 (second quotation), 1881, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Harard to Assistant Adjutant General, June 21, 1881, in 4938 A.C.P. File 1872, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch; Davis Report, Aug. 13, 1881, ibid. (third quotation); Post Medical Return, Sept. 15, 1881, p. 314, Fort Davis Archives; "Records of the Adjutant General's Office: Medical Books," in Medicine File.
57 Belknap to Governor, Aug. 14, 1871, vol. 67, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs (microcopy M 6, roll 67) (second quotation); Congressional Globe, Jan. 11, 1873, p. 506 (first quotation).
58 Report of Meigs, Oct. 19, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1871, p. 140-41; Report of Belknap, n.d., ibid., p. 9; Congressional Globe, Jan. 11, 1873, p. 506; Report of the Committee on Military Affairs, Jan. 11, 1873, House Report 26, 42nd Congress, 3rd session, serial 1576, p. 3; Report of Belknap, n.d., Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1874, p. viii.
59 Report of the Committee on Military Affairs, Jan. 11, 1873, House Report 26, 42nd Congress, 3rd session, serial 1576, p. 1; Holabird and Morrow to Augur, Dec. 15, 1873, House Executive Document, 282, 43rd Congress, 1st session, serial 1615, p. 42; Report of Holabird, Gentry, and Morrow, ibid., pp. 12-13 (quotation); Belknap to House, May 20, 1874, ibid. The asking price seemed more reasonable when considering that the owner of Fort Quitman originally demanded $100,000.
60 Report of Belknap, Nov. 24, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1873, p. 10; Sheridan to Augur, Mar. 1, 1874, House Executive Document 282, 43rd Congress, 1st session, serial 1615, p. 44 (quotation).
61 Augur to Sheridan, Mar. 12, 1874, House Executive Document 282, 43rd Congress, 1st session, serial 1615, p. 44; Sheridan to Sherman, Mar, 19, ibid., p. 45 (quotations).
62 Sherman endorsement of Mar. 23, 1874, ibid., 46 (quotation); Report of Ludington, Aug. 14, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1875, p. 263; Report of Meigs, Oct. 10, ibid., p. 123; Report of McCrary, Nov. 19, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1877, p. xx; Testimony of Sherman, Nov. 21, 1877, House Miscellaneous Document 64, 45th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1820, p. 21; Testimony of McCrary, Nov. 23, ibid., 4.
63 Testimony of Ord, Dec. 6, ibid., 102-03; Senate Report 40,46th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1893, p. 1; Grierson to Assistant Adjutant General, Mar. 8, 1878, Benjamin Grierson Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois (microfilm edition, Fort Davis Archives, roll 1) (hereafter referred to as GPNew) (quotation).
64 Report of Meigs, n.d., Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, pp. 329-30; Senate Report 40, 46th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1893, p. 1; Report of Upson, Jan. 14, 1880, House Report 88, 46th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1934, pp. 1-6.
65 H. T. Crosby to Ramsey, Sept. 15, 1880, Alexander Ramsey Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers, Minnesota State Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota (microfilm edition, roll 25).
66 Ord to Adjutant General, Nov. 11, 1880, House Executive Document 20, 47th Congress, 1st session, serial 2027, p. 11 (first quotation); Sherman to Augur, Dec. 9, 1882, Augur Papers; Lincoln to Speaker of the House, Jan. 20, 1882, ibid., p. 1 (second quotation); Report of Ingalls, Oct. 9, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1882, p. 265; Report of J. M. Moore, Sept. 11, ibid., p. 452.
67 Post Medical Returns, Jan., 1869, Dec., 1871, May, 1873, Fort Davis Archives. See also Mullins to Adjutant General, Apr. 2, 1877, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94, National Archives.
68 Report on William Layton, June 6, 1883, Reports of Individual Deserters, Record Group 393, National Archives; Mills, 2d endorsement, July 9, 1884, United States vs. Charles M. Douglas, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8). For excellent insights into race relations at Fort Duncan, see the William Paulding Memoirs, U.S. Army History Research Collection, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.
69 Post Medical Return, Nov., 1872, p. 289, Fort Davis Archives; Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Nov. 21, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1).
70 Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Nov. 21, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1).
71 Ibid. (quotation); Report of Holt, Dec. 18, 1872, ibid. (roll 9).
72 Williams, Texas' Last Frontier, 169-71; Augur to Sheridan, Aug. 5, 1873, 3250 AGO 1873, Letters Received, Adjutant General's Office, 1871-1880, Record Group 94, National Archives (microcopy M 666, roll 121) (quotations).
73 Donald R. McClung, "Second Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper: A Negro Officer on the West Texas Frontier," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 47 (1971): 20-31; Charles J. Crane Experiences of a Colonel of Infantry (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1923): 55; Theodore D. Harris, ed., Negro Frontiersman: The Western Memoirs of Henry O. Flipper (El Paso: Western College Press, 1963): 2-3, 19.
74 Harris, ed., Memoirs of Flipper, 15-16, 20-21 (quotations); Barry C. Johnson, Flipper's Dismissal (London: privately printed, 1980): 9-10, 82.
75 Nevill to Jones, Dec. 2, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Office Papers (first quotation); Paul H. Carlson, "William R. Shafter as a Frontier Commander," Military History of Texas and the Southwest 12 (no. 1, 1975): 21-23; Johnson, Flipper's Dismissal, 8, 11, 16-17; Harris, ed., Memoirs of Flipper, 19-20 (second and third quotations).
76 Johnson, Flipper's Dismissal, 18-19, 32-36, 69-73.
77 Ibid., 40, 44; Bruce J. Dinges, "Court-Martial of Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper," The American West 9 (Jan., 1972): 59 (quotations).
78 Dinges, "Court-Martial of Flipper," 59.
79 Johnson, Flipper's Dismissal, 40, 44; Harris, ed., Memoirs of Flipper, 40-41.
80 Dinges, "Court-Martial of Flipper," 59-60; Carlson, "Frontier Commander," 21-23; "To whom it concerns," Nov. 1, 1880, GPNew (roll 1). Flipper maintained he was the victim of a Shafter-inspired conspiracy, and during his lifetime eight separate petitions were filed before Congress on his behalf. In 1976, a board of review posthumously awarded Flipper an honorable discharge. Ironically, Fort Davis was indirectly involved with yet another major scandal associated with the army. See George L. Andrews, "West Point and the Colored Cadets," The International Review 9 (Nov., 1880): 477-98.
81 Edward M. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784-1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986): 375; Raymond Ifera, "Crime and Punishment at Fort Davis, 1867-1891" (MA thesis, Sul Ross State College, 1974): 61-63; Sidney E. Whitman, The Troopers: An Informal History of the Plains Cavalry 1865-1890 (New York: Hastings House, 1962): 131 (quotation).
82 Ifera, "Crime and Punishment at Fort Davis," 56; Post Medical Return, May, 1873, p. 91, Fort Davis Archives; Orders No. 122, Aug. 15, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4) (quotation); Orders No. 13, Jan. 24, 1884 (typescript), Thomas H. Allsup File, Fort Davis Archives.
83 Ifera, "Crime and Punishment at Fort Davis," 53-54, 85; Post Medical Return, Jan., 1869, p. 105, Fort Davis Archives; Crane, Experiences, 120 (quotation).
84 "Proceedings held at Coroners Inquest on the Body of Richard Robinson," June 16, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1) (quotations); Post Medical Return, June, 1878, p. 222, Fort Davis Archives. Marshall escaped from civil authorities, was recaptured by the army, and discharged. Returns from Regular Army Infantry Regiments, Twenty-fifth Infantry, Oct. 1878-May 1879, National Archives (microcopy M 665, roll 255).
85 Mullins to Adjutant General, May 2, 1876, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905/8821) (first quotation); Orders No. 130, Sept. 1, 1878, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); Report of Drum, Oct. 25, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1881, p. 45; Don Rickey, Jr., Forty Miles a Day on Beans and Hay: The Enlisted Soldier Fighting the Indian Wars (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963): 200; Ifera, "Crime and Punishment at Fort Davis," 57 (second quotation).
86 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Sept. 28, 1888 (first quotation); "Diary of Mrs. Alex. B. Shepherd Containing Remembrances of First Trip into Mexico in 1880," Fort Davis Archives (first three quotations); McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 27; Crane, Experiences, 55-56.
87 Williams, "Care of the Dead," 4 (first quotation); "Record of Death and Interment," Samuel R. Colladay, Officer File, Fort Davis Archives; Lauderdale Letterbooks, June 25, 1888 (second quotation), Dec. 9, 1889.
88 Coffman, Old Army, 346-47; Whitman, The Troopers, 103.
89 Coffman, Old Army, 348-49; "Costs of Hired Help at Fort Davis, 1873-1876," H. B. Quimby Papers, Fort Davis Archives (typescript). By 1885, the army had raised extra duty pay to thirty-five cents for unskilled and fifty cents for skilled labor. U.S., Statutes at Large, 23: 359.
90 Coffman, Old Army, 340 (third quotation); George A. Forsyth, The Story of the Soldier (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1900): 96; Report of Schofield, Nov. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1868, p. iv; Turrill to Post Adjutant, May 31, 1874, Post Medical Returns, Fort Davis Archives; Robert Grierson, July 26, 1880, "Journal," Fort Davis Archives (second and third quotations).
91 Coffman, Old Army, 341; McConnell, Five Years a Cavalryman, 210; Smith to Assistant Adjutant General, Nov. 3, 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905/8821); Report of Macfeely, Oct. 10, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1881, pp. 484-85 (quotation). See also Stanley to Assistant Adjutant General, Mar., 1880, Post Medical Return, Fort Davis Archives.
92 Report of Macfeely, Oct. 10, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1881, pp. 485-86; Report of Macfeely, Oct. 10, ibid., 1877, pp. 344-45; Harris, ed., Memoirs of Flipper, 7; McConnell, Five Years a Cavalryman, 265; Report of Feb. 27, 1878, Senate Executive Document 47, 45th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1781.
93 Shafter to Wood, Aug. 15, 1871, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Shafter to Cushing, Apr. 25, 1872, ibid.; Bi-monthly Inspection Report, Apr. 30, 1876, ibid. (roll 6).
94 Report of Eaton, Oct. 5, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1872, p. 293; various "Abstracts of Provisions," H. B. Quimby Papers, Barker Texas History Center and Fort Davis Archives; Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Jan. 4, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Small to Commissary General, Aug. 26, 1881, ibid. (microfilm 906/8820).
95 Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Jan. 4, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Small to Comm. Gen., Aug. 26, 1881, ibid. (microfilm 906/8820).
96 Mary Williams, "The Post and Hospital Gardens at Fort Davis, Texas 1854-1891," 2, ibid.; Inspection Reports of Bliss, May 31, July 31, 1873, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6).
97 "Account Current Post Fund," Oct.—Nov. 1885, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6).
98 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 156, 159; Post Adjutant to Post Council, Nov. 3, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Post Medical Return, p. 14, Fort Davis Archives; Report of McCrary, Nov. 19, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1877, vii-viii; Mullins to Adjutant General, Dec. 31, 1875, Feb. 28, 1878, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94; Yard to Quartermaster, July 4, 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Quartermaster to Commanding Officer, Feb. 26, 1880, ibid. (microfilm 85, roll 3); "Bi-monthly Report of Schools at Fort Davis Dec. 31, 1881," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6); "Account Current Post Fund," Oct.—Nov. 1885, ibid.
99 Post Medical Returns, Jan., 1874, p. 108, Fort Davis Archives.
100 Coffman, Old Army, 358; Kramer to W. J. Palmer, Apr. 9, 1867, in Brit Allen Storey, "An Army Officer in Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 72 (Oct., 1968): 250; Benjamin Grierson to Alice, Aug. 31, 1879, GPNew (roll 1).
101 Circular Letter, Jan. 17, 1873, Quimby Papers, Barker Texas History Center (quotations); Andrews to Assistant Adjutant General, Oct. 4, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Mullins to Adjutant General, Mar. 5, 1877, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94.
102 McConnell, Five Years a Cavalryman, 266; Crane, Experiences, 68-69 (quotation). For a more intensive study, see John Strauss Buchanan, "Functions of the Fort Davis Military Bands and Musical Proclivities of the Commanding Officer, Col. B. H. Grierson, Late 19th C." (MA thesis, Sul Ross State College, 1968).
103 Foner, Blacks, 58; Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: An History of the Corps, 1775-1939 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1960): 489-90.
104 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 155-56 (second quotation); Post Medical Returns, March, 1869, p. 115; May, 1873, p. 93, Fort Davis Archives; Report of Bliss, Dec. 31, 1872, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6) (first quotation); Post Adjutant to Kendall, Dec. 2, 1873, ibid. (roll 1).
105 Foner, Blacks, 58-59; Earl F. Stover, Up From Handymen: The United States Army Chaplaincy, 1865-1920 (Washington: Office of the Chief of Chaplains, 1977): 49-50; General Orders No. 36, June 5, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); General Orders No. 5, Jan. 18, 1876, ibid. (first quotation); Mullins to Adjutant General, May 2, 1876, ibid. (microfilm 905/8821) (second quotation).
106 Mullins to Adjutant General, Nov. 1 (quotations), Dec. 1, 1875, Aug. 31,1876, Sept. 1, 1878, Feb. 1, 1879, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal File, Record Group 94.
107 Bi-monthly Inspection Report, Aug. 31, 1876, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6); Orders No. 102, June 29, 1877, ibid. (roll 4); Orders No. 37, Mar. 25, 1878, ibid.; Orders No. 92, June 30, 1878, ibid.; Circular, Sept. 29, 1878, ibid.; Orders No. 173, Dec. 1, 1878, ibid.; Report of McCrary, Nov. 19, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1878, p. v; Mullins to Post Adjutant, Dec. 7, 1878, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Vincent to Commanding Officer, Dec. 21, 1878, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Stover, Up From Handymen, 49-51.
108 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 157-58; Mullins to Adjutant General. Mar. 21, 1877, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal File, Record Group 94; Mullins to Davis, Apr. 7, 1877, ibid.; Orders No. 76, May 24, 1879, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); Orders No. 43, Mar. 21, 1879, ibid.; Report of McCook, Nov. 5, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 296; "Report of Schools in Operation at Fort Davis, Texas," Fort Davis Records, Record Group 393, National Archives.
109 Foner, Blacks, 58-59 (quotation); Mullins to Adjutant General, Nov. 1, 1875, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94.
110 Mary L. Williams, "Care of the Dead: A Neglected Duty; The Military Cemetaries at Fort Davis, Texas," pp. 2-3, September 15, 1983, Fort Davis Archives.
111 Ibid., 4-7; "Record of Deceased Officers and Soldiers Buried . . . up to June 8, 1879," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 63-172).
112 Williams, "Care of the Dead," 6-7.
113 General Orders No. 4, Aug. 21, 1873, Quimby Papers, Barker Texas History Center; Special Orders No. 85, Aug. 22, 1873, ibid.
114 Ibid., 8 (quotations); Mama to Nita, Feb. 13, 23, 1890, Frank D. Baldwin Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, California; "Record of Deceased Officers and Soldiers Buried . . . up to June 8, 1879," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 63-172). Greene, Historic Resource Study, 373, has reproduced this list.
Chapter Nine
1 Bruce J. Dinges, "Benjamin H. Grierson," in Soldiers West: Biographies from the Military Frontier, ed. Paul Andrew Hutton (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987): 168, 172; William H. Leckie and Shirley A. Leckie, Unlikely Warriors: General Benjamin H. Grierson and His Family (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984): 269, 294.
2 Grierson to Alice, May 31, 1878, GPSpr (roll 1) (first quotation); Frank M. Temple, "Colonel B. H. Grierson's Administration of the District of the Pecos," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 38 (Oct., 1962): 88 (second quotation); Grierson to Alice, May 29, 1878, GPNew (roll 1).
3 Williams, "Empire Building," 61.
4 Woodward to Grierson, Mar. 13, 1882, GPNew (roll 2) (quotation); Grierson to Alice, June 25, 1882, GPSpr (roll 2).
5 Grierson to Alice, June 25 (first quotation), 27, 30 (second quotation), July 8 (third quotation), 1882, GPSpr (roll 2).
6 Nevill to King, May 18, 1882, Texas Adjutant General Papers, Barker Texas History Center (quotation); Commanding Officer to Adjutant General, July 8, 1882, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-855, roll 1); Report of Augur, Sept. 21, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1883, p. 145.
7 Smith to Commanding Officer, June 10, 1885, vol. 24: 341, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, National Archives (microcopy M 1114, roll 8) (first quotation); Ruggles to Commanding Officer, June 17, 1885, vol. 24: 366, ibid.; Smith to Commanding Officer, July 8, 1885, vol. 24: 406-07, ibid.; Army and Navy Journal, Dec. 5, 1885, p. 369 (second quotation).
8 A. B. Gray, Texas Western Railroad: Survey of Route, Its Cost and Probable Revenue in Connection with the Pacific Railway (Cincinnati: Porter, Thrall, & Chapman, 1855); S. G. Reed, A History of the Texas Railroads and of Transportation Conditions Under Spain and Mexico and the Republic and the State (Houston: St. Clair Publishing Co., 1941): 197-98; J. Evetts Haley, "Interview with Jeff D. Milton, June 30, 1937," Barker Texas History Center.
9 Reed, Texas Railroads, 360-61, 365.
10 John H. Nankivell, comp. and ed., The History of the Twenty-Fifth Regiment of United States Infantry, 1869-1926, Regular Regiments Series (Fort Collins, Colo.: Old Army Press, 1972): 28; H. M. Hoxie to Ord, Apr. 24, 1880, E. O. C. Ord Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley; Special Orders No. 118, June 17, 1880, House Executive Document 20, 47th Congress, 1st session, serial 2027, pp. 4-5; Report of Ord, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 112; Special Orders No. 68, Sept. 29, 1880, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); Augur to Commanding Officer, Sept. 7, 1881, ibid. (roll 8).
11 Report of Sheridan, Oct. 22, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, p. 56; Endorsement of Sheridan, Sept. 10, 1881, House Executive Document 20, 47th Congress, 1st session, serial 2027; Endorsement of Augur, Aug. 24, 1881, ibid., 6; Maxey to Ord, May 12, 1880, Ord Papers; Report of Augur, Sept. 27, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1881, p. 129 (quotation).
12 Sherman to Augur, Feb. 1, 1882, Christopher C. Augur Papers, Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield; Sherman to Lincoln, Mar. 18, 1882, vol. 95, William T. Sherman Papers, Library of Congress (microfilm edition, University of Texas, roll 47); Sherman to Sheridan, Oct. 3, 1882, ibid.; Sherman to Augur, Mar, 26, 1882, ibid. (first quotation); Sherman, "Estimates for Buildings at Military Posts," Oct. 16, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1882, p. 11 (second quotation); Sherman to Huntington, Nov. 16, 1882, vol. 96, Sherman Papers (roll 47).
13 Report of Augur, Oct. 2, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1882, p. 104; Report of Augur, Sept. 21, ibid., 1883 (quotation).
14 Sherman to Sheridan, Mar. 7, 1883, vol. 26: 545, Letters Sent, Headquarters of the Army, National Archives (microcopy M857, roll 9) (first quotation); Sherman to Sheridan, Apr. 2, 1883, vol. 26: 553, ibid. (second quotation).
15 Sheridan to Lincoln, Nov. 28, 1883, Letterbooks, box 43, Philip Sheridan Papers, Library of Congress; Sheridan to Maxey, Feb. 19, 1884, ibid.; Report of Stanley, Sept. 30, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1884, p. 125 (quotation).
16 Vincent to General Traffic Manager, Apr. 28, 1884, vol. 22: 204, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7); Woodward to Grierson, Oct. 17, 1882, Benjamin Grierson Papers, Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield (microfilm edition, roll 2); Vincent to Commanding Officer, Sept. 25, 1882, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); "Report of Persons and Articles Hired for the Month of December, 1885," ibid. (microfilm 85, roll 1); F. D. Rigsby to Commanding Officer, Apr. 9, 1887, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 9).
17 Eddie J. Guffee, "Camp Peña Colorado, Texas, 1879-1893" (MA thesis, West Texas State University, 1976): 13-16, 20; Mary L. Williams, "Empire Building: Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson at Fort Davis, 1882-1885," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 66 (1985): 63; Grierson to Adjutant General, June 25, 1883, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1).
18 Woodward to Commanding Officer, Viejo Pass, Dec. 10, 1883, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Endorsement of Lee, Feb. 19, 1884, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); Williams, "Empire Building," 63.
19 Post Adj. to Rooney, Jan. 27, 1882, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Viele to Post Adjutant, Aug. 2, 1882, ibid.; Vincent to Commanding Officer, Sept. 23, 1882, ibid. (microfilm 66-783, roll 8).
20 Charles Judson Crane, The Experiences of a Colonel of Infantry (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1922): 105; Table XVIII, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1891, p. 667; Report of Stanley, Sept. 30, ibid., 1884, p. 124; Guffee, "Peña Colorado," 21, 33; Helen Morrison to Adjutant General, Feb. 22, 1885, GPLu (first quotation); Charles to Father, Feb. 10, 1885, ibid. (second quotation).
21 George Ruhlen, "Fort Hancock—Last of the Frontier Forts," Password 4 (Jan., 1959): 22; Erwin Thompson, memo, Aug., 1964, Camp Rice File, Fort Davis Archives; Commanding Officer to Vincent, Apr. 8, 1882, ibid. (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Augur to Sherman, Aug. 16, 1882, vol. 18: 536, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 6) (quotations).
22 Ruhlen, "Fort Hancock," 19-21; Thompson, memo, Aug., 1964, Fort Davis Archives; Stanley to Adjutant General, Aug. 18, 1884, vol. 22: 445, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7) (first quotation); S. B. M. Young to J. L. Childs, Feb. 12, 1886, S. B. M. Young Papers, U.S. Army History Research Collection, Carlisle Barracks, Pa. (second quotation); Report of Chandler, Sept. 21, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1885, p. 456.
23 Vincent to Commanding Officer, Nov. 19, 1884, vol. 23: 7, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7); Stanley to Division of Missouri, Nov. 20, 1884, vol. 23: 18, ibid.; Vincent to Commanding Officer, Feb. 11, 1885, vol. 23: 101, ibid.; Douglas C. McChristian, "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form," Nevill's Springs File, Fort Davis Archives; Ruggles to Commanding Officer, June 18, 1885, vol. 24: 370-71, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 8); Camp at Nevill's Springs, p. 9, Rosters of Troops, Fort Davis Records, Record Group 393, National Archives; Martin to Commanding Officer, Mar. 9, 1889, vol. 28: 47, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 9); Martin to Commanding Officer, Camp at Nevill's Spring, Aug. 12, 1890, vol. 29: 166, ibid.
24 "Report of Persons and Articles hired . . . December 1882," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85-1); Augur to Sherman, Aug. 16, 18: 536, ibid. (roll 6) (first quotation); Smither to Grierson, Jan. 24, Mar. 4 (second quotation), June 3 (third quotation), 1883, GPSpr (roll 2).
25 Cooper to Smither, Mar. 9, 1883, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Smither to Quartermaster, June 30, 1883, ibid.; Report of Augur, Sept. 21, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1883, p. 145; Vincent to Victoriano Garcia, Nov. 11, 1884, vol. 7: 2, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7) (quotation); Assistant Adjutant General to Commanding Officer, Jan. 13, 1885, vol. 24: 32, ibid. (roll 8); Smither to Adjutant General, Dec. 20, 1884, 6246 A.G.O. 1884, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, 1881-1889, National Archives (microcopy M 689, roll 317); Endorsement of Lincoln, Dec. 23, 1884, ibid.; Stanley to Trevino, Jan. 27, 1885, ibid.
26 HQ, Dept. of Texas, Dec. 15, 1885, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9); Ruggles to Commanding Officer, May 7, 1886, vol. 25: 115, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 8) (quotation); A. C. Ducat to Post Adjutant, May 15, 1886, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85, roll 3); Report of Stanley, Sept. 4, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1886, p. 126; Young to Assistant Adjutant General, Nov. 25, 1886, Young Papers.
27 Williams, "Empire Building," 59-60,69; Maxon to Grierson, Aug. 18, 1882, GPNew (roll 2); Vincent to Commanding Officer, Jan. 16, 1883, vol. 20: 39, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7).
28 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 118-24, 138-39, 146-47, 172-73.
29 Charles to Mother, Aug. 4, 1882, GPLu (first two quotations); Augur to Sherman, Aug. 16, 1882, vol. 18: 535, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 6); Alice to Grierson, Oct. 2, 1883, GPLu (third quotation); Charlie to Grierson, Oct. 7, 1883, ibid. For another example of ranking out, see Brown to Post Adjutant, Nov. 20, 1881, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9); Parker to Quartermaster, Nov. 21, ibid.; Wilhelmi to Post Adjutant, Nov. 21, ibid.
30 Report of Ingalls, Sept. 26, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1882, p. 18 (quotation); Greene, Historic Resource Study, 106-07, 232-33; "Estimate for One Barracks. . .," 1884, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855); Statement A, Report of Construction and Repairs, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1883, p. 419; Report of J. G. Chandler, Appendix A, ibid., 1884, p. 432; Statement A, Report of Construction and Repairs, ibid., 1885, p. 475; Williams, "Empire Building," 64.
31 Greene, Historic Resource Study, 109 (quotation), 131; Statement A, Report of Construction and Repairs, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1885, p. 475.
32 Stanley to Adjutant General, June 2, 1884, vol. 22: 276, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7); Vincent to Commanding Officer, June 10, 1884, vol. 22: 296-97, ibid.; Army and Navy Journal, Feb. 28, 1891 (quotations); Typsecript from San Angelo Standard, July 3, 1886, in Weather File, Fort Davis Archives.
33 R. J. Armstrong to Post Adjutant, Sept. 6, 20, 1881, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8); "Report of Persons and Articles Hired for the Month of April 1883..." ibid. (microfilm 85, roll 1); ibid., Aug., 1884; ibid., Dec., 1885.
34 Bruce J. Dinges, "Colonel Grierson Invests on the West Texas Frontier," Fort Concho Report 16 (Fall, 1984): 6-11.
35 Memoirs of William George Wedemeyer, Dec. 16, 1884, vol. 2: 262 (typescript), Fort Davis Archives (quotation); Williams, "Empire Building," 67; Brenner to Grierson, Sept. 28, 1882, GPSpr (roll 2).
36 J. T. Gano to Grierson, May 18, 1883, GPLu; Grierson to Alice, Oct. 7, 1884, GPSpr (roll 2); Leckie and Leckie, Unlikely Warriors, 280; Alice to Grierson, Apr. 5, 1883, GPLu (quotations).
37 Mills to Adjutant General, Nov. 24, 1882, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905-8821); Sherman to Secretary of War, Dec. 29, 1882, ibid.
38 James to Augur, Jan. 24, 1883, ibid. (microfilm 65-855, roll 2) (first quotation); Grierson to Adjutant General, Jan. 30, Mar. 16 (second quotation), 1883, ibid. See also endorsements of 1445 A.G.O. 1883, in Land Acquisitions File, ibid.
39 Augur to Division of the Missouri, Feb. 15, 1883, vol. 20: 116-17, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7); Vincent to Grierson, Feb. 21, 1883, ibid. (quotation).
40 Murphy to Grierson, Feb. 26, 1883, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 2); Grierson to Adjutant General, Mar. 16, 1883, ibid. (quotations); Williams, "Empire Building," 62. The survey by S. A. Thompson, May 22, 1883, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 2), is extremely helpful in sorting out land claims in the Fort Davis area.
41 Brenner to Grierson, Mar. 15, 1883, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 2); Keesey to Grierson, Mar. 15, 1883, ibid.; J. B. Shields to Grierson, Mar. 15, 1883, ibid.; undated memo filed after Shields to Grierson, Mar. 15, 1883, ibid.; Grierson to Adjutant General, Mar. 16, 1883, ibid. (quotations). See also Land Acquisitions File, Fort Davis Archives.
42 Sheridan to Adjutant General, Apr. 18, 1883, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-876); Endorsement of Sherman, Apr. 21, 1883, ibid.; Adjutant General to Sheridan, Apr. 27, 1883, ibid. (microfilm 905-8821); Warranty Deed, Presidio Co., May 24, 1883, Land Acquisitions File, ibid.
43 R. C. Drum, "Case of Proposed Purchase of Additional Land at Fort Davis, Texas," Nov. 6, 1883, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905-8821); Drum to Commanding General, Division of the Missouri, Nov. 19, 1883, ibid.
44 Report of Holabird, Oct. 6, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1883, p. 409; Vincent to Commanding Officer, Nov. 9, 1883, vol. 21: 55, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 9); Holabird to Adjutant General, June 17, 1884, Land Acquisitions File, Fort Davis Archives; Endorsement of M. V. Sheridan, July 9, 1884, ibid.; Statement B, attached to Report of J. G. Chandler, Sept. 10, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1886, p. 443.
45 Grierson to Alice, Aug. 17, 1884, GPSpr (roll 2) (first quotation); Extract from Inspection Report, Sept. 3, 1884, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905-8821); Statement of Cole and Forster, Mar. 24, 1885, GP, Spr (roll 2).
46 Memorandum of October 18, 1883, Benjamin Grierson Papers, Texas Technological University, Lubbock, Texas (photocopies at Fort Davis Archives) [hereafter referred to as GPLu]; Proceedings of Stockholders, Fort Davis & Marfa RR Co., Jan. 12, 1885, GPNew (roll 1).
47 Ayers to Grierson, Oct. 29, 1883, GPLu; Jonathan to Grierson, Nov. 1, 1883, ibid.(quotations).
48 Grierson to Pierce, Jan. 29, 1884, GPLu (first two quotations); Ayers to Grierson, Jan. 20, 1885, ibid. (third quotation).
49 Proceedings of Stockholders, Fort Davis & Marfa RR Co., Jan. 12, 1885, GPNew (roll 1) (first quotation); Ayers to Grierson, Feb. 3, 1885, GPLu (second quotation); Grierson to Charles, Feb. 11, 1885, ibid. (third quotation).
50 Ayers to Grierson, Feb. 24, 1885, ibid. (quotations); Tyler, The Big Bend, 137.
51 Ayers to Grierson, Mar. 16, 27, 1885, GPLu.
52 Ayers to Grierson, Apr. 14 (first five quotations), Oct. 17 (sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth quotations), 1885, ibid.
53 Grace Paulding Memoirs, p. 10, Paulding Papers (quotations); Edmund to Aunt Hattie, June 14, 1866, and Edmund to Father, Dec. 15, 1870, Edmund Papers, U.S. Military Academy Archives, West Point, New York, give fine observations on West Point life. On the general subject, see Robert M. Utley, Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891, Wars of the United States (New York: Macmillan and Co., 1973): 18-22. A good example of a petty feud at nearby Camp Rice may be found in Young to Brackett, Feb. 4, 7, 1886, Young Papers.
54 Charles Merton to W. C. Church, Sept. 13, 1890, box 2, William C. Church Papers, Library of Congress.
55 Erwin Thompson, "The Officers, Fort Davis, Texas" (typescript), Officers File, Fort Davis Archives. One exception was Lieutenant Patrick Kelleher, a native of Ireland. A trained apothecary, Kelleher enlisted as a private in 1866, soon gained appointment as a hospital steward, and within two years secured a commission as a second lieutenant.
56 Memoirs of William George Wedemeyer, U.S.A., vol. 2: 99 (first and second quotations), 255, Fort Davis Archives; Anson Mills, My Story, ed. C. H. Claudy (2d ed., Washington: Press of Byron S. Adams, 1921): 186 (third quotation).
57 Wedemeyer Memoirs, 2: 247, 272 (first quotation); Williams, "Empire Building," 65-66 (second quotation).
58 Wedemeyer Memoirs, 2: 262; Leighton Finley Diary, vol. 3, Fort Davis Archives (first quotation); Woodward to Grierson, July 27, 1880, GPNew (roll 2) (second quotation); Leckie and Leckie, Unlikely Warriors, 280 (third and fourth quotations); Mills to Grierson, Oct. 1, 1882, GPSpr (roll 2) (fifth quotation). For earlier problems, see Woodward to Grierson, Aug. 8, 1874, GPSpr (roll 9).
59 Douglas C. McChristian, Garrison Tangles in the Friendless Tenth: The Journal of First Lieutenant John Bigelow, Jr., Fort Davis, Texas (Bryan, TX.: J. M. Carroll and Co., 1985): 26 (first quotation), 23 (second quotation); Sherman to A. Cameron, June 5, 1883, vol. 104: 19, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs (microcopy M 6, roll 88); Smither to Post Adjutant, July 21, 1884, GPNew (roll 2); Smither to Grierson, Mar. 4, 1883, GPSpr (roll 2); Vincent to Commanding Officer, Aug. 23, 1884, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114); Grierson to Alice, Nov. 15, 1878, GPNew (roll 1); Wedemeyer Memoirs, 2: 254 (third quotation); Assistant Adjutant General to J. J. Fisher and Co., Aug. 17, 1882, Letters Sent by the Office of the Adjutant General, National Archives (microcopy M 565, roll 55); Douglas McChristian, "Notes from Archives," in Units, Company C File, Fort Davis Archives.
60 Wedemeyer Memoirs, 2: 128 (first quotation), 253 (second quotation); McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 26, 52-53n.; Vincent to Commanding Officer, Dec. 22, 1884, vol. 23: 76 Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7); Fullerto Alice, Dec. 11, 1884, GPLu (third, fourth, and fifth quotations).
61 Wedemeyer Memoirs, 2: 253; Vincent to Commanding Officer, Dec. 22, 1884, vol. 23: 76, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7); McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 27 (quotation).
62 Duane Kendall Hale, "Prospecting and Mining on the Texas Frontier" (Ph.D. diss., Oklahoma State University, 1977): 92-94, 117, 127; N. A. Taylor and H. F. McDonald, The Coming Empire, or Two Thousand Miles in Texas on Horseback (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1877): 375; Woodward to Grierson, Dec. 29, 1879, GPNew (roll 2) (quotations); F. W. Strout to U.S. Command, Mar. 12, 1883, ibid.
63 Sam Woolford, ed., "The Burr G. Duval Diary," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 65 (Apr., 1962): 488; Burr G. Duval, "Journal of a Prospecting Trip to West Texas in 1879," 1, 48, 56 (quotation), 66-67, 69, 71, Barker Texas History Center. Duval also contributed to the influential Galveston Weekly News, Feb. 12, 1880.
64 Unsigned report of Assistant Adjutant General, Dec. 10, 1886, box 17, Fort Davis Records, Record Group 393, National Archives; Hale, "Prospecting and Mining," 149-51, 154, 171; Clifford B. Casey, Soldiers, Ranchers and Miners in the Big Bend, National Technical Information Service (Washington: National Park Service, 1969); Ronnie C. Tyler, The Big Bend: A History of the Last Texas Frontier (Washington: National Park Service, 1975): 135-45; Galveston Weekly News, Apr. 8, 1880.
65 Presidio Mining Company vs. Alice Bullis, Aug., 1887, Supreme Court of Texas, No. 5909, in 2220 A.C.P. 1879, box 570, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94.
66 Shafter to Baldwin, Dec. 25, 1889, box 6, Frank Baldwin Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, Ca.
67 McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 28; Alice to Grierson, Oct. 4, 1883, GPLu (quotations).
68 Grierson to Adjutant General, Mar. 1, 1885, GPNew (roll 1); Smither to Grierson, Oct. 21, 1882, GPSpr (roll 2) (quotations); Smither to Adjutant General, Dec. 20, 1884, 6246 A.G.O. 1884, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, 1881-1889 (microcopy M 689, roll 317); Sheridan endorsement of Feb. 7, 1885, ibid.; Army and Navy Journal, Mar. 28, 1891, p. 534; McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 26, 33.
69 Report on William Carter, 1884, Charges and Specifications of Garrison Courts Martial, box 17, Fort Davis Records, RG 393.
70 Report of Townsend, Feb. 9, 1876, House Report 354, 44th Congress, 1st session, serial 1709, p. 228; Tables I and II, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1880, pp. 41-45; Table L, ibid., 1881, pp. 62-63. For different views on recruits, see "Report of Company G, 23rd Infantry," [1890], Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85-1).
71 "Charges and Specifications preferred against Private William Lynch," May 10, 1884, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9) (first quotation); McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 17, 20, 26 (second quotation); Wedemeyer Memoirs, 2: 128-29 (third quotation).
72 McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 7-8 (first quotation), 28 (second quotation); Post Medical Return, Mar. 26, 1880, Mar. 31, 1883, Fort Davis Archives; Nevill to Jones, Sept. 5, 1880, Texas Adjutant General Office Papers.
73 Post Medical Return, July 1, 1879, July 31, 1882, Fort Davis Archives; McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 8, 18 (second, third, and fourth quotations).
74 Anne M. Butler, "Military Myopia: Prostitution on the Frontier," Prologue 13 (Winter 1981): 233-50; Smither to Grierson, June 3, 1883, GPSpr (roll 2); Transcript of oral interview, Douglas McChristian with Mrs. Jane Stevenson, June, 1981, in John H. Bigelow, Officers File, Fort Davis Archives (quotation).
75 McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 24-25; Fairalds to Harry, Nov. 15, 30, 1884, Grierson Collection, Fort Davis Archives; George to Harry, Nov. 30, ibid. (quotation).
76 Army and Navy Journal, Jan. 19, 1884; McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 21.
77 Army and Navy Journal, Jan. 19, 1884.
79 "Diary of Mrs. Alex. B. Shepherd Containing Remembrances of First Trip into Mexico in 1880," Fort Davis Archives (first quotation); Dagmar Mariager, "Camp and Travel in Texas: I," The Overland Monthly 17 (2nd ser., Feb., 1891): 188 (second quotation); Mrs. Orsemus Bronson Boyd, Cavalry Life in Tent and Field (1894; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982): 253; Capt. R. G. Carter, On the Border with Mackenzie; Or, Winning West Texas from the Comanches (Washington: Eynon Printing Co., 1935): 341.
80 Robert to Momma, July 19, 1880, GPNew (roll 1); "Complimentary Concert to General Grierson by the Twenty-fourth Infantry Band," July 15, 1880, ibid. (roll 2); see also printed invitation, Sept. 10, 1880, ibid.; Colonel to Vincent, Mar. 15, 1882, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Post Adjutant to Viele, Mar. 23, 1882, ibid.; Augur to Sherman, Aug. 16, 1882, vol. 18: 535-36, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 6); Vincent to Commanding Officer, Mar. 20, 1883, vol. 20: 195, ibid. (roll 7); Vincent to Commanding Officer, Jan. 24, 1885, vol. 24: 56, ibid. (roll 8); Army and Navy Journal, Oct. 14, 1882 (quotation), Mar. 17, 1883.
81 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Dec. 25, 1888; Crane, Experiences, 62-63; Army and Navy Journal, Oct. 14, 1882, Nov. 17, 1883, Jan. 19, 1884; Circular dated May 25, 1885, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9); Robert to Mother, Nov. 30, 1884, GPLu; Leighton Finley Diary, vol. 4, Fort Davis Archives; Zenas R. Bliss Reminiscences, 4: 246, Barker Texas History Center.
82 Army and Navy Journal, Mar. 22, 1884; Leckie and Leckie, Unlikely Warriors, 284; Robert to Mother, May 10, 1885, GPLu; Robert to Mother, May 26, June 10 (quotations), 1885, GPSpr.
83 Army and Navy Journal, Mar. 22, July 19, 1884; Post Medical Return, Order of Nov. 26, 1873, Fort Davis Archives; Mullins to Adjutant General, Sept. 1, 1878, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94; Finley Diary, vol. 4, Feb. 3, 1884; Leckie and Leckie, Unlikely Warriors, 283.
84 George to Harry, Nov. 14, 1884, Benjamin Grierson Collection, Fort Davis Archives.
85 Timothy K. Nenninger, The Leavenworth Schools and the Old Army: Education, Professionalism, and the Officer Corps of the United States Army, 1881-1918, Contributions in Military History, 15 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978): 16; Circulars, Dec. 3, 7, 19, 1879, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4) (quotation); Carpenter to Assistant Adjutant General, Sept. 1, 1878, ibid. (roll 1).
86 Post Adjutant to H. H. Landon, Mar. 21, 1877, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 1); Crane, Experiences, 64 (quotations); Circular No. 1, Feb. 3, 1876, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4).
87 McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 30-35.
88 Testimony of Sherman, Nov. 23, 1877, House Miscellaneous Document 64, 45th Congress, 2nd session, serial 1820, p. 49. For a comprehensive study of the subject, see Douglas C. McChristian, An Army of Marksmen: The Development of U.S. Army Marksmanship in the Nineteenth Century (Ft. Collins, Colo.: Old Army Press, 1981).
89 General Orders No. 67, Nov. 11, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4) (first quotation); McChristian, Army of Marksmen, 7-8, 41-46, 54, 68-69. For examples of other prizes, see Joske Brothers to Inspector of Rifle Practice, July 2, 1887, and Frank Grice to O. M. Smith, July 18, 1887, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8.)
90 Vincent to Commanding Officer, Feb. 13, 1884, vol. 22: 62-63, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7) (first quotation); Vincent to Commanding Officer, Sept. 6, 1884, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9) (second quotation); Vincent to Commanding Officer, Dec. 23, 1884, vol. 23: 80, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7).
91 J. C. Myers to Baldwin, Mar. 1, 1893, box 16, Frank Baldwin Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, Ca. (first two quotations); Report of Kelton, Oct. 7, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1889, p. 89 (third quotation).
92 Ifera, "Crime and Punishment," tables; Mullins to Adjutant General, Aug. 31, 1876, 5035 A.C.P. 1874, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch; Coffman, Old Army, 371 n. 95; Report of Proctor, Nov. 23, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1889, p. 9.
93 Report of E. D. Townsend, Oct. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1867, p. 417; Report of Reynolds, Sept. 30, ibid., 1870, p. 41; Report of Marcy, Oct. 17, ibid., 1871, pp. 110-11; Report of Sherman, Nov. 6, ibid., 1882, p. 6; Report of Sheridan, Oct. 17, ibid., 1883, p. 105; Report of Howard, Sept. 15, ibid., 1880, pp. 149-50 (quotations).
94 Report of Sherman, Nov. 6, ibid., 1882, p. 6; Report of Lincoln, Nov. 15, ibid., 1883, p. 6; Report of Drum, Oct., ibid., 1883, pp. 50-52; Report of Augur, Sept. 21, ibid., 1883, p. 147; Report of Sacket, Oct. 17, ibid., 1884, pp. 84-87; Extract of Report of J.W. Claus, ibid., 1883, p. 399; Report of Swaim, Oct. 1, ibid., 1883, p. 388 (quotation).
95 Report of Drum, Oct. 12, ibid., 1885, p. 74; Report of Schofield, Oct. 22, ibid., 1889, p. 64 (quotation).
96 Report on John Smith, Sept. 14, 1883, Separate Special Reports (Reports of Individual Deserters) 1883-1890, box 15, Fort Davis Records, RG 393 (quotation); Report on David Wells, Oct. 21, 1883, ibid.; Report on Joseph McCann, Sept. 18, 1883, ibid.; Report on Henry Bland, Dec. 25, 1883, ibid.; Report on Charles Brisher, July 16, 1883, ibid.
97 "Separate Special Report in the Case of Pvt. James Brown," May 29, 1884, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 6) (first quotation); M. F. Eggleston to Post Adj., June 19, 1884, ibid. (roll 8) (second and third quotations); Report on James E. Martin, July 18, 1883, Reports of Individual Deserters (fourth quotation); Report on Daniel Bell, July 11, 1883, ibid.
98 Report on Charles D. Clemens, May 27, 1883, Reports of Individual Deserters; Report on Charles L. Waters, July 25, 1883, ibid.; Report on Scott Graham, Nov. 14, 1883, ibid.; Report on Thomas A. Gatewood, Sept. 11, 1883, ibid.; Report on Joseph Gwyn, Aug. 24, 1883, ibid.; Report on George McNeil, June 5, 1883, ibid. (quotations).
99 Report of G. N. Lieber, Oct. 21, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1889, p. 325; Report on Henry Hardy, July 18, 1883, Reports of Individual Deserters (first two quotations); Report on Charles W. Fillmore, Mar. 13, 1881, ibid. (third quotation); Report on George Crossin, Aug. 1, 1883, ibid. (fourth and fifth quotations); Report on Daniel Clum, July 25, 1883, ibid. (sixth and seventh quotations).
100 Report of Drum, Oct. 15, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1884, p. 218; Orders No. 90, Apr. 23, 1883, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); Report of Endicott, Nov. 30, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1886, p. 22.
102 Dinges, "Grierson," in Soldiers West, 168-19; Wedemeyer Memoirs, Mar. 10, 1885; Grierson to Charles, Feb. 21, 1885, GPLu; Grierson to Alice, Apr. 13, 1885, GPSpr (roll 2); McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 27 (quotation).
103 Stanley to Schofield, Nov. 26, 1884, Semi-Official Letters Received, box 15, John M. Schofield Papers, Library of Congress; Stanley to Adjutant General, Dec. 19, 1884, vol. 23: 4-75, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 7). See also Schofield memorandum, Sept. 28, 1891, box 55, Letters Sent, Schofield Papers.
104 McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 5 (first and second quotations); Grierson to Charles, Feb.21, 1885, GPLu (third quotation). Leckie and Leckie, Unlikely Warriors, 284, conclude that "the Griersons returned to Fort Davis in time for Christmas [1884], sobered by the news received in Washington that the Tenth would be transferred, probably to Arizona." Although this earlier date might very well be true, they cite give no source which supports this conclusion.
105 Wedemeyer Memoirs, 2: 265; Commanding Officer to AG, July 6, 1882, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Whitman, The Troopers, 154; Sandra Myres, "Romance and Reality on the American Frontier: Views of Army Wives," Western Historical Quarterly 13 (Oct., 1982): 420.
106 McChristian, Garrison Tangles, 39; Grierson to Alice, Apr. 6, 1885, GPSpr (roll 2); Robert to Mother, Apr. 26, 1885, GPLu (first quotation); "An Account of a 10th. Cavalry March...," Helen Grierson Fuller Davis, Civilians File, Fort Davis Archives (second quotation). For costs of the move, see Table D, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1885, pp. 531-35.
107 Grierson to Alice, Apr. 6, 1885, GPSpr (roll 2) (first quotation); Robert to Mother, Apr. 14, 1885, GPLu (second, third, and fourth quotations).
108 Leckie and Leckie, Unlikely Warriors, 287, 290-92; Robert to Mother, June 10, 1885, GPSpr (roll 2).
109 Robert to Mother, May 26 (first quotation), Oct. 16 (second quotation), 1885, GPSpr (roll2); M.P. Hepburn to Grierson, Mar. 6, 1886, GPLu; Stanley to Grierson, Mar. 10, 1886, ibid.
Chapter Ten
1 Don Rickey, Jr., Forty Miles a Day on Beans and Hay: The Enlisted Soldier Fighting the Indian Wars (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963): 202; Ord endorsement of Jan. 17, 1877, to report of Chaplain Mullins, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 8) (quotation); Otis to Adjutant General, Nov. 11, 1887, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 1); Registers of Post Traders, vol. 4: 5, Record Group 94, National Archives. For official studies on the abuse of alcohol, see Table XVIII, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1891, p. 667. Official rates of alcoholism at Davis (54.72 per 1,000 troops), ranked forty-third among all army posts.
2 Otis to Adjutant General, Feb. 4, 1888, 279 A.C.P. 1888, box 1135, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94, National Archives; Abbott to Secretary of War, Jan. 12, 1888, ibid. (quotation); Edward M. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784-1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986): 360.
3 Abbott to Secretary of War, Jan. 12, 1888, 279 A.C.P. 1888, box 1135, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94 (first two quotations); clipping with Abbott to Secretary of War, Mar. 2, 1888, 1303 A.C.P. 1888, ibid., box 1139 (third and fourth quotations). For debate on the canteens, see Congressional Record, 51 Congress, 1st session, vol. 21, pt. 3: 2818.
4 Adjutant General to Abbott, Mar. 2, 1888, 279 A.C.P. 1888, 279 A.C.P. 1888, box 1135, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94 (first quotation); John V. Lauderdale Letterbooks, Oct. 17, 1888, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm edition) (second quotation); Drum to Division of the Missouri, Feb. 5, 1889, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9); Registers of Post Traders, vol. 4: 5; Report of Proctor, Nov. 15, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1890, p. 16; Report of Proctor, Nov. 3, ibid., 1891, p. 17.
5 L. E. Brooks to J. W. Tynes, Jan. 29, 1890, General Correspondence, box 2, #1017, Secretary of War, Record Group 107, National Archives; Otis to Adjutant General, Feb. 4, 1888, 279 A.C.P. 1888, box 1135, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94; J. E. Normoyle to Post Adjutant, Aug. 13, 1890, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9); "List of fixtures and furniture . . . May 10, 1891," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905/8821); "List and valuation of stock . . . May 10, 1891," ibid.; Criminal Docket # 30, Criminal Docket Book 1, Jeff Davis County Courthouse, Fort Davis, Texas (quotations).
6 Chester Winston Bowie, "Redfield Proctor: A Biography" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1980): 186-90; Report of Proctor, Nov. 3, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1891, pp. 3-4.
7 Report of Endicott, Nov. 30, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1885, p. 14; Report of Endicott, Nov. 30, ibid., 1886, p. 22; Stanley S. Graham, "Duty, Life, and Law in the Old Army, 1865-1900," Military History of Texas and the Southwest 12 (no. 4): 275-77; Report of Proctor, Nov. 3, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1891, p. 11; "Report of Cases Determined by Summary Court at Fort Davis," box 17, Fort Davis Records, Record Group 393, National Archives.
8 Report of Schofield, Oct. 25, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1888, pp. 66-67; Report of Proctor, Nov. 23, ibid., 1889, p. 8 (quotations); Report of Proctor, Nov. 15, ibid., 1890, p. 9; Report of Kelton, Oct. 1, ibid., 1891, p. 63; Proctor to J. Wheeler, Feb. 20, 1891, box 3, Redfield Proctor Papers, Proctor Free Library, Proctor, Vermont.
9 Report of R. Macfeely, Oct. 8, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1888, p. 585; Extract of Report of Ballance, ibid., 1887, p. 292; William George Wedemeyer Memoirs, 2: 298, Fort Davis Archives; Report of Stanley, Aug. 27, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1887, p. 137; Report of A. Baird, Nov. 7, ibid., p. 110; Report of Macfeely, Oct. 10, ibid., 1888, p. 602; Coffman, The Old Army, 342.
10 Report of Macfeely, Oct. 8, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1883, p. 590; Coffman, Old Army, 342; Kentner to Post Treasurer, Mar. 31, 1889, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9) (quotations); Army and Navy Journal, Sept. 26, 1885.
11 Ruggles to Commanding Officer, Mar. 26, 1886, vol. 26: 76, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, National Archives (microcopy M 1114, roll 8); Mary Williams, "The Post and Hospital Gardens at Fort Davis, Texas 1854-1891," (typescript), Fort Davis Archives; unsigned report, Dec. 10, 1886, box 17, Fort Davis Records, RG 393; Order No. 27, Apr. 27, 1890, box 4, Frank Baldwin Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, Ca.
12 Report of Schools in Operation at Fort Davis, box 17, Fort Davis Records, Record Group 393 (first quotation); Mattie Belle Anderson Reminiscences, Barker Texas History Center; Report of Drum, Oct. 9, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1886, p. 80 (second quotation); W. Bruce White, "ABCs for the American Enlisted Man: The Army's Post School System, 1866-1898," History of Education Quarterly 8 (Winter 1968): 479-96; Report of Breckinridge, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1890, p. 110.
13 Quoted from Report of J. C. Breckinridge, Oct. 25, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1889, p. 134.
14 "Fort Davis . . . corrected and approved by Lieut. Col. M. A. Cochran, 5th Infantry, commanding post, June 19, 1889," (typescript), Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905-8821); Lauderdale Letterbooks, vol. 9, May 11, July 10 (first two quotations), 1889; Army and Navy Journal, June 5, 1886, Aug. 16, 1890 (third quotation).
15 Army and Navy Journal, Dec. 25, 1886, Feb. 5, 1887, Feb. 22, 1889; clipping attached to Abbott to Secretary of War, Mar. 2, 1888, 1303 A.C.P. 1888, box 1139, Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch, Record Group 94; typescript memo, Sept., 1975, in Enlisted Men File, Fort Davis Archives; Lauderdale Letterbooks, Apr. 28, 1890; Keesey to Grand Army of the Republic, Feb. 18, 1890, box 4, Baldwin Papers.
16 Douglas C. McChristian, "The Commissary Sergeant: His Life at Fort Davis," Military History of Texas and the Southwest 14 (no. 1): 21-32; Robert M. Utley, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas, National Park Service Historical Handbook Series no. 38 (Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1965): 46; Lauderdale Letterbooks, Oct. 6, 1888.
17 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Nov. 23, 1888.
18 Robert F. Bluthardt, "Baseball on the Military Frontier," Fort Concho Report 19 (Spring 1987): 20-21.
19 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Nov. 11, 1888, Feb. 22, Oct. 27 (quotations), 1889; Army and Navy Journal, July 12, 1890.
20 Baker and Johnston to Post Adjutant, Jan. 18, 1886, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9); Lauderdale Letterbooks, June 9, Sept. 12 (quotation), 13, Oct. 26, 27, 1888.
21 Army and Navy Journal, Sept. 17, 1887, July 6, 1889 (first, second, and third quotations), Aug. 2, 1890, Feb. 7, 1891; Anderson Reminiscences; Lauderdale Letterbooks, June 18, 19, Nov. 29, Dec. 14, 1888, Apr. 15, 16, 1889; Robert to Mother, July 6, 1888, Benjamin Grierson Papers, Illinois State Historical Society, Springfield (roll 2); Memo of J.A. Bennett, Mar. 11, 1891, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85-2); Mama to Nita, Feb. 20, 1890, Baldwin Papers (fourth quotation).
22 For a good overview, see Gordon Chappell, The Search for the Well-Dressed Soldier 1865-1890, Museum Monograph No. 5 (Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1972): 1-5; and H. H. McConnell, Five Years a Cavalryman: Or, Sketches of Regular Army Life on the Texas Frontier, Twenty Odd Years Ago (Jacksboro: J. N. Rogers and Co., 1889): 230-31.
23 Chappell, Search for the Well-Dressed Soldier, 7-20.
24 Ibid.; Report of Meigs, Oct. 11, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1870, pp. 148-49; General Orders No. 45, July 1, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 4); Bliss to Assistant Adjutant General, Aug. 28, 1876, ibid. (roll 1); Drum to Quartermaster General, 5958 A.G.O. 1881, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, 1881-1889, National Archives (microcopy M 689, roll 54) (quotation).
25 Chappell, Search for the Well-Dressed Soldier, 32-37; Report of Holabird, Oct. 5, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1888, p. 307; Report of J. F. Rodgers, Aug. 28, ibid., 1890, p. 774.
26 Chappell, Search for the Well-Dressed Soldier, 32-37; Report of Holabird, Oct. 9, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1884, p. 323.
27 Papers accompanying General Order 75, Dec. 26, 1871, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1872, p. 279; Report of Holabird, Oct. 5, ibid, 1888, pp. 307-08; Report of Rodgers, Sept. 6, ibid., 1888, p. 536.
28 U.S. Manuscript Census, Presidio County, 1870, 1880; The Presidio County News, May 31, 1884 (reprint); I. J. Bush, Gringo Doctor (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1939): 33 (quotations). For the post's continued role in the Fort Davis economy, see Statements C and H, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1889, pp. 396, 424, 470.
29 U.S. Manuscript Census, Presidio County, 1870, 1880; Bush, Gringo Doctor, 36-37.
30 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Aug. 1, 1888 (first quotation); Bush, Gringo Doctor, 36-37 (second, third, and fourth quotations). For the apparent lack of racial separation at a local bar (at least in terms of sales), see Ledger 7, W. Keesey Collection, Archives of the Big Bend, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas.
31 Anderson Reminiscences; Lauderdale Letterbooks, May 22, 1888; unsigned report, Dec. 10, 1886, box 17, Fort Davis Records, Record Group 393 (quotations).
32 Cecilia Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, Texas, 1535-1947 (Austin: Nortex Press, 1985), 1: 183, 202, 205, 252, 270, 278; Presidio County News, May 31, 1884 (reprint).
33 Mary Williams to Robert Wooster, Feb. 23, 1989, Fort Davis Archives; Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County 1: 79, 108; "Diary of Mrs. Alex. R. Shepherd Containing Remembrances of First Trip into Mexico in 1880," Fort Davis Archives (quotation); Deposition of Feb. 28, 1899, claim 3889, Daniel Murphy vs. U.S. and Apache Indians, Indian Depredations Files, Record Group 205, National Archives.
34 Finley Diary, vol. 4, Fort Davis Archives; Army and Navy Journal, Jan. 2, 1886; Lauderdale Letterbooks, June 20, 1889 (quotation).
35 Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, 1: 156-57; D. B. Wilson to Crosson, July 15, 1885, box 1, Crosson Ranch Collections, Archives of the Big Bend, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas.; G. Lawson to Crosson, Aug. 18, 1885, Sept. 22, 1887, Apr. 6, 1888, ibid.; Woodruff to Crosson, July 23, 1890, ibid. (quotation).
36 U.S. Manuscript Census, 1870, 1880, Presidio County; "Excerpts from W. Keesey Collection—Archives of the Big Bend," W. Keesey, Civilian File, Fort Davis Archives (typescript); Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, 1, 107, 132, 133, 139, 171, 175, 177; Keesey to GAR, Feb. 18, 1890, box 4, Baldwin Papers. For material on the brothels, see "Interview and Driving Tour with Mrs. Pansy Epsy," Feb. 16, 1982, Town and Vicinity File, Fort Davis Archives.
37 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Sept. 9, 1889, Feb. 21, 22, Apr. 26, 1890.
38 "The First Baptist Church of Fort Davis, Texas: A Preliminary History," (typescript), Fort Davis Archives; Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, 1: 137, 143, 198-99; Lauderdale Letterbooks, July 19, 1889; Anderson Reminiscences; Natalie Barber, Faith West of the Pecos (Denton: Terrill Wheeler Printing Co., 1984): 4; unknown to Gram and Mother, Nov. 3, 1890, Thompson File, Fort Davis Archives.
39 Hammond to Commanding Officer, Apr. 11, 1885, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85-3); Ruggles to Commanding Officer, Jan. 29, 1887, vol. 26: 26, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microfilm M 1114, roll 8) (quotations); Ruggles to Hammond, June 21, 1887, vol. 26: 164, ibid.
40 Coffman, Old Army, 396-98; Report of W. B. Rochester, Oct. 14, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1885, p. 781; J. Billings to Adjutant General, Feb. 10, 1875, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85-3).
41 Lauderdale Letterbooks, July 12, 1888 (quotation); S. A. Thompson to B. T. Newman, Jan. 27, 1890, box 4, S. A. Thompson Papers, Archives of the Big Bend, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas; Bess Gray Higgins, "The Old Rock Wall Local History File, Fort Davis Archives; Thompson, "Private Bentley's Buzzard," Apr. 2, 1965, ibid.; Manuscript Returns, U.S. Census, 1880, Presidio County; L. T. Brown to Friend, May 21, 1965, Enlisted Men File, Fort Davis Archives; Davis County Deed Records, vol. 1: 505-06, Jeff Davis County Courthouse, Fort Davis, Texas. See also Special Schedule, Surviving Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, and Widows, etc., U.S. Census, 1890, Jeff Davis County.
42 Barry Scobee, Newspaper clipping of Nov. 10, Aggerman File, Fort Davis Archives; Brown to Friend, May 21, 1965, Enlisted Men File (quotation).
43 E. O. Parker to J. W. Edwards, Mar. 27, 1973, Charles Mulhern, Enlisted Men File, Fort Davis Archives; Scobee to Mike, July 18, 1969, ibid.; U.S. Census Manuscript Returns, 1880, Presidio County; Newspaper clipping, Alpine Avalanche, Apr., 1947, in David A. Simmons Papers, Barker Texas History Center; Scobee, Old Fort, 73-74; Lauderdale Letterbooks, June 19, 1888 (quotation); George to Harry, Nov. 30, 1884, GPLu; "Case of Fort Davis," Oct. 4, 1878,4570 A.C.P. 1878, box 530. See also the Mason M. Maxon Papers, Texas Technological University (photocopies at Fort Davis Archives).
44 Robert to Mother, Oct. 20, 1886, GPSpr (roll 2); William H. Leckie and Shirley A. Leckie, Unlikely Warriors: General Benjamin H. Grierson and His Family (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984): 175 n. 27, 293, 303-08.
45 Legard to Secretary of War, Jan. 4, 1887, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905-8821); Geegge to Secretary of War, Jan. 5, ibid.; "Investigation of the Complaint against Hospital Steward Richard Dare . . ." Jan. 23, ibid.; Ruggles Commanding Officer, Jan. 27, 1887, vol. 26: 23, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 8); Kelton to Lanham, Feb. 15, 1887, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905-8821); Rumbaugh Clendenin, Oct. 26, 1887, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 8).
46 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Nov. 5, 1888; Keesey to Newcomb, Apr. 3, 1879, James Newcomb Papers, Barker Texas History Center; Bush, Gringo Doctor, 49.
47 R. D. Holt, "Texas Had Hot County Elections," West Texas Historical Association Year Book 24 (1948): 11; Army and Navy Journal, June 5, 1886; Thompson, History of Marfa and Presidio County, 1: 259; Lauderdale Letterbooks, Nov. 1, 1888.
48 Vollum to Adjutant General, Aug. 31, 1886, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 906/8820);Report of J. Moore, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1887, p. 622-24, 644-45.
49 Report of Stanley, Sept. 4, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1886, p. 126.
50 Report of Weisel, Circular No. 4, p. 229 (quotation); Weisel to W. Webster, Feb. 28, 1870, Post Medical Returns, Fort Davis Archives; DeGraw to D. Wilson, June 30, 1876, ibid.; Entry for June 30, 1878, ibid.
51 Post Medical Returns, Jan., 1875, Fort Davis Archives (first quotation); Robert Grierson Journal, July 19, 1880, Fort Davis Archives; clipping from the El Paso Times (probably 1954), in scrapbook, Simmons Papers, (second quotation).
52 Roscoe P. and Margaret B. Conkling, The Butterfield Overland Mail, 1857-1869 (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1947), 2: 27; "Office Brief as to Water Supply," Water System File, Fort Davis Archives; Report of Perry, Sept. 11, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1883, p. 557.
53 "Office Brief as to Water Supply;" "Plan of the Reservation and Post of Fort Davis, Texas, showing the Water Supply System," traced from Colonel W. H. Owens, Water System File, Fort Davis Archives.
54 E. P. Vollum to Surgeon General, Apr. 22, 1886, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905/8821) (quotations); "Office Brief as to Water Supply;" Report of Sawtelle, Sept. 20, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1889, p. 491.
55 Lauderdale Letterbooks, June 23 (first quotation), 28 (second quotation), Aug. 4, 1888.
56 Ibid., July 21, Aug. 22 (quotation), 1888. On overgrazing, see Army and Navy Journal, June 20, 1885.
57 Skinner to Post Adjutant, Aug. 31, 1890, Medicine File, Fort Davis Archives; Normoyle, endorsement of Sept. 2, 1890, ibid.; Normoyle, endorsement of Nov. 4, 1890, ibid. (quotation). For other descriptions of flooding, see Alice Blackwood Baldwin. Memoirs of the Late Major General Frank D. Baldwin (Los Angeles: Wetzel Publishing Co., 1929): 35.
58 Post Medical Returns, May 31, 1884, Fort Davis Archives; A. McGennigle to Assistant Adjutant General, Aug. 13, 1888, Annual Report of Brig. Genl. D.S. Stanley . . . 1888, in Rosters of Troops, Record Group 393, National Archives; Lauderdale Letterbooks, June 30, 1888; Quartermaster to Chief Quartermaster, Division of the Missouri, July 10, 1890 (photocopy), Water System File, Fort Davis Archives.
59 "Extracts of inspection report . . . January, 1887, by Lieut. Col. E. M. Heyl," Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9). See also Martin to Commanding Officer, Aug. 5, 1889, vol. 28: 170, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microfilm M 1114, roll 9).
60 Statement A, Report of Construction and Repairs, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1887, p. 425; Lauderdale Letterbooks, May 22, June 11, 1888, Apr. 30, 1889 (quotation); Post Medical Returns, Apr., 1889, Fort Davis Archives.
61 Kimbrough to Clendenin, Oct. 26, 1887, vol. 26: 293, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 8); Lauderdale Letterbooks, May 22, 1888; Nita to Papa, undated letter attached to envelope postmarked Nov. 29, 1890, box 13, Baldwin Papers; Nita to Papa, undated letter attached to envelope addressed to Camp Neville Spring, postmarked 1890, box 13, ibid.; Sis to Mother, July 19, 1890, James K. Thompson Files, Fort Davis Archives; Sis to Gram and Mother, Nov. 3, 1890, ibid. (quotation).
62 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Nov. 3 (first quotation), 13 (second quotation), 1889.
63 Report of Murray, Oct. 1, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1885, p. 734; Lauderdale Letterbooks, Aug. 16, 18, 22, Sept. 6 (first quotation), 10 (second quotation).
64 Lauderdale Letterbooks, Sept. 14 (second quotation), Sept. 21, Oct. 22, 1888; Army and Navy Journal, July 6, 1889 (first quotation); Report of a Board of Survey, Sept. 20, 1889, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 85, roll 3).
65 Stanhope Boyne-Jones, The Evolution of Preventive Medicine in the United States Army, 1607-1939 (Washington: Office of the Surgeon General, 1968): 111-15; Report of Moore, Aug. 8, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1890, p. 933, 979; Lauderdale Letterbooks, May 18, 31, 1889; Martin to Commanding Officer, Aug. 5, 1889, vol. 28: 179-0-71, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, National Archives (microcopy M 1114, roll 9).
66 Army and Navy Journal, Oct. 14, 1882; San Antonio Daily Express, Aug. 11, 1881 (quotations).
67 Smith to Commanding Officer, Nov. 28, 1887, vol. 26: 323, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 8); Quarterly Tabular Reports of Expeditions and Scouts, 1871-1888, box 17, Fort Davis Records, Record Group 393.
68 Report of Stanley, Sept. 4, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1886, p. 124; Report of Stanley, Aug. 27, ibid., 1887, p. 136 (first quotation); Stanley to Adjutant General, Nov. 18, 1887, vol. 26: 316, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 8) (second, third, and fourth quotations).
69 O. M. Smith to Commanding Officer, Apr. 21, 1888, vol. 27: 103, May 5, 1888, vol. 27: 125, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy 1114, roll 9); S. E. Blunt to R. Williams, Apr. 23, 1888, vol. 29: 64, Letters Sent, Headquarters of the Army, National Archives (microcopy M 857, roll 11) (quotations); Stanley to Assistant Adjutant General, Apr. 24, 1888, vol. 27: 106, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 9).
70 Report of Stanley, Sept. 13, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1888, p. 141.
70a Stanley to Schofield, Jan. 5, Mar. 25, 1884, Special Correspondence, box 42, John Schofield Papers, Library of Congress; "Dept. of Texas," (1885), File "S", box 14, Letters Received, ibid.; Schofield to Secretary of War, Sept. 27, 1889, vol. 29: 269, Letters Sent, Headquarters of the Army (microcopy M 857, roll 11); Vincent to Adjutant General, Dec. 24, 1889, vol. 29: 322, ibid.; Stanley to Adjutant General, Jan. 15, 1890, vol. 29: 11, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 9).
71 Two letters from Schofield to the Secretary of War, March 20, 1890, have been found. That in box 55, Schofield Papers, lists 13 posts suitable to be abandoned. A typewritten note in box 3 (1890), file 2425, General Correspondence, Secretary of War, Record Group 107, National Archives, lists 16 such forts, marked number one. Davis appears with eight other posts, marked number two, on the same message. No explanation can be offered as to the differences, except that the note in Schofield's personal papers might have been simply a draft document.
72 Schofield to McCook, Dec. 9, 1890, box 55, Schofield Papers; Schofield to Commander, Department of Texas, Dec. 1, 1890, vol. 30: 29, Letters Sent, Headquarters of the Army (M 857, roll 12); Alice to Frank, Jan. 17, 1891, box 9, Baldwin Papers; Army and Navy Journal, Feb. 7, 1891 (quotation).
73 Proctor to McCook, Nov. 21, 1890, box 2, Redfield Proctor Papers, Proctor Free Library, Proctor, Vermont (first quotation); Army and Navy Journal, Apr. 4, 1891 (second quotation); Proctor to Sayres, Apr. 25, 1891, box 3, Proctor Papers; Stanley to Adjutant General, July 30, 1891, vol. 29: 408-10. Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microfilm M 1114, roll 9); San Antonio Daily Express, Mar. 27, 1891.
74 Proctor to Lanham, Apr. 27, 1891, box 3, Proctor Papers.
75 Augur to Sender and Bro., Mar. 6, 1883, vol. 20: 163-64, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 114, roll 7); Ruggles to Commanding Officer, Sept. 19, 1885, vol. 24: 520-21, ibid. (roll 8); Petition to President, Sept. 17, 1885, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 905-8821); Endicott to J. D. Davis, Oct. 7, 1885, vol. 112: 181-82, Letters Sent, Secretary of War (microcopy M 6, roll 95); H. M. Patterson to Grierson, Mar. 26, 1889, box 4, S. A. Thompson Collection; S. A. Thompson to Lanham, Feb. 4, 1890, ibid. (quotation). No record of debate on the issue was located in the Congressional Record.
76 J. Gilliss to James, Apr. 1, 1891, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 65-855, roll 2); Murphy to Blaine, May 15, 1891, ibid. (microfilm 66-876/7833) (quotation). See also San Antonio Daily Express, Apr. 12, May 1, 17, 1891.
77 Schofield to Reagan, Jan. 13, 1890, vol. 29: 335, Letters Sent, Headquarters of the Army (microcopy M 857, roll 11); Schofield to Lanham, Jan. 10, 25, 1890, ibid., pp. 333-34, 356; Schofield to Lanham, Mar. 18, June 2, 1890, vol. 30: 408-09, 458, ibid. (roll 12); Schofield to SW, Mar. 3, 1890, box 55, Schofield Papers; Proctor to J. Woods, Mar. 9, 1891, box 3, Proctor Papers; Congressional Record, 20: 1628; Schofield to Quartermaster General, Aug. 12, 1890, box 55, Schofield Papers (first quotation); Stanley to Schofield, Dec. 5, 1890, box 42, Special Correspondence, ibid.; Proctor to T. B. Reed, Mar. 3, 1891, box 3, Proctor Papers.
78 Stanley to Adjutant General, July 30, 1891, vol. 29: 408-10, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 9); Martin to Commanding Officer, June 1, 1891, Fort Davis Archives (microfilm 66-783, roll 9).
79 Ibid.; Devon to Commanding Officer, June 18, 20, 1891, vol. 29: 375, 377, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 9); Hardin to Quartermaster, July 13, 1891, p. 240, Book of Letters Sent by C. B. Hardin, Fort Davis Archives.
80 Lauderdale Letterbooks, May 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, 1888, Jan. 26, 1890 (quotation); Smith to Commanding Officer, May 8, 1888, Letters Sent, Department of Texas (microcopy M 1114, roll 8); Capt. F. E. Phelps, "From Texas to Dakota: The Eighth Cavalry's Long March," Journal of the U.S. Cavalry Association (April, 1905): 1-3; Alice to Baldwin, Dec. 19, 1890, Baldwin Papers.
81 Returns from Regular Army Infantry Regiments, Fifth Infantry, July, 1891, National Archives (microcopy M 665, roll 60); Devon to Commanding Officer, June 30, 1891, vol. 29: 389, Letters Sent, Department of Texas, (microcopy M 1114, roll 9); Hardin to Quartermaster, July 6, 1891, p. 199, Book of Letters Sent by C. B. Hardin.
82 Report of Proctor, Nov. 3, Secretary of War, Annual Report, 1891, p. 16; Report of Stanley, ibid., p. 156 (quotation).
83 Mulhern to Maxon, June 30 (first quotation), Aug. 31 (second quotation), 1891, Mason M. Maxon Papers, Fort Davis Archives; Maxon to Mulhern, Dec. 28, 1891, ibid.; Ed Bartholomew, Oral Interview, June 16, 1983, Archives of the Big Bend, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas; Scobee, Old Fort, 89.
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Last Updated: 13-Feb-2008