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FORT VANCOUVER
The History of Fort Vancouver and its Physical Structure |
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History and Description of the Physical Structure
CHAPTER V
Endnotes
1Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 8, 106-107; [XI], 119-122.
2This brief description of the various buildings on the Company's lands is not intended to be complete; it is based chiefly upon an inventory made in 1846-1847. See T. C. Elliott, "British Values in Oregon, 1847," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXII (March, 1931), 27-45; also Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 118-121.
3Louis R. Caywood, Exploratory Excavations at Fort Vancouver (mimeographed, U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Vancouver, Wash., 1947), 2.
5In his Final Report, p. 29, Mr. Caywood states that the width of the westernmost addition to the fort was 18 feet, but on his detailed maps the distance appears, according to the scale, to be closer to an average of 16 feet or less.
6J. S. Smith, D. E. Jackson, W. L. Sublette to J. H. Eaton, St. Louis, October 29, 1830, in 21 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate, Ex. Doc. No. 35, pp. 21-23.
7F. G. Young, ed., The Correspondence and Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth, 1831-6 (Sources of the History of Oregon, I, parts 3 to 6, Eugene, Oregon, 1899), 176.
8John Kirk Townsend, Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River, and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chili, &c with a Scientific Appendix (Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, XXI, Cleveland, O., 1905), 297.
9Samuel Parker, Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains, Under the Direction of the American Board of Commissions for Foreign Missions, in the Years 1835, '36, and '37 . . . (2d ed., Ithaca, N. Y., 1840), 146.
10Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 184; William Henry Gray, A History of Oregon, 1792-1849, Drawn from Personal Observation and Authentic Information (Portland, Ore.; New York, 1870), 150.
There may or may not be some significance to the fact that descriptions of the fort up to and including that given by W. H. Gray in 1836 usually give the enclosed area as two acres or less. Descriptions made in 1841 and later, on the other hand, state that the area within the walls was about four acres. On the surface, this information would appear to indicate that Gray was correct when he stated that the fort was doubled in size about 1836, but, as has been seen, estimates of size given by visitors are so unreliable that the matter must remain in doubt. Gray, A History of Oregon, 150; Samuel Parker, "Report," in Archer Butler Hulbert and Dorothy Printup Hulbert, eds., Marcus Whitman, Crusader, Part One, 1802 to 1839 (Overland to the Pacific, VI, Denver, 1936), 112; Willard H. Rees, "Donald Manson," in Transactions of the . . . Oregon Pioneer Association for 1879, 59; Joel Palmer, Journal of Travels over the Rocky Mountains, to the Mouth of the Columbia River; Made during the years 1845 and 1846 . . . (Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, XXX, Cleveland, Ohio, 1906), 210; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 326-327.
11Caywood, Final Report, 28-29.
12Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 264-265. Some corroboration for Emmons's representation may be found in the journal of another member of the Wilkes expedition, who noted that nearly all the buildings were "built close along the palisade." Silas Homes, "Journal of a Cruise in the United States' Brig Porpoise" (photostat from the original in the Yale University Library), II, 306.
13J. McLoughlin to G. Simpson, Fort Vancouver, March 20, 1845, in Clark, History of the Willamette Valley, I, 809.
14Testimony of Dugald Mactavish, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 71.
16Caywood, Exploratory Excavations at Fort Vancouver, 12.
17Testimony of D. Mactavish, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 71.
18Gray, A History of Oregon, 150; Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 265; Testimony of J. W. Nesmith, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 35.
19Caywood, Exploratory Excavations at Fort Vancouver, 12.
20For examples, in order of date of visit, see J. K. T[ownsend] to [?], Washington, January 26, 1843, in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, IV (December, 1903), 399-402; Gray, A History of Oregon, 150; Edward Belcher, Narrative of a Voyage Round the World . . . 1836-1842 (2 vols., London, 1843), I, 294; Thomas Jefferson Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, the Anahuac and Rocky Mountains, and in the Oregon Territory (Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1841), 194; Holmes, Journal, MS, II, 305; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 305; Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 265; George Wilkes, The History of Oregon, Geographical and Political . . . to which is Added a Journal of the Events of the Celebrated Emigrating Expedition of 1843 (New York, 1845), 95; John Dunn, History of the Oregon Territory and British North-American Fur Trade . . . (London, 1844), 143; Palmer, Journal, 209; Joseph Schafer, ed., "Documents Relative to Warre and Vavasour's Military Reconnaissance in Oregon, 1845-6," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, X (March, 1909), 46, 85; Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 176-177; [IX], 119; [XI], 219.
21P. N. Compton, Forts and Fort Life in New Caledonia under Hudson's Bay Company Regime (MS, in the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley), 6; Gray, A History of Oregon, 150; Palmer, Journal, 209.
22Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 265.
23Caywood, Exploratory Excavations at Fort Vancouver, 13.
24Testimony of Thomas Nelson, Br. and Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 88.
25Compton, Forts and Fort Life in New Caledonia, MS, 6.
26Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 35.
27Compton, Forts and Fort Life in New Caledonia, MS, 6.
28Descriptions of the construction of the Vancouver stockade as it existed at least until the late fall of 1845 are found in Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 265; Gray, A History of Oregon, 150; and Palmer, Journal, 209. Emmons stated that the girths were placed on either side of the palisade, but in this assertion he was clearly in error. A drawing of Fort Vancouver made at the time of Emmons's visit shows that there were no girths on the exterior face of the of the stockade (see plate III), nor are such girths shown on any other known picture of Fort Vancouver.
29Testimony of J. Nesmith, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 35; Testimony of Lloyd Brooke, in ibid., [VIII], 128.
30Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 265.
31Testimony of L. Brooke, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 128.
32J. Douglas to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, October 14, 1839, in H. B. S. VI, 224.
33Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 52, 71; J. McLoughlin to G. Simpson, Fort Vancouver, March 20, 1845, in Clark, History of the Willamette Valley, I, 809. It was later stated that between 1850 and 1854 the stockade was "about rotted down." Repairs were made during that period simply by cutting off the same posts and resetting them in the ground. Testimony of L. Love, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 237.
34John Minto, "Reminiscences of Experiences on the Oregon Trail in 1844—II," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, II (September, 1901), 245.
35Compton, Forts and Fort Life in New Caledonia, MS, 7.
36George Washington Fuller, A History of the Pacific Northwest (New York, 1931), 118.
37J. K. T[ownsend] to [?], Washington, January 26, 1843, in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, IV (December, 1903), 399-402.
39Clark, History of the Willamette Valley, I, 809. See also S. F. Chadwick, "Address," in Constitution and Quotations from the Register of the Oregon Pioneer Association (Salem, Ore., 1875), 26.
40Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXIV (June, 1923), 193-194.
41"Letter by Daniel H. Lownsdale to Samuel R. Thurston," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XIV (September, 1913), 242; Schafer, "Documents Relative to Warre and Vavasour's Military Reconnaissance in Oregon, 1845-6," in ibid., X (March, 1909), 86, note.
42Schafer, op. cit., 86. During the 1952 excavations the remains of three parallel timbers, roughly 6" to 8" square, were found paralleling the inside of the south wall at the southeast stockade corner. Mr. Caywood believes that they probably were the remains of a small blockhouse, but it was not possible to extend the trenches to determine if the timbers actually formed the foundations of such a structure. Caywood, Final Report, 8-9.
43D. H. Vinton to P. F. Smith, Fort Vancouver, October 1, 1849, MS, in Office of the Quartermaster General, War Records Division, the National Archives; also printed in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 133.
44Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 176-177, 202-203.
45Proceedings of a Board of Officers, Fort Vancouver, June 15, 1860, MS, in A. G. O., Oregon Dept., Doc. File 212-S-1860, War Records Division, the National Archives; also printed in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 75-77.
46See particularly the view by Sohon (plate XVIII).
47For examples see Dunn, The Oregon Territory, 143; John Minto, "What I Know of Dr. McLoughlin and How I Know It," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XI (June, 1920), 177-200.
48Loren B. Hastings, "Diary," in Transactions of the . . . Oregon Pioneer Association . . . 1923, 25-26.
49I. I. Stevens to W. L. Marcy, Washington, June 21, 1854, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 219. See also report of George Gibbs, Olympia, March 4, 1854, in U. S., War Dept., Reports of Explorations and Surveys . . . for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, I, 419.
50Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 267.
51Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 51, 67, 90, 408.
52Compton, Fort and Fort Life in New Caledonia, MS, 7.
53Schafer, "Documents Relative to Warre and Vavasour's Military Reconnaissance in Oregon, 1845-6," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, X (March, 1909), 85.
54Caywood, Exploratory Excavations at Fort Vancouver, 12, plates 3 and 13.
55For a discussion of "posts in the sill" construction, with many illustrations, see Marius Barbeau, "The House that Mac Built," in The Beaver, outfit 276 (December, 1945), 10-13.
56Alfred L. Gehri, "Fort Nisqually Lives Again," in The Beaver, outfit 265, no. 2 (September, 1934), 54.
57Schafer, "Documents Relative to Warre and Vavasour's Military Reconnaissance in Oregon, 1845-6," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, X (March, 1909), 46, 85.
58Leslie M. Scott, "Report of Lieutenant Peel on Oregon in 1845-46," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXIX (March, 1928), 60-64.
59Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 176.
60Testimony of James Douglas, in ibid., 57.
61J. McLoughlin to G. Simpson, Fort Vancouver, March 21, 1830, in John McLoughlin, Letter Book, MS, in possession of Dr. Burt Brown Barker, of Portland, Oregon. For permission to examine parts of this letter book and typed copies of many of the letters, as well as for help in other phases of the research, the writer is deeply indebted to Dr. Barker.
62J. McLoughlin to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, November 15, 1836, in H. B. S., IV, 160-161.
63John Ball, "Across the Continent Seventy Years Ago; Extracts from the Journal of John Ball," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, III (March, 1902), 98; Young, Correspondence and Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth, 176.
64Townsend, Narrative, 297-298; J. K. T.[ownsend] to [?], Washington, January 26, 1843, in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, IV (December, 1903), 399-402; Townsend, "Private Journal," in Archer Butler Hulbert, ed., The Call of the Columbia: Iron Men and Saints take the Oregon Trail (Overland to the Pacific, IV [Denver], 1934), 226. Hall J. Kelley, who reached the fort in October, 1834, also mentioned the "mansion-house, opening from the court." Fred Wilbur Powell, "Hall Jackson Kelley—Prophet of Oregon," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XVIII (June, 1917), 126. It will be noted that, unlike the usual practice at nearly all other western Hudson's Bay posts, Indians did not do their trading at Vancouver through a hole in the stockade but were admitted to the court.
65Parker, Journal, 146, 168, 184.
66Gray, A History of Oregon, 149-150.
67James Douglas later testified that all the buildings standing in 1846 had been erected after 1838; and W. H. Gray stated that the stockade was enlarged about 1836 and that a large house for McLoughlin was among the buildings constructed in the new part of the fort. Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 57; [VIII], 184.
68William A. Slacum, "Slacum's Report on Oregon, 1836-7," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XIII (June, 1912), 175-224.
70J. Douglas to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, October 14, 1839, in ibid., VI, 224.
72Depositions of Thomas Lowe, D. Mactavish, and J. Douglas, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 24, 57; [XI], 52.
73Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 194. Sir Edward Belcher, who visited the fort in August, 1839, also mentioned that the buildings formed "two squares," in the eastern of which was located the chief's residence. Belcher, Narrative, I, 294
74Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 184.
75Holmes, Journal, MS, II, 305.
76Emmons, Journal, photostat of entry for July 25, 1841, from the original in the Yale University Library. See also Holmes, Journal, MS, II, 305-306; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 326- 336; Simpson. An Overland Journey Round the World, 142-143.
77Testimony of T. Lowe, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 24; testimony of W. H. Gray, in ibid., [VIII], 164.
79Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 52.
80Testimony of T. Lowe, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 19.
81Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 176-178, 202-203. The Fort Vancouver inventory has been printed in ibid., 118-119; and in Elliott, "British Values in Oregon, 1847," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXII (March, 1931), 32-35. The two versions are not in complete agreement on some details.
82I. N. Ebey to I. I. Stevens, Olympia, January 7, 1854, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers [XI], 230-238.
87J. Q. A. Young, "The Whitman Massacre," in Transactions of the ... Oregon Pioneer Association for 1896, 119.
88Testimony of W. H. Gray, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 181.
89Testimony of W. F. Crate, in ibid., [II], 107.
90I. N. Ebey to I. I. Stevens, Olympia, January 7, 1857, in ibid., [XI], 230-238.
91Report of a board of officers, Fort Vancouver, January 23, 1854, in ibid., [IX], 104-106.
92Weekly Oregonian (Portland), November 11, 1854.
93Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 267-268.
94Testimony of J. W. Nesmith, in ibid., 37.
95Testimony of L. Brooke, in ibid., [VIII], 129.
96Ruth E. Rockwood, ed., "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson, D.D., 1847-1858," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), 181.
97Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 128.
98D. H. Vinton to P. F. Smith, Fort Vancouver, October 1, 1849, MS, in Office of the Quartermaster General, War Records Division, the National Archives; also printed in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 133.
99Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 176-177.
100Report of a board of officers, Fort Vancouver, January 23, 1854, in ibid., [IX], 104-106.
101One witness said the kitchen burned down in the fall or winter of 1852. Another believed it was pulled down but did not give the exact date. The fact that Tuzo mentioned seeing a two-story kitchen at the time of his arrival in November, 1853, might indicate that the original kitchen was not destroyed until after that date, as the structure which replaced it was evidently quite small. Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 176-177; 202-203; [VIII], 137.
102Testimony of D. Mactavish, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm, Papers, [II], 202-203.
103Proceedings of a board of officers, which convened at Fort Vancouver, W. T., June 15th, 1860, MS, in A. G. O., Ore. Dept., Doc. File 212-S-1860, in War Records Division, the National Archives; also printed in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 74-77.
104R. Ingalls to A. Pleasonton, Fort Vancouver Depot, June 14, 1860, MS, in A. G. O., Ore. Dept., Doc. File 212-S-1860.
105Testimony of J. A. Hardie, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 111.
106Proceedings of a board of officers, which convened at Fort Vancouver, W. T., June 15th, 1860, MS, in A. G. O., Ore. Dept., Doc. File 212-S-1860; also printed in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 74-77. See also testimony of C. McKeever, in ibid., 78-79.
107Dept. of Oregon, Special Orders No. 71, Fort Vancouver, June 18, 1860, MS, in A. G. O., Ore. Dept., Doc. File 212-S-1860. Excepted from this order was one warehouse, standing outside the palisade, which had been occupied by the Ordnance Department as a storehouse.
108E. D. Townsend to Commanding Officer, Department of Oregon, Washington, June 7, 1860, in A. G. O., Letters Sent Book No. 32, MS, pp. 424-425, in War Records Division, the National Archives.
109G. Wright to S. Cooper, Fort Vancouver, July 8, 1860, MS, in A. G. O., Ore. Dept., Doc. File 212-S-1860.
110Ibid.; Affidavit of W. E. Place, Washington, February 27, 1873, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31, in Division of Interior Department Records, the National Archives; Testimony of W. F. Crate, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 107, 112; Testimony of R. Ingalls, in ibid., [IX], 3-4.
111R. Ingalls to J. A. Hardie, Vancouver Depot, July 24, 1860, MS, in A. G. O., Records of U. S. Army Commands, Dept. of Columbia, Letters Received, C4-P34, 1860, Box No. 4, in War Records Division, the National Archives.
112G. Wright to L. Thomas, Fort Vancouver, September 20, 1860, MS, in A. G. O., Ore. Dept., Doc. File 212-S-1860.
113B. Alvord to J. P. Usher, Fort Vancouver, August 28, 1863, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.
114Ibid.; see also Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 112.
115Testimony of J. W. Nesmith, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 24-25.
116Interview with Howard J. Burnham, Vancouver, Washington, December, 1947. Mr. Burnham, prominent member of the Vancouver Historical Society, has talked with the pioneer who saw the fort burn.
117Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 269-270.
119Testimony of J. W. Nesmith, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 23, 34, 36.
120Gray, A History of Oregon, 150; Testimony of U. S. Grant, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 20; Testimony of T. Lowe, in ibid., [II], 33.
121Testimony of D. Mactavish, in ibid., [XI], 74; Testimony of R. McFeely, [IX], 119.
122Testimony of T. R. Peale, in ibid., [IX], 345.
123Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 194.
124Gray, A History of Oregon, 150.
125Testimony of J. W. Nesmith, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 37.
126Br. and Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 23, 34.
127Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 331.
128William Fraser Tolmie, "Journal of William Fraser Tolmie—1833," in Washington Historical Quarterly, III (July, 1912), 236.
129Gray, A History of Oregon, 150.
130Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 331.
131Testimony of L. Brooke, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 138.
132Testimony of T. Lowe, in ibid., [II], 33.
133Gray, A History of Oregon, 150; Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 345.
134George B. Roberts, Recollections, MS, 81, in the Bancroft Library.
135Testimony of T. R. Peale, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 345.
136Tolmie, "Journal," in Washington Historical Quarterly, III (July, 1912), 236; Gray, A History of Oregon, 150.
137Schafer, "Documents Relative to Warre and Vavasour's Military Reconnaissance in Oregon, 1845-6," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, X (March, 1909), 86; D. H. Vinton to T. S. Jesup, Washington, March 29, 1850, in 31 Cong., 2 Sess., House of Representatives, Ex. Doc. No. 1, Part 2, p. 251.
138Testimony of T. R. Peale, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 345.
139Testimony of D. Mactavish, in ibid., [XI], 74.
140A. J. Allen, Ten Years in Oregon: Travels . . . of Dr. E. White and Lady, West of the Rocky Mountains (Ithaca, N. Y., 1850), 66.
141Affidavit of W. E. Place, Washington, February 27, 1873, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.
142J. Douglas to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, October 18, 1838, in H. B. S., IV, 260.
143D. H. Vinton to P. F. Smith, Fort Vancouver, October 1, 1849, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 133.
144See Holmes, Journal, MS, II, 306; and Vavasour's map, (plate IV).
145D. H. Vinton to P. F. Smith, Fort Vancouver, October 1, 1849, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 133.
146Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 118-119.
147Charles Wilkes, Diary of Wilkes in the Northwest, edited by Edmond S. Meany (Seattle, 1926), 40. It is not certain that Wilkes"s description of the windows and furniture applied specifically to the clerks' quarters, but such was very probably the case.
148Testimony of L. Brooke, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 129.
149Nellie Bowden Pipes, "Translation of Extract from Exploration of Oregon Territory . . . by Eugene Duflot de Mofras," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXVI (June, 1925), 155.
151George T. Allan, "Reminiscences of Fort Vancouver on Columbia River, Oregon, As it Stood in 1832," in Transactions of the . . . Oregon Pioneer Association; for 1881, 80.
152Wilkes, Diary, 40; Holmes, Journal, MS, II, 306.
153Rockwood, "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), 180-181.
154Rockwood, "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), 180-181. For certain prominent women guests, however, a special table was, on occasion, set up in the manager's personal sitting room.
155Minto, "Reminiscences," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, II (September, 1901), 235.
156Gray, A History of Oregon, 150-151.
157For example, see Dunn, History of Oregon Territory, 144.
158Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 86.
159John Minto, a pioneer of 1844, appears to intimate that the "stranger's room" and the "bachelors' hall" were one and the same, or at least were near each other. Minto, "Reminiscences," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, II (September, 1901), 235.
160Concerning the festivities in the smoking room, see Dunn, History of the Oregon Territory, 144-145; Gray, A History of Oregon, 150-151.
161Dunn, History of the Oregon Territory, 145.
162Testimony of J. A. Hardie, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 111.
163Testimony of J. L. Meek, in ibid., [VIII], 86; Tolmie, "Journal," in Washington Historical Quarterly, III (July, 1912), 234.
164Theressa Gay, Life and Letters of Mrs. Jason Lee, First Wife of Rev. Jason Lee of the Oregon Mission (Portland, Ore., 1936), 152-153.
165Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II]. 177.
167For examples, see Dunn, History of the Oregon Territory, 144; testimony of A. McKinlay, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 91.
168Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in ibid., 177; testimony of L. Brooke, in ibid., [VIII], 128.
169Gray, A History of Oregon, 149-150.
170Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 326-327.
171Testimony of L. Brooke, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 138; (see also plate XXII).
172Gay, Life and Letters of Mrs. Jason Lee, 152-153; Gray, A History of Oregon, 150.
173Tolmie, "Journal," in Washington Historical Quarterly, III (July, 1912), 234.
174Gray, A History of Oregon, 149-150.
175Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 326-327.
176John S. Zeiber, "Diary of John S. Zeiber, 1851," in Transactions of the . . . Oregon Pioneer Association . . . 1920, 325.
177J. K. T[ownsend] to [?], Washington, January 26, 1843, in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, IV (December, 1903), 399-402.
178Hulbert, The Call of the Columbia, 152-153.
179Gay, Life and Letters of Mrs. Jason Lee, 152-153. In 1836, W. H. Gray noted one large 24-pound cannon, mounted on a ship's carriage, in front of the governor's house; he said this gun was flanked on each side by a "small cannon, or mortar gun, with balls piled in order about them." It is difficult to believe that one of the 18-pounders was temporarily removed between 1834 and 1837, but such may have been the case. Gray, A History of Oregon, 150. Belcher, in 1839, reported two long 24-pound ship guns and two short merchant ship carronades, 12 or 18 pounders, in front of the steps. Belcher, Narrative, I, 294.
180Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 265; Pipes, "Translation of Extract from ... Duflot de Mofras," in ibid., XXVI (June, 1925), 153; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 326-327.
181See Dunn, History of the Oregon Territory, 143; Palmer, Journal, 210.
182Hines, Life on the Plains of the Pacific, 388; (see also plate XXII).
183Gray, A History of Oregon, 148-151; N. Whitman to S. Parker, Vancouver, October 25, 1836, in Hulbert, Marcus Whitman, 240-242.
184Quotation from journal of Narcissa Whitman, in T. C. Elliott, "The Coming of the White Women," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXVII (September, 1936), 179.
185For a photograph of this beautiful piece of furniture, see Alice Greve, "Dr. McLoughlin's House," in The Beaver, outfit 272 (September, 1941), 33.
186N. Whitman to her parents, "Wieletpoo," October 6, 1841, in Transactions of the . . . Oregon Pioneer Association for 1891, 150.
187Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 195; Belcher, Narrative, I, 294.
188Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 195.
189For a picture of this set, see Greve, "Dr. McLoughlin's House," in The Beaver, outfit 272 (September, 1941), 35.
190Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 195. Some of the McLoughlin family tableware and silver, said to have been used at the fort, may also be seen at the McLoughlin House.
191Report of a board of officers, Fort Vancouver, January 23, 1854, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 104-106; proceedings of a board of officers, Fort Vancouver, June 15, 1860, in ibid., 75-77. Many years later Lloyd Brooke testified that a building between the office and the governor's house—evidently the priests' house—was vacated two or three years after 1849 because it was considered unsafe. As shown by the reports of the two boards cited above, however, he must have been in error. Perhaps he was thinking of the old school house, directly behind the priests' house, which was pulled down in the 1850's.
192Testimony of L. Brooke, in ibid., [VIII], 128, 138.
193Testimony of J. A. Hardie, in ibid., [IX], 111.
194Hulbert, The Call of the Columbia, 186; Parker, Journal, 145, 168.
195Testimony of D. Mactavish, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 74.
196Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in ibid., [II], 176-I77.
197H. B. S., III, 60-61, 230-231.
198Young, The Correspondence and Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth, 178; Tolmie, "Journal," in Washington Historical Quarterly, III (July, 1912), 235.
199C. Sheperd to "Brother," Fort Vancouver, January 10, 1835, in Archer Butler Hulbert and Dorothy Printup Hulbert, The Oregon Crusade (Overland to the Pacific, V, [Denver], 1935), 185-191.
200For a picture of a page of the marriage register and the communion service, see British Columbia Historical Quarterly, VI (January, 1942), between pp. 22 and 23; and The Beaver, outfit 271 (December, 1940), 11-12. A Bible which Dr. Burt Brown Barker thinks may have been one used by Beaver at Fort Vancouver is in the McLoughlin House, Oregon City.
201H. Beaver to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, November 10, 1836, in The Beaver, outfit 272 (September, 1941), 10-13; R. C. Clark, "Experiences of a Chaplain at Fort Vancouver, 1836-1838," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXIX (March, 1938), 29.
202Except where otherwise indicated, the above account of early religious services at Fort Vancouver and of the story of the Rev. Beaver is based upon Thomas E. Jessett, "Origins of the Episcopal Church in Western Washington," in Pacific Northwest Quarterly, XXXVII (October, 1946), 303-312; and G. Hollis Slater, "New Light on Herbert Beaver," in British Columbia Historical Quarterly, VI (January, 1942), 13-29.
203Claim of the Mission of St. James, Vancouver, Washington Territory, to 640 Acres of Land [Washington (?), 1863], 6-7.
204G. Simpson to [Bishop of Quebec], London, February 17, 1838, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.
205[A. G. Henry], Report and Decision of the Surveyor General of Washington Territory on the Catholic Mission Claim, at Vancouver (Olympia, 1862), 5-6; see also M. Leona Nichols, The Mantle of Elias (Portland, 1941), 43-47.
206Clarence B. Bagley, ed., Early Catholic Missions in Old Oregon (2 vols., Seattle 1932), I, 53, 55.
207Affidavit of the Most Reverend Francis Norbert Blanchet, [Vancouver], 1855, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31; Nichols, The Mantle of Elias, 275. The original register of this mission still exists among the records of St. James Parish, Vancouver, Washington.
208Oliver, The Canadian North-West, II, 847.
209Affidavit of the Most Reverend Francis Norbert Blanchet, [Vancouver], 1855, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31. After the visit of McLoughlin to Europe in 1838-1839, the restriction limiting the residence of the priests to the north side of the Columbia was removed.
210Affidavit of Joseph Petrain, October 25, 1873, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31; deposition of F. N. Blanchet, in Claim of the Mission of St. James, 24.
212Emmons, Journal, photostat of entry for July 25, 1841.
213Simpson, An Overland Journey Round the World, 142-143.
214Bagley, Early Catholic Missions, I, 60; Jessett, "Origin of the Episcopal Church in Western Washington," in Pacific Northwest Quarterly, XXXVII (October, 1946), 308; Pipes, "Translation of Extract from Exploration of Oregon Territory . . . by Eugene Duflot de Mofras," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXVI (June, 1925), 155; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 331.
215Rockwood, "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), 181, 184-185; XLI (March, 1940), 14.
216The date of dedication is given as May 30, 1846, in Nichols, The Mantle of Elias, 280. Other evidence, however, shows that the ceremony actually took place on the thirty-first. See Copy, Act of Dedication of Church of St. James at Vancouver, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31; and Oregon Spectator (Oregon City), June 25, 1846.
217See Clark, "Experiences of a Chaplain at Fort Vancouver, 1836-1838," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXIX (March, 1938), 26; and sources cited in Jessett, "Origins of the Episcopal Church in Western Washington," in Pacific Northwest Quarterly, XXXVII (October, 1946), 303-312. As late as October, 1836, the Beavers occupied a part of "Mr. Findenson's house." N. Whitman to S. Parker, Vancouver, October 25, 1836, in Hulbert, Marcus Whitman, 240-242.
218J. McLoughlin to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, November 16, 1836, in H. B. S., IV, 175-176.
219Gray, A History of Oregon, 150, 163.
220Affidavit of T. J. Eckerson, August 18, 1863, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31; affidavit of Joseph Petrain, October 25, 1873, MS, in ibid.; deposition of F. N. Blanchet, in Claim of the Mission of St. James, 25, 28; [J. D. Cameron], Fort Vancouver Military Reservation [n. p., n. d.], 2-3; Rockwood, "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), 181.
221D. H. Vinton to P. F. Smith, Fort Vancouver, October 1, 1849, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 133.
222Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 194.
223Emmons, Journal, photostat of entry for July 25, 1841.
224Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, 91. For a discussion of the Hawaiians in the Columbia Department, see Robert Carlton Clark, "Hawaiians in Early Oregon," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXV (March, 1934), 22-31.
225Rockwood, "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), p. 181, note 43; based on information obtained by Dr. R. C. Clark from the Hudson's Bay Company Archives. See also Deposition of Joseph Petrain, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.
226Rockwood, "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), 181. See also Samuel C. Damon, A Journey to Lower Oregon & Upper California, 1848-49 (San Francisco, 1927), 20 ff.
227Testimony of J. M. Wark, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 189-193.
228Osborne Cross, The March of the Mounted Riflemen (Glendale, California, 1940), 266.
229See above, p. 155; testimony of L. Brooke, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 128. Brooke's description of the house which was vacated most closely fits the priests' house, but, as has been seen, it is known that the latter structure continued to stand and was occupied until at least 1860. Therefore it is almost certain that Brooke meant to say that it was the old schoolhouse which was vacated about 1851 or 1852.
230Young, Correspondence and Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth, 176; Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 194; Pipes, "Translation of Extract from Exploration of Oregon Territory . . . by Eugene Duflot de Mofras," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (June, 1925), 153; Schafer, "Documents Relative to Warre and Vavasour's Military Reconnaissance in Oregon, 1845-6," in ibid., X (March, 1909), 85; Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 176-177; [IX], 90; [XI], 74.
231Caywood, Exploratory Excavations at Fort Vancouver, plate 4.
233Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 176-177; testimony of D. Mactavish, in ibid., [XI], 74.
234Vavasour map; and Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 91, 137, 176-177; [IX], 119; [XI], 219.
235Testimony of W. H. Gray, in ibid., [VIII], 164, 183-184.
237Testimony of L. Brooke, in ibid., 128.
238Ibid.; see also ibid., 216.
239Ibid., 149; testimony of P. H. Sheridan, in ibid., [IX], 267.
240Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 16.
241Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in ibid., [II], 176-177; testimony of C. B. Wagner, in ibid., [IX], 59, 64. Identification of the building rented is made certain by the map in Joseph K. F. Mansfield, Report of Joseph K. F. Mansfield, Inspector General, to Brevet Lieut. Genl. Winfield Scott, Commanding the Army of the United States, March 1, 1855, MS, 103, in A. G. O., Misc. File 282, in War Records Division, the National Archives (see plate XVII). In 1854 the building was used to store commissary supplies at a rental of $75 per month. Ibid., 69.
242Oregon Spectator (Oregon City), March 4 [5], 1846.
243Roberts, Recollections, MS, 96-97.
244The version of the inventory printed by T. C. Elliott in the Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXII, 34, gives the dimensions as 40 x 20 feet; that printed in the Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 118-119, gives them as 40 x 25. H. A. Tuzo later stated that the long walls were 40 to 50 feet in length and the short walls, 20 to 30 feet. Ibid., 176-177, 183.
245Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 188.
247Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 183; Caywood, Final Report, 18.
248Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 336.
249J. Douglas to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, October 14, 1839, in H. B. S., VI, 224.
250It is not absolutely certain, however, that the granary shown on the Emmons plan was the same structure as Vavasour's "wheat store," since the locations and sizes of the buildings as shown on the two maps do not agree. As has been seen, certain evident inaccuracies in the Emmons plan make it difficult to ascertain which buildings were rebuilt or moved between 1841 and 1845.
251Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 332-333.
252Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 176-177, 184.
253D. H. Vinton to P. F. Smith, Fort Vancouver, October 1, 1849, in ibid., [IX], 133; Caywood, Final Report, 11-12.
254See plate XXIII, which also shows interesting door and window details.
255 Washington Historical Quarterly, III, 237; Gray, A History of Oregon, 150.
256Emmons, Journal, photostat of entry for July 25, 1841.
257Testimony of L. Brooke, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 128.
258Testimony of J. W. Nesmith, in ibid., [IX], 23, 34.
259Caywood, Final Report, 13-14.
264Caywood, Final Report, 19-20.
265Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 378.
267An excellent account of the excavating of this well, with a diagram showing the construction of the cribbing, is in Caywood, Final Report, 20-23.
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