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FORT STANWIX
History, Historic Furnishing, and Historic Structure Reports |
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Historic Furnishing Study
NOTES
Introduction
1. Thomas Gage Papers, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Gage to Johnson, Feb. 1, 1759; ibid., Gage to Massey, Nov. 12, 1759.
2. Clarence Edion Carter, ed., The Correspondence of General Thomas Gage with the Secretaries of State 1763-1775, 2 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1931), 1:141.
3. Philip Schuyler Papers, New York Public Library, Caldwell to Schuyler. June 27, 1776; ibid., Schuyler to Committee of Tryon County, July 1, 1776.
4. Thomas Gage Papers, Gage to Campbell, May 13, 1764.
5. Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., Papers, Connecticut Historical Society, Elmore to Trumbull, Jr., Nov. 21, 1776.
6. Horatio Gates Papers, New-York Historical Society, Schuyler to Gates, Oct. 3, 1776.
7. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, New York Public Library, Gansevoort to Van Shaick, May 5, 1777; ibid., Gansevoort to Schuyler. ca. May 1777.
8. Henry Glen Letter Book 1776-80, New York State Library, Schuyler to Morgan, June 19, 1777; Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Washington, June 30, 1777.
Chapter 1
1. Almond W. Lauber, comp., Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, 1778-1783 by Samuel Tallmadge and others with Diaries of Samuel Tallmadge, 1780-1782 and John Barr, 1779-1782, (Albany: The University of the State of New York, 1932), p. 545 (hereafter cited as Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment).
2. Thomas Gage Papers, Gage to Amherst, Feb. 18, 1759.
3. Horatio Gates Papers, Orderly Book, July 26, 1776.
4. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Washington, ca. Aug. 1776.
5. Ibid., Schuyler to Lewis, June 6, 1777.
6. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Schuyler, July 3, 1777
7. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Congress, July 5, 1777; ibid., Dayton to Schuyler. Sept. 4, 1776; Philip Schuyler Orderly Book, American Antiquarian Society, Lansing to Lewis, July 8, 1777; ibid., Lansing to Cuyler, July 10, 1777; ibid., Schuyler to Gansevoort, July 10, 1777. Schuyler complained to Congress that great sickness prevailed in the Army as a result of relying too much on fresh meat and not enough on salted meat. He noted that there was practically no salted meat in the Northern Department, and the little that was available was retained for scouting parties only. The problem, therefore, was not just common to Fort Stanwix, but was present at all posts in the Northern Department. See Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Congress, Aug. 8, 1777.
8. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Congress, Aug. 8, 1777.
9. Schuyler complained that it was impossible to obtain much fresh beef because of high prices. See Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Trumbull, June 29, 1777.
10. Thomas Gates Papers, Willett to Gates, Sept. 22, 1777.
11. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Cuyler to Gansevoort, Nov. 28, 1777.
12. ibid., Gansevoort to Gates, Dec. 12, 1777.
13. "A Monthly Return of the State of the Garrison Fort Schyler [sic] May 1st, 1778." Queens Borough Public Library, Jamaica, N.Y
14. Philip Schuyler Papers, "Return of Provisions under care of John Hansen, Esqr, A D Corny Issues at Ft. Schuyler on 21st Day June 1778."
15. This number consisted of 402 men of the 3rd New York Battalion, 32 men of the artillery detachment, and 17 civilians, who were listed as artificers. See "A Monthly Return of the State of the Garrison at Fort Schyler [sic] May 1st, 1778."
16. Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 549.
17. Thomas Gage Papers, Gage to Amherst, August 21, 1759.
18. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Gates, May 23, 1777.
19. Miscellaneous American Revolution, New York State Library, Order signed by Col. P. Gansevoort, May 26, 1777.
20. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Dayton, Aug. 3, 1776.
21. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, New-York Historical Society, Oct. 22, 1777; ibid., Feb. 23, 1778.
22. Henry Glen Papers, 1770-1801, New York Public Library, Glen to Fonda, ca. Nov. 1777; Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, a small booklet showing various accounts.
23. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Feb. 7, 1778.
25. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Caty Van Schaik, June 1, 1777.
26. Ibid., Gansevoort to Gansevoort, Dec. 16, 1777.
27. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Bleeker, Aug. 19, 1775.
28. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Willett to Gansevoort, Apr. 20, 1778; Miscellaneous American Revolution (Wendell Family Papers), Lendder to Bradt, Apr. 6, 1779.
29. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, June 24, 1777.
30. William Colbraith, "Journal of the most material occurrences preceding the Siege of Fort Schuyler (formerly Fort Stanwix) with an account of the siege, etc.," negative photostat, New York Public Library, Aug. 2, 1777, (here after cited as Colbraith, "Journal").
31. "Gansevoort Map of Fort Stanwix," New York Public Library, copy in John F. Luzader, "The Construction and Military History of Fort Stanwix," (Washington, D.C.: Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service, 1969), Appendix IX.
32. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, New Jersey Historical Society, Dunham to Elmer, Aug. 23, 1776.
33. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Gansevoort, June 13, 1777.
34. Ibid., Glen to Gansevoort, Dec. 5, 1777.
35. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, Nov. 19, 1776; United States Revolution Collection, "Inventory of all Stores Belonging to the General Hospital at Albany etc March 29th 1777," American Antiquarian Society.
36. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Congress, July 5, 1777
37. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Apr. 16, 1778.
Chapter II
1. James Abercromby Papers, Huntington Library, Stanwix to Abercromby, Sept. 7, 1758, cited in Luzader, "Construction and Military History of Fort Stanwix," pp. 28-29; James Abercromby Papers, Stanwix to Abercromby, Sept. 18, 1758, cited in Orville W. Carroll's personal research file on Fort Stanwix, Minute Man National Historical Park, Concord, Mass.
2. Thomas Gage Papers, Gage to Amherst, Aug. 21, 1759.
3. Newton D. Mereness, ed., "Journal of An Officer Who Travelled in America and the West Indies in 1764 and 1765," Travels in the American Colonies (New York: Macmillan Company, 1916), p. 369.
4. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Dayton, Aug. 8, 1776.
5. Ibid., General Orders, Dec. 30, 1776.
6. Ibid., Schuyler to Washington, June 30, 1777; Henry Glen Letter Book, 1776-80, Schuyler to Morgan, June 19, 1777; Diary of Jonathan Lawrence, May 27-June 28, 1777, New York State Library.
7. Philip Schuyler's Orderly Book, Schuyler to Gansevoort, July 10, 1777; Colbraith, "Journal," July 30, 1777.
9. State of New York Public Papers of George Clinton, 10 vols. (Albany: State of New York, 1900), 3:510; "A Monthly Return of the State of the Garrison Fort Schyler [sic] May 1st 1778."
11. Thomas Gates Papers, "A Return of Ordnance Stores wanted in the Northern Department," Aug. 19, 1777.
12. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort, June 13, 1777; Lee Hanson and Dick Ping Hsu, "Casemates and Cannonballs: Archeological Investigations at Fort Stanwix, 1758-1781," 1:128 Fort Stanwix Archeological Project (New York District, 1973).
13. Philip Schuyler's Orderly Book, Lansing to Lewis, July 8, 1777; "A Monthly Return of the State of the Garrison Fort Schyler [sic] May 1st 1778."
14. State of New York, New York In the Revolution (Albany: J. B. Lyon Company, 1904), p. 31.
15. Marinus Willett Miscellaneous MSS., New-York Historical Society Apr. 1, 1778.
16. Philip Schuyler Papers, "An Estimate of Military Stores, Provisions etc. to be sent to Albany," Schuyler to New York Provincial Congress, July 3, 1775.
17. Horatio Gates Papers, "A General Return of Ordnance and Stores at Ticonderoga, Mount Independence July 4, 1778.
18. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Washington, July 6, 1777.
19. Horatio Gates Papers, "A Return of Ordnance Stores wanted in the Northern Department," Aug. 19, 1777.
20. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, July 19, 1777.
21. Memorandum, Lee H. Hanson, Jr., to Director, New York District, National Park Service, June 1, 1972, copy filed in Denver Service Center, NPS, under A2615.
22. Marinus Willett's "Narrative," cited in John Albert Scott, Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler) and Oriskany (Rome, N.Y.: Rome Sentinel, 1927), p. 243.
23. Memorandum, Lee H. Hanson, June 1, 1972.
24. Lauber, Orderly Books of The Fourth New York Regiment, p. 583.
25. State of New York, New York In the Revolution, pp. 13, 31.
26. Miscellaneous American Revolution, Colin Campbell's "Account of Disbursements Fort Stanwix 1st June 1759"; Journal of Ebenezer Elmer, Oct. 8, 1776.
27. Ibid., Sept. 10, 1776; Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Willett to Gansevoort, Apr. 20, 1778.
28. State of New York, New York in the Revolution.
Chapter III
1. Philip Schuyler Papers, Dayton to Schuyler, Aug. 30, 1776.
2. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Oct. 12, 1777.
3. John Lamb Papers, New-York Historical Society, Willett to Lamb, Feb. 24, 1778; Miscellaneous American Revolution, Van Schaik to Van Dyck, May 7, 1780; Lauber, Orderly Books of The Fourth New York Regiment, p. 559.
4. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Willett to Gansevoort, Apr. 20, 1778.
5. Orderly Books of The Fourth New York Regiment, p. 549.
6. It may be of interest that while this letter indicated that coats and shirts were to be shipped, it also revealed that such was not the case with shoes. See Horatio Gates Papers, Mease to Gates, Aug. 21, 1777.
7. Miscellaneous American Revolution, "An Estimate of the Average Price in December 1778 of the different Articles of Clothing allowed the Soldiery by the Act of Congress, September 6th 1777."
8. Ibid., "Resolution of Congress of the Clothing Department," June 18, 1781.
9. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Gansevoort, August 29, 1778.
10. Ibid., Swartwout to Gansevoort, Aug. 29, 1778.
11. Fredrick P. Todd, Cornwall-on-Hudson N.Y., to author, Apr. 22, 1974, in author's file.
12. Historical data on Fort Stanwix collected by Orville W. Carroll, Denver Service Center, National Park Service. Mr. Frederick P. Todd is fully convinced that the militia wore no uniforms. See letter to author, Apr. 22. 1974.
13. Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 556.
14. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Elmore, Jan. 5, 1777.
15. V. Dyck to Van Schaik, Apr. 17, 1780, furnished by Lee Hanson, Archeologist, NPS.
16. Robbins Family Papers, Sterling Memorial Library. Yale University, Journal of the Rev. Ammi R. Robbins: A Chaplain In the American Army In The Northern Campaign of 1776 (New Haven: Printed by B. L. Hamlen, 1850).
Chapter IV
1. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Congress, Nov. 19, 1776.
2. Ibid., Schuyler to Elmore, Jan. 5, 1777; Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Apr. 23, 1778.
3. Philip Schuyler Papers, Hansen to Schuyler Dec. 30, 1776. In a document dated Jan. 31, 1777, mention is made of a "store where Mr. John Hansen has the disposal of Indian Goods." The room set aside for this purpose was probably a lean-to connected to the store, a building standing next to the guardhouse. See ibid., certificate signed by John Post et al., Jan. 31, 1777, with letter, Hansen to Schuyler, Feb. 1, 1777.
4. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, July 11, 1776.
5. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Congress, Jan. 25, 1777.
6. Ibid., Schuyler to Livingston, Feb. 7, 1777.
7. Miscellaneous American Revolution, Order of Colonel Gansevoort, May 23, 1777.
Chapter V
1. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Washington, Aug. 16, 1776. On July 24, 1777, Willett made reference in his Orderly Book to cattle belonging to the garrison.
2. Marinus Willett Miscellaneous MSS., Cuyler to Willett, Sept. 20, 1777.
3. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Cuyler to Gansevoort, Nov. 28, 1777.
4. "John Barr's Diary," Dec. 4, 1780, in Lauber, Orderly Books of The Fourth New York Regiment, p. 844.
5. Fort Schuyler Miscellaneous MSS., New-York Historical Society, "Plan for the relief and provisioning of Fort Schuyler," ca. 1780.
6. Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 553.
7. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Gates, Dec. 12, 1777.
8. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Sept. 23, 1777.
10. Mereness, "Journal of An Officer Who Travelled in America and the West Indies in 1764 and 1765," p. 369.
11. Horatio Gates Papers, Schuyler to Gates, Oct. 3, 1776.
12. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Gates, May 23, 1777.
13. William Willett, ed., A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett (New York, 1831), p. 195.
Chapter VI
1. It may help one to understand a little about the kinds of tools employed at Fort Stanwix by learning what kinds of artificers, both military and civilian, were employed there. In early 1778 there were 15 carpenters, 6 sawyers, 12 brickmakers, 4 colliers, 2 coopers, 2 gardners, 2 blacksmiths, and 2 armorers. See "A Monthly Return of the State of the Garrison Fort Schuyler May 1st 1778."
2. Miscellaneous American Revolution, Schuyler to Committees in Albany et al., July 14, 1776; ibid., Schuyler to Gansevoort, Oct. 27, 1776.
3. "A Monthly Return of the State of the Garrison Fort Schuyler May 1st 1778."
4. Miscellaneous American Revolution, "Capt. Baker's Return of Camp Equipage," n.d.; Philip Schuyler Papers, "An Estimate of Military Stores, Provisions etc. to be sent to Albany," enclosed with letter, Schuyler to N. Y. Provincial Congress, July 3, 1775; Gates Papers, "A General Return of Ordnance and Stores at Ticonderoga, Mount Independence . . . ." July 4, 1777.
5. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Schuyler, June 15, 1777.
6. Charles M. Stotz, Drums in the Forest (1958), p. 106.
7. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Lewis, Dec. 17, 1776. These 2 items frequently appeared in the returns of post commissaries. See Miscellaneous American Revolution, "Return of Barrack Bedding and furniture etc at Oswegatchie and Fort Wm. Augustus 25 Sept 1767"; ibid., Capt. Baker's Return of Camp Equipage; ibid., "Return of Barrack Bedding and Furniture etc. at Oswegatchi and Fort William Augustus 25th March 1768."
8. Marinus Willett Miscellaneous MSS., Van Renselaer to Willett, Apr. 1, 1778.
9. Hanson and Hsu, "Casemates and Cannonballs," passim.
10. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Lewis, Nov. 9, 1776.
11. Stotz, Drums in the Forest, p. 106.
12. Miscellaneous American Revolution, "Return of Barrack Bedding and Furniture etc at Oswegatchie and Fort Win. Augustus 25 Sept. 1767."
13. Ibid., "Return of Barrack Bedding and Furniture etc at Oswagatchi and Fort William Augustus 25th March 1768."
14. State of New York, New York in The Revolution, p. 81.
16. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Gansevoort, May 17, 1777.
Chapter VII
1. Orville W. Carroll, Historic Structure Report, Fort Stanwix Architectural Data Section (Denver Service Center: NPS, 1973), pp. 61-62.
2. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Aug. 1, 1777.
4. Carroll. Fort Stanwix, p. 41.
5. Colbraith. "Journal," Aug. 23, 1777.
7. "A Monthly Return of the State of the Garrison Fort Schyler [sic] May 1st 1778"; State of New York, Public Papers of George Clinton, 3:510.
8. "A Sketch of the siege of Fort Schuyler," by Frances de Fleury, cited in Luzader, "Construction and Military History of Fort Stanwix," Appendix VIII.
9. Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, Nov. 23, 1870 p. 541.
10. Carroll, Fort Stanwix, p. 117.
11. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, May 15, 1778.
12. Lauber. Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 556.
13. Carroll, Fort Stanwix, p. 118.
14. "Hobbies: The Magazine for Collectors," cited in Carroll, Fort Stanwix, pp. 117, 158-59.
15. Colbraith, "Journal," Aug. 11, 1777.
16. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Aug. 11, 1777.
17. Rome Directory, 1857, p. 31, cited in Carroll, Fort Stanwix, pp. 125, 162-3.
18. John F. Luzader to Orville W. Carroll, Jan. 1971, in Carroll's research file, "Glossary, Fort Stanwix," Minute Man National Historical Park, Concord, Mass.
19. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, July 3, 1776.
20. Carroll, Fort Stanwix, p. 126.
22. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Dec. 2, 1777.
23. Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 551.
24. Colbraith, "Journal," Aug. 21, 1777.
25. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Mar. 10, 1778.
26. Edmund B. O'Callaghan, The Documentary History of the State of New York, 4 vols. (Albany, 1850), II, p. 526.
27. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Jan. 3, 1778; "Journal of Samuel Tallmadge," in Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, Feb. 26, 1781, p. 744; Lauber, Orderly Book of the Fourth New York Regiment, Jan. 22, 1781, p. 559; Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, Oct. 4, 1776.
28. Lauber, Orderly Book of the Fourth New York Regiment, Nov. 24, 1780, p. 542.
29. Colbraith, "Journal," Aug. 3, 4, and 10, 1777; Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Sept. 28, 1777.
30. Philip Schuyler Papers, Glen to Schuyler, July 8, 1776.
31. Colbraith, "Journal," Aug. 9, 1777.
32. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Mar. 15, 1778.
33. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Gates, May 23, 1777.
34. Willett, A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett, p. 195.
35. Willett's Orderly Book, Sept. 28, 1777.
36. Ibid., Jan. 3, 1778; Lauber, Orderly Book of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 559.
37. "Journal of Samuel Tallmadge," Feb. 26, 27, 28, and Mar. 13, 1781, in Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, pp. 744-46.
38. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Sept. 22, 1777.
40. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, Aug. 29, 1776; ibid., Oct. 8, 1776.
41. Ibid., Oct. 10, 11, and 12, 1776. In later entries Elmer notes that he occupied a room, presumably in the barracks or casemates, an indication that some construction had been completed. See ibid., and also Oct. 14, 17, and 18, 1776.
42. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Congress, Sept. 8, 1776; ibid., Schuyler to Elmore, Nov. 12, 1776.
44. Carroll, Fort Stanwix, pp. 86-90.
45. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book. Sept. 17, 1777.
47. Carroll, Fort Stanwix, pp. 63-6.
48. Luzader, "Construction and Military History of Fort Stanwix," pp. 110-18; Luzader, "The 'Stars and Stripes' at Fort Stanwix: A Summary of the Evidence." See Appendix A.
49. Luzader, "Construction and Military History of Fort Stanwix," Appendix IX.
50. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer. Oct. 5, 1776.
51. Philip Schuyler Papers. "The Proceedings of a Court of Enquiry held at Fort Schuyler February 28, 1777."
52. Colbraith, "Journal", Aug. 22, 1777.
53. Colbraith, "Journal," Aug. 9, 1777.
54. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, Dec. 5, 1776.
55. On Mar. 13, 1778, six men were directed to collect cedar wood in order to make pails for the garrison. Pails had many uses and were mostly found in quarters. See Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Mar. 13, 1778.
56. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, Nov. 19, 1776.
57. United States Revolution Collection, "Inventory of all Stores Belonging to the General Hospital at Albany etc. March 29th 1777."
58. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Livingston, Nov. 2, 1776; ibid., Extract of Minutes by John M. Nelson. Sec., Committee to Safety for State of N.Y., Nov. 13, 1776.
59. Willett, A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett, p. 49; Hanson and Hsu, "Casemates and Cannonballs," 1:53.
60. "Plan of Fort Stanwix Built at Oneida Station by Provincial Troops in 1758," British Museum, Crown Collection CXXI, 99, copy in Library of Congress, cited in Luzader, "Construction and Military History of Fort Stanwix," Appendix III.
61. Horatio Gates Papers, "A Return of Ordnance Stores wanted in the Northern Department, Albany, N.Y. by Eben Stevens, Commandant of Artillery."
62. Philip Schuyler Papers, Trumbull to Varick, July 29, 1776.
63. Hanson and Hsu, "Casemates and Cannonballs," 1:37-42.
64. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Dec. 4, 1777; Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 543.
65. Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 577.
66. Scott, Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler) and Oriskany, p. 100.
67. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, June 5, 1777; ibid., June 9, 1777; ibid., June 12, 1777; ibid., March 22, 1778; "Gansevoort Map of Fort Stanwix," cited in Luzader "Construction and Military History of Fort Stanwix," Appendix II.
68. For a detailed description of this building, see Carroll, Fort Stanwix, pp. 78-79; A return of the main guard at Fort Stanwix in Nov. 1778 noted that there were 2 prisoners in confinement and a guard consisting of 1 subaltern, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 2 drum and fife, and 39 privates. There were also 13 daytime sentinals and 12 nighttime sentinals. See Philip Schuyler Papers, "Report of Main Guard, November 1, 1778."
69. Philip Schuyler Papers, "Report of Main Guard. November 1, 1778."; Marinus Willett's Orderly Book. March 22, 1778; State of New York, Public Papers of George Clinton, 4:131-33.
70. Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 577.
71. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer. June 14, 1776; ibid., June 15, 1776.
72. Marinus Willet's Orderly Book, Mar. 6, 1777.
74. The 6 drawings are the McGraw powder horn. 1777: De Witt powder horn. 1778; Cornelius Chatfield power horn, 1780; De Fleury map; Gransevoort map; and the map accompanying Willett's narrative of 1831, all cited in Carroll. Fort Stanwix, p. 80, fig. 135. One written reference appears in Scott, p. 95 and another on the Gansevoort map, also cited in Carroll, p. 80, fig. 136.
75. Carroll, Fort Stanwix, p. 81.
76. Gansevoort's field bed, which he might have used at Fort Stanwix, is preserved at the Smithsonian Institution. See letter, Lee Hanson, Fort Stanwix, N. M., to Manager, Historic Preservation Team, Denver Service Center, NPS, May 23, 1974.
77. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gansevoort to Gansevoort, May 17, 1777.
78. Ibid., Gansevoort to Gansevoort, June 2, 1777.
79. Willett's "Narrative," MSS., cited in Luzader, "Construction and Military History of Fort Stanwix," pp. 132-33.
80. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Elmore, January 5, 1777.
81. Revolutionary War Military Instructions for Soldiers n.d., pp. 81, 83, owned by the New Haven Colony Historical Society.
82. Carroll, Fort Stanwix, pp. 36-37.
83. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Feb. 24, 1778.
84. Ibid., Nov. 8, 1777; ibid., Dec. 31, 1777.
85. Philip Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Lewis, November 9, 1776.
86. Stotz, Drums in the Forest, p. 106.
87. State of New York, New York In the Revolution, 2:81.
89. Miscellaneous American Revolution, "Return of Barrack Bedding and Furniture etc at Oswegatchie and Fort William Augustus 25 Sept. 1767."
90. Peter Gansevoort, Jr., Military Papers, Gensevoort to Schuyler, June 15, 1777.
91. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Mar. 13, 1778.
92. Ibid., Sept. 15, 1777; ibid., May 21, 1778.
93. Photograph, Revolutionary War fireplace, Hut 34, Hut Camp of 17th Regiment of Foot, prior to reconstruction (negative 5486), New-York Historical Society; photograph. fireplace in reconstructed military hut, Dyckman House Park (negative 2644), New-York Historical Society, see Illustrations Nos. 1 and 2.
94. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book, Aug. 11, 1777.
95. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, Oct. 17, 1776; ibid., Oct. 18, 1776.
96. "John Barr's Diary," Nov. 24, 1780, in Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 843.
97. Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, Dec. 2, 1780, p. 547.
98. State of New York, New York In the Revolution, 2:81; Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, pp. 83-84.
99. Journal of Ebeneezer Elmer, Sept. 12, 1776.
101. "John Barr's Diary," Dec. 25, 1780, in Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 846.
102. Ibid., Jan. 1, 1781, p. 848.
103. Philip Schuyler Papers, Hansen to Schuyler, January 28, 1777.
104. Hanson and Hsu, "Casemates and Cannonballs," 1:45.
105. Colbraith, "Journal," Aug. 9, 1777.
106. Dr. John Cotter to Manager, Historic Preservation Team, subject: Report for July 1972 Northeast Region. n.d., in NPS files.
107. Philip Schuyler Papers, Van Rensselaer to Fitz, October 6, 1775.
108. Hanson and Hsu, "Casemates and Cannonballs," 1:147, 151.
109. John Muller, A Treatise Containing the Elementary Part of Fortification, Regular and Irregular (London: Printed for J. Nourse, 1746), p. 214, reprinted by Museum Restoration Service, Ottawa, 1968.
110. Carroll, Fort Stanwix, p. 49.
111. Hanson and Hsu, "Casemates and Cannonballs," 1:60.
112. "John Barr's Diary," Nov. 24, 1780, in Lauber, Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, p. 843.
113. Luzader, "Construction and Military History of Fort Stanwix," p. 43.
Appendix
1. Ltr., Oswald Backus to Captain Gustave Villant, U.S. Army Historical Staff 10 February, 1927, files of the Office of the Chief of Military History, Ft. McNair, Washington, D.C.
2. James Weise, Swartwout Chronicle (1899), 214.
3. The New Larned History, 1923 edition, IV, 3109. Swartwout did not leave a journal and his letter to Gansevoort concerning the cloak does not discuss the flag design.
4. John Albert Scott, Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler) and Oriskany (Rome, 1927), 175.
5. Journal of the Continental Congress, Monday, June 14, 1777.
6. James Thacher, Military Journal, (Boston, 1823).
7. Pennsylvania Evening Post, Philadelphia, Vol III, Number 398, 453.
8. Milo M. Qualife, Melvin J. Weig, Roy E. Appleman, The History of the United States Flag (Philadelphia, 1966), 30.
9. William Colbrath, "Journal of the most material occurences preceding the Siege of Fort Schuyler (formerly Fort Stanwix) with an account of the siege, etc.," microfilm, New York Public Library.
10. The Remembrances; or, Impartial Repository of Public Events For the Year 1777 (London 1778), 448-49; ltr., Willett to Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., August 11, 1777; The Independent Chronicle and Universal Advertiser, (Boston), August 28, 1777; Marinus Willett, "Orderly Book." New York Public Library.
11. Marinus Willett, "Narrative," MSS., Tomlinson Collection, New York Public Library.
12. William Willett, ed., A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett (New York, 1831), 132.
14. Revolutionary Service Record, John McGraw, National Archives.
15. Washington Papers, Library of Congress, ltr., Peters to Washington, May 10, 1779.
16. Ibid, ltr., Peters to Washington, September, 1779.
17. "Colonel [Daniel] Claus' Account of the Battle of Oriskany and the Defeat of St. Leger's expedition," New York State Library; Colonial Office Records, Public Records Officer, London; Hessi-Hanan Urkunden and Brifen, copies of Hessi-Hanan documents in possession of Dr. Joachin Lischer, Stadtarchivist, Frankfurt am Main; Hessische Stratsarchiv, Marburg am Lahn.
18. William Digby, Journal, MSS. British Museum; Thomas Anburey, Travels Through the Interior Parts of America. (London, 1789).
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Last Updated: 26-Dec-2008