Alaska Subsistence A National Park Service Management History

Notes — Chapter 3

¹ Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Springfield, Mass., G. & C. Merriam Co., 1967), 1188-91; John Ise, The National Park Service; A Critical History (New York, Arno Press, 1979), 2.

² Congress authorized Klondike Gold Rush NHP, in the Skagway area, in June 1976. Perhaps because of its small size (about 13,000 acres), the park was judged not to have significant subsistence values.

³ William E. Brown, A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, Alaska (Santa Fe, NPS, 1991), 75-77, 83. Native use of the area has been documented in Terry L. Haynes, David B. Anderson, and William E. Simeone, Denali National Park and Preserve: Ethnographic Overview and Assessment (Fairbanks, NPS/ADF&G), 2001.

⁴ Joan M. Antonson and William S. Hanable, Alaska's Heritage, Alaska Historical Commission Studies in History No. 133 (Anchorage, Alaska Historical Society, 1985), 369-70.

⁵ Brown, A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, 32-34, 87-88, 91.

⁶ Ibid., 93, 146.

⁷ Ibid., 92-93; Lary M. Dilsaver, ed., America's National Park System; the Critical Documents (Lanham, Md.; Rowman and Littlefield, 1994), 63-64.

⁸ Brown, A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, 95, 136, 138, 146.

⁹ Fred Hauselmann (Little Moose Creek, Kantishna Mining District; mailed from Nenana) to Secretary of the Interior, February 7, 1920, in "Wild Animals, Parts 1 and 2" file, Box 112, MOMC, Central Classified Files, Entry 6, RG 79, NARA DC.

¹⁰ Brown, A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, 136, 138-45, 185-89.

¹¹ As mentioned in Chapter 2, Secretary Work's letter stated that Mount McKinley (due to specific language in its enabling act) was an exception to the general prohibition against.

¹² Brown, A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, 138, 145-47.

¹³ Ibid., 139, 147-48.

¹⁴ Ibid., 151-52, 156-57.

¹⁵ Documents also refer to one of the hunters as Enos John and Enock John; the above spelling is as it appeared on the affidavit. Harry Karstens to NPS Director, November 18, 1924; Cammerer to Karstens, December 23, 1924; both in "Wild Animals, part 1 & 2" file, Box 112, Central Classified Files, Mount McKinley, Entry 6, RG 79, NARA DC.

¹⁶ Brown, A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, 148-49.

¹⁷ Frank Norris, Isolated Paradise; An Administrative History of the Katmai and Aniakchak National Park Units (Anchorage, NPS, 1996), 17, 22-34.

¹⁸ Ibid., 39, 45-49.

¹⁹ The 1931 proclamation noted that the land under consideration contained "features of historical and scientific interest," but this phrase was probably included to complement language originally propounded in the 1906 Antiquities Act, which was Hoover's authority for the expanding the monument.

²⁰ John A. Hussey, Embattled Katmai; A History of Katmai National Monument (San Francisco, NPS, August 1971), 329-69; Janet Clemens and Frank Norris, Building in an Ashen Land; Katmai National Park and Preserve Historic Resource Study (Anchorage, NPS, 1999), 30-32.

²¹ Clemens and Norris, Building in an Ashen Land, 114-18.

²² Ibid., 151.

²³ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 369.

²⁴ Frank T. Been, Field Notes of Katmai National Monument Inspection, November 12, 1940, pp. 9-11, 15, 24; Norris, Isolated Paradise, 214-15.

²⁵ Norris, Isolated Paradise, 214-17, 332; Clemens and Norris, Building in an Ashen Land, 129-30. As former park employee Pat McClenahan has noted, at least one witness in the so-called Melgenak land case claimed that NPS officials during the 1950s pressured Natives to leave the Brooks Camp area. The mere presence of the concessions camp there also played a role. Natives certainly disliked the increasing scrutiny of sport fishermen, and they likewise resented the fact that their long-established fishing patterns had been upset in the interest of accommodating Outside sportsmen. In the summer of 1966, someone—from either the NPS or the concessioner—razed the last of the structures associated with the Natives' use of the area. McClenahan to author, May 14, 2002.

²⁶ As Isolated Paradise notes on pp. 402-03, area Natives had long been harvesting late-spawning red salmon ("redfish") near the Naknek Lake outlet, but this area was not incorporated into the monument until January 1969. Park superintendents for decades afterward doubtless knew about this fishery, and they also had the power to close it down, but they did nothing to regulate it until the early 1990s.

²⁷ Historian Alfred Runte ably developed the "worthless lands thesis" in National Parks; the American Experience (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1979), 48-64.

²⁸ Theodore Catton, Land Reborn; A History of Administration and Visitor Use in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve (Anchorage, NPS, 1995), 51-52, 56-58, 114.

²⁹ Ibid., 102. The local Natives are now known as the Huna Tlingit.

³⁰ Ibid., 109, 115-17.

³¹ Ibid., 103.

³² Ibid., 119-24; Walter R. Goldschmidt and Theodore H. Haas, Possessory Rights of the Natives of Southeastern Alaska (Washington, DC, Bureau of Indian Affairs), 1946.

³³ Lowell Sumner, Special Report on the Hunting Rights of the Hoonah Natives in Glacier Bay National Monument, (NPS, Region Four, August 1947), 1, 3, 7, in GLBA Archives.

³⁴ O. A. Tomlinson to Supt. Yosemite, April 25, 1950, in GLBA File 201, RG 79, NARA San Bruno.

³⁵ Duane Jacobs, Report of Special Assignment at Glacier Bay National Monument, 1950 Season, in GLBA File 207, RG 79, NARA San Bruno; Catton, Land Reborn, 125-30.

³⁶ Catton, Land Reborn, 131-32, 192.

³⁷ Linda Cook and Frank Norris, A Stern and Rock-Bound Coast; Kenai Fjords National Park Historic Resource Study (Anchorage, NPS, 1998), 136-40.

³⁸ Catton, Land Reborn, 191-94.

³⁹ Ibid., 197-99, 202, 206; Wayne Howell to author, December 11, 2001.

⁴⁰ G. Frank Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time;" the National Park Service and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (Denver, NPS, September 1985), 34-43.

⁴¹ Frank Norris, Legacy of the Gold Rush; An Administrative History of Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park (Anchorage, NPS, 1996), 84. Hickel showed interest in just one of the proposals, a historical park in the Skagway area. The momentum generated by that meeting resulted, nine years later, in the Congressional passage of the bill that authorized Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park.

⁴² NPS, Alaska Cultural Complex, A Reconnaissance Report, June 1968, 2.

⁴³ Ibid., 9-11.

⁴⁴ Team members included Merrill J. Mattes, team captain and planner; Reed Jarvis, historian; and Zorro Bradley, archeologist. The Inupiat villages included Point Hope, Noatak, Kivalina, Wainwright, Wales, and Shishmaref; the Siberian Yup'ik villages included Gambell and Savoonga; and the Athapaskan villages included Fort Yukon and Arctic Village. NPS, Alaska Cultural Complex, 1-6, 24.

⁴⁵ Ibid., 19-20.