Hubbell Trading Post Administrative History

1 Letter from Daniel R. Beard, Southwest Regional Office Director, to the Director of the National Park Service, July 13, 1966.

2 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

3 Memorandum from Terry Nichols, Supervisory Park Ranger, to Interpreters, October 30, 1982. Memorandum found in "Management Evaluation, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site" by Ronald R. Switzer, Frances Dean, and Edward D. Carlin. November 3-4, 1982. Bound, photocopied edition from the Curator's office at Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

4 Terry Nicholas, telephone interview with authors, February 16, 1991.

5 Ibid.

6 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

7 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27, 1991.

8 Letter from J. O. Brew to Dr. Conrad L. Wirth, July 19, 1958. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

9 Letter from Donald Scott to Dr. John O. Brew, June 9, 1958. On file in Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

10 Mary Alice (Showaltor) Bowlin, of Mesilla, New Mexico. She grew up at Fort Defiance, knew the Hubbells well. She describes Roman as a kind, sophisticated, charming man. Interview with authors, November 22, 1991.

11 A more thorough look at the history of Hubbell Trading Post can be found in many places. Try Robert M. Utley's Study of 1959 for the Park Service, Special Report or Hubbell Trading Post; or Frank McNitt's The Indian Traders. Because the fifty or so boxes of papers relating to Hubbell business matters have not been thoroughly researched, a definitive history remains to be written. Much of the story that has come down to us is hearsay and legend. Because this history is supposed to deal mainly with post-1957 matters, the early history of the trading post, traders, and Navajo will be discussed only enough to clarify issues.

1 Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, April 18, 1991.

2 Ibid.

3 The Indian Detours operated under the aegis of the Santa Fe Railway and the Harvey restaurant and hotel company. Tourists were driven all over the Southwest in Packard and Cadillac touring cars and sedans. Its heyday was the 1920s and 1930s. Little known today, the Indian Detour was an important instrument in opening up the Southwest to general tourism. The first trip by Indian Detour cars took place on the 15th of May, 1926. The Danson family risked a tour with them just a few weeks later. Dorothy Hubbell, in a recorded interview on March 27, 1991, said that general tourism did not start at Ganado until the late 1920s. In their way, the Dansons, too, were pioneers. [The authors know several former drivers and couriers who worked for the Indian Detours. They've written magazine articles on the subject, and a section of their book, Trails Begins Where Rails End, is devoted to the Indian Detours.]

4 A. L. Westgard, Tales of a Pathfinder (New York: A. L. Westgard, 1920)

5 Emily Post, By Motor To The Golden Gate (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1916), pp. 136-139.

6 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27, 1991.

7 The schooner Yankee was owned and operated by Irving and Electa Johnson, New Englanders who made several such trips with at Ieast two large sailing vessels, both called Yankee. The Johnsons are well known to long-time readers of National Geographic. The crews of the Yankee vessels were amateurs who paid for the opportunity to spend two years before the mast. The 1933-1935 voyage was the first and is told about in the Johnsons' book Westward Bound In The Schooner Yankee (See bibliography). A young Ned Danson is included in at Ieast one of the photographs.

8 Letter from Dorothy Hubbell to Mrs. Bagwell, August 20, 1958.

9 Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, April 18, 1991.

10 Frank NcNitt, Richard Wetherill: Anasazi (Albuquerque: University Of New Mexico Press, 1966).

11 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27,1991.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, April 18, 1991.

15 Ibid.

1 Letter from Charlie Steen to Regional Director, Southwest Regional Office, Undated. Probably September, 1957. On file at Curator's office Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

2 Letter from Charlie Steen to Ned Danson, September 12, 1957. On file in Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

3 Letter from Steward L. Udall to Dr. Edward P. Danson, September 12, 1957. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

4 Letter from Carl Hayden to Conrad Wirth, September 18, 1957. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

5 Letter from Barry Goldwater to Conrad Wirth, September 17, 1957. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

6 AII of the information here in reference to Barry Goldwater's early auto trips and his impressions of those days are contained in four letters from Barry Goldwater to the authors: January 26, 1991; February 13, 1991; March 29, 1991; and April 12, 1991.

7 Letter from Carl Hayden to Conrad L. Wirth, September 18, 1957.

8 Letter from Stewart L. Udall to authors, October 30, 1991.

9 Letter from Ned Danson to Dorothy Hubbell, September 27, 1957. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

10 Letter from Ben L. Thompson to Senator Hayden and Goldwater, September 27, 1957. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post.

11 Ibid.

12 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Dorothy Hubbell, May 16, 1958. On file at the Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post NHS.

13 Letter from Robert M. Utley to Dr. E. B. Danson, September 12, 1958. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post NHS.

14 Evaluation of Hubbell Trading Post, Washington, Office, NPS.

15 Letter from Stewart L. Udall to Dr. Edward B. Danson, December, 1958. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post NHS.

16 Letter from Fred M. Guirey, Architect, to Earl H. Reed, Chairman, Committee on Preservation of Historic Buildings, December 16, 1955. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post NHS.

17 Letter from Robert M. Utley to authors, March 20, 1991.

18 The acronym SWRO was not used in 1959. In that year, the term Region III was used. However, in order to avoid confusion, SWRO will be used throughout this text.

19 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Conrad Wirth, March 11, 1959. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

20 Report of the National Park Service Advisory Board, April 22, 1959. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

21 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Mrs. Roman Hubbell, May 7, 1959. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

22 Letter from Dorothy Hubbell to Edward B. Danson, May 11, 1959. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post NHS.

23 The very first bill in reference to Hubbell Trading Post was S. 3985, introduced in 1958. Nothing came of it. It, too, was Carl Hayden's bill.

24 Letter from Carl Hayden to Edward B. Danson, September 21, 1959. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

25 Letter from the Secretary of the Interior to the Chairman, Committee of lnterior and Insular Affair, House Representatives, September 11, 1959. On file at Curator's office.

26 Letter from Dorothy Hubbell to Dr. Danson, September 9, 1959. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading National Historic Site.

27 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Conrad L. Wirth, February 5, 1960. On file at Curator's office, Trading Post National Historic Site.

28 Letter from Stewart Udall to Dr. Edward B. Danson, March 9,1960. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading National Historic Site.

29 Human Events, National Conservative Weekly, Washington, D.C. Udall does not say on what date the item appeared.

30 A "Letter to the Editor" in the Tucson Daily Citizen for March 10, 1960, written by Helen J. Sprague, Tucson, Arizona.

31 Ibid.

32 Representative Harold R. Gross would continue to figure prominently in the opposition to the Hubbell Trading Post legislation. He served in the House of Representatives for many years. He was born in Iowa in 1899, served with the First Iowa Field Artillery on the Mexican border in 1916, and he served in France with the U.S. Army from 1917-1919.

33 Congressional Record, March 21, 1960. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

34 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Carl Hayden, April 20, 1960. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

35 Memorandum from George W. Miller, Acting SWRO Director, to Director, April 21,1960. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post NHS.

36 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Barry Goldwater, May 18, 1960. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

37 Letter from Dorothy Hubbell to Dr. Edward B. Danson, June 10, 1960. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

38 Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, April 18, 1991.

39 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Barry Goldwater, December 12, 1960. On file in Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

40 Letter from Carl Hayden to Dr. Edward B. Danson, January 6, 1961. On file in Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

41 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Barry Goldwater, January 4, 1963. On file in Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

42 Letter from Robert M. Utley to Dr. E. B. Danson, February 8, 1963. On file in Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

43 Letter from Dorothy Hubbell to Dr. Edward B. Danson, May 23, 1962. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

44 Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, April 18, 1991.

45 Others who testified on behalf of the trading post were Representative John B. Baldwin, Representative Morris K. Udall, and Senator George F. Senner, Jr.

46 Robert M. Utley, telephone interview with authors, March 20, 1991.

47 Ibid.

48 Letter from Robert M. Utley to Thomas G. Vaughan, November 18, 1975. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

49 Ibid.

50 Robert M. Utley, letter to authors, March 20, 1991.

51 Robert M. Utley, telephone interview with authors, July 27, 1991.

52 Robert M. Utley, letter to authors, March 20, 1991.

53 The Arizona Republic, Tuesday, July 13, 1965.

54 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Paul J. Fannin. Mr. Fannin was the sponsor of the most recent Hubbell Trading Post bill in the Senate. On file in Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

55 Letter from Morris K. Udall to George Hartzog, June 26, 1965. On file in Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

56 Letter from Morris K. Udall to Clinton P. Anderson, June 25, 1965. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

57 Letter from M. L. Woodward to Clinton P. Anderson, July 1, 1965. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

58 Letter from Morris K. Udall to Edward B. Danson, September 7, 1965. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

59 Letter from Watson Smith to Edward B. Danson, September 7, 1965. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

60 Letter from Edward B. Danson to Carl Hayden, September 17, 1965. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

1 J. Franklin Jameson, Ph.D., Dictionary of United States History 1492-1899. (Boston, Massachusetts: History Publishing Company, 1899), Page 310; John D. Hicks, The Federal Union (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press, 1957), pp. 596-597.

2 Frank McNitt, The Indian Traders (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962).

3 Homestead Certificate No. 154. Photocopy on file at Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

4 Fillmore W. Galaty, Wellington J. Allaway, Robert C. Kyle, Modern Real Estate Practices (Chicago, Illinois: Real Estate Education Company, 1988. Eleventh Edition), Page 120.

5 Homestead Certificate No. 154. Photocopy on file at Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

6 Ibid.

7 The full story of Hubbell's efforts to gain title to his land require a great deal of space. Interested readers are referred to Chapter II of Charles S. Peterson's Homestead And Farm: A History of Farming At The Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site for the most comprehensive look at the subject the authors were able to find in one source.

8 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27, 1991.

9 Ibid.

10 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

11 Ibid.

12 Dorothy Hubbell is referred to as "Lady" by many people. One person, Mary Alice Bowlin, of Mesilla, New Mexico, who knew Dorothy as far back as the 1930s, referred to her as a "lady's lady." Indeed, Dorothy Hubbell is an elegant and intelligent person. Park personnel feel the name was given to her by J.L. Hubbell when she first arrived in Ganado.

13 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

14 Ibid.

15 Ibid.

16 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27,1991. (Dorothy had expressed some interest in selling the rug, and the Park Service hopes to negotiate a sale. Since only two silk rugs were made, the one Dorothy has is an important piece of the history at Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.)

17 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

18 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27, 1991.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid.

21 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

22 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27, 1991.

23 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

24 Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, April 18, 1991.

25 The 3.07 across where the Visitor Center is now located was deeded to the United States on the 29th of December, 1943, "to be tested for the benefit of the Ganado Indian Day School so long as such school exists and hereafter for such similar purposes as the Secretary of Interior may determine pursuant to law." Photocopy of Deed of Conveyance on file in Superintendent's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

1 See Appendix: Supplemental Memorandum of Agreement between National Park Service and Southwest Parks and Monuments Association for Operation of Hubbell Trading Post, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

2 Lawrence Kelly, Navajo Roundup (Boulder, Colorado: The Pruett Publishing Company, 1970).

3 Frank McNitt, The Indian Traders (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962).

4 Ibid.

5 Clyde Kluckhohn and Dorothea Leighton, The Navajo (Garden City, New York Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1946; Anchor Books, 1962).

6 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

7 Ibid.

8 Ibid.

9 At this time, SPMA was called simply Southwest Monuments Association. To avoid confusion, the organization will be called Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, or SPMA, throughout this work.

10 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

11 SPMA's offices are now at 221 North Court, Tucson, Arizona, and its present Executive Director is T.J Priehs.

12 John Cook in Earl Jackson, August 3, 1966, SPMA files, Tucson, Arizona.

13 Earl Jackson to SPMA Board Members, August 15, 1966. SPMA files, Tucson, Arizona.

14 Ibid.

15 Ibid.

16 Earl Jackson to SPMA Board Members, January 18, 1967. SPMA files, Tucson, Arizona.

17 Ibid.

1 Charles D. Wyatt, interview with authors, May 8, 1991.

2 Bill Malone, interview with authors, May 9, 1991.

3 Information on Bill Young was culled from newspaper and magazine articles on file in the Curator's office at Hubbell Trading Post, as well as from several conversations.

4 Bill Malone and Al Grieve, traders at Hubbell Trading Post.

5 Bill Malone, interview with authors, May 9, 1991.

6 Ibid.

7 AJ Grieve, interview with authors, May 6,1991.

8 Bill Malone, interview with authors, May 9, 1991.

9 Juin Crosse Adams, telephone interview with authors, April 4, 1991.

10 Bill Malone, interview with authors, May 9, 1991.

11 Ibid.

12 Ed Gastellum, telephone interview with authors, August 3, 1991.

13 Al Grieve, interview with authors, May 6, 1991.

14 Ibid.

15 Earl Jackson to SPMA Board of Directors, May, 1979.

16 Al Grieve, interview with authors, May 6, 1991.

17 Bill Malone, interview with authors, May 9, 1991.

18 Charles S. Peterson, Homestead And Farm: A History of Farming At The Hubbell Trading Parks National Historic Site (Prepared for Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, Utah State University, March 1, 1986)

19 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

1 On file at SPMA headquarters, Tucson, Arizona.

2 Annual Report, SPMA, December 31, 1967.

3 SPMA records, Tucson, Arizona.

4 Charles D. Wyatt, letter to authors, August 15, 1991.

5 Ibid.

6 SPMA records, Tucson, Arizona.

7 Charles D. Wyatt, letter to authors, August 15, 1991

8 Thomas G. Vaughan, telephone conservation with authors, February 4, 1991.

9 Terry Nichols. telephone conversation with authors, February 16, 1991.

10 Background for Friday Kinlicheenie was culled from several conversations, articles on file at Hubbell Trading Post, and from a transcript of a conservation with him that was recorded in 1970 and is on file at the trading post.

1 William S. Robinson, Dendrochronology of Hubbell Trading Post and Residence (Final Report to Southwest Region, National Park Service. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, September 30, 1979). Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

2 The Spanish word viga, used often in the Southwest, means beam, a supporting unit in a structure.

3 Reconstruction of Wall HB-1, Curator's Report, February 4, 1971. Curator's Office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historical Site.

4 List of Classified Structures, Southwest Region, Undated, Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

5 Ibid.

6 National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form. Southwest Regional Office

7 Benjamin Levy, Historic Structures Report, May 15, 1968.

8 Ibid.

9 A latilla ceiling is composed of tree branches 1" to 2" diameter laid side by side. This ceiling was less expensive than boards, or was used where sawed lumber was not available.

10 National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form. Southwest Regional Office.

11 Inventory in Barn Stabilization file, Curator's Office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

12 Ibid.

13 Thomas G. Vaughan, telephone conversation with authors, February 4, 1991.

14 Benjamin Levy, Historic Structures Report, May 15, 1968. Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

15 lbid.

16 William Y. Adams, Shonto: A Study of the Role of the Trader in a Modem Navaho Community (Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 188. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963).

17 Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, Apri118, 1991.

18 Benjamin Levy, Historic Structures Report, May 15, 1968. Curator's Office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

19 Ibid.

20 Kevin McKibbin, telephone interview with authors, April 27, 1991.

21 Benjamin Levy, Historic Structures Report, May 15, 1968. Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

22 Benjamin Levy, Historic Structures Report, May 15, 1968. Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

23 lbid.

24 National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form. Southwest Regional Office.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid.

1 Theodore Roosevelt, African Game Trails (New York: Syndicate Publishing Company, 1910), Page 213. The .30-06 was the new military cartridge.

2 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27, 1991.

3 Letter from Edward M. Chamberlain, Curator, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, to authors, July 16, 1991.

4 Collection Management Plan, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, Prepared by Division of Museum Services, Harpers Ferry Center, July 22-25, 1975. Page 5.

5 Edward M. Chamberlain, Curator, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, interview with authors, October 23, 1991.

6 David M. Brugge, "Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, Furnishings Study, The Hubbell Home." (Historic Preservation Team-Denver Service Center, 1972.) Photocopy in three ring-binder on file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

7 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

8 Ibid.

9 Ibid.

10 What follows is an adaptation of part of the Scope of Collection Statement for May 1990.

11 Ken Bush, telephone interview with authors, October 1, 1991. Attributed to Dorothy Hubbell.

1 Dan Scurlock, "An Archeological Assessment of Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site" (Center for Anthropological Studies, February, 1979. National Park Service Contract No. PX 7029-8-0680). Photocopied.

2 National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form. Southwest Regional Office.

3 Clyde Kluckhohn and Dorothea Leighton, The Navajo (Garden City, New York: A Doubleday Anchor Book, 1962, Revised Edition), pp. 33-39.

4 National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form. Southwest Regional Office.

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid.

7 Karin L. Jones, Excavation of The Sand Dune Site (AZ.K:6:11) at Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, Ganado, Arizona. (Prepared for the National Park Service Purchase Order No. PX-7029-7-0730, Santa Fe New Mexico. Submitted by Southwest Archeological Consultants, Inc., Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 3, 1987. Bound edition on file at Curator's office at Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

8 National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form. Southwest Regional Office.

9 James E. Mount, Wide Reed Ruin (Report on file at Curator's office at Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site. Unpublished edition. Typewritten/Photocopied,1974.)

10 National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form. Southwest Regional Office.

11 David Brugge, "Excavation of Burial 1, Site 10" (Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, Ganado, Arizona. No date). Typewritten.

12 Marilyn R. London, "Analysis of Burial #3" (Hubbell Trading Post Historic Site [HUTR-10], Laboratories of Physical Anthropology, University of New Mexico, February 1982). Photocopied.

13 Ibid. "Analysis of Burial #4"

14 National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form. Southwest Regional Office.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18 Peter J. McKenna, Studies of the Sand Dune Site, HUTR. "An Evaluation of Ceramic, at the Grand Dune Site, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site" and Notes on Historic Material Culture at the Sand Dune Site, Hubbell Trading Post (Danson of Anthropology, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, National Park Service, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1987.) Bound photocopied edition. On file in library at the National Park Service, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

1 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

2 Mary Alice (Showalter) Bowlin, interview with authors, November 22, 1991. Mrs. Bowlin owns and operates the Mesilla Book Center on the Plaza in Old Mesilla, New Mexico.

3 Charles S. Peterson, Homestead And Farm: A History of Farming At The Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site (Prepared for Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, Utah State University, March 1, 1986).

4 Letter from T. J. Priehs, Executive Director of SPMA, to authors, November 12, 1991.

5 Letter from Charles D. Wyatt, Superintendent, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, to authors, December 3, 1991.

6 Most of the information in this section was culled from Charles S. Peterson's farmland study, Homestead And Farm: A History Farming At The Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

7 Robert M. Utley, Special Report on HUBBELL TRADING POST, Ganado, Arizona. January, 1959. On file in Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site. Page 79.

8 The collected plant specimens from this study are catalogued into the park's museum collection. See accession HUTR-306.

1 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

2 Ibid.

3 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

4 A Navajo "Medicine man." Somebody who has studied religious rites.

5 William C. Everhart, NPS Assistant Director of Interpretation, to Edward B. Danson, May 8, 1969. Photocopy of letter on file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

6 Edward to Danson to Mrs. Emry Kopta, April 29, 1969. Photocopy of letter on file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

7 Hubbell Trading Post Program for May 16, 1969. On file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site. Photocopy.

8 The authors saw this exhibit.

9 Navajo Times, December 30, 1976. "Navajo Rug-Flags Sold at Auction" Other newspaper articles referring to events mentioned above: The Gallup New Mexico Independent, Monday, May 9, 1977. "Weaving on Display at NCC Exhibition." Farmington (N.M.) Daily Times, Sunday, March 6, 1977. "Navajo Rugs: the Trader's Influence." Tucson Citizen, Tucson, Arizona. Friday, November 17, 1978. "Trader's Life Woven with Navajo Artistry."

10 Al Grieve, interview with authors, May 6, 1991.

1 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

2 Interpretive Prospectus Hubbell Trading Post NHS, September, 1980. On file in Curator's office Hubbell Trading Post NH. Typewritten, unbound copy. II Interpretive Objectives, 1 through 6, page 3.

3 Ibid. A through E, pages 5 and 6.

4 Kevin McKibbin, telephone interview with authors, April 27, 1991.

5 Terry E. Maze, telephone interview with authors, March 16, 1991.

1 Douglas C. McChristian, telephone interview with authors, September 30, 1991.

2 The authors have heard the trading post referred to as "Hubbell Training Post."

3 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

4 Ibid.

5 These objectives are listed in many plans.

6 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

7 Ibid.

8 Al Grieve, interview with authors, May 6, 1991.

9 Stewart L. Udall, letter to authors, October 30, 1991.

10 Resources Management Plan Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, Arizona, 1979 (prepared by Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, Navajo Lands Group, Southwest Region Office of Natural Resources Management and The Southwest Cultural Resources Center). Photocopied, bound edition. On file at Curator's office Hubbell Trading Post. Quotation from the Introduction, page 1.

11 Ibid., page 16.

12 Ibid., page 16.

13 Ibid., page 41.

14 Tom Vaughan to Earl Jackson, SPMA, memorandum of 1/27/76, on file at Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

15 Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, April 18, 1991.

1 Kevin McKibbin, telephone interview with authors, April 27, 1991.

2 Ibid.

3 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

4 William J. Robinson, Dendrochronology of Hubbell Trading Post Residence (Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona. Final Report to Southwest Region, National Park Service. September 30, 1979.) Unbound, photocopy edition located at the Curator's Office, Hubbell Trading Post. First page of the Introduction.

5 National Geographic, August, 1991. Vol. 180, No. 2. Paul C. Pritchard, The Best Idea America Ever Had, The National Park Service at 75. Page 51. Ailema Benally, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

6 Charles D. Wyatt, letter to authors, December 3, 1991.

7 Project report on file is Curator's office, Hubbell Trading Post.

8 Thomas G. Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

9 Kevin McKibbin, telephone interview with authors, April 27, 1991.

10 Thomas G. Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

11 Ibid.

12 Letter from David Brugge to Chief, Division of Interpretation, March 6, 1976. SWRO files.

13 Ibid.

14 Ibid.

15 Thomas G. Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

16 Ibid.

17 Letter from David Brugge to Chief, Division of Interpretation, March 5, 1976. SWRO files.

18 Information supplied by Terry Morgart, SWRO.

19 Kevin McKibbin, telephone interview with authors, April 27, 1991.

20 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid.

23 Thomas G. Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

24 Photographs on file at the trading post show the rutted road with cars stuck in the mud.

25 Juin Crosse, telephone interview with authors, April 14, 1991.

26 Juin Crosse, telephone interview with authors, April 14, 1991.

27 Letter from Kent Bush to authors, March 15, 1991.

28 Ibid.

29 Kent Bush, telephone interview with authors, October 1, 1991.

1 Charles D. Wyatt, interview with authors, May 8, 1991.

2 Douglas C. McChristian, telephone interview with authors, September 30, 1991.

3 Joseph William Gentless, telephone interview with authors, March 2, 1991.

4 Kent Bush, telephone interview with authors, October 1, 1991.

5 Juin Crosse, telephone interview with authors, April 4, 1991.

6 Ibid.

7 Luis Edward Gastellum, telephone interview with authors, August 3, 1991.

8 Douglas C. McChristian, telephone interview with authors, September 10, 1991.

9 Charles D. Wyatt, interview with authors, May 8, 1991.

10 The authors discussed with HUTR Curator Ed Chamberlin just how much information should be in this administrative history in reference to the security system. Not much, we decided. NPS personnel who have to know about the security system at the historic site must apply there for such information.

11 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

12 Juin Crosse, telephone interview with authors, April 4, 1991.

13 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

14 Dr. Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, April 18, 1991.

15 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

16 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

17 Letter of November 27, 1979, to Superintendent, Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, from Earl Jackson, on file at SPMA.

18 Dr. Edward B. Danson, interview with authors, April 18, 1991.

19 Charles D. Wyatt, interview with authors, May 8, 1991.

20 Tim Priehs, 6 December, 1984 memorandum to Superintendent Barry Cooper, on file at SPMA office, Tucson.

21 Charles D. Wyatt, interview with authors, May 8, 1991.

22 Letter from Barry Cooper to Tim Priehs, 12 December, 1985. On file at SPMA, Tucson.

23 Letter from Tim Priehs w Barry Cooper, 20 December, 1985. On file at SPMA, Tucson.

24 The authors were unable to determine the exact percentage the Board of Directors have in mind; it was reported to be 3% to 5%.

25 See appendix: Memorandum of Agreement between the Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site and the Friends of Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site.

26 Juin Crosse, telephone interview with authors, April 4, 1991.

27 Juin Crosse, telephone interview with authors, April 4, 1991.

28 Juin Crosse, telephone interview with authors, April 4, 1991.

29 William Morris, Editor, The American Heritage Dictionary of The English Language. (New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. and Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969), page 536.

30 Ibid.

31 Ibid.

32 Kevin McKibbin, telephone interview with authors, April 27, 1991.

33 Ibid.

34 Douglas c. McChristian, telephone interview with authors, September 30, 1991.

35 Ibid.

36 Luis Edward Gastellum, telephone interview with authors, August 3, 1991.

37 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid.

40 Kevin McKibbin, telephone interview with authors, April 27, 1991.

41 Ibid.

42 Ibid.

43 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

44 Ibid.

45 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27, 1991.

46 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

47 Juin Crosse, telephone interview with authors, April 4, 1991.

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid.

50 Luis Edward Gastellum, telephone interview with authors, August 3, 1991.

51 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

52 Luis Edward Gastellum, telephone interview with authors, August 8, 1991.

53 Terry Nichols, telephone interview with authors, February 16, 1991.

54 Charles, D. Wyatt, interview with authors, May 8, 1991.

55 Dorothy Hubbell, interview with authors, March 27, 1991.

56 Charles D. Wyatt, interview with authors, May 8, 1991.

57 Ibid.

58 Thomas George Vaughan, telephone interview with authors, February 4, 1991.

1 The authors were unable to locate Wescoat Wolfe so that he might have contributed to this administrative history. Others, especially Tom Vaughan, contributed the information for these brief biographical notes.

2 Gallup Independent, 13 September, 1969.

3 John Cook, interview with authors, June 17, 1991.

4 Luis Edward Gastellum, telephone interview with authors, March 14, 1991

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid.