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National Park Service
Historic Themes and Resources within the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route Southern New Jersey and the Delaware Bay: Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem Counties |
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NOTES
CHAPTER 1
1Charles A. Stansfield, New Jersey: A Geography (Boulder: Westview Press, 1983), 1, 54-56; south Jersey is defined as counties south of Mercer and Monmouth, which have remained largely rural and agriculturally oriented: Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem.
2Public Law 100-515/100th Congress (102 stat. 2563) 20 October 1988.
4Floyd W. Parson, ed., New Jersey: Life, Industries and Resources of a Great state (Newark: New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce, 1928), 60-61.
5Peter O. Wacker, Land and People: A Cultural Geography of PreIndustrial New Jersey (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1975), 13.
7According to NPS-Denver Service Center figures, there are eighty-seven natural areas in the entirety of the NJCHT, totaling 850,461 acres. This includes five federally owned properties, fifty-eight owned by the state, and six private facilities. Acreage figures are unavailable for seventeen of the eighty-seven properties.
11Stansfield, 22. Repeated burnings favored the growth of pines over oaks, leading to the development of the Pine Barrens.
16Joseph Sickler, History of Salem County, New Jersey (Salem: Sunbeam Publishing Co., 1937), 12.
17Allen G. Noble, Wood, Brick and Stone: The North American Settlement Landscape (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984), 40.
18National Register nomination. The Caesar Hoskins Log Cabin is much altered but extant. The logs are fully dovetailed with V joint extending the length of the log; all timbers are hand hewn and numbered with Roman numerals. The rafters are joined with trunnels, since no ridgepole was used in the construction. There is evidence of a 7' x 3' walk-in fireplace. Further evidence to place this structure in context is an incised drawing of a Swedish schooner on an interior wall.
19Charles Harrison, Salem County: A Story of People (Norfolk: The Donning Co., 1988), 20.
20Thomas Fleming, New Jersey: A History (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1977), 11.
CHAPTER 2
1D.W. Meinig, The shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492-1800 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 142.
2William C. Mulford, Historical Tales of Cumberland County, New Jersey (Bridgeton: Evening News Co., 1941), 22.
3Herb Beitel and Vance Enck, Cape May County: A Pictorial History (Norfolk: Donning Co., 1988), 22.
4George F. Boyer and J. Pearson Cunningham, Cape May County Story (Egg Harbor City: Laureate Press, 1975), 28.
6Boyer and Cunningham, 26; Beitel and Enck, 22.
8National Register of Historic Places nomination.
9National Register nomination.
10National Register nomination.
11National Register nomination.
12John A. Jakle, et al., Common Houses in America's Small Towns (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 142-43.
13Register of Historic Sites of Structures in Millville (Millville: Chamber of Commerce, [n.d.]), n.p.
14Sickler, 146-63; Harrison, 30-43; [no author given], Fenwick's Colony (Salem: Sunbeam Publishing Co., 1964), 62-68.
15Industrial Directory of New Jersey (Camden: S. Chew and Sons, 1909), 180; Thomas Cushing and Charles Sheppard, History of Gloucester, Salem and Cumberland Counties (Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1883), 423.
17The Swedes and Finns in New Jersey (Bayonne: Jersey Printing Co., 1938), 60-61. Among the other historic resources here are a mixture of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century houses, the Penns Grove Traction Company trolley barn, and the Finns Point Rear Range Light.
18Cushing and Sheppard, 430-31.
21Mulford, 167; Cushing and Sheppard, 663.
22William Gehring "A History of Cedar Creek 1690 - 1900s" South Jersey Magazine (Fall 1990), 15-19.
24Cushing and Sheppard, 658; Industrial Directory, 115-16.
25Industrial Directory, 113-14; Mulford, 170.
27Cushing and Sheppard, 716-17; Industrial Directory, 115.
29Industrial Directory, 142; Cushing and Sheppard, 663-64, Mulford, 171.
32Sarah Sheppard Hancock, The Story of Greenwich (Cumberland County Historical Society, [n.d.]), n.p.
33Vauxhall Gardens differs from the Gibbon House, Wood Mansion, and Bowen House in that its 1725 Flemish bond addition has a gambrel roof with dormer windows. The original frame block of 1698 is three bays wide and one-and-one-half stories high.
34Cushing and Sheppard, 717; Mulford, 175.
36Industrial Directory, 187; Cushing and Sheppard, 717.
37Cushing and Sheppard, 723; Mulford, 175.
40Industrial Directory, 232-33.
41Cushing and Sheppard, 659; Mulford, 183.
44Cushing and Sheppard, 715-16.
45Cushing and Sheppard, 694; Mulford, 185.
46Paul Loye, "Patterned Brickwork in Southern New Jersey," Proceedings of the NJ. Historical Society 73 (July 1955), 194.
47Cushing and Sheppard, 693-94.
48Cushing and Sheppard, 694; Industrial Directory, 404-05.
49Maria Boynton, "Springtown, New Jersey: Exploration in the History and Culture of a Black Rural Community" (Ph.D dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1986), 8-9.
53Boyer and Cunningham, 93; Beitel and Enck, 65.
54Beitel and Enck, 66; Industrial Directory, 112.
60Industrial Directory, 384-85.
61Beitel, 16; Boyer and Cunningham, 138-39.
CHAPTER 3
2Harry B. Weiss, Whaling in New Jersey (Trenton: New Jersey Agricultural Society, 1974), 20-22.
7Rene de Kerchove, International Maritime Dictionary (New York: van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1961), 600-01.
8Roger T. Trindell, "The Ports of Salem and Greenwich," New Jersey History 86 (Winter 1986), 201.
13Joyce van Vorst, "Coastal Trade," Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy 8 (1986), 445; Trindell, 203.
14Ruth Cook Brown, Early Shipbuilding Particularly in South Jersey (Cumberland County Historical Society, 1961), 5.
15Anne E. Witty, "The Oystering Fleet of Delaware Bay," Challenge of Folk Materials For New Jersey's Museums (1986), 95.
18Donald H. Rolf, Undersail: Dredgeboats of Delaware Bay. (Woodbine: McGregor & Warner, 1971), 39.
20James M. McLaughlin, "Maritime History of Cape May County," Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy 7 (1980), 653-58.
27"The Sturgeon and Caviar Industry at Penns Grove, New Jersey," The Way It Used To Be 2 (July 1989), 13.
31Margaret Louise Mints, The Great Wilderness (Millville: Wheaton Historical Association, 1968), 53.
32Stephen W. Hitchcock and William R. Curtsinger, "Fragile Nurseries of the Sea: Can We Save Our Salt Marshes," National Geographic 141 (June 1972), 736.
33Joe Dobarro and Bill Figley, New Jersey's Blue Crab (Port Republic: Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, 1985), 2-6.
35Within the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail but outside the area of this study, the Sandy Hook Lighthouse (1764) is noteworthy as the only extant pre-Revolutionary light and because it is an octagonal structure. Holland, 16, 19.
38F. Ross Holland, Great American Lighthouses. (Washington: Preservation Press, 1989), 144.
39National Register of Historic Places nomination.
CHAPTER 4
3Thomas J. Wertenbaker, The Founding of American Civilization, The Middle Colonies (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1963), 236.
6David Steven Cohen, The Folklore and Folklife of New Jersey (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 134.
7Noble, Barns and Farm Structures 16.
10Carl Woodward, Development of Agriculture in New Jersey, 1640-1880 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1927), 46.
13Harry B. Weiss and Grace M. Weiss, Early Sports and Pastimes in New Jersey (Trenton: Past Times Press, 1960), 12.
20Harry B. and Grace M. Weiss, Some Early Industries of New Jersey (Trenton: New Jersey Agricultural Society, 1965), 50-51.
21Weiss and Weiss, Early Industries, 50-54.
22Joyce van vorst, "Cedar Swamp Creek Meadow Co.," Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy 9 (1989), n.p.
23George Abbott to the Director of the Census, 1920. Abbott Family Papers.
24Edward Abbott Sr., "History of Abbott's Dairy," Salem County Historical Society Newsletter 31 (September 1986), 5-7; Diane Miller, "Roots: He Watched His Family Business Grow," Today's Sunbeam (15 August 1984), 1.
25These men formed meadow companies in which they shared the expense of keeping dikes and sluices in good worklng conditions. Perhaps, then, they shared the profit. They were probably not as commercially oriented as the Hackensack Meadow Company, but rather akin to the Abbott Meadow and Cedar Swamp Creek companies.
26Weiss and Weiss, Early Industries 57-58.
27Weiss and Weiss, Early Industries 65.
28First Annual Report of the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture (Trenton: The State Gazette, 1874), 47.
29Howard A. Turner, Systems of Renting Truck Farms in South-Western New Jersey USDA Bulletin No. 411 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1916), 2-3.
30Josiah C. Folsom, Truck-Farm Labor in New Jersey USDA Bulletin no. 1285 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1922), 9-11.
33Folsom, 33-35.; U.S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau, Work of Children on Truck and Small-Fruit Farms in Southern New Jersey (Washington, DC: GPO, 1924), 53-56.
35Richard A. Hogarty, New Jersey Farmers and the Migrant Housing Rules (Syracuse: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1966), 2-15.
CHAPTER 5
3Adeline Pepper, The Glass Gaffers of New Jersey (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971), 22.
5Pennsylvania Journal (11 October 1780), cited in Pepper, 28; Sickler, 98.
14Pepper, 247; Industrial Directory 272.
19Mary B. Sim, Commercial Canning in New Jersey: History and Early Development (Trenton: New Jersey Agricultural Society, 1951), 12.
22For a complete history of each canning company in the NJCHT area, see Sim, Commercial Canning in New Jersey.
34Charles S. Boyer, Early Forges and Furnaces in New Jersey (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1931), 7-8.
41Pennsylvania Gazette (28 June 1753) and Boyer, 59.
42Bill Gehring, "A History of Cedar Creek in Cumberland County: 1690-1900s," South Jersey Magazine (Fall 1990): 15-19.
45Cushing and Sheppard, 598; Arthur J. Cox and Thomas Malim, Ferracute: History of an American Enterprise (Bridgeton: Cowan Printing, 1985), 1-7.
47Cushing and Sheppard. 388, 598.
50Harry B. Weiss and Robert J. Sim, Early Grist and Flouring Mills of New Jersey (Trenton: New Jersey Agricultural Society, 1956), 11-19.
51Jean Jones, "Millville Manufacturing Company: A Foundation For Industry," Millville News (25 February 1991), 18.
52Mulford, 11, 14, 66, 178-79; Cushing and Sheppard, 384-88, 593-95, 633-65.
53Roland Ellis, "Windmills: The Ugly Ducklings of Cape May County." The Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy, 5 (June 1959), 193-95.
58Stacy B. Kirkbride Jr., Kirkbride's New Jersey Business Directory (Trenton: Kirkbride, 1850), 154-60, 258-64.
66"Sand Mining Plays Vital Role in County," Bridgeton Evening News (8 June 1954), n.p.
67"Retires After Half Century in Sand Industry," Bridgeton Dollar Weekly (1886), n.p.
68Bridgeton Dollar Weekly (16 October 1886), n.p.
70Lisa Borders, "New Technology Boosts Industrial Sand Plant," Millville Daily (3 December 1984), n.p.
71Bridgeton and Salem Directory for 1877 (Bridgeton: J.H. Lant, 1877), 173-181.
72Boyd's Directory of Salem and Gloucester Counties, 1899-1900 (Philadelphia: C.E. Howe Co., 1899), 115.
73Biographical Dictionary of Philadelphia Architects 350, 397. Some of Hazelhurst's papers are at the Millville City Hall.
74Industrial Directory, 115, 169.
CHAPTER 6
3Wheaton J. Lane, From Indian Trail to Iron Horse: Travel and Transportation in New Jersey, 1620-1860 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939), 20-23.
9Cushing and Sheppard, 331-33.
12Lucius Q.C. Elmer, History of the Early Settlement and Progress of Cumberland County, New Jersey (Bridgeton: George F. Nixon, 1869), 73, 80-81; Mulford, 21-22.
17National Register of Historic Places nomination.
22Robert C. Alexander, "Steamer Republic for Cape May," Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy 5 (June 1962), 328-29.
23Alexander, "Steamships," 212.
24Historical Atlas of Cumberland County, New Jersey (Philadelphia: D.J. Stewart, 1876), n.p.
25Alexander, "Steamships," 212.
26Combination Atlas Map of Salem and Gloucester Counties, New Jersey (Philadelphia: Everts and Stewart, 1876), n.p.
27Bridgeton Chronicle, 1874-1900; Lane, 398.
28Cushing and Sheppard, 97-98.
29Cushing and Sheppard, 98; Map of the Railroad of New Jersey (Philadelphia: J.L. Smith, 1871), n.p.
30Millville, New Jersey, Centennial Souvenir, 1866-1966. (Millville: Millville Centennial Corp., 1966), n.p.
31Francis H. Sharp, "Winchester and Western Railroad Stays on Track," Bridgeton Evening News (1 November 1988), 9.
32Cushing and Sheppard, 98; Bridgeton Chronicle 1874-1900.
33Cushing and Sheppard, 98; Bridgeton Chronicle 1874-1900.
35Cushing and Sheppard, 98; Sinnickson Chew, "Salem-Pennsville-New Castle Line was Earliest Local Rail Dream," Today's Sunbeam, 12 April 1984, p. 5; William Vanneman, "Busy Days in the Old Railroad Office," Today's Sunbeam [n.d.], n.p.
36"Past Days in the News," Bridgeton Chronicle, [n.d.], n.p.
37Jean Jones, "Conrail to Rehabilitate Rail Lines for $500,000," Millville Daily News (10 September 1982), n.p; Mark Neumann, "Conrail Drops Its Seabrook Line," Bridgeton Evening News (17 June 1982), 1.
38Diana Mitsu Klos, Cumberland Short Line Keeps An American Tradition Alive," Daily Journal (5 July 1988), A6.
39Bridgeton Chronicle, 1899-1922.
40Daily Pioneer (May 1917); "Trolley Cars Running Since 1893 Cease Operation," Bridgeton Dollar Weekly (15 June 1922), n.p.
42Neil C. Miller, "Salem-Penns Grove Trolley Proves To Be Mixed Blessing For County Residents," Today's Sunbeam (24 August 1977); Telephone interview, Pennsville Mayor Bernie Senstrom (6 March 1991).
43Edward Burrough, "State Aid to Road-Building in New Jersey," Bulletin 9 (USDA: 1894), 7-8.
44"Methods of Highway Administration in the Different States" Good Roads (July 1910), 249.
45Official Good Roads Yearbook of the United States (Washington: Colorado Building, 1914), 93.
46John A. Jakle, "The American Gasoline Station," Journal of American Culture (Spring 1978), 522-24.
CHAPTER 7
1Nelson R. Burr, "Development of Education in New Jersey," Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society (July 1933): 153-56.
2David Murray, History of Education in New Jersey (Washington: GPO, 1899), 16. Murray discusses the importance of these rules of discipline.
6J. Robert Buck, et al., Bridgeton Education Story (Bridgeton: Tricentennial Committee, 1986), 2-5; Cushing and Sheppard, 592.
7Buck, 2-5; and A Pictorial Guide to the Historic Buildings of Bridgeton, New Jersey (Bridgeton: Cumberland County Planning Board, 1982), n.p.
8Cushing and Sheppard, 379-80; Sickler, 250, 372.
17Boyd's Industrial Directory. 107; Cushing and Sheppard, 379-380.
19Bill Fenton, "City's Public School Keep Pace With Progress," Millville News, 25 February 1991, 22.
22In South Jersey, this is borne out by the two-story frame community building (1872) next to and almost identical to the Goshen School; the Mauricetown Masonic Building (1881), a similar form with a recessed entry; and the one-story, rectangular Hopewell Township Grange (1904).
23Andrew Gulliford, America's Country Schools (Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1984), 164-65, 172.
26Cushing and Sheppard, 591-721.
27William H. Chew, Salem County Hand Book (Salem: Salem National Banking Co., 1903), 24-26; Industrial Directory, 35-413; Combination Atlas n.p.
28Industrial Directory (1909), 75-413.
29National Register of Historic Places nomination.
CHAPTER 8
1John Wright, ed., Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1932), 81-87.
10Cushing and Sheppard, 649, 660-61.
14Robert Greenhalgh Albion and Leonidas Dodson, eds., Philip Vickers Fithian: Journal, 1775-1776 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1934), vii-ix.
15National Register of Historic Places nomination.
17Sandra Tatum and Roger Moss, Biographical Dictionary of Philadelphia: 1700-1930 (Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1985), 510-12: McArthur, a Scottish-born architect, apprenticed with his carpenter uncle of the same name before establishing a career that spanned the 1840s until his death. In the 1850s he designed three Philadelphia hotels and a number of churches, including Tenth, First, and Broad Street Presbyterian; during the Civil War, his projects included Army hospitals throughout the city. His drawings and papers exist in several collections.
19Boyer and Cunningham, 91-92.
25Mints, 72; Cushing and Sheppard, 662.
26J.H. Morgan, Morgan's History of the New Jersey Conference of the A.M.E. Church (Camden: S. Chew, 1887), 91; Cyril Tuohy, "Black History Lesson," Salem Sunbeam (10 February 1991).
30National Register of Historic Places nomination.
CHAPTER 9
1Weiss and Weiss, Early Sports, 82-84.
2Weiss and Weiss, Early Sports, 82.
3Robert Alexander, Ho! For Cape Island (Cape May: Robert Crozer Alexander, 1956), 337.
6"Good Times: Memories Of Seabreeze Linger On," Bridgeton Evening News (5 September 1990): sec. 3, 3A.
8Gordon Hendricks, The Life and Works of Thomas Eaklns (New York: Gordon Publishers, 1974), 75-78.
12Cushing and Sheppard, 637; Millville Centennial, n.p.
14Pennsville, Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, 1923.
15Bill Chestnut, "The Twisted Tale of the Pretzel Ride," South Jersey Magazine (Spring 1990), 2. The second ride, which was contrived by one of the builders of the Pretzel, was similar but shaped like a bucking mule.
16Bill Chestnut, Rediscovery of Tumbling Dam Amusement Park, Bridgeton. New Jersey (Bridgeton: Bridgeton Antiquarian League, 1989), 1.
17Chestnut, Tumbling Dam, 2-3.
18Chestnut, "Twisted Tale," 4.
19Chestnut, "Twisted Tale," 4.
21Jonathan Wood, "A Ferris Wheel At Union Lake Park?" Millville News (25 February 1991), 32.
APPENDIX 1
2Paul Love, "Patterned Brickwork in Southern New Jersey," Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 73 (July 1955):b183, 193.
APPENDIX 2
1Howard Wight Marshall, Folk Architecture in Little Dixie (University of Missouri Press, 1981), 57.
2Marshall, 57; John Jakle et al., Common Houses in America's Small Towns (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 219.
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