National Park Service National Park Service Uniforms In Search of an Identity, 1872-1920

1. John W. Henneberger, "To Protect and Preserve: A History of the National Park Ranger," unpublished manuscript in NPS History Collection, Harpers Ferry, W. Va., p. 38.

2. Thomas Julian Bryant, "Harry S. Yount", Annals of Wyoming 3 (1925-26): 164-175.

3. U.S. Statutes at Large 22: 626; Henneberger, "To Protect and Preserve," p. 54.

4. Henneberger, "To Protect and Preserve," p. 80.

5. Ibid., copy of appointment letter in photofile following p. 63. Jack R. Williams, "History of the National Park Service Uniform", 1968, p. 1.

6. Letter, Hitchcock to Wilson, Feb. 6, 1905, Yosemite National Park files, 1891-1916, Records of the National Park Service (Record Group 79), National Archives; letter, Hitchcock to Wilson, Apr. 8, 1905, ibid.; letter, Wilson to Hitchcock, May 25, 1905, ibid. Collection hereinafter cited as RG 79.

7. Letter, Thomas Ryan to Fry, Oct. 2,1905, Fry Official Personnel Folder, Federal Records Center, St. Louis, Mo.

8. Ibid

9. Frank J. Harmon, "What should Foresters Wear? The Forest Service's Seventy-Five Year Search for a Uniform," Journal of Forest History 24, no. 4 (October 1980): 190.

10. "Uniforms of the Forest Service, 1907-19789," The Forest Service History Line, Summer 1978, p. 5.

11. John W. Bingaman, "Guardians of the Yosemite, A Story of the First Rangers", Desert Printers, Inc., 1961, p. 89.

12. Report, Ernest Britten to Secretary of the Interior, Mar. 10, 1903, Sequoia and General Grant National Parks file, 1891-1916, RG 79; letter, Walker to Secretary of the Interior, June 18, 1906, ibid.

13. Letter, Fry to Secretary of the Interior, Oct. 10, 1907, Uniforms of the Park Service 1907-1925 file, RG 79.

14. Letter, Ryan to Fry, Oct. 24, 1907, ibid.; letter, Fry to Secretary of the Interior, Nov. 17, 1907, ibid.

15. Letters, Pierce to superintendents, Feb. 8, 1908, ibid. For some unexplained reason Yellowstone was omitted from this mailing.

16. Letter, Greene to Secretary of the Interior, Mar. 9,1908, ibid.

17. Letter, Benson to Secretary of the Interior, Feb. 23, 1908, ibid.

18. Letters, Pierce to superintendents, ibid.

19. Letter, Allen to Secretary of the Interior, Apr. 8,1909, ibid.

20. Letter, Wilson to Allen, Apr. 14, 1909, ibid.

21. Letter, Fry to Secretary of the Interior, May 18, 1911, ibid.

22. Letter, Hall to Secretary of the Interior, Apr. 23, 1910, ibid.

23. Letter, Pierce to Hall, Apr. 30, 1910, ibid.

24. Letter, Hall to Secretary of the Interior, May 9, 1910, ibid.

25. Letter, Ballinger to Hall, May 20, 1910, ibid.

26. Letter, Hall to Secretary of the Interior, Apr. 10, 1910, ibid.

27. Letter, Carmi A. Thompson to Hall, Apr. 10, 1911, ibid.

28. Letters, Carmi A. Thompson to superintendents, Apr. 20, 1911, ibid.

29. Letters, Logan to Clement S. Ucker, Apr. 30 and May 6, 1911, ibid.

30. Letter, Parker, Bridget & Co. to Acker, June 6, 1911, ibid.; letter, Clement S. Ucker to William R. Logan, June 2, 1911, ibid.

31. Letter, Fry to Secretary of the Interior, May 18, 1911, ibid. Fry enclosed a photograph showing a ranger wearing the uniform then in use, but it has been lost. It was probably the same uniform worn by Karl Keller in his portrait.

32. Memorandum, Ucker to Acker, May 24, 1911, ibid.

33. Letter, Thompson to Hughes, June 8,1911, ibid.

34. Letter, Fry to Parker, Bridget & Co., June 18, 1911, ibid.

35. Letter, William R. Logan to Clement S. Ucker, June 29, 1911, ibid.

36. Letter, Parker, Bridget & Co. to Ucker, Oct. 25, 1911, ibid.

37. Letter, Fry to Secretary of the Interior, Oct. 22, 1911, ibid.; letter, Parker, Bridget & Co. to Clement S. Ucker, Nov. 9,1911, ibid.

38. Letter, Clement S. Ucker to Fry, Dec. 12, 1911, ibid.; letter, Sigmund Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, Dec. 13, 1911, ibid.

39. Letter, Carmi A. Thompson to Eisner, Jan. 4, 1912, ibid.; letter, Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, Dec. 27, 1911, ibid.

40. Letter, Thompson to Eisner, Jan. 4, 1912, ibid.

41. Letter, Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, Jan. 10, 1912, ibid.

42. Letter, Ucker to Eisner, Jan. 16, 1912, ibid.; letter, Eisner To Secretary of the Interior, Jan. 19, 1912, ibid.; Carmi A. Thompson to Eisner, Feb. 6, 1912, ibid.; letter, Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, Feb. 15, 1912, ibid.

43. Letter, Thompson to Secretary of War, Jan. 24, 1912, ibid.; letter, Secretary of War to Secretary of the Interior, Feb. 1, 1912, ibid.

44. Letters, Carmi A. Thompson to superintendents, ibid.

45. Letters to Secretary of the Interior from Henry W. Hutchings (Mar. 4, 1912), Edward S. Hall (Mar. 7,1912), Fry (Mar. 20, 1912), ibid.

46. Letter, Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, Mar. 28, 1912, ibid.

47. Letter, Brett to Secretary of the Interior, Apr. 3, 1912, ibid.; letters, Clement S. Ucker to Edward S. Hall, May 20 and 22, 1912, ibid.

48. Letter, E.A. Key to Secretary of the Interior, Oct. 21, 1912, ibid.; letter, Sigmund Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, Oct. 29, 1912, ibid.; letter, Clement S. Ucker to Eisner, Nov. 20, 1912, ibid.; letter, Henry W. Hutchings to Secretary of the Interior, June 6, 1913, ibid.; letter, Ucker to Eisner, June 21, 1913, ibid.; letter, Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, July 1, 1913, ibid.

49. Letter, Henry W. Hutchings to Secretary of the Interior, June 6, 1913, ibid.; letter, Lewis C. Laylin to James L. Galen, May 19, 1914, ibid.

50. Letter, Lewis C. Laylin to Henry C. Lytton & Sons, Aug. 28, 1913, ibid.

51. Letter, Galen to Secretary of the Interior, Mar. 17, 1914, ibid.; letter, Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, Apr. 15, 1914, ibid.; letter, Miller to Galen, Apr. 23, 1914, ibid.

52. C.W. Buchholtz, Man in Glacier (place of publication: publisher, 1976), p. 51. [this format assumes this is a book — add missing information]

53. Letter, Galen to Secretary of the Interior, May 1, 1914, Uniforms of the Park Service 1907-1925 file, RG 79.

54. Letter, Laylin to Eisner, May 9, 1914, ibid.

55. Letter, Steel to Secretary of the Interior, Sept. 3, 1914, ibid.

56. Memorandum, W. Bertrand Acker to ?, Feb. 27, 1915, ibid.

57. Letter, Samuel F. Ralston to Secretary of the Interior, Sept. 15, 1915, ibid.

58. Letters, Stephen T. Mather to Eisner, Mar. 30 and Apr. 6, 1915, ibid.

59. Letter, Bo Sweeny to Eisner, Apr. 30, 1915, ibid.; letters, Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, May 4,1915, and Feb. 8, 1916, ibid.

60. Telegram, Daniels to Secretary of the Interior, May 11, 1915, ibid.; letter, Stephen T. Mather to Daniels, Nov. 3, 1915, ibid.; letter, Eisner to Secretary of the Interior, Oct. 6, 1915, ibid.

61. Letter, Fry to Robert B. Marshall, Feb. 16, 1916, ibid.

62. Letter, Chester A. Lindsley to Superintendent of National Parks, Feb. 9, 1917, ibid.

63. Letter, Robert B. Marshall to Lewis, July 15, 1916, ibid.; letter, Lewis to Marshall, Oct. 16, 1916, ibid.

64. Letter, Horace M. Albright to L. Claude Way, May 4, 1917, ibid.; letter, Lewis to Superintendent of National Parks, Jan. 27, 1917, ibid.

65. Letter, Cotter to Maj. Gen. Henry G. Sharpe, Apr. 3, 1917, ibid.; letter, Sharpe to Cotter, Apr. 6, 1917, ibid.

66. Letter, Albright to Way, May 4, 1917, ibid.; letter, Washington B. Lewis to Director, NPS, June 22, 1927, Uniforms and Equipment of the Park Service 1925-1932 file, RG 79.

67. Letter, Albright to Eisner, May 7,1917, Uniforms of the Park Service 1907-1925 file, RG 79; letter, Eisner to Albright, May 31, 1917, ibid.; letter, L. Claude Way to Director, NPS, May 10, 1917, ibid.

68. Letter, Eisner to Acting Director, NPS, May 31, 1917, ibid.

69. Letter, Albright to Eisner, Dec. 27, 1917, ibid.

70. Letter, Sparrow to Director, NPS, Jan. 12, 1918, ibid.; telegram, Albright to Eisner responding to Eisner telegram of Sept. 5, 1918, ibid.; letter, Albright to Roy Brazell, Apr. 24, 1919, ibid.

71. Letters, Lewis to Director, NPS, May 9 and Sept. 5, 1919, ibid.

72. Polly W. Kaufman, "Challenging Tradition: Pioneer Women Naturalists in the National Park Service," Forest & Conservation History 34, no. 1 (January 1990): 7.

73. Letter, Payne to Director, NPS, Apr. 8, 1918, ibid.; letter, Albright to Payne, Apr. 24, 1918, ibid.

74. Letter, Hutchings to Director, NPS, May 2, 1918, ibid.; letter, Mather to Walter W. Payne, May 10, 1918, ibid.

75. Letter, Eisner to Mather, June 25, 1918, ibid.

76. Letter, Schoenbrun & Co. to Quartermaster General, July 31, 1918, ibid.; letter, Mather to Schoenbrun & Co., Aug. 15, 1918, ibid.

77. Letter, MacLeod to E.J. Ayers, Feb. 3, 1919, ibid.; letter, Mather to Albright, Feb. 4, 1919, ibid.; letter, Albright to Lewis, Feb. 14, 1919, ibid.; letter, Lewis to Albright, Feb. 19, 1919, ibid.; letter, Mather to Ayers, Mar. 1, 1919, ibid.

78. Letter, Albright to Thomas W. Brazell, Apr. 24, 1919, ibid.; letter, Chester A. Lindsley to Director, NPS, May 8, 1919, ibid.

79. Letter, Lewis to Director, NPS, May 9, 1919, ibid.; telegram, Lindsley to Director, May 29, 1919, ibid.; telegram, Albright to Lindsley, May 29, 1919, ibid.

80. Letter, Lewis to Director, NPS, Sept. 5, 1919, ibid.; letter, Cammerer to Lewis, Sept. 20, 1919, ibid.

81. Letter, Punchard to Assistant Director, NPS, Nov. 29, 1919, ibid.

82. Letter, Cammerer to Chester A. Lindsley, Mar. 31, 1920, ibid.

Nathanson, David, THE ARROWHEAD SYMBOL OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, 1989, library handout, National Park Service Library Archives. Record Group Y55. Harpers Ferry Center, Harpers Ferry, WV.

National Archives, Washington, DC, Records of the National Park Service. Record Group 79, "Uniforms of the Park Service 1907-1925"

National Archives, Washington, DC, Records of the National Park Service. Record Group 79 208.30, "Park Service Uniforms 1925-1932".

National Park Service Archives, Record Group Y55, "Uniforms of the National Park Service", Harpers Ferry Center, Harpers Ferry, WV

Williams, Jack R., HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE UNIFORM, 1968, unpublished manuscript, National Park Service Library Archives. Record Group Y55. Harpers Ferry Center, Harpers Ferry, WV