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FORT STANWIX
History, Historic Furnishing, and Historic Structure Reports |
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Construction and Military History 1758 to 1777
NOTES
Chapter 1
1. Edmund B. O'Callaghan, Documents Relating to The Colonial History of the State of New York (10 vols., Albany, 1854), IV, 979, 981.
3. Ibid., VI, 858 (London Document xxxi).
4. William Livingston, A Review of the Military Operations in North America (London, 1757), 42-43.
5. John A. Schutz, William Shirley, King's Governor of Massachusetts (Chapel Hill, 1961), 209.
7. Schutz, William Shirley, 214-15.
9. "Plan of the Forts at the Onoida [sic.] or Great Carrying Place," British Museum, Crown Collection, no. XXX. Copy in Map Division, Library of Congress. APPENDIX I.
10. O'Callaghan, Documents, X, 403-05 (Paris Document XII).
11. C. O. 5/47, 97-98; "Plan of the Forts at the Oneida or Great Carrying Place."
14. James Sullivan and A. C. Flick, eds., William Johnson Papers, New York State Library (10 vols., Albany, 1921--1951), IX, 434.
16. Schutz, William Shirley, 233; Francis Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (2 vols., Boston, 1931), I, 396.
17. "Plan of the Forts at the Oneida Carrying Place;" Appendix 1. Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 419-20.
Chapter II
1. Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 8-9; Bouganville, "Journal, Summary of M. de Beletre's Campaign," in O'Callaghan, Documents, X, 672.
2. Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, 90-91.
4. C. O. 5/50, ltr., Abercromby to William Pitt, July 12, 1758.
5. "Report of Proceedings with the Confederate Nations of Indians at a Conference at Canajohary;" ltr., Johnson to the Lords of Trade, November 13, 1763, in O'Callaghan, Documents, VII, 378 ff.
6. James Abercromby Papers, Huntington Library, "Captain Green's Observations on Col. Montressor's Plan for a Past at the Oneida Carrying Place," n. d.
8. O'Callaghan, Documents, IV, 525-26.
9. Abercromby Papers, ltrs., Stanwix to Abercromby, July 20, 1758; Abercromby to Stanwix, July 23, 1758.
10. Ibid., ltrs., Stanwix to Abercromby, July 20 and 24, 1758.
11. Ibid., ltr., Abercromby to Stanwix, 27 July, 1758.
12. Ibid., ltr., Stanwix to Abercromby, July 20, 1758.
13. Ibid., ltr., Stanwix to Abercromby, Aug. 20, 1758; "Return of His Majesty's Troops Detchd from the Oneida Station—15th August 1758 under the Command of Lieut Colonel Bradstreet." Appendix II.
14. Ibid., ltr. Stanwix to Abercromby, Aug. 20, 1758.
15. Ibid., ltr., Stanwix to Abercromby, Sept. 5, 1758.
16. Ibid., ltr., Stanwix to Abercromby, Sept. 7, 1758.
17. Ibid., ltr., Stanwix to Abercromby, Sept. 7, 1758.
18. Ibid., ltr., Abercromby to Stanwix, Sept. 12, 1758.
19. Ibid., ltr., Stanwix to Abercromby, Sept. 29, 1758.
20. Ibid.; William Johnson Papers, New York State Library, Albany. ltrs., Johnson to Abercromby, Sept. 30 and Oct. 3, 1758.
21. Abercromby Papers, ltr. Abercromby to Stanwix, Oct. 7, 1758.
23. Ibid., ltr., Abercromby to Stanwix, Oct. 13, 1758.
25. Ibid., ltr., Stanwix to Abercromby, Oct. 22, 1758.
27. Ibid., ltr., Abercromby to Stanwix, October 30, 1758.
28. En Barbette—built in such a manner that fire would be directed over a parapet rather than through embrasures.
31. Abercromby Papers, ltr., Stanwix to Abercromby, October 22, 1758.
32. British Museum, Crown Map Collection, CXXI, 99. Copy in Map Division, Library of Congress. Appendix III.
33. British Museum, Crown Map Collection, CXXI, 101. Appendix IV.
34. Ibid., CXXXI, 100. Appendix V.
35. Sir William Johnson Papers.
36. Crown Collection, CXXI, 103, "A Sketch of Fort Stanwix, with its Buildings & Outworks, November 18th, 1764." Appendix VI.
38. Francis Parkman's The Conspiracy of Pontiac is an old but beautifully written and generally useful study of the broad story of this rather neglected subject.
39. Crown Map CXXI, 103. Appendix VI.
40. Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Audit Office Records (M. G. 12, E1, Bundle 2531, Roll 662).
41. See Crown Map CXXI, 102, Sections A.B. and C.D. Appendix VII.
43. O'Callaghan, Documents, VII, 985, 989.
44. British Museum, Additional Manuscripts, 21661, Haldimand Papers from Canadian Archives Report, 1884, "Correspondence of General Haldimand to General Jeffrey Amherst," Doc. 28605. "Journal of J.L. [John Lees] of Quebec Merchant."
45. Oliver M. Dickerson, American Colonial Government 1696-1765 (New York, 1962), 22-57; Ray Allen Billington, Westward Expansion, A History of the American Frontier (New York, 1967), 137-140; Cecil B. Currey, Road To Revolution, Benjamin Franklin in England, 1765-1775 (Garden City, 1968), 380, 392.
46. Currey, op. cit., 237-240; Jack Sosin, Whitehall and the Wilderness (Lincoln, 1962), 172-73; Nicholas B. Wainwright, George Croghan, Wilderness Diplomat (Chapel Hill, 1959), 260-67.
47. O'Callaghan, Documents, I, 765, London Document XLIV.
Chapter III
1. Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives, ltr., Schuyler to President of Congress, June 8, 1776.
2. Schuyler Papers, New York Public Library, ltr., Schuyler to Washington, June 11, 1776.
3. Worthington C. Ford, et. al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress (33 vols., Washington, 1904-36), V, 442.
4. Schuyler Papers, ltrs., Washington to Schuyler, June 16 and June 26, 1776.
5. Ibid., ltr., Schuyler to Dayton, June 27, 1776; ltr., Schuyler to Washington, July 2, 1776.
6. Ibid., Letters and Orders, Albany, June 26, 1776; ltr., Schuyler to Washington, July 1, 1776.
7. Ibid., ltr., Schuyler to Washington, July 17, 1776.
8. O'Callaghan, Documents, VIII, 451.
9. Schuyler Papers, Letters and Orders, Schuyler to Dayton, July 16, 1776.
10. Francois de Fleury, "A Sketch of the siege of FORT SCHUYLER" copied by G. H. Bowen, Sparks Collection, Cornell University Library. Appendix XIII.
11. Schuyler Papers, ltr., Hubbell to Schuyler, July 25, 1776.
12. Ibid., ltr., Schuyler to Washington, August 1, 1776. Italics the writer's.
13. Ibid., ltr., Dayton to Schuyler, August 1, 1776.
14. Gates Papers, New York Public Library, ltr., Schuyler to Gates, August 3, 1776.
15. Schuyler Papers, ltr., Dayton to Schuyler, August 30, 1776.
16. Schuyler Papers, ltrs., Dayton to Schuyler, July 8, 1776; August 1, 1776; Sept. 1, 1776; Schuyler to Dayton, August 2, 1776; Ebeneezer Elmer, Journal, New Jersey Historical Society, August 26-September 5, 1776.
17. Ibid., ltr., Dayton to Schuyler, September 14, 1776.
18. Ibid., ltr., Dayton to Schuyler, September 17, 1776.
19. Ibid., ltrs., Henry Glen to Schuyler, July 8, 1776; Schuyler to Washington, Aug. 1, 1776; Glen to Schuyler, September 25, 1776.
20. Ibid., ltr., Dayton to Schuyler, October 5, 1776.
21. Ibid., Letters and Orders, Schuyler to Elmore, October 9 and November 12, 1776; Eberneezer Elmer, Journal, New Jersey Historical Society, October 17, 1776.
22. Ibid., to Henry Glen, ADQM Genl., Dec. 21, 1776.
23. Journals of the Continental Congress, VI, 1048.
24. Schuyler Papers, ltr., de Lamarquise to Schuyler, March 13, 1777; Letters and Orders, to de Lamarquise, March 18, 1777
25. Ibid., Letters and Orders, To Elmore, March 18, 1777.
26. Ibid., To Col. Van Schaick, March 25, 1777.
27. William Colbrath, Journal of the most material occurrences preceding the Siege of Fort Schuyler (formerly Fort Stanwix) with an account of that siege, etc., negative photostat, New York Public Library.
28. Gates Papers., memo, Lamarquise to Gates, n.d.
29. Ibid., ltr., Lamarquise to Gates, May 19, 1777.
30. Ibid., ltr., Gansevoort to Gates, n.d.
31. Journal of the Continental Congress, May 22, 1777.
32. Marinus Willett's Orderly Book; Colbrath's Journal May 28, 1777
33. Marinus Willett, Narrative.
34. Schuyler Papers, ltrs., Schuyler to Gansevoort, June 9; Gansevoort to Schuyler, June 15.
35. Ibid., Schuyler to Gansevoort, July 10, 1777.
36. Gates Papers, ltr., Lamarquise to Gates, May 17, 1777.
37. Ibid., memorandum, Lamarquise to Gates, n.d.
38. Schuyler Papers, Letters and Orders, to Gansevoort, June 8, 1777.
39. Ibid., ltrs., Gansevoort to Schuyler, June 26, 1777; Colbrath, Journal.
41. William L. Stone, Life of Brant (2 vols, New York, 1838) II, 227-8.
42. Francois de Fleury, "A Sketch of the siege of FORT SCHUYLER" copied by G. H. Bowen, Sparks Collection, Cornell University Library; "Fleury's Map." Appendix VIII; Peter J. Guthorn, American Maps and Map Makers of The Revolution (Monmouth Beach, N. J., 1966), 22; Gansevoort Map of Fort Stanwix, New York Public Library, Appendix IX.
43. Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Transcripts of Colonial Records, ltr., St. Leger to Carleton, August 27, 1777.
44. Plan Showing the Putative Layout of Fort Stanwix in August 1777, Appendix X.
Chapter IV
3. John Fortesque, Correspondence of George III, 6 vols, (London, 1927-28), II, 44, 56; John Fortesque, History of the British Army, 13 vols (London, 1899-1930), III, 204.
4. Jane Clark, "The Command of the Canadian Army in 1777," Canadian Historical Review, vol. X (1928), 133-35; Fortesque, Correspondence of George III, III, 421, 427.
5. C. O. 5/253 ff; John Burgoyne, "Thoughts for Conducting the War from this Side of Canada," copy in Germain Papers, Wm. L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan. and in John Burgoyne, A State of the Expedition, Appendix No. III.
6. Canadian Archives, Ottawa, Transcript of Colonial Records, ltr., Burgoyne to Germain, Jan. 1, 1777.
7. William B. Willcox, ed., American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775-82, with, an Appendix of Original Documents (New Haven, 1954), 25, n. 14. Hereafter cited as Clinton, Narrative.
8. Piers Mackesy, The War for America, 1775-1783 (Cambridge, Mass, 1964), 113.
9. See Appendix XI for complete text.
11. C. O. 5/94, 201, ltr., Howe to Germain, January 20, 1777.
12. E. B. DeFonblanque, Political and Military Episodes in in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth, Century Derived from the Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon. John Burgoyne, General, Statesman, Diamatist (London, 1876), 486-7. Italics added.
14. Germain Papers, William L. Clements Library, ltr., Germain to Carleton, March 26, 1777; "Colonel Claus' Account of the Battle of Oriskany and the Defeat of St. Leger's Expedition . . . in an Original Letter to William Knox, British Undersecretary of State for the Northern Department, dated at Montreal, October 11, 1777," New York State Library, hereinafter cited as Claus' Account.
15. Hoffman Nickerson, The Turning Point of the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1928). 195, 444. N. B.: The Indians joined the expedition at Oswego.
17. Ensign Spoor's party. Supra., 76.
20. Public Archives of Canada, Transcripts of Colonial Records, ltr. John Butler to Carleton, July 28, 1777.
21. Schuyler Papers, ltr., Schuyler to Herkimer. July, 1777
22. Ibid., ltr., Schuyler to Herkimer, June 29, 1777.
23. Ibid., ltr., Schuyler to Gansevoort. June 30, 1777.
24. Colbrath's Journal, May 28, 1777.
25. Schuyler Papers, ltr., Gansevoort to Schuyler, July 4, 1777.
26. Ibid., ltr., Schuyler to Herkimer, July 8, 1777.
27. Ibid., ltr., Schuyler to the Tryon County Committee of Safety, July 10, 1777.
28. Ibid., ltr., Herkimer to Schuyler, July 15, 1777.
29. Ibid., ltr., Schuyler to John Barclay et. al., July 18, 1777.
30. Colbrath's Journal, May 19, 1777.
31. Gansevoort Papers, New York Public Library, ltr., van Schaick to Gansevoort, July 22, 1777.
32. Gansevoort Papers, ltr., Gansevoort to van Schaick, July 28; Colbrath's Journal.
36. Willett's Orderly Book, August 1, 1777.
37. Gansevoort Papers, from among the captured British papers, Bird to St. Leger.
39. Colbrath, Journal, Aug. 1, 1777.
40. Germain Papers, St. Leger to Germain, August 27, 1777.
41. Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Army, Fort McNair. D. C., ltr., Oswald P. Backus to Capt. Gustave Villant, U. S. Army Historical Staff, Feb. 10, 1927.
42. James Weise, Swartwout Chronicle (1899), 214.
43. The New Larned History (1923), IV, 3109.
44. John Albert Scott, Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler) and Oriskany (Rome, 1927), 175.
45. Journal of the Continental Congress, Monday, June 14, 1777.
46. James Thacher, A Military Journal During the Revolutionary War (Boston, 1823).
47. Pennsylvania Evening Post (Philadelphia), Vol. III, Number 398, 453.
48. Milo M. Quaife, Melvin J. Weig, and Roy E. Appleman, The History of the United States Flag (Philadelphia, 1961), 30.
49. Colbrath, Journal, August 3, 1777.
50. The Remembrancer; or, Impartial Repository of Public Events for the Year 1777 (London, 1778), 448-49, ltr., Willett to Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., August 11, 1777; The Independent Chronicle and Universal Advertiser (Boston) August 28, 1777; "Colonel Willett's Orderly Book February 18th 1777—," New York Historical Society.
51. Marinas Willett, "Narrative," Tomlinson Collection, New York Public Library.
53. National Archives, Revolutionary War Service Records. James Mc Graw.
54. Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April 1775-Dec. 1783 (Wash., D.C., 1914), 312.
55. Samuel E. Smith, A Revolutionary War Powder horn, Hobbies Vol 56, No. 3, May, 1951.
56. Washington Papers, ltr., Peters to Washington, May 10, 1779. Italics added; Quaife and others, op. cit., 33-34.
57. Washington Papers, Ltr. Peters to Washington, September 1779.
58. John Spargo, The Stars and Stripes in, 1777: An Account of the Birth, of the Flag and Its First Baptism of Victorious Fire (Bennington, 1928), 37-47.
59. Quaife and others, op. cit., 50-51.
61. Nickerson, op. cit., 199-200.
62. Christopher Ward, The War of the Revolution (2 Vols., New York, 1952), II, 483.
63. Colbrath, Journal, August 3, 1777.
66. Claus' Account; Colbrath, Journal, August 4, 1777.
67. Colbrath, Journal, August 5, 1777.
68. Claus' Account; Canadian Archives, ltr., St. Leger to Burgoyne, August 11, 1777; ibid., ltr., Butler to Carleton, August 15, 1777; Colbrath, Journal, August 6, 1777; Remembrancer, "Extract of a letter from a gentleman at Quebec, dated Sept. 7," 452-3; ibid., "Extract of a letter from Albany, Aug. 18."; ibid, "Extract of letter from a gentleman in Quebec to his friend at Cork, dated Sept. 6, 1777."
69. Colbrath, Journal, August 6, 1777.
71. Remembrancer, ltr., Willette to Trumbull, August 11, 1777, 448-49.
73. Ibid; Colbrath, Journal, August 6, 1777; Clinton Papers "Deposition of Adam Hellmer, Albany, August 11, 1777."
75. Burgoyne, op.cit., Appendix, No. XII; Claus' Account.
76. Canadian Archives, ltr., St. Leger to Burgoyne, August 11, 1777.
77. Colbrath, Journal, August 7, 1777.
80. Gansevoort Papers, ltr., Bellinger and Frey to
81. Remembrancer, 1777, op. cit., 450.
82. The Independent Chronicle and Universal Advertiser, Boston, August 28, 1777, Library of Congress.
84. Colbrath, Journal, August 8, 1777; Willett, Narrative.
85. Remembrancer, 1777, St. Leger to Ganservoort, August 9, 1777; Gansevoort Papers, 445-46.
86. Gansevoort Papers, Gansevoort to St. Leger, August 9, 1777.
87. Colbrath, Journal, August 9-16, 1777.
90. Colbrath, Journal, August 21 and 22, 1777.
91. Ibid., August 21, 22, 1777.
95. Schuyler Papers, ltrs., Schuyler to Herkimer, August 9, 1777; Schuyler to Tryon Committee of Safety, August 12, 1777; Willett, Narrative.
96. Nickerson, op. cit., 211-12.
97. Isaac N. Arnold, Life of Arnold His Patriotism and Treason (Chicago, 1880), 154.
98. Schuyler Papers, Schuyler to Arnold, Stillwater, August 13, 1777.
99. Ibid., ltr., Washington to Schuyler, July 24, 1777.
100. Ibid., ltr., Schuyler to Washington, August 13, 1777.
101. Gates Papers, "Report of Council of War of German Flatts, August 21, 1777." Gates has succeeded Schuyler to command of the Northern Department.
102. The size of Gansevoort's garrison is difficult to determine. Two hundred men arrived with Willett, 200 with Badlam, 100 with Mellon. The number that accompanied Gansevoort is unknown, but was at least 200, making a total of 700. This is at odds with a return for provisions for Aug. 13 for 467 soldiers, but except for the contingent that arrived with Gansevoort, the numbers of the other elements are precisely documented.
103. Remembrancer, 1777, 396-97.
104. Gates Papers, ltr., Arnold to Gates, August 21, 1777.
105. Nickerson, op. cit., 273-74.
107. Colbrath, Journal, August 22-23, 1777.
108. Gasevoort Papers, ltr., Gansevoort to Arnold, August 22, 1777.
109. Gates Papers, "A return to ammunition and artillery stores taken at the camp before Fort Schuyler, August 21st, 1777."
110. Ibid., ltrs., Arnold to Gates, August 23 and 24, 1777.
113. John E. Luzader, "The Burgoyne Campaign to September 19, 1777," Saratoga National Historical Park, 1958; John F. Luzader, "The Burgoyne Campaign From October 8-October 16, 1777," Saratoga National Historical Park, 1959.
114. Don Higginbotham, The War of American Independence, Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763-1789 (New York, 1971), 328-29; Alexander Flick, The American Revolution in New York (Albany, 1926), 169; See also, Division of Archives and History, University of the State of New York, The Sullivan-Clinton Campaign in 1779, Chronology and Selected Documents (Albany, 1929).
115. Files of the Fort Stanwix Museum, Rome, N. Y., ltr., Lt. Col. Cornelius Van Dyke to Col. Goose Van Schaick, April 17, 1780.
116. Washington Papers, ltr., Washington to President of the Congress, May 27, 1781.
117. Ibid., ltr., Washington to Willett, August 4, 1783.
118. Orville Carroll, Historic Structure Report, Architectural Data Section, Fort Stanwix, (Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 1973), 16-7.
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Last Updated: 26-Dec-2008