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Padre Island
An Administrative History |
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ENDNOTES
Chapter One
1Robert B. Ditton and James H. Gramann, A Survey of Down-Island Visitors and Their Use Patterns at Padre Island National Seashore, Technical Report No. 6, Cooperative Park study Unit, Department of Recreation and Parks, Texas A&M University, March 1987.
2Interpretive Prospectus, Padre Island National Seashore, Division of Interpretive Planning, Harpers Ferry Center, 1989, p. 2.
3Visitor Use Information, Padre Island Notional Seashore, 1989, unpublished document on file at PAIS, Ranger Station Library.
4Ibid.
Chapter Two
1Horizon Environmental Services, Inc., Final Report, Padre Island National Seashore Vegetative History, June 1989, Executive Summary.
2Dan Scurlock, et al, Archeological Assessment, Padre Island National Seashore, Texas Historical Commission, June 1974, p. 5.
3Ibid.
4Scurlock, p. 6.
5Scurlock, pp. 5-6.
6Scurlock, pp. 29-31.
7Ibid.
8Martin Salinas, Historic Indian Populations of the Rio Grande Delta and Vicinity, master's thesis, University of Texas at Austin, August 1986, pp. 82-88.
9Corpus Christi Caller Times, June 4, 1971.
10Scurlock, pp. 26-29.
11Scurlock, pp. 25-29.
12Scurlock, pp. 17-19.
13Weise, Padre Island National Seashore, A Guide to the Geology, Natural Environments, and History of a Texas Barrier Island, 1991, p. 67.
14Ibid., p. 20.
15One league varies in definition from 2.4 to 4.6 statute miles.
16Scurlock, p. 21.
17Scurlock, pp. 20-21.
18Scurlock, p. 21.
19Ibid.
20Weise, p. 70.
21Ibid.
22Vernon Smylie, The Secrets of Padre Island, n.p.
23Scurlock, p. 22.
24Writers Round Table, Padre Island, Naylor Company, San Antonio, 1950, p. 177
25Ibid., p. 183.
Chapter Three
1For more information on this topic, see Howard Lawrence Preston, Dirt Roads to Dixie, Accessibility and Modernization in the South, 1885-1935, University of Tennessee Press, 1991.
2For more discussion on this topic, see Alfred Runte, National Parks The American Experience, University of Nebraska Press, second edition, 1987, especially Chapters 5 and 8.
3"Texas First Park Board Accepts 15 Sites," San Antonio Express, Friday, March 21, 1924; Raymond Torrey, "Southwest Park Playground Highway," Sunday, July 4, 1926, no newspaper named; Phebe K. Warner, "Phebe K. Warner of Claude Writes Interesting Article on State Parks," Amarillo Sunday News and Globe, Saturday, November 9, 1929; Phebe Warner, "Wonderful Natural Parks Would Provide Recreation Centers for People of State," The Western Weekly, no date; Phebe Warner, "Can Texas Afford To No (sic) Develop Our State Parks?," Greenville Evening Banner, Saturday, March 1, 1930.
4Ibid; interview with James W. Steely, August 1993.
5Ibid.
6Correspondence from D.E. Colp to Judge Oscar Dancy, July 10, 1923, David F. Colp Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
7Memorandum of Agreement, December 1922, David E. Colp Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin; and miscellaneous correspondence in David E. Colp Papers, University of Texas at Austin.
8Correspondence, to D.E. Colp, from Thos. Owen, Puget-Sound-to-Gulf Highway Association, November 7, 1921; to Judge O.C. Dancy, from Colp, July 10, 1923, David E. Colp Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
9Drawn from testimony of Oscar Dancy at 1959 hearing on Padre Island National Seashore, p. 39.
10Letter to D.E. Colp from Dial Steel Corporation, January 9, 1926, David E. Colp Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
11Gulf Coast Causeway Company. Harlingen, Texas, October 8, 1925, Charter No. 44457.
12John Sneed. "Boom Along South Texas Coast Grows," Dallas News, Friday, April 2, 1926, David E. Colp Papers, from Mrs. W.C. Martin, April 2, 1926.
13Interview with James W. Steely, August 1993.
14Letter to Mrs. W.C. Martin from D.E. Colp, April 8, 1926, David E. Colp, Center Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
15Letter from D.E. Colp stating facts of park arrangements, July 24, 1926, David E. Colp Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
16There are two charters on file for the Brazos de Santiago Pass Ferry Company, one dated August 6, 1925, and the other August 7, 1925. The latter is marked "forfeited." Both include sketch maps and show the probably points for the ferry.
17Ocean Side Toll Road Company, Brownsville, Texas, October 8, 1925, Charter No. 44458.
18Brazos de Santiago Pass Ferry Company, Charter No. 44126, August 6, 1925
19James W. Sheire, Historic Resource Study, Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center, Washington, DC, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, August 1971, p. 53.
20Writer's Round Table, Padre Island, Naylor Company, San Antonio, 1950, p. 200.
21Pauline Reese, The History of Padre Island, master's thesis, Texas College of Arts and Industries, Kingsville, Texas, 1938, p. 22.
22Sheire, p. 55.
23Writer's Round Table, p. 197; p. 201.
24Sheire, p. 55; Reese, p. 23.
25Sneed, April 2, 1926.
26Copy of charter on file at Texas Secretary of State office, from State of Kansas, Dixie Development Corporation, Filed January, 14, 1927, and approved February 28, 1927.
27Toll's specific reasons for not recommending Padre Island were not located. This trip is discussed in "Proposed National Park and National Monument Areas in Region III," Region III Headquarters Santa Fe, New Mexico, July 1939, pp. 28-29.
28"Proposed National Park and National Monument Areas in Region III," Region III Headquarters, Santa Fe, New Mexico, July 1939, p. 28.
29Agersborg is referenced only by his initials.
30Letter from H.P.K. Agersborg, July 4, 1935, report on site visit, p. 1.
31Ibid.
32Letter from H.P.K. Agersborg, July 4, 1935, p. 2.
33Ibid.
34"Proposed National Park and National Monument Areas in Region III," Region III Headquarters, Santa Fe, New Mexico, July 1939, p. 29.
35Correspondence to Regional Officer, Region 3, July 13, 1936.
36Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, University of Nebraska Press, 1987, 2nd edition, pp. 223-224.
37William G. Phillips, Yarborough of Texas, Acropolis Books, 1969, p. 21.
38Price Daniel, "Tidelands Controversy," Handbook of Texas, pp. 1008-1009.
39Interview with Senator Ralph Yarborough, December 10, 1993.
40Ibid.
41Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "South Texas: Facts and Comments," September 8, 1935.
42Corpus Christi Caller-Times, July 5, 1936.
43Minutes, State Parks Board, October 21, 1935.
44Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Sunday, June 11, 1950.
45Minutes, State Parks Board, February 1936.
46Corpus Christi Caller-Times, July 4, 1936.
47Corpus Christi Caller-Times, March 26, 1937.
48Corpus Christi Caller-Times, March 26, 1937.
49Corpus Christi Caller-Times, May 30, 1937.
50Floyd E. Ewing, Handbook of Texas, Supplement, Texas State Historical Association, Volume III, 1976, pp. 20-21.
51Corpus Christi Caller-Times, May 26, 1937; interview with Senator Ralph Yarborough, December 10, 1993.
52Corpus Christi Caller-Times, June 25, 1937.
53Corpus Christi Caller-Times, November 13, 1938.
54Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Sunday, June 11, 1950.
55Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Sunday, June 11, 1950.
56"Proposed National Park and National Monument Areas in Region III," Region III Headquarters, Santa Fe, New Mexico, July 1939, pp. 28-29.
57Runte, p. 147.
58Typewritten report entitled, "Special Report on Padre Island Proposed Park," 1937.
59Memorandum, to Director from Regional Director of Region III, July 17, 1939; correspondence to National Park Service from J. Frankavis regarding special reports, January 11, 1940.
60George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the National Parks, Moyer Bell Limited, 1988, pp. 81-82.
61Corpus Christi Caller-Times, May 29, 1946.
62Corpus Christi Caller-Times, August 23, 1946.
63Correspondence to Newton B. Drury from Jeff E. Bell, Manager, Corpus Christi, Chamber of Commerce, September 27, 1946; and correspondence from John E. Lyle, Jr. to Drury, October 5, 1946.
64Correspondence and internal communication from Acting Director Doerr to Bell and Lyle, October 10, 1946. One letter indicates that Drury is out of the office, but informed Doerr to respond.
65Memorandum, to Director from John M. Davis, Acting Regional Director, October 22, 1946.
66Correspondence from Naval Air Station, November 21, 1946.
67Memorandum, to Milton McColm and John Kell, from M.R. Tillotson, discussion of what to take and look for on Padre Island, January 24, 1947.
68R. Gerald Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, University of Illinois Press, 1992, p. 23.
69Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Sunday, February 9, 1947.
70Ibid.
71Memorandum, from Chief, Division of Recreation Resource Planning, to Regional Director, Region Three, "Cape Hatteras Material as Background for Possible Discussion with Moody Foundation," May 1, 1959, pp. 1-2.
72Milton J. McColm, "Report on Restudy of Padre Island Gulf Coast, Texas," Region Three, National Park Service, April 1947, p. 5.
73Ibid., p. 6.
74Ibid., p. 12.
75Ibid., p. 14.
76Ibid., p. 16.
77Corpus Christi Caller-Times, November 18, 1948.
78Ibid.
79Walter Prescott Webb, editor, Handbook of Texas, Volume I, Texas State Historical Association, Austin, 1952, pp. 746-747.
80Jack Yeaman, "The Fabulous Treasure of Padre Island," Texas Parade, June 1950.
81Weise, p. 43.
82Ibid., p. 42.
83Ronald F. Lee, Public Use of the National Park System, 1872-2000, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, January 1, 1968, p. 6.
84John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961, p. 517.
85Ibid., pp. 518-519.
86Ibid., p. 519.
87Hartzog, pp. 197-198; William Bowen, "History of Padre Island National Seashore," typed manuscript, e. 1965, p. 1.
88Ise, p. 520; Bowen, p. 1.
89Bowen, pp. 1-2.
90"Padre Island Area Texas," Seashore Recreation Area Survey, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, 1955, pp. 2-19.
91Bowen, p. 2.
92Ibid., p. 3.
93Ibid.
94Memorandum, to Director National Park Service from Hugh M. Miller, October 18, 1957, Padre Island National Seashore Archives, p. 1.
95Bowen, pp. 4-5.
96Ibid., p. 6.
97Ibid., p. 7.
98Ibid., p. 8.
99Ibid., p. 9.
100Ibid., pp. 9-10.
101Memorandum, July 3 1958, to Legislative Counsel, Office of Solicitor, from Director, National Park Service, subject "Meeting with Texas Congressmen Concerning Padre Island Park Proposal," p. 2; interview with Senator Ralph Yarborough, December 10, 1993.
102Ibid., pp. 9-10.
103Lee, p. 6.
104Memorandum, July 3, 1958, p. 1.
105Lee, p. 6.
1061959 Hearing before Subcommittee on Public Lands 86 Congress, 1st Session on S.4.
107Memorandum, to Regional Director, from Regional Chief of Division of Recreation Resource Planning, subject "Meeting of Texas State Committee on Padre Island," November 15, 1961, P. 3.
108Ralph Yarborough, "The Bounty of Nature," The Texas Observer, December 27, 1962, pp. 3-4.
109Interview with senator Ralph Yarborough, December 10, 1993.
110Wall Street Journal, Southwest Edition, Monday, December 22, 1958.
Chapter Four
1S. 4064 (Yarborough), 85th Congress, 2nd session; Congressional Record, 85th Congress, 2nd session, p. 12447-8.
2S. 4 (Yarborough), 86th Congress, 1st session.
3H.C.R. No. 16, 56th (Texas) Legislature, 1st Congressional Session.
4S.4, 86th Congress, 1st session.
5H.B. 469, 56th legislature, 1st Congressional Session.
6John D. McCall, Testimony before the State Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, at Austin, Texas, 9 April 1959, Padre Island National Seashore Archives, p. 4.
7Ibid., p. 6.
8Texas Open Beaches Act, 56th Legislature, 2nd Congressional Session, p. 108.
9Memorandum, to Director, NPS, from Hugh M. Miller, 1 May 1959, 1959 Readings File, Padre Island National Seashore Archives.
10Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings and Monuments, Resolution on Padre Island, April 1959, 1959 Readings File, Padre Island National Seashore Archives.
11National Parks Association, Resolution on Padre Island, 21 May 1959, 1959 Readings File, Padre Island National Seashore Archives.
12"Padre Island, Tex., An Ideal Recreation Area," Congressional Record, 86th Senate, 1st Session, 11 August 1959, pp. 14113-14114.
13Ibid.
14Hugh M. Miller to Conrad L. Wirth, 14 September 1959, 1959 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
15Corpus Christi Caller-Times, June 1960.
16H.E. Born, Commanding Officer, Corpus Christi N.A.S., to Thomas J. Alien, NPS, Region Three, 1959 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
17Conrad Wirth, 17 November 1959 memorandum on PAIS hearing to Regional Director, Region Three, 1959 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
18Ralph Yarborough to Mel and Erna Niquette, 4 December 1959, Niquette Scrapbook, PAIS Archives.
19Draft Report on 14 December 1959 public hearing, 1959 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
20Ibid.
21Statement of Conrad L. Wirth before the Public Lands Subcommittee of the Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, 14 December 1959, 1959 Readings File, PAIS Archives, p. 5.
22Ibid., p. 6.
23Ibid.
24Ibid, p. 8.
25Congressional Record, "The Padre Island National Seashore Recreation Area: Introduction of Bill for its Creation," 5 January 1961, p. 159.
26Interview with Senator Ralph Yarborough, December 10, 1993.
27Niquette Scrapbook, PAIS Archives, passim.
28Mel and Erna Niquette to John L. Tompkins, 20 July 1960, Niquette Scrapbook, Flour Bluff Headquarters, PAIS.
29Ibid.
30Congressional Record, "The Padre Island National Seashore Recreation Area; Introduction of Bill for its Creation," 5 January 1961, p. 159.
31H.R. 5015, 87th Congress, 1st session.; H.R. 5049, 87th Congress, 1st session.
32Ibid., p. 1-2.
33Ibid., p. 8.
34Ibid., p. 7.
35Ibid.
36Ibid., pp. 7-8.
37Report on Padre Island, Texas 21 November 1958, p. 18.
38Ralph Yarborough to Oscar Dancy, 20 March 1961, 1961 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
39U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 11-13 April 1961, 87th Congress, 1st session, pp. 10-11.
40Ibid., p. 15.
41Ibid., p. 16.
42Ibid., p. 15.
43Ibid., p. 18.
44Ibid., pp. 25-26.
45Ibid., pp. 26.
46Ibid., pp. 31-34.
47Ibid., pp. 34-36.
48Ibid., p. 37.
49Ibid.
50Ibid., p. 39.
51Ibid., pp. 41-43.
52Ibid., p. 47.
53Ibid., p. 43
54Ibid., p. 44.
55Ibid.
56Ibid.
57Ibid., p. 44.
58Ibid., p. 46.
59Ibid.
60Ibid.
61Ibid., pp. 50-56.
62Ibid., p. 59.
63Ibid.
64Ibid., p. 61.
65Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "Judge Dancy Hits Short Padre Park," March 1, 1961.
66Ibid., p. 66.
67Ibid.
68Ibid., p. 67.
69Ibid., p. 70.
70Ibid., p. 73.
71Ibid., p. 74.
72Ibid.
73Ibid., pp. 74, 78.
74Ibid., pp. 78-79.
75Ibid., 78.
76Ibid., pp. 78-79.
77Ibid., p. 81.
78Ibid., p. 83.
79Letter from David M. Coover to Superintendent James McLaughlin, July 17, 1970.
80Ibid., p. 84-84.
81Ibid., p. 84-85.
82Ibid., p. 86.
83Ibid., pp. 86-87.
84Ibid., pp. 91-116.
85Ibid., p. 101.
86Ibid.
87Ibid., p. 116.
88Ibid., p. 118.
89Ibid.
90Ibid., p. 121.
91Ibid.
92Ibid.
93Ibid.
94Ibid., pp. 123-124.
95Ibid., p. 124.
96Ibid., p. 125.
97Ibid., p. 127.
98Ibid., pp. 129-130.
99Ibid., p. 113.
100Ibid.
101Ibid., p. 134.
102Ben H. Thompson, 10 April 1961 to Representative Joe M. Kilgore, 1961 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
103Memorandum, to Director, NPS, from Jerome C. Miller, 21 April 1961, 1961 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
104Memorandum, to Director, NPS, from Thomas J. Allen, 19 July 1961, 1961 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
105R.L. Hirsch, 20 July 1961 letter to George W. Miller, 1961 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
106Ibid.
107Memorandum, to Director, NPS, from Thomas J. Allen, 27 July 1961, 1961 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
108Congressional Record, 88th Congress, Senate, 29 June 1961, p. 11755.
109Ibid., p. 18004.
110Ibid., p. 19090.
111Ibid., p. 20748.
112Jerry Sadler, 29 August 1961 letter to Governor Price Daniel, in Congressional Record, 88th Congress, Senate, p. 19090.
113Notes on the Meeting of the Committee to Study the Feasibility of Developing Padre Island as a State Park, 2 October 1961, 1961 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
114Leslie P. Arnberger, 15 November 1961 memorandum to Thomas J. Allen, 1961 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
115Interview with Senator Ralph Yarborough, December 1993.
116Memorandum, to Regional Director, from Regional Chief of Division of Recreation Resource Planning, subject, "Meeting of Texas State Committee on Padre Island," November 15, 1961.
117Letter to Conrad Wirth from Governor Price Daniel, November 28, 1961.
118Letter to Governor Daniel from Conrad Wirth, January 2, 1962.
119Interview with Senator Ralph Yarborough, December 10, 1993.
120Interview with Senator Ralph Yarborough, December 10, 1993.
121Senate Report No. 1226, 87th Congress, 2nd Session, pp. 14-15.
122Ibid., pp. 16-22.
123Congressional Record, Senate, 11 April 1962, p. 6422.
124Ibid., pp. 6256-61.
125Ibid., pp. 6261-65.
126Ibid., pp. 6265-67.
127Congressional Record, Senate, 11 April 1962, p. 6422.
128Congressional Record, House, 13 August 1962, p. 16299.
129Ibid., 11 September 1962, pp. 19102, 19104.
130Ibid., 13 September 1962, pp. 19097-105, 19382.
131Congressional Record, Senate, 18 September 1962, pp. 19773-4.
132Ibid., 28 September 1962, p. 21255.
133"Sadler Says Padre Bill Causes Drop in Bonuses," 3 October 1962, Corpus Christi Caller-Times.
134Ibid.
135"Padre Bill Supporters Find Little Opposition--Land Commissioner Offers Cooperation," 31 January 1963, Corpus Christi Caller Times.
136S.6., and "Deed to the United States of America Covering State of Texas Lands for Padre Island Seashore Area," 1963 Readings File, PAIS Archives.
Chapter Five
1Allen C. Staggers, "Land Acquisition and Title History, Padre Island National Seashore, Texas," prepared April 1965, p. 6.
2Ibid., pp. 6-7.
3Ibid., p. 7.
4Ibid., p. 7.
5Ibid., p. 7.
6Ibid., p. 8.
7Ibid., p. 8.
8Ibid., p. 9.
9Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "House Unit Omits Padre Land Funds in Spending Bill," March 14, 1964.
10Corpus Christi Caller-Times, September 17, 1964.
11Staggers, p. 10.
12Ibid., p. 10.
13Ibid., p. 10.
14Ibid., p. 11.
15Ibid., p. 11.
16Ibid., p. 11.
17Memorandum, to Regional Director, Southwest Region, from Superintendent, Padre Island National Seashore, "Goals and Accomplishments," July 8, 1965, p. 2.
18Staggers, p. 11.
19Corpus Christi Caller-Times, July 1965.
20Corpus Christi Caller-Times, December 4, 1966.
21Corpus Christi Caller-Times, December 4, 1966.
22Memorandum, to Regional Director, Southwest Region, from Superintendent, Padre Island, "Goals and Accomplishments for 1966 CY," December 14, 1965, p. 1.
23Corpus Christi Caller-Times, December 22, 1968.
24Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "Padre Limits," December 22, 1968.
25Public Law 91-42, 91st Congress, H.R. 11069, July 11, 1969.
26Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "Seashore Area Headquarters Site Selected," September 14, 1964.
27Memorandum, to Regional Director, Southwest Region, from Superintendent, Padre Island National Seashore, "1965 Goals," January 28, 1965, p. 1.
28Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "Padre Seashore Offices to Open for Public view," April 4, 1965.
29Superintendent's Report, January 1965.
30Ibid.
31Memorandum, July 8, 1965.
32Memorandum, December 14, 1965.
33Superintendent's Report, July 8, 1965.
34Superintendent's Report, December 14, 1965.
35Memorandum, to Regional Director, from Superintendent, January 28, 1965, p. 2.
36Memorandum, to Regional Director, Southwest Region, from Superintendent, Padre Island, December 14, 1965, p. 4.
37Memorandum, to Regional Director, Southwest, from Superintendent, Padre Island, January 4, 1967, pp. 1.
38Memorandum, December 14, 1965, p. 5.
39Corpus Christi Caller-Times, October 1, 1967.
40The Sun, "Former Park Service chief ranger revisits; recalls Padre island...as it was," Friday, April 21, 1978.
41Ibid.
42Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "National Seashore Plans Changed Little by Storm," October 1, 1967.
43Duncan, Corpus Christi Caller-Times, October 1, 1967.
44Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "Padre May Get Marina, Recreational Facilities," October 15, 1964.
45Memorandum, to Regional Director, Southwest Region, from Superintendent, Padre Island, "Goals and Accomplishments for 1966CY," p. 2.
46Ibid.
47Robert Whistler, "Buildings, and Structures Throughout the Park, Down Throughout the Years," no date or page.
48Corpus Christi Caller-Times, June 4, 1971.
49Les Mabrey, "Padre Island National Seashore," The Texas Architect, 1967, pp. 17-19.
50Memorandum, January 4, 1967, p. 1.
51Ben Goodwin, "U.S. Seashore Lure to Million, Facilities To Be Ready But They Can't Be Used," October 21, 1968; Ed Johnson, "Seashore Sanitation For Summer Pondered," October 1968, Corpus Christi Caller-Times.
52Corpus Christi Caller-Times, July 31, 1969.
53Corpus Christi Caller-Times, January 10, 1970.
54Corpus Christ Caller-Times, June 4, 1971.
Chapter Six
1Grady Phelps, "Buildings on Padre deteriorating," Corpus Christi Caller-Times, June 16, 1973.
2Ibid.
3Ibid.
4Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, p. 12.
5Ibid.
6McLaughlin, Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, p. 12.
7Ibid., pp. 12-13.
8Grady Phelps, "Buildings on Padre Deteriorating," Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Saturday, June 16, 1973.
9Phelps, Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Saturday, June 16, 1973; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1973, p. 12.
10Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1975 and 1976.
11Corpus Christi Caller-Times, February 23, 1978.
12Superintendent's Annual Report, 1978, p. 4.
13Ibid.
14Historical Research Management Plan for Padre Island National Seashore, July 1967, Chapter 3, p. 3.
15Corpus Christi Caller-Times, August 10, 1970.
16Letter to Mr. James L. McLaughlin, Superintendent, from David M. Coover, July 17, 1970.
17Letter from David M. Coover to Superintendent James McLaughlin, July 17, 1970.
18Corpus Christi Caller-Times, August 10, 1970.
19News release, "Interior Secretary Hickel Halts Grazing on Padre Island National Seashore, Texas," September 4, 1970.
20Interview with Ranger Tom McDaniel, September 1993.
21Master Plan, 1974, p. 1, p. 39.
22Master Plan, 1974, pp. 2-9.
23Ibid., p. 15.
24Ibid., p. 15, p. 28.
25Ibid., pp. 15-30.
26Wilderness Recommendation, Padre Island National Seashore, Texas, 1974, pp. 2-14.
27Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Friday, February 18, 1972.
28Corpus Christi Times, Friday, March 24, 1972.
29Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Saturday, March 25, 1972.
30Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Sunday, March 26, 1972.
31Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, p. 18.
32Superintendent's Annual Report, 1973, p. 17.
33Bonnie Weise, et al. Padre Island National Seashore, 1980, pp. 64-65.
34Memorandum, to Dick Whittington, from Jim Bowman, Biologist, July 1972.
35Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Saturday, March 25, 1972.
36July 1972 Memorandum.
37Corpus Christi Caller-Times, July 17, 1972 and July 18, 1972.
38Superintendent's Annual Report, 1976, pp. 6-7.
39Ibid.
40Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, pp. 2-3.
42Ibid.
43Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, p. 2.
44Superintendent's Annual Report, 1975, p. 2.
45Comments from Robert Whistler, December 1993.
46"Padre Seashore Offenses Vary With the Season," Corpus Christi Caller-Times, 1970.
47Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, p. 7.
48Superintendent's Annual Report, 1973, p. 5.
49Superintendent's Annual Report, 1979, p. 4.
50Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, p. 16.
51Superintendent's Annual Report, 1975, p. 5.
52Superintendent's Annual Report, 1976, p. 4.
53Discussions with Robert Whistler, December 1993.
54Correspondence with Robert Whistler in December 1993, commenting on the Voorhees report issued in January 1980.
55Ibid.
56Robert Whistler, "Bits and Pieces, Historical Information about the past of Padre Island, III," pp. 3-4.
57Superintendent's Annual Report, 1979, p. 3.
58Whistler, pp. 3-4.
Chapter Seven
1The Dallas Morning News, Texas Almanac, 1986-1987, pp. 69-71.
2Robert Whistler, "Hurricane Allen - A Growing Giant," typewritten notes, no date or page numbers.
3Ibid.
4Ibid.
5Ibid.
6Joe Coudert, "Pavilion walls are crumbling," Corpus Christi Caller-Times, April 1, 1983.
7Draft General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan/and Environmental Assessment, November 1981, p. 1.
8Ibid.
9Ibid., p. 9.
10Ibid., pp. 9-11.
11Ibid., pp. 13-16.
12Ibid., pp. 16-19.
13Ibid., p. 19.
14Ibid., p. 19.
15Robert Whistler, correspondence, December 1993.
16Ibid., p. 21.
17Ibid., pp. 22-27.
18Ibid., pp. 31-39, and News Release, Padre Island National Seashore, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, December 28, 1981.
19Land Protection Plan Padre Island National Seashore, produced by Padre Island National Seashore and the Southwest Regional Office, National Park Service, September 1985, p. 1.
20Ibid, pp. 1-2.
21Ibid., p. 2.
22Ibid., pp. 3-5.
23Joe Coudert, "Pavilion walls are crumbling," Corpus Christi Caller-Times, April 1, 1983.
24Annual Report, Calendar 1985, Padre Island National Seashore, p. 5.
25Ibid.
26Briefing Statement, Padre Island National Seashore, Texas, April 2, 1987, p. 10.
27Annual Report, 1985, p. 5.
28Briefing Statement, p. 10.
29Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988, pp. 3, 5.
30Ibid, Executive Summary, p. 2, and p. 3 and 5.
3112-point Plan Accomplishments FY 1989, p. 9.
32Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, Calendar Year 1989.
3312-point Plan Accomplishments.
34Corpus Christi Caller-Times, November 17, 1990.
35Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, p. 1.
36Superintendent's Annual Report, 1989, p. 1.
37Development Concept Plan, Draft, 1992, p. 7.
38Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988, p. 3.
39Memorandum, to All Employees, from Superintendent, September 27, 1993, p. 9.
40Discussions with Robert Whistler, December 1993.
41Briefing Statement, April 2, 19987, pp. 10-13.
42Ibid.
43Ibid.
44Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, Calendar Year 1985, p. 2.
45Ibid.
46Ibid.
47Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, p. 5.
48"Proposed National Park and National Monument Areas in Region III, Texas," Region III Headquarters, Santa Fe, New Mexico, July 1939, pp. 29-30.
49Robert Whistler, correspondence, December 1993.
50Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site, typewritten chronology, printed in 1992 by the Canes Club of Brownsville, Texas.
51Whistler, correspondence, 1993.
Chapter Eight
1R. Gerald Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, pp. 21-23.
2Memorandum, to the Regional Director, Region Three, from V.H. Cahalane, Biologist, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Chicago, Illinois, March 19, 1947.
3Corpus Christi Caller-Times, Sunday, February 9, 1947.
4Dr. Lynn Drawe, "Succession of Vegetation on Padre Island National Seashore," Welder Wildlife Foundation, 1990.
5Aquatic and Waterfowl Resources Management Plan for Padre Island National Seashore - 1969-1979, 1968-69. The Resource Management Plan (RMP) was revised in 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1989, 1994, and 1996.
6Ibid, pp. 8-9.
7Ibid.
8Ibid., p. 10.
9Derrick Hambly, "Sand Movement, Speed and Direction," unpublished report filed in PAIS archives Flour Bluff, identified as PAIS-N-3, no date.
10Weise, pp. 43-45.
11Resources Management Plan - 1986 Revision, Padre Island National Seashore, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, pp. 32-33.
12Ibid.
13Horizon Environmental Services, Inc., Final Report, Padre Island National Seashore Vegetative History, June 1989.
14Stanley L. Sissom, Ph.D., et al, Baseline Study - Three Ponds within Padre island National Seashore Park, December 1990.
15Results cited in Horizon Environmental Services, Inc., Final Report, Padre Island National Seashore Vegetative History, June 1989, and Stanley L. Sissom, Ph.D., et al, Baseline Study - Three Ponds within Padre Island National Seashore Park, December 1990.
16C. Andrew Cole, William Gregg, David Manski, Annual Report of National Park Marine Debris Monitoring Program, National Park Service Natural Resources Publication Office, July 1992.
17John E. Miller, Sean Baker, and Darrell Echols, Marine Debris Point Source Investigation 1994-1995, published by Padre Island National Seashore, June 1995.
18Ibid.
19Ibid.
20Ibid.
21Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988.
22Resources Management Plan - 1986 Revision, Padre Island National Seashore, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, 1986, p. 82.
23John Miller, comments and notes, 1996.
24Ibid.
25Resources Management Plan - 1968 Revision, pp. 21-22.
26Ibid.
27Ibid.
28Ibid.
29R.A. Morton and M.J. Pieper, Shoreline Changes on Central Padre Island, Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin, 1975, 1977a; 1977b.
30John Miller, comments and notes, 1996.
31Ibid.
32Memorandum to Superintendent, Padre Island National Seashore from chief Scientist, Southwest Regional Office, "Ridley Turtle Project at Padre Island," April 1974.
33Copy of typewritten proposal from Dr. J.R. Hendrickson.
34"Sea Turtles: A Declining Species" information sheet published by Padre Island National Seashore, National Park Service, no date.
35This information is found at PAIS Headquarters Archives as is a copy of the 16mm tape of Senor Herrara.
36Between 1978 and 1988 the Environmental Services Division (Resources Management Division) employed a number of researchers including James Woods, Robert King, and Donna Shaver. From notes of Donna Shaver October 1995.
37Donna Shaver, "Padre Island National Seashore, Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle Project, 1989 Report," US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, September 1989 and same author, same title from November 1992 report. Additional material on this project is available in Box 78A at the Gulf Ranger Station library, PAIS.
38John Miller, notes and comments to the author, 1996.
39Ibid.
40Ibid.
41Ibid.
42Ibid.
43John Miller, comments and notes, 1966.
44Ibid.
45William S. Seegar, et al. "Aerial Surveys of Spring Migrant Peregrine Falcons Along the Texas Mexican Gulf Coasts," c. 1982, pp. 1-2.
46David R. Zimmerman, "The Peregrine America's Most Endangered Falcon," National Parks and Conservation Magazine, September 1972, pp. 5-6.
47William S. Seegar, et al. "Aerial Surveys of Spring Migrant Peregrine Falcons Along the Texas Mexican Gulf Coasts," c. 1982, pp. 1-2.
48Dr. Kenton E. Riddle, et al. "Report Spring 1983 Survey of Migratory Peregrines on North and South Padre Island, Texas," pp. 1-2.
49John Miller, comments and notes, 1996.
50Resources Management Plan - 1986, p. 11-13.
51Ibid.
52Ibid.
53John Miller, comments and notes, 1996.
54Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988, p. 3.
55Oil and Gas Report for Padre Island National Seashore, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Land Resources Division, Mining and Minerals Branch, July 3, 1990.
56John Miller, comments and notes, 1996.
57Ibid.
58Ibid.
Chapter Nine
1Memorandum, 1965 Goals, January 28, 1965, p. 5.
2James M. Sheire, Historic Resource Study, Padre Island National Seashore, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., August 1971.
3Dan Scurlock, et al. Archeological Assessment, Padre Island National Seashore, Office of the State Archeologist, Texas Historical Commission, June 1974, Austin, pp. 36-37, p. 51.
4T.N. Campbell, "Appraisal of the Archeological Resources of Padre Island, Texas," February 1964.
5Scurlock, p. 1.
6Scurlock, p. 51.
7Scurlock, p. 53.
8Scurlock, pp. 83-91.
9Vida Lee Connor, Ancient Galleon Sails Again and Treasures Recovered off Padre Island, pamphlets published by J.A. Baldwin Company, no city, 1969.
10J. Barto Arnold, III, and Robert Weddle, The Nautical Archeology of Padre Island, Academic Press, New York, pp. 185-191.
11Arnold, p. 188.
12Arnold, pp. 188-191.
13National Register of Historic Places, Texas Historical Commission, December 1993.
14Robert Whistler, "Novillo Line Camp Site," typewritten statements, n.p.
15Ibid.
16Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1974, p. 9.
17Ibid.
18Superintendent's Annual Report, 1976, p. 1.
19Whistler, n.p.
20Keith Everett, Novillo Line Camp Historic Structures Report, October 1979, p. 37.
21Keith Everett, Novillo Line Camp Historic Structures Report, October 1979, p. 7.
22Whistler, n.p.
Chapter Ten
1Memorandum, "Goals and Accomplishments," to Regional Director, Southwest Region, from Superintendent, Padre Island National Seashore, July 8, 1965, p. 3; Memorandum, "Goals and Accomplishments for 1966 CY," to Regional Director, Southwest Region, from Superintendent, Padre Island National Seashore, December 14, 1965, p. 4-5.
2Memorandum, "Goals and Accomplishments," to Regional Director, Southwest Region, from Superintendent, Padre Island National Seashore, July 8, 1965, p. 3.
3Memorandum, 1965 Goals, to Regional Director, Southwest Region, from Superintendent, Padre Island National Seashore, January 28, 1965, pp. 4-5.
4Memorandum, "Accomplishments - 1965 F.Y." July 8, 1965, and Memorandum, "1965 Goals," January 28, 1965, photocopies on file at PAIS Headquarters, original in Federal Records Center, Denver.
5Superintendent Annual Report, 1965, 1966.
6Corpus Christi Caller-Times, September 13, 1966.
7Memorandum, "Goals - Last Half of Fiscal Year 1968," to Regional Director, Southwest, from Superintendent, Padre Island, January 1968, p. 2.
8Whistler, n.p.
9Robert Whistler, "Beginnings of Interpretation - Recreation Area," n.d., n.p.
10Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1972, p. 6.
11Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1972, pp. 4-5.
12Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1972, pp. 4-5 and typewritten manuscript of Robert Whistler, "Beginning of Interpretation - Recreation Areas," on file at PAIS headquarters.
13Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1973, p. 3.
14Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1974, p. 8-9.
15Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1975, p. 3.
16Whistler, n.d., n.p.
17George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the National Parks, Moyer Bell Limited, New York, p. 96.
18Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972 - 1976, 1978, 1985.
19Superintendent's Annual Report, 1989.
20Interpretive Prospectus, Padre Island National Seashore, Texas, 1975.
21Ibid., p. 6.
22Ibid., p. 7.
23Ibid., p. 8.
24Ibid., pp. 10-11.
25Ibid., p. 11.
26Ibid., p. 12.
27Ibid., pp. 13-14.
28Interpretive Prospectus, Padre Island National Seashore, Division of Interpretive Planning, Harpers Ferry Center, 1989, pp. 1-2.
29Ibid., p. 3.
30Ibid., pp. 5-6.
31Ibid., pp. 8-9.
32Ibid., pp. 11-13.
33Derek O. Hambly, Chief Park Naturalist, "Environmental Education, Padre Island National Seashore, Environmental Study Areas,"1969.
34Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1972, pp 5-6.
35Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1973, p. 4.
36Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1975.
37Superintendent's Annual Report, Padre Island National Seashore, 1976.
38Richard Harris, Bird Island Basin, Environmental Study Areas, Teachers Guide, 1985, and typewritten draft by Ms. Marie Gillett, 1987.
39Whistler, "Beginnings of Interpretation", n.p.
40Ibid.
41Memorandum, "Area Collection Statement," June 3, 1975.
42Draft Scope of Collections Statement, Padre Island National Seashore, typewritten manuscript, 1985, pp. 1-6.
43Ibid., p. 7.
44Ibid., p. 7.
Chapter Eleven
1Memorandum, "1965 Goals," January 28, 1965, p. 3.
2Memorandum, "Goals and Accomplishments," July 8, 1965, p. 2.
3Memorandum, "Goals and Accomplishments for 1966 CY," December 14, 1965, p. 5.
4Corpus Christi Caller-Times, "Padre Seashore Offices to Open for Public view," April 4, 1965.
5From PAIS scrapbook, "The Dedication of Padre Island National Seashore," handwritten notes in archives, PAIS Headquarters.
6Ibid.
7Ibid.
8Ibid.
9PAIS Scrapbook, handwritten notes, PAIS headquarters.
10From PAIS scrapbook, "The Dedication of Padre Island National Seashore," clippings and notes in archives, PAIS Headquarters.
11Ibid.
12Ibid.
13Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, pp. 4-6, 14-15.
14Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, p. 14.
15Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, p. 14.
16Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, p. 14.
17Robert Whistler, "Beginnings of Interpretation," n.d.
18Superintendent's Annual Report, 1989.
Chapter Twelve
1Development Concept Plan, Padre Island National Seashore, 1991, pp. 3-4.
2Development Concept Plan, p. 9.
3"Major Issues to be Addressed at Padre Island National Seashore," March 1989.
4Ibid.
5Development Concept Plan, p. 11.
6Development Concept Plan, p. 11.
7Major Management Issues, March 1989, p. 3.
8Development Concept Plan, p. 11.
9Wayne Hall, "Dredging spoil overflow gets into Laguna Madre," Valley Morning Star, Harlingen, Texas, Sunday, April 3, 1994.
10Development Concept Plan, p. 12.
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