Katmai Tourism in Katmai Country

¹Anchorage Daily Times, June 7, 1950, 7; Robert Lee Johnson, "Alaskan Fliers: Travel's Fishing Adventure," Travel 109 (July 1958), 8; Raymond I. Petersen, Palakia Melgenak Transcripts, II/126, in ARO-OL.

²Alfred C. Kuehl [Regional Landscape Architect, Region Four] to Sanford Hill, ARD, October 24, 1952, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1949-1966"; "Alaska's Land of Steaming Volcanoes," 27; Huber, "Flight to Katmai," Alaska Sportsman 17 (April 1951), 40.

³Hillory Tolson, ARD to RD, Region Four, April 23, 1948; Ray Petersen to William Warne, January 21, 1950; Ford Eastman, "Catch 'Em Anywhere," Alaska Sportsman 21 (September 1955), 26; Petersen interview, November 23, 1988, II/1; "Northern Consolidated Airlines, Inc." [scrapbook], located at Katmailand, Inc. office, Anchorage.

⁴Enos Bradner, "Anglers' Eldorado," Alaska Sportsman 18 (April 1952), 37; Anchorage Daily Times, August 2, 1950, 7; Frank Dufresne, "Katmai Adventure," Field and Stream 56 (February 1952), 42. To a lesser extent, Petersen also engaged in a small amount of advertising, in magazines such as Alaska Sportsman. In 1956, he included two advertisements on Katmai in an issue of National Geographic that contained an article on the camps. The ads elicited no initial response, although they may well have had long-term benefits. Petersen interview, August 9, 1990.

⁵Petersen interview, August 9, 1990; Christian Science Monitor, September 22, 1950, 11; Enos Bradner, "Anglers' Eldorado," Alaska Sportsman 18 (April 1952), 19, 34; Margaret C. Hammersly, "Application for Homesite," June 7, 1960, in BLM Case File A031289, Alaska State Office, Anchorage.

⁶Petersen interview, August 9, 1990. As one Brooks Camp guest reported in 1976, "we are a large group of fishermen who have become quite friendly, and in fact, formed a sort of Union because of our common interest in conservation dating back as far as I personally am concerned some 14 years. Each season we telephone and correspond back and forth to learn of when the other expects to be at Brooks, so that we might all enjoy together, the company and conversation, and practice our fishing for the sport alone, and not that of fishing for food." Reginald C. Miller [NCA guest] to Gary Everhardt [NPS Director], December 21, 1976, in "Wien Air Alaska, 1973-78" file, ARO-OC.

⁷Anchorage Daily Times, June 7, 1950, 12.

⁸Christian Science Monitor, June 16, 1950, A8.

⁹Christian Science Monitor, September 22, 1950, 11.

¹⁰Christian Science Monitor, June 16, 1950 and September 22, 1950.

¹¹Petersen interview, November 23, 1988, I/7; Raymond I. Petersen [President, WCA] to John Rutter [RD-PNRO], December 17, 1971, in "Wien Air Alaska, 1969 to 1978" file, ARO-OC.

¹²Grosvenor, "Alaska's Warmer Side," National Geographic 109 (June, 1956), 726; Ray Petersen (Sr. and Jr.), interview by Frank Norris, April 17, 1991; Virginia Wood, telephone interview with Bill Tanner, May 10, 1983, in Melgenak Case File. Hiking was so rare in Katmai that the first recreational hikers to visit the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes did not do so until after the road was completed. Keith Ryder, "On Foot in the Valley of Fire and Ice," Alaska Sportsman 30 (September 1964), 24, 58.

¹³William Hanable, "Brooks Camp History" (draft report), 27-28; NPS, "Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument," n.d. (c. March 1959), in E.L. "Bob" Bartlett Collection, Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS, Box 2; Supt. MOMC, "1956 Annual Report," in File A2621 (Annual Reports, 1953-1972), DENA.

¹⁴John Walatka, [NCA Camp Manager] to Grant H. Pearson [Supt. MOMC], January 9, 1953, in "C38-Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966"; Brooks Camp Log Book, entries for July 13, 1953, August 15, 1953 and September 18, 1957, located at Katmailand office, Anchorage; Folder 1541.21 (July 4, 1954), Ward Wells Photograph Collection, AMHA; John Walatka [Pres., ACV] to Lawrence Merriam, December 6, 1960, in "C38-Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC; John Walatka [WCA Director and Camp Manager] to George A. Hall [Supt. MOMC], March 29, 1969, in "C38-Concessions Contract and Permits, KATM, 1967-72" file, ARO-OC.

¹⁵George L. Collins [Chief, Alaska Survey] to RD, Region Four, July 18, 1952, NARA San Bruno.

¹⁶Christian Science Monitor, June 16, 1950, A8.

¹⁷Huber, "Flight to Katmai," 40; Bradner, "Anglers' Eldorado," 37; Advertisement, Alaska Sportsman 19 (June 1953), 35; "Alaska's Land of Steaming Volcanoes," 32.

¹⁸William J. Nancarrow, interview by William Hanable, August 1, 1988.

¹⁹Frank Dufresne, "Katmai Adventure," Field and Stream 56 (February 1952), 44; Bradner, "Anglers' Eldorado," 17; Grosvenor, "Alaska's Warmer Side," 761.

²⁰Eastman, "Catch 'Em Anywhere," 26; Anchorage Daily Times, June 7, 1950, 12.

²¹Petersen interview, August 9, 1990; Ward Wells photograph collection, AMHA; Bob Peterson interview, June 24, 1988; Ray Bane, interview by Frank Norris, February 18, 1992.

²²Louis R. Huber, "Cataclysm," Alaska Sportsman 17 (May 1951), 23.

²³Alaska Travel Publications, Exploring Katmai National Monument, 37; "Katmai Exploring, Fishing...On Your Own or On a Tour," Sunset 154 (June 1975), 40; NPS, "Concessioner Annual Financial Report, Wien Air Alaska, Inc." 1970 through 1975 editions, in "C2621, Wien Air Alaska, KATM, 1951 to 1977" file, ARO-OC; Bradner, "Anglers' Eldorado," 36.

²⁴Herbert Maier [ARD, Region Four] to Supt MOMC, February 9, 1953, in "C38-Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966," ARO-OC; NPS, "Concessioner Annual Financial Report," 1967-78 editions.

²⁵Wien Consolidated Airlines, Inc., "Prospectus," December 16, 1970, 19, in "C-2621, Wien Air Alaska, KATM, 1951 to 1977" file, ARO-OC.

²⁶O.A. Tomlinson [RD, Region Four] to Director NPS, September 26, 1950, in "Documents 1936-1952" file, KATM AH Collection, ARO-RCR; George Corning [Chief Accountant, NCA] to Grant Pierson [sic] [Supt. MOMC], May 18, 1951, in "C2621, Wien Air Alaska, KATM, 1951 to 1977" file, ARO-OC; Alaska Consolidated Vacations, Inc., "Prospectus," March 1, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

²⁷Some of the long-time employees who were identified with the camps in the early days include Mrs. Mildred Walatka and Floyd Beck at Kulik Camp, and Rod Walsh at Nonvianuk Camp. BLM, "Report," June 29, 1960, in Case File A-030370, FRC/Washington, DC.

²⁸Petersen interview, August 9, 1990; Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 820.

²⁹Neil J. Reid [MOMC Park Naturalist] to Supt. MOMC, June 3, 1958, "Report on Katmai Visit, May 29-June 1, 1958," in NPS History Collection, Park Reference File, "Serendipity File," KATM.

³⁰Huber, "Cataclysm," 24; George Collins [Chief, Alaska Survey] to RD, Region Four, July 18, 1952, 5-6, NARA San Bruno; Alfred C. Kuehl [Regional Landscape Architect, Region Four] to Sanford Hill [ARD, Region Four], October 24, 1952, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC. "O Creek" was an ad hoc name given for survey purposes by a Fish and Wildlife Service biologist.

³¹John Walatka [Camp Superintendent, NCA] to Grant Pearson [Supt. MOMC], January 12, 1953, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC; Supt. MOMC to RD, Region 4, February 18, 1953, at KATM.

³²NPS, "Topography of Brooks Camp, NCA" [map], July 30, 1963, KATM file, ARO-ODM; Lawrence C. Merriam [RD, Region Four] to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

³³Lawrence C. Merriam [RD, Region Four] to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

³⁴Thomas C. Vint [Chief, Division of Design and Construction] to Chief, Western Division, Division of Design and Construction, October 11, 1955, in "Serendipity File," KATM, Park Reference File, NPS History Collection, NPS Archives, Harpers Ferry.

³⁵Charles E. Krueger [Park Landscape Architect, Region Four] to Chief, Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, July 21, 1955, at KATM.

³⁶Merriam to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960; NPS, Contract No. 14-10-434-80, February 20, 1956, in "Katmai Concession Contract History" binder, ARO-OC. A second three-year contract, Contract No. 14-10-434-212, was signed on March 31, 1958 for the 1958 through 1960 seasons.

³⁷NCA patented the airstrip on November 2, 1960. Raymond I. Petersen to Thomas H. Floyd [Land Law Examiner], August 10, 1956, in Case File A-030370, FRC/Washington, DC; BLM, "Application for Patent: Proof of Use," August 6, 1958, in same case file; summary sheet, same case file, BLM Alaska State Office, Anchorage; Petersen interview, November 23, 1988, II/7; Charles E. Krueger [Park Landscape Architect, Region Four] to Chief, Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, July 21, 1955, at KATM; Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 804.

³⁸The NCA building continues to serve as a store and office; the ranger station was converted into the park's visitor contact station (visitor center) in 1990. William Nancarrow, interview by William Hanable, August 1, 1988; Brooks Camp Log, listing for September 15, 1956; NPS, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Katmai," 1990, 3.

³⁹Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska for 1956 (Washington, D.C., GPO, 1957), 100. NPS specifications show this building as being 32' x 22', because of the roof overhang; Duane D. Jacobs [Supt. MOMC] to RD, Region Four, August 27, 1957 at KATM.

The name Coville Camp remained until 1954, when Dr. Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor and his wife, Elsie May Bell Grosvenor, dropped in for a visit. The auspicious Dr. Grosvenor had served as editor of the National Geographic Magazine ever since 1899, and was the sponsor of many expeditions which had explored the Katmai area after the volcanic eruptions of 1912. To commemorate the magazine's efforts, Dr. Griggs had changed the name of the lake immediately east of the camp from East Savonoski to Grosvenor in 1921. Thirty-three years later, while visiting the camp, the aging editor asked Ray Petersen why the camp, located as it was on the shores of Lake Grosvenor, didn't carry the Grosvenor name. An embarrassed Petersen changed it on the spot; by 1957 the name change had been reflected on government maps. Petersen interview, August 9, 1990; Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 393.

⁴⁰William J. Nancarrow [KATM Ranger] to Supt. MOMC, July 27, 1950 and August 26, 1950, both in File A2827, "Reports to Chief Ranger," January 1950 to November 1954, at DENA; NPS, "Monthly Public Use Report," 1956-1980 [Brooks Camp Campground/Brooks Camp Total], in File A2615 (Inactive), KATM.

⁴¹Christian Science Monitor, June 16, 1950; Robert Lee Johnson, "Alaskan Fliers," Travel 109 (July, 1958), 7; Robert Peterson [KATM Ranger], interview by William Hanable, June 24, 1988; Petersen interview, November 23, 1988, II/7.

⁴²NPS, "Monthly Public Use Report," 1956-1980 [Brooks Camp Campground/Brooks Camp Total], in File A2615 (Inactive), KATM.

⁴³Benjamin F. Culver [Culver Realty Co., Anchorage] to Raymond I. Petersen, March 11, 1960, at KATM.

⁴⁴Lawrence C. Merriam to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁴⁵The corporation had been incorporated by Ray Petersen, J. L. McCarrey, Jr. and Vernon L. Maxfield in April 1950, but "did not engage in any active business" until 1960. ACV, Inc., [Prospectus], March 1, 1960, [2]; John Walatka [Supt. ACV] to Grant Pearson [Supt. MOMC], April 24, 1952; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁴⁶ACV, Inc., [Prospectus], March 1, 1960, [3], in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁴⁷Gordon Unwin [Assistant Treasurer, NCA] to Charles C. Schmid, MOMC, October 14, 1965, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁴⁸Raymond I. Petersen to Samuel A. King, February 16, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁴⁹Supt. MOMC to Director, NPS, March 4, 1960, Monthly Narrative Report, 1M1, February 1960.

⁵⁰Lawrence C. Merriam to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁵¹Supt. MOMC to Director, NPS, May 3, 1960, Monthly Narrative Report, 2M1, in "MOMC Monthly Superintendent's Reports, 1947-48 to 1965" (Microfilm Roll), DENA.

⁵²John Walatka [President, ACV, Inc.] to Lawrence Merriam, December 6, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁵³John Walatka [President, ACV, Inc.] to Lawrence Merriam, December 6, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁵⁴Lawrence C. Merriam to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁵⁵Jackson E. Price [Assistant Director, NPS] to RD, Region Four, March 8, 1961, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁵⁶Samuel A. King to RD, Region Four, April 4, 1961; NPS, Contract No. 14-10-0434-498, April 25, 1961, in "Alaska Concessions Contracts" file, ARO-OC. In an ironic twist, Assistant Director Price noted in June 1961—six weeks after the contract had been signed—that the knot regarding qualified legal clearance had been untangled, and that "we believe we can now handle a longer term contract with a building program commitment." But it was too late. Jackson E. Price to RD, Region Four, June 14, 1961, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁵⁷Petersen interviews of November 23, 1988, I/7; August 9, 1990; and April 17, 1991; Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 822; Don Dumond, Archaeology of the Alaska Peninsula: The Naknek Region, 1960-1975 (Eugene, University of Oregon Anthropological Papers No. 21 (1981), 29-30; Chief Engineer, Western Office of Design and Construction, NPS to RD, WRO, February 20, 1964, in Serendipity File, Katmai, Park Reference File, NPS History Collection, NPS Archives, Harpers Ferry.

⁵⁸The building was named after a King Salmon hotel built by Edwin Seiler. It is now the King-Ko Inn. Raymond F. Petersen, interview by Frank Norris, December 19, 1991.

⁵⁹Supt. MOMC to RD, WRO, May 26, 1965, Annual Narrative Report for 1964, DENA; Oscar T. Dick [Supt. MOMC] to John Walatka, June 17, 1965, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁶⁰Some sources have noted that the camp capacity in the early 1960s was 50, which included the employee housing as well as guest accommodations. The concessioner, for reasons not entirely certain, listed the Brooks Camp guest capacity as 129. Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 824; NPS, "Concessioner Annual Financial Report," 1967-71.

⁶¹Raymond I. Petersen to Thomas H. Floyd [Land Law Examiner, BLM], August 10, 1956, in Case File A-032493, FRC/Washington, D.C.; Benjamin F. Culver [Culver Realty Co., Anchorage] to Raymond I. Petersen, March 11, 1960, at KATM.

⁶²Raymond I. Petersen to Thomas H. Floyd, Land Law Examiner, August 10, 1956; BLM, "Application for Patent: Proof of Use," August 6, 1958; both in A-032493, FRC/Washington, DC; Petersen interview, August 9, 1990.

⁶³Petersen interview, August 9, 1990; Folder 3185.107, Ward Wells Photograph Collection, AMHA.

⁶⁴Robert Hammersly to BLM, July 3, 1960, in Case File A-031289, Anchorage BLM office; Petersen interview, August 9, 1990.

⁶⁵Raymond I. Petersen to Thomas H. Floyd [Land Law Examiner, BLM], August 10, 1956, in Case File A-032492, FRC/Washington, D.C.; Benjamin F. Culver [Culver Realty Co., Anchorage] to Raymond I. Petersen, March 11, 1960, at KATM.

⁶⁶R.E.G. Davies, Airlines of the United States Since 1914 (Washington, D.C., Smith-sonian Institution, 1972), 310; "Wien Consolidated F-27 B&W Pictures" file, WAA Photograph Collection, AMHA. Petersen and his wife, Toni, took delivery of the com-pany's first plane at Fairchild's Hagerstown, MD manufacturing plant on November 5.

⁶⁷BLM, "Application for Patent: Proof of Use," August 6, 1958, in Case File A-030370, FRC/Washington, DC; Federal Aviation Agency, "Record of Facilities (Form ACA-29A), July 31, 1959; FAA, "Airport Inspection Check Guide," June 20, 1959; both in Airports Division files, FAA Anchorage; Petersen interview, April 17, 1991. The leading authority on world aircraft, Jane's All the World's Aircraft, John W.R. Taylor, ed. (London, Jane's Yearbooks, 1973-74, pp. 155, 323) notes that F-27s require a landing field at least 3500 feet long. The Federal Aviation Agency is now known as the Federal Aviation Administration.

⁶⁸Folder 3185.55, Ward Wells Photograph Collection, AMHA; Federal Aviation Agency, "Airport Facilities Record" (Form FAA-29A) for December 19, 1960, May 31, 1962 and January 9, 1963, all in Airports Division files, FAA Anchorage; American Aviation Associates, Official Airline Guide (Chicago, the author; various issues, September 1958 to January 1963).

⁶⁹Petersen to Gruening, August 8, 1962, in Gruening Collection, UAF; Petersen interview, April 17, 1991.

⁷⁰John A. Walatka to BLM, Anchorage, January 10, 1962; "Decision on Application for Airport Lease, Anchorage 056478," May 29, 1964; both in Kulik Airport Lease file (Serial No. A-056478), ARO-OL.

⁷¹James M. Dodson, NCA to Alfred P. Steger, BLM, 6/26/64; "Decision on Application for Airport Lease, Anchorage 056478," 4/16/68; John Walatka, NCA to Pearl C. Peters, BLM, 4/18/68; BLM, "Notice of Conflict with Native Protest," 5/31/68; all in Kulik Airport Lease file, (Serial No. A-056478), ARO-OL. Also see Pearl C. Peters to Laurence Freeburn, 3/11/68, in Casefile A-031289, BLM State Office, Anchorage.

⁷²Folder 3185.78, Ward Wells Photograph Collection, AMHA; Federal Aviation Administration, "Airport Master Record, Kulik Lake Airport" (FAA 58437.A), April 9, 1981, in Airports Division files, FAA Anchorage; Raymond I. Petersen to Eugene R. Lux, September 18, 1974, in Kulik Airport Lease files, ARO-OL.

⁷³Darrell L. Coe [Management Assistant, KATM], "National System of Trails, Memo L58," August 23, 1965, at KATM; Neil J. Reid, [Park Naturalist, MOMC], "1958 Annual Report, Information and Interpretive Services Division;" at DENA; John Walatka to Lawrence Merriam, December 6, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁷⁴Raymond I. Petersen to George L. Collins [Chief, Alaska Recreation Studies, Region Four, NPS], September 26, 1950, in RG 79, Box 313, NARA San Bruno; Lawrence C. Merriam [RD, Region Four] to Supt. MOMC, February 27, 1952, at KATM.

⁷⁵NPS, "Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument", n.d. (c. March 1959), 6-7, in E.L. "Bob" Bartlett Collection (Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS, Box 2), UAF.

⁷⁶Lawrence C. Merriam to Wirth, December 14, 1960; NPS, "Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument," n.d. (c. March 1959), 4, 6, 8, in E.L. "Bob" Bartlett Collection (Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS, Box 2), UAF.

⁷⁷Petersen interview, November 23, 1988, I/7; Petersen interview, April 17, 1991.

⁷⁸Jackson E. Price [Assistant Director NPS] to RD, Region Four, March 8, 1961, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁷⁹Petersen interview, November 23, 1988, I/7; Evangeline Atwood and Robert N. DeArmond, comp., Who's Who in Alaskan Politics (Portland, Binford & Mort, 1977), 97; Katmailand, "Greetings from Katmailand" [Christmas brochure], 1985, 3.

⁸⁰Petersen was pleasantly surprised by Senator Gruening's reaction to his plight; he had never been an active Gruening supporter. But the Senator had had long experience in territorial affairs, including the directorship of Territorial and Island Possessions as well as a fourteen-year stint as the Governor of Alaska, and as a result, he "smelled injustice" when he saw it. Petersen interview, April 17, 1991.

⁸¹Raymond I. Petersen to Rep. Ralph Rivers, December 23, 1965, in E.L. "Bob" Bartlett Collection, Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS, Box 2; Petersen interview, November 23, 1988, I/7; Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 812, 827-828, 831; NPS, "Project Construction Program Proposal," n.d. (late 1961), at KATM.

⁸²Lawrence C. Merriam [RD, WRO] to Supt. MOMC, December 3, 1962; Oscar T. Dick to RD, WRO, March 19, 1963; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC; Raymond I. Petersen, Testimony in Palakia Melgenak Transcript, II/136. In the late 1960s the concessioner replaced the 16-seat GMC bus with a 40-seat bus, also built by GMC. The present concessioner, Katmailand, continues to use the Chevrolet carryall, which still sports its original yellow-and-red NCA logo. Wien Consolidated Airlines, "Rate Schedule, May 24 through September 6, 1970," in "C-2823, Wien Air Alaska, Inc., KATM, 1969 to 1978" file, ARO-OC.

⁸³Darrell L. Coe [Management Assistant, KATM], "National System of Trails, Memo L58," August 23, 1965, at KATM.

⁸⁴Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 828.

⁸⁵The cabins now serve as employee residences. Bob Peterson, interview with Bill Tanner, May 19, 1984, in Palakia Melgenak Transcripts, I/128; Bob Peterson, interview by William Hanable, June 24, 1988, 2; W. Laubmann, "Katmai National Monument, Topography of Brooks Camp, NCA" [map], July 30, 1963, ARO-ODM; Supt. MOMC, "Annual Report for Information and Interpretive Services, KATM," 1962; Petersen (Jr. and Sr.) interview, April 17, 1991.

⁸⁶W. Laubmann, "Katmai National Monument, Topography of Brooks Camp, NCA," July 30, 1963, ARO-ODM.

⁸⁷Stanley A. Cain, "Alaska Trip Report," July 30 to August 10, 1965, 10, in E.L. "Bob" Bartlett Collection, Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS, Box 2; Frederick C. Dean, "Brown Bear-Human Interrelationship Study" (NPS PO 126-301), n.d. (c. 1967).

⁸⁸Robert Lee Johnson, "Alaskan Fliers: Travel's Fishing Adventure," Travel 109 (July 1958), 7; Alaska Travel Publications, Exploring Katmai National Monument and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 27-28.

⁸NPS, "Monthly Public Use Report," 1956-1980 [Brooks Camp Campground/Brooks Camp Total], in File A2615 (Inactive), KATM.

⁹⁰Bob Peterson, interview by Bill Hanable, June 24, 1988.

⁹¹Neil J. Reid [Park Naturalist MOMC] to Supt. MOMC, June 3, 1958, in "Serendipity File," Katmai, Park Reference File, NPS History Collection, NPS Archives, Harpers Ferry; Gil Blinn, interview by William Hanable, August 26, 1988, 4.

⁹²John Walatka to Lawrence Merriam, December 6, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

⁹³Raymond I. Petersen to Ralph Rivers, December 23, 1965, in E.L. "Bob" Bartlett Collection, Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS, Box 2, UAF.

⁹⁴G. Donald Eberlein [Chief, Alaska Geology Branch] to Dr. D.T. Griggs, July 3, 1963, in File A2021, KATM; Darrell L. Coe, "Katmai National Monument," Alaska Sportsman 35 (March 1969), 33; Supt. MOMC, "Information and Interpretive Services, KATM, 1963;" W. Laubmann, "Katmai National Monument, Topography of Brooks Camp, NCA" [map], July 30, 1963, ARO-ODM.

⁹⁵Bob Peterson, interview by William Hanable, June 24, 1988; Christian Science Monitor, August 2, 1969, 3. The MISSION 66 program, outlined in the late 1950s, had envisioned a visitor center at the east end of Naknek Lake. The construction of the road southeast from Brooks Camp, however, indefinitely postponed those plans. NPS, "Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument," 6.

⁹⁶Ray Petersen (Sr. and Jr.), interview by Frank Norris, April 17, 1991.

⁹⁷Frank Singer [Wildlife Biologist, ARO] to Supt. KATM, March 19, 1982, "Review of Case Incident Reports—Bear Incidents," in File N1615 (Wildlife Management, Bear, 1976 to Present), KATM; Darrell L. Coe to Oscar Dick, July 1, 1965, "Supplement to Monthly Narrative Report," in File A2615, "Chief Ranger's Monthly Narrative Report, 1959-1967," DENA.

⁹⁸Darrell L. Coe [Ranger-in-charge, KATM] to Supt. MOMC, June 1, 1966, in File A2615 (Superintendent's Monthly Reports, 1957-1968), DENA; Supt. MOMC/KATM to RD, WRO, September 27, 1968, at KATM.

⁹⁹Supt. MOMC/KATM to RD, WRO, September 27, 1968, in "Bear Management Documents" file, KATM; Gil Blinn to Supt. Alaska Field Office, October 30, 1969, in "Bear Management (historical) in Katmai" file, KATM.

¹⁰⁰Frederick C. Dean, "Brown Bear-Human Interrelationship Study," n.d. (c. 1967), 22, in file Bears, etc., KATM; Frank Singer [Wildlife Biologist, ARO] to Supt. KATM, March 19, 1982, "Review of Case Incident Reports—Bear Incidents," in File N1615 (Wildlife Management, Bear, 1976 to Present), KATM; Gil Blinn, interview by William Hanable, August 26, 1988, 29.

¹⁰¹NPS, "Monthly Public Use Report," 1956-1980 [Brooks Camp Campground/Brooks Camp Total], in File A2615 (Inactive), KATM.

¹⁰²Ernest Gruening to Stewart Udall [Secretary of the Interior], July 7, 1965, in E.L. "Bob" Bartlett Collection, Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS, 1945-1968.

¹⁰³Raymond I. Petersen to Oscar Dick, December 22, 1965, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

¹⁰⁴"Amendment No. 1, Concession Contract No. 14-10-0434-498, Northern Consolidated Airlines, Inc., Katmai National Monument," April 28, 1966, in "Alaska Concessions Contracts" file, ARO-OC.

¹⁰⁵William J. Briggle [Acting Supt. LAME] to Melvin T. Mohler [President, Overton Resort, Inc.], May 24, 1967, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, ARO-OC; "Amendment No. 2, Concession Contract No. 14-10-0434-498, Northern Consolidated Airlines, Inc., Katmai National Monument," March 2, 1967, in "Alaska Concessions Contracts" file, ARO-OC.

¹⁰⁶E.B. Martin [Acting ARD, Operations, WRO] to Supt. KATM and MOMC, July 28, 1967, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, ARO-OC.

¹⁰⁷The name Wien Air Alaska had existed only since February 1966; its predecessor, Wien Alaska Airlines, had been a staple of aviation in interior and northern Alaska since 1936.

¹⁰⁸Wien Airlines, "Celebrating 60 Years of Flight, 1924-1984" [pamphlet], July 1, 1984, 3; R.E.G. Davies, Airlines of the United States Since 1914 (Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1972), 313; Anchorage Daily Times, March 15, 1967, 1.

¹⁰⁹Wien Airlines, "Celebrating 60 Years of Flight," 3; Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 820; Raymond I. Petersen to Sen. Ernest Gruening, August 8, 1962, in Gruening Collection, Box 4, Folder 48 (National Parks Alaska), UAF.

¹¹⁰Photograph captioned "N4903 on lift-off from Hagerstown, MD, November 5, 1958," in "Wien Consolidated-F27 B&W Pictures" file, Wien Air Alaska Photo Collection, AMHA. NCA took delivery of the Fokker-designed plane less than six weeks after the first F-27 emerged from the assembly line. Davies, Airlines of the United States Since 1914, 310, 660.

¹¹¹NPS, "MISSION 66 Program for Katmai," Bartlett Collection, 4; NPS, "Control Schedule, MISSION 66 Development Program, Roads and Trails," December 1958, in E.L. Bartlett papers (Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS), 1945-1968.

¹¹²Lawrence C. Merriam to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, ARO-OC.

¹¹³Petersen interview, November 23, 1988, II/7; FAA, "Airport Inspection Check Guide," June 20, 1959, in FAA Airports Division files, Anchorage.

¹¹⁴Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 804, 807; Keith Ryder, "On Foot in the Valley of Fire and Ice," 24; New York Times, August 22, 1965; Raymond I. Petersen to Sen. Ernest Gruening, August 8, 1962, in Gruening Collection, Box 4, Folder 48 (National Parks Alaska), UAF. Ron Davies, in his encyclopedic Airlines of the United States Since 1914, 310, noted that NCA received its first Pilatus Porter in 1961.

¹¹⁵George A. Hall [Supt. MOMC] to RD, WRO, November 16, 1967; John Walatka [Camp Manager and Director, NCA] to George Hall, November 27, 1967; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, ARO-OC; Lee Svoboda (OAS pilot), interview by Frank Norris, February 27, 1992. NCA was interested in 737s as early as 1967; see photograph in "Dedication 737/Boeing 1966" file, Wien Air Alaska Photo Collection, AMHA.

¹¹⁶Wyman Rice [Vice President, Operations] to E.L. Bartlett, March 24, 1967; John Walatka to Sen. Ernest Gruening, March 24, 1967; both in E.L. "Bob" Bartlett Collection (Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS, "Katmai-Naknek Highway 1967-68" file.

¹¹⁷Sen. Ernest Gruening to George B. Hartzog [Director, NPS, April 3, 1967; Harthon Bill [Deputy Director, NPS] to Sen. Ernest Gruening, May 2, 1967; both in E.L. "Bob" Bartlett Collection (Federal Departments and Agencies, Interior, NPS, "Katmai-Naknek Highway 1967-68" file.

¹¹⁸George A. Hall [Supt. MOMC] to RD, WRO, November 16, 1967; John Walatka [Camp Manager and Director, NCA] to George Hall, November 27, 1967; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, ARO-OC.

¹¹⁹George A. Hall [Supt. MOMC] to RD, WRO, December 18, 1967, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, ARO-OC.

¹²⁰Raymond O. Mulvany [Acting RD, WRO] to Director, NPS, January 10, 1968, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, ARO-OC.

¹²¹Edward A. Hummel [Assistant Director, Park Management] to RD, WRO, February 9, 1968; George A. Hall [Supt. MOMC] to Raymond Petersen, March 15, 1968; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, ARO-OC.

¹²²"Amendment No. 3, Concession Contract No. 14-10-0434-498, Northern Consolidated Airlines, Inc., Katmai National Monument," June 25, 1968, in "Alaska Concessions Contracts" file, ARO-OC.