Gates of the Arctic Gaunt Beauty ... Tenuous Life Historic Resource Study for Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve

¹Biographical information and quotations from Robert Marshall (edited and with introductions by George Marshall), Alaska Wilderness, Exploring the Central Brooks Range (second edition, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1970), xxiv-xxv.

²Robert Marshall, ArcticVillage, 3.

³From Marshall's original 1939 journal and field notebooks, "North Doonerak, Amawk and Apoon" (information on sample plots assembled by USGS, Menlo Park), 16.

⁴Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, 123, 154.

⁵Robert Marshall, "Reconnaissance of the Northern Koyukuk Valley," USGS Bull. 844-E (Washington, GPO, 1934), addendum to Philip S. Smith, et al., Mineral Resources of Alaska...1931, 247-256.

⁶Ibid., 247.

⁷Ibid., 248.

⁸Ibid., 249-50.

⁹Ibid., 253, 256.

¹⁰Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, 5.

¹¹Ibid., 8. As indicated by early Wiseman store and commissioner's records the old-country spelling of Yale was Yehle. By Bob Marshall's time, Yale was standard usage for man and cabin.

¹²Ibid., 9-12.

¹³Robert Marshall's Journal, North Fork of the Koyukuk trip, Alaska--July 22-Aug. 16, 1929 (unpaginated), Robert Marshall Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

¹⁴Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, 12-14.

¹⁵Marshall, Journal, North Fork.

¹⁶Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, 16.

¹⁷Ibid., 17.

¹⁸Ibid., 22.

¹⁹Ibid., 25-26.

²⁰Journal, August 16, 1929, entry.

²¹Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, 36.

²²Ibid., 37.

²³Ibid., 37-38.

²⁴Marshall Collection, Outgoing Letter Files, ltr. of 9/23/30, 6-7.

²⁵Michael L. Kunz, et al., "Cultural Resource Survey & Inventory of the North Fork Koyukuk, Middle Fork Koyukuk, Glacier, and Upper Itkillik River Drainages" (draft National Park Service report, Fairbanks, 1985), I, 24-25, 160-61.

²⁶Richard Nelson, et al., "Preliminary Report: Subsistence Activities in proposed Alaskan Parklands" (NPS typescript report, Anchorage, 1977), 13-14.

²⁷Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, 59.

²⁸Ibid., 59-60.

²⁹Ltr of 4/10/31, 4-5.

³⁰Ibid., 6-12.

³¹Ibid., 13.

³²Ibid., 14.

³³Ibid., 15.

³⁴Ibid., 16-18.

³⁵Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, 95.

³⁶Ibid., 97.

³⁷Ibid., 103.

³⁸Ibid., 109.

³⁹Ibid., 157-58.

⁴⁰In addition to Alaska Wilderness, see Robert Marshall, "The Problem of Wilderness," Scientific Monthly, 30(2), February, 1930, 141-48: anon., "The Wilderness Society," a 1935 prospectus defining reasons for and objectives of such a society, in Marshall Collection: and various letters in the Marshall Collection, including especially Marshall to Ickes, 2/14/35, Marshall to Oberholtzer, 2/28/35, Marshall to Grosvenor, 3/1/35, Marshall. to Yard, 6/27/38: memorandum to Ickes, 4/25/35: report to Society members, 2/24/37.

⁴¹Wilderness Society resolutions draft attached to 6/27/38 Itr to Yard; Itr to Strauss, 11/1/38, both in Marshall Collection.

⁴²Quoted in George Marshall's introduction to Alaska Wilderness, xxxiii-xxxiv.

⁴³Marshall, ArcticVillage, 9.

⁴⁴Family Itr of 10/6/30, quotations on 6 and 7.

⁴⁵Family Itr of 10/26/30.

⁴⁶Family Itr of 10/31/30, passim.

⁴⁷Ibid., 13-14.

⁴⁸Ibid., 14-16.

⁴⁹Ibid., 17.

⁵⁰Family ltr. of 11/5/30, 1-2.

⁵¹Ibid., 2.

⁵²Marshall, ArcticVillage, 371-72.

⁵³Ibid., 375.

⁵⁴Ibid., 376-79.

⁵⁵Ltr. to Jesse Allen, 4/4/34, includes 100-name census of royalty recipients.

⁵⁶George Marshall, in Postscript to Alaska Wilderness, 2d ed., 167.

⁵⁷Marshall, Alaska Wilderness, 113-14.

⁵⁸Reed, Upper Koyukuk Region, 165.

⁵⁹Marshall, unpaginated notebook in file 79/94 P, Marshall Collection.

⁶⁰Wiseman Store Ledger, 1925-27, 1932-36, used by permission of owner, Walter Johnson, Anchorage.

⁶¹Interview of George Rayburn, 2/1/85, in Fairbanks; ltrs of period 1935-39 in Wiseman School District file, Alaska State Archives, Juneau.

⁶²Compiled from Irving Mck. Reed, "Report on the Placer Deposits of the Upper Kobuk Goldfields", Territory of Alaska Department of Mines, typescript (Juneau, 1931), in U.S. Bureau of Mines microfilm records (BuMines Library, Juneau, MR37-1); various Alaska Weekly issues, period 5/22/25 through 8/28/31.

⁶³Naske, Paving Alaska's Trails, 317-18; Foote, the Upper Kobuk River Project, 35-37; the Army's Role in the Building of Alaska, Chap. XVII.

⁶⁴"History of Wiseman," as related by Oliver Chappell, in notes recorded by H.N. Reiser, USGS, in 1959 (provided by W.P. Brosge, USGS, Menlo Park).

⁶⁵Walter Johnson, "Wiseman Then and Now," Alaska Geographic, 10(4), 1983, 106.

⁶⁶Tishu Ulen, "Tishu's World," Ibid., 84, 87.

⁶⁷Marshall, Arctic Village, 162; Interview of Harry Leonard, conducted 7/16/82 by Walter Johnson of Anchorage, who retains transcript.