Endnotes

1. Remarks of Walter L. Fisher, in Proceedings of the National Park Conference Held at Yellowstone National Park, September 11 and 12, 1911 Washington, D.C., 1912), p. 3. At this time, Fisher was speaking only of the national parks.

2. Index, National Park System and Related Areas, 1982. The total includes the recently-authorized Harry S. Truman National Historical site, and excludes cemeteries.

There are presently twenty-one different types of units in the system: National Parks (48), National Monuments (78), National Preserves (12), National Lakeshores (4), National Rivers (11), National Seashores (10), National Historic Sites (63), National Memorials (23), National Military Parks (10), National Battlefield Parks (3), National Battlefields (10), National Battlefield Sites (1), National Cemeteries (14, administered in conjunction with associated units), National Historical Parks (26), National Recreation Acres (17), National Parkways (4), National Scenic Trails (1), Parks (other) (10), National Capital Parks (1), White House (1), National Mall (1).

3. Donald C. Swain, Wilderness Defender: Horace M. Albright and Conservation (Chicago, 1970), p. 82; Ronald F. Lee, Family Tree of the National Park System (Philadelphia, 1972), pp. 10, 14, 18-19.

Lee's work contains a number of errors, these have been corrected wherever possible using the Index, National Park System and Related Areas, 1982. Dates given in the following refer to authorization, or in case of national monuments, to proclamation.

4. "An Act to set apart a certain tract of land lying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a Public Park." 17 Stat. 32 (March 1, 1872).

This is not to ignore the ideas or events that preceded the creation of Yellowstone National Park. It is believed, rather, that such a discussion is not appropriate here. A growing body of literature that examines the growth of the park idea in 19th century America is available. See, for example, Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1979); Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (New York, 1964); and Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, 1967).

5. Roderick Nash, "The American Invention of National Parks," American Quarterly (Fall 1970), p. 726.

6. "The National Park Service and Its Future," Speech by Horace M. Albright, 1939. Horace M. Albright Papers, Box 149, Department of Special Collections, University Research Library, University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; "Introductory Remarks by Hon. Walter L. Fisher, Secretary of Interior," in U.S. Department of Interior, Proceedings of the National Park Conference Held at the Yellowstone National Park, September 11 and 12, 1911 (Washington D.C., 1912), p. 3.

7. Lee, Family Tree, p. 10. Mackinac Island National Park was ceded to the State of Michigan in 1895. Sullys Hill was later converted to a game preserve, General Grant was incorporated in Kings Canyon National Park, and Platt was incorporated in a national recreation area.

8. Ronald F. Lee, The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Washington D.C., 1970), passim. Alfred Runte places the Antiquities Act in a philosophical context in his National Parks, pp. 71-74.

9. 34 Stat. L. 225 (June 8, 1906). Ronald Lee did an excellent job of describing the legislative history of the 1906 act, as well as the earlier, unsuccessful efforts. Antiquities Act, pp. 47-77.

10. Section 2, 34 Stat. L. 225. The act did not prohibit Congress from establishing national monuments. In the case of Chalmette and Colonial, they did just that.

11. In the case of private lands donated to the federal government, administrative responsibility would go to the Secretary of the Interior.

12. Administration of monuments by the departments of Agriculture and War is discussed on pp. 35-42.

13. Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 1911, p. 100. Much of the same sentiment was echoed by Horace Albright in 1917. U.S. Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1917 and the Travel Season, 1917 (Washington D.C., 1917), pp. 4-5.

14. Mukuntuweap became Zion National Park, Sieur de Monts became Acadia National Park, and Petrified Forest National Monument became Petrified Forest National Park. Lee, Family Tree, p. 8.

15. Ibid., pp. 33-34. The Forest Service administered those monuments under the jurisdiction of the Agriculture Department.

16. U.S. Department of Interior, Glimpses of Our National Monuments (Washington D.C., 1926), pp. 1-2; Lee, Family Tree, p. 19.

17. Horace Albright to Stephen Mather, October 23, 1919, Albright Papers; Frank Pinckley to Horace Albright, September 25, 1924, and Pinckley to Stephen Mather, September 25, 1924, File, Carlsbad National Monument, New Mexico, Records of Horace M. Albright, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, National Archives.

18. General Superintendent Robert Marshall in 1916, in U. S. Department of Interior, Annual Report of the General Superintendent and Landscape Engineer of National Parks to the Secretary of Interior, 1916 (Washington D.C., 1916), p. 5. A similar idea was expressed in Jenks Cameron, The National Park Service, Its History, Activities, and Organization (New York, 1922), p. 7; U. S. Department of Interior, General Information Regarding the National Monuments Set Aside Under the Act of Congress Approved June 8, 1906 (Washington D.C., 1917), pp. 5-6; "Guardian of our National Parks, March 15, 1924," unidentified newspaper article in Scrapbook, Vol. 10, Stephen A. Mather Collection, Manuscript Division, Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California; and "Handling the Parks," Saturday Evening Post, June 24, 1916, in Scrapbook, Vol. 4, Mather Collection.

19. Lee, Family Tree, p. 14.

20. Ibid., p. 14. Sitka was a small monument established to protect a Russian soldier's burying ground in Alaska. The rest were in Arizona and New Mexico.

21. Ibid., p. 14. Additionally, Pinnacles National Monument in California was transferred from the Forest Service on December 12, 1910. Three--Lewis and Clark Caverns, Shoshone Caverns, and Papago Saguaro--were eventually abolished.

22. Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 1911, p. 3.

23. A number of people have described the administration of the national parks before 1916. See, for example, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1917, pp. 2-3; 1923, p. 2; Paul Herman Buck, The Evolution of the National Park System of the United States (Washington D.C., 1946), pp. 43-45; Cameron, National Park Service, passim; Donald C. Swain, "The Passage of the National Park Service Act of 1916," Wisconsin Magazine of History, 50 (Autumn 1966), 4-6.

24. Annual Report of the General Superintendent, 1915, p. 8.

25. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, A Bill to Establish a National Park Service and for other Purposes, Hearings on HR 104, 63rd Cong., 2nd Sess., April 29, 1914, p. 4; Buck, National Park System, p. 43.

26. Ibid.; Walter L. Fisher, "The Need For a National Parks Bureau," American Civic Association, Series 11 (December 1912), pp. 3-4.

27. Annual Report of the General Superintendent, 1916, p. 13.

28. Buck, National Park System, p. 44; Horace J. McFarland, "Are the Parks Worthwhile?" American Civic Association, Series 11 (December 1912), pp. 18-20.

29. Hearings on HR 104, p. 10.

30. Annual Report of the General Superintendent, 1916, p. 15. The number of visitors rose from 69,018 in 1908 to 235,193 in 1914. Cameron, National Park Service, p. 137.

It was a protest over conditions in the parks that eventually brought Stephen Mather to Washington. Robert Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks (New York, 1951), p. 7.

31. Annual Report of the Secretary of Interior, pp. 55-67. Quoted in Swain, "National Park Service Act," p. 5.

32. Swain, "National Park Service Act," pp. 4-5; H. Duane Hampton, "The Army and the National Parks," Forest History 10 (October 1966), pp. 3-17.

33. Buck, National Park System, p. 43.

34. U.S. Department of Interior, Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office to the Secretary of Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1907 (Washington D.C., 1907), p. 24; Ibid., 1916, pp. 49-50.

35. Ibid., 1911, pp. 37-38; 1912, p. 38; 1913, p. 30; and 1914, p. 50.

36. Ibid., 1916, p. 62.

37. U.S. Department of Interior, Reports of the Department of Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1913. Administrative Reports in 2 volumes (Washington D. C., 1914), 1:867.

38. Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1913, p. 30.

39. R.T. Galloway to Secretary of Interior, August 15, 1913. Quoted in U.S. Department of Interior, Historic Structure Report, A History of the Anglo Period, Tumacacori National Monument, by A. Berle Clemensen (Denver, 1977), p. 31.

40. Ibid.

41. G.W. Helm to Robert Selkiak, October 10, 1913. Quoted in Clemensen, Tumacacori, p. 31.

42. Swain, "National Park Service Act," p. 5.

43. Information provided by John F. Luzader. Mr. Luzader is currently preparing a history of professions in the National Park Service.

44. Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 1911. Similar conferences, attended by superintendents, concessioners, departmental officials, and other interested parties were held in 1912, 1915, and 1917.

45. Swain, Albright, p. 41; Horace Albright, "The National Park Service, 1917-37," Reprint of article in American Planning and Civic Annual, 1937. Albright Papers, Box 162; Cameron, National Park Service, pp. 8-10.

46. Swain, Albright, p. 41; Cameron, National Park Service, pp. 5-8; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1917, pp. 2-3.

47. Swain, Albright, p. 41. Lane did not increase the salary, nor did he relieve Miller of the other duties that came with the position.

48. Annual Report of the General Superintendent, 1915, p. 5.

49. Annual Report of the General Superintendent, 1916, pp. 4-5; Cameron, National Park Service, p. 10.

50. The Civil Appropriation Act of July 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 309), provided for a staff of four.

51. Interview of Horace Albright by Mr. Erskine, January 28, 1959. Transcript at library, Harpers Ferry Center, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. A copy is also available at the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

For a scholarly biography of Albright, see Donald Swain's Wilderness Defender: Horace Albright and Conservation.

52. Shankland, Steve Mather, pp. 7-8; Swain, Albright, p. 36. Miller resigned in January 1915 and became a member of the Federal Reserve Bank Board.

53. The best biography of Mather is Robert Shankland's Steve Mather and the National Parks.

54. Interview, Albright by Erskine, January 28, 1959.

55. U.S. Department of Interior, Progress in the Development of the National Parks, by Stephen T. Mather (Washington D.C., 1916 , pp. 5-6; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1917, pp. 11-12; Shankland, Steve Mather, pp. 83-99.

56. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1923, p. 2. War in Europe, of course, contributed to increased travel in America.

57. 39 Stat. 535. Swain, "National Park Service Act," gives a good overview of Mather's publicity campaign. The forthcoming study by John Luzader includes as clear a description of the legislative history of the act as is available.

58. 39 Stat. 535; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1917.

59. Shankland, Steve Mather, p. 107; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, p. 2.

60. This was Mather's second nervous collapse. Interview of Albright by Erskine, January 28, 1959; Shankland, Steve Mather, pp. 111-12.

61. Shankland, Steve Mather, pp. 109-11; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1917, p. 2; Swain, Albright, pp. 64-65.

62. Ibid.

63. Swain, Albright, p. 100; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, pp. 11, 32-33; Stephen T. Mather, "Report on Do Functions of the National Park Service Overlap those of Other Bureaus?" [ ], pp. 1-2, K5410, Policy and Philosophy to 1929, HFC; "Memorandum of Agreement between the National Park Service and the Bureau of Public Roads Relating to the Construction and Improvement of Roads and Trails in the National Parks and National Monuments," 1926, Albright Papers, Box 150; "Graphic Chart Showing Cooperation Between the National Park Service of the Department of Interior and the Departments and Bureaus of the Federal Government," 1919, corrected to 1923 and 1932, Albright Papers, Box 150.

64. Annual Report of the General Superintendent, 1915, pp. 5-8.

65. File 12-0, Administration (Part 1), Central Classified Files, 1907-36, Records of the Secretary of Interior, RG 48. The letter was printed in its entirety in Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, pp. 273-76.

The letter, which was actually written by Horace Albright, incorporated his philosophy as well as Mather's.

66. Statement of National Park Policy, March 11, 1925, in ibid. There were, of course, some changes to meet new conditions. In 1925, for example, grazing of cattle in national parks would be eliminated.

67. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1932, pp. 7-9; U.S. Department of Interior, The Department of Interior, Its History and Proper Function (Washington, D.C., 1932). Louis C. Cramton, a former Michigan congressman serving as a special attorney to the Secretary of Interior, was largely responsible for this report.

68. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1929, pp. 2-3. Mather had suffered a crippling stroke the previous November.

69. "Announcement Regarding Changes in Executive Officers," Park Service Bulletin, 3, (August-September, 1933), pp. 34-36. Copy in Albright Papers, Box 104.

70. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, pp. 100-103.

71. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1929, pp. 44, 46. Grand Teton N.P., authorized one week after he resigned, was 150 square miles. The national parks added were: Mt. McKinley (February 26, 1917); Grand Canyon (February 26, 1919); Zion (November 19, 1919); Hot Springs (March 4, 1921); Great Smoky Mountains (May 22, 1926); Shenandoah (May 22, 1926); Mammoth Cave (May 25, 1926); and Bryce Canyon (June 7, 1924).

The national monuments were: Verendrye (June 29, 1917); Casa Grande (August 3, 1918); Katmai (September 24, 1918); Scotts Bluff (December 12, 1919); Yucca House (December 12, 1919); Fossil Cycad (October 21, 1922); Aztec Ruins (January 24, 1923); Hovenweep (March 12, 1923); Pipe Springs (May 31, 1923); Carlsbad Cave (October 25, 1923); Craters of the Moon (May 2, 1924); Wupatki (December 9, 1924); and Glacier Bay (February 29, 1929).

72. Shankland, Steve Mather, p. 184; John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, Maryland), p. 322; Annual Report of the Secretary of Interior, 1920, pp. 21-22; Robert Sterling Yard, "National Parks Situation Critical: A Report to the System's Defenders, November 7, 1928," Albright Papers, Box 156.

73. Shankland, Steve Mather, p. 134; Accommodations for Visitors to Areas Administered by the National Park Service, December 29, 1936, File G-201, part 1, Administration and Personnel, Administration (General), RG 79; "Memo to the Secretary, April 14, 1928," Central Classified File 12-0, 1907-26, Administrative (Part 1), RG 79.

74. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, p. 38.

75. Albright to Robert Sterling Yard, December 20, 1928. Quoted in Swain, Albright, pp. 181-82.

76. Carlsbad Caverns National Park had been Carlsbad Cave National Monument. "Announcement Regarding Changes in Executive Offices," p. 34; Swain, Albright, p. 192. As superintendent of Yellowstone, moreover, Albright had played a major role in the establishment of Grand Teton National Park. The national monuments were: Badlands (March 4, 1929); Arches (April 12, 1928); George Washington Birthplace (January 23, 1930); Colonial (December 30, 1930); Canyon de Chelly (April 1, 1931); Great Sand Dunes (March 17, 1932); Grand Canyon (December 22, 1932); White Sands (January 18, 1933); Death Valley (February 11, 1933); and Black Canyon of the Gunnison (March 2, 1933). The eleventh Bandelier--was transferred from the Forest Service on February 25, 1932. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1932, pp. 75-78; Annual Report of the Secretary of Interior, 1933, pp. 159-60.

77. Swain, Albright, p. 192.

78. Swain, Albright, p. 191; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1931, p. 2. Mather had rid the system of politically-appointed superintendents replacing them with men responsible to him.

79. C. Frank Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," Journal of Forest History, 22 (January 1978); Ansel Hall, "Suggestions for Organization of Educational Department, January 19, 1925, Box K1810, History of Interpretation to 1925, HFC: Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1924, pp. 7-9; ibid., 1925, pp. 10-11

80. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1930, p. 2. Interview of Dr. Harold C. Bryant by Herbert Evison, October 25, 1962 (transcript at HFC).

81. Swain, Albright, p. 194; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, pp. 36, 49. As a result of reorganization in 1930, there were four major branches: operations; use, law, and regulation; lands; and education. Illustration I shows the organization under Albright.

82. U.S. Department of Interior, Statement of Appropriations, 1879-1978, Inclusive for National Parks and National Monuments Under Jurisdiction of the Secretary of Interior (Washington, D.C., 1917); Annual Reports of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918-28; and Annual Reports of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1913-16.

83. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1924, pp. 65-66. Under this agreement Pinkley had general supervision over twelve national monuments in Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, in addition to custodial duties at Casa Grande and Tumacacori.

84. Albright's motives were complex; see discussion on pp. 48-49.

85. Horace M. Albright, Origins of National Park Service Administration of Historic Sites (Philadelphia, 1971), passim; Swain, Albright, pp. 197-200.

86. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1930, p. 6.

87. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1931, p. 8; Annual Report of the Secretary of Interior, 1933, p. 153. A 1933 resume of Albright's career described the establishment of Colonial National Monument as the "most notable achievement of Director Albright's career"; "Announcement Regarding Changes in Executive Officers."

88. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1931, p. 16; Memorandum for the press, August 7, 1931, File 101, General History, 1926-32, Central Classified Files, RG 79; Verne E. Chatelain to authors, April 17, 1982.

89. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 4.

90. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1917, pp. 7-8.

91. Lee, Family Tree, pp. 33-34. Lava Beds had important historical aspects as well.

92. Ibid., 39 Stat. 1812.

93. Lee, Family Tree, pp. 33-34; Secretary [Agriculture] from L. Kneipp, February 15, 1932, General Correspondence, 1906-35, Records of the Secretary of Agriculture, RG 16, National Archives.

94. See Chapter 2.

95. Minutes of the 686th regular meeting of the Service Committee, June 29, 1916, Minutes of the Service Committee, Nos. 664-771, 1916, Records of the Forest Service, RG 95, National Archives. Other than references to efforts to transfer the monuments, this was the only discussion of the national monuments in the Service Committee meetings between 1916 and 1933.

96. These were uniform rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War to carry out the provisions of the "Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities," December 28, 1906.

97. Memorandum for the Secretary from R.Y. Stuart, September 1933, Monuments, 1933, General Correspondence, 1906-35, RG 16.

98. Ibid.

99. Ibid.

100. Lee, Family Tree. Father Millet Cross and Castle Pinckney would be abolished in 1956, and Meriwether Lewis would become part of Natchez Trace Parkway.

101. For an analysis of the background and development of this military park system, see Ronald F. Lee, The Origin and Evolution of the National Military Park Idea (Washington, D.C., 1973).

102. U.S. Department of War, Office of the Quartermaster General, National Military Park National Park-National Battlefield Site and National Monument Regulations (Washington, D.C., 1931), pp. 2-3.

103. Information from ibid.

104. Ibid, pp. 33-34; 39 Stat. 385; 43 Stat. 1109.

105. War Department, Regulations, pp. 2-3. Two of the twelve battlefield sites, where American soldiers fell in Santiago, Cuba, and Peking, China, are not considered here.

106. Ibid.

107. War Department, Regulations, p. 2. The term monument refers to all units. The Quartermaster General had been responsible for the areas since 1924.

108. Ibid.; U.S. War Department, Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1931 (Washington, D.C., 1931), p. 21.

109. Ibid.; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Military Affairs, Qualifications for Superintendents of National Cemeteries and Parks, Report on HR 10809, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 1928; U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Reorganization, Reorganization of the Executive Departments, Hearings, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., 1924, p. 82.

110. "A report on HR 8502, 72nd Congress, 1st Session, (The Proposal to transfer military parks and monuments to the National Park Service)." [1932], Old History Division Files, WASO. In testimony before a Senate committee, Horace Albright stated that no division in the War Department was charged with responsibility for parks and monuments. U.S. Congress, House, A Bill To Transfer Jurisdiction over Certain National Military Parks and National Monuments from the War Department to the Department of the Interior, and for Other Purposes, Hearings on S 4173, 70th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1929, p. 18.

111. Chief of Engineers to District Engineers Offices, April 30, 1913, War Department Records: National Monuments, General, Subsequent to 1894, RG 79.

112. On June 11, 1926, President Coolidge approved "An Act to provide for the study and investigation of battlefields for commemorative purposes." Colonel H.L. Landers was in charge of carrying on the investigations required under the act. The War Department regularly reported the results of his efforts to Congress. See, for example, Senate Document No. 14 (December 12, 1927); Senate Document No. 187 (December 12, 1928); H.R. Report No. 1525 (May 19, 1930); and Senate Document No. 27 (December 19, 1931).

113. Annual Report of the War Department, 1920, 1: 1943-74; 1922, pp. 106-07.

114. Hearings on S4173; Herbert E. Kahler to authors, May 3, 1982; George A. Palmer, to authors, April 29, 1982. Mr. Kahler served as a CCC technician at Chickamauga-Chattanooga before transfer of the military parks, and Mr. Palmer was at Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields.

115. Lee, Family Tree, p. 22.

116. See, for example, U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Military Affairs, Report to Accompany H.R. 175, 54th Cong., 1st Sess., 1896; Statement of Otis S. Bland (Representative from Virginia), Hearings on S4173, 1929; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Military Affairs, Establishment of National Military Parks-Battlefields, Hearings before the Committee and Subcommittee No. 8, 71st Cong., 2nd Sess., 1930; J.L. DeWitt, "National Military Parks," National Parks Bulletin, 11 (August 1933), p. 6.

117. For a history of the National Capital Parks, see Cornelius W. Heine, A History of National Capital Parks (Washington, D.C., 1953).

118. Ibid., p. 1; Lee, Family Tree, p. 22.

119. Ibid., Table IV and passim; Lee, Family Tree, p. 24. In 1933 the National Capital Parks, including units in Virginia and Maryland consisted of 6,367.39 acres.

120. Annual Report of the Director of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, 1931, p. 1. The director was the legal successor to the three federal commissioners who laid out the federal city in 1791. Heine, National Capital Parks, p. 27.

121. Annual Report of the Director of Public Buildings, 1931, p. 2.

122. Letter From the Director of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital Transmitting in Response to Senate Resolution No. 351 72d Cong.) A Report of all Functions of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, Public Buildings Commission, Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, and National Capital Park and Planning Commission and the Annual Cost Thereof, Document No. 22, 73rd Cong., 1st Sess., 1933; Annual Report of the Director of Public Parks, 1931, p. 2; Report of the Secretary of Interior, 1933, pp. 154-55.

1. Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 1911, p. 101.

2. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Public Lands, National Park Service, Report to accompany H.R. 15522, 64th Cong., 1st Sess., 1916, pp. 1-2. A similar section had been included in H. R. 104, introduced in 1914 by Congressman Raker of California.

3. D.F. Houston to Scott Ferris, May 16, 1916, in Report to accompany H. R. 15522, 1916; Henry S. Graves to William Kent, January 31, 1916, File 0-120-05, Part 1, Parks General, Legislation, Acts, Act to Establish National Park Service, RG 79; Minutes of the 667th, 682nd, 687th, and 692nd Regular Meetings of the Service Committee, February 3, 1916, May 25, 1916, July 6, 1916, and August 10, 1916, RG 95.

4. Forester to Henry Graves, February 24, 1921, Forester's File, Supervision (W. B. Greeley, 1911-28), RG 95. For a National Park Service perspective of the relations between the two bureaus, see Memo for Mr. [Harry] Slattery: Re Forest Service Opposition to the National Park Service, March 12, 1934, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, 12-0, Administrative (Part 2), RG 79; Forest Service Opposition to the National Park Service, February 12, 1925, Albright Papers, Box 149; Interview of Horace Albright by unnamed person, September 1960, HFC.

5. Ben W. Twight, "The Tenacity of Value Committment: The Forest Service and Olympic National Park," Ph.D dissertation, University of Washington, 1971, p. 4.

6. See, for example, Minutes of the 735th Regular meeting of the Service Committee, June 21, 1917, Minutes of the Service Committee, Nos. 712-62, 1917, RG 95; Memorandum for the Secretary [Agriculture], October 25, 1923, Forester's File, Supervision, General, 1923-27, RG 95; Memorandum for the Files, February 10, 1925, File 201-014, Forest Service, RG 95; Diary of Harold Ickes, entries for April 18 and 19, 1933, Papers of Harold Ickes, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

7. See discussion following.

8. Memorandum for the Secretary, March 6, 1922, and March 14, 1922, Forester's File, F, Supervision, General, 1922, RG 95. A record of Forest Service opposition to boundary adjustments is in memorandum for Mr. Slattery; Re Forest Service Opposition to the National Park Service, March 12, 1938.

9. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1917, p. 8.

10. Swain, Albright, p. 198; Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Preservation Comes of Age from Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-49, 2 vols., (Charlottesville, Virginia, 1981), 1:476-77

11. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1917, p. 6.

12. See, for example, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, p. 36; ibid., 1919, p. 41; and ibid., 1920, p. 89.

13. Albright to the Director, National Park Service, August 30, 1919, Albright Papers, Box 166.

14. Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 1917, p. 108.

15. U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Reorganization of the Administration Branch of Government, Reorganization of the Executive Departments: Report of the Joint Committee on Reorganization, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., 1924.

16. U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Reorganization of the Administrative Branch of Government, Letter from the President of the United States to Walter F. Brown . . . Transmitting a Chart Exhibiting in Detail the Present Organization of the Government Departments and the Changes Suggested by the President and the Cabinet, 67th Cong., 4th Sess., 1923, p. 2.

17. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 6.

18. U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Reorganization of Administrative Departments, Hearings Report on Reorganization of Executive Departments, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., 1924, p. 127.

19. Ibid., pp. 126-29.

20. Hearings Report on Reorganization of Executive Departments, 124, pp. 19-21; Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 6.

21. Hearings Report on Reorganization of Executive Departments, 1924, p. 279; Minutes of the 1050th meeting of the Service Committee, January 24, 1924, Minutes of the Service Committee, Nos. 1002-89, 1923-24, RG 95.

22. Hearings Report on Reorganization of Executive Departments, 1924, p. 279.

23. Ibid.

24. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 7.

25. Ibid. Albert Fall resigned as Secretary of the Interior in March 1923. The scandal that would eventually send him to prison had not yet surfaced.

26. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 8; U.S. Congress, House, A Bill to Transfer Jurisdiction Over Certain National Military Parks and National Monuments from the War Department to the Department of the Interior, and for Other Purposes, Hearings before the Committee on Military Affairs, 70th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1929, p. 2; "Park Service May Direct Battlesites," New York, March 25, 1928, in File 120, Administrative (Part 1), Central Classified File, 1907-36, Records of the Office of Secretary of Interior, RG 48, National Archives.

27. U.S. Congress, Senate, Transferring Jurisdiction Over Certain National Military Parks and National Monuments from the War Department to the Department of Interior, S. Rept. 1026 to Accompany S4173, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 1928.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid. The national historical park would be "such of these parks, monuments, and other areas as shall be so designated by the Secretary of the Interior."

30. U.S. Senate, Transferring Jurisdiction . . . 1928.

31. U.S. Congress, House, Hearings on S. 4173.

32. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 8.

33. Ibid.

34. U.S. Congress, House, Hearings on S. 4173, pp. 2-5.

35. Ibid., passim.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.; Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 9; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1929, p. 10.

38. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 12.

39. Ibid. Albright did not make clear whether this meant the national monuments administered by the Forest Service as well. It does seem likely that this was the case, however.

40. Opinions of Attorney Generals, 1929-32, Vol. 36, pp. 75-79. Xerox copy in Lee Papers, Box 111, HFC.

41. Ibid.

42. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, pp. 12-13.

43. Ibid.

44. U.S. Congress, House, Message from the President of the United States Transmitting a Message to Group, Coordinate, and Consolidate Executive and Administrative Agencies, . . . 72nd Cong., 2nd Sess., 1932, p. 1.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid. Neither Park Service nor departmental officials had requested transfer of cemeteries.

47. Ibid.; Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 13.

48. See, for example, H.H. Chapman, "Conservation or Departmental Jealousy--Which?," American Forest and Forest Life, XXXVI (April 1930), pp. 211-12; "Reorganization Conservation," American Forest and Forest Life, XXXV (June 1929), pp. 357-58.

49. Louis C. Cramton, The Department of Interior: Its History and Proper Function (Washington, D.C., 1932), pp. 39-40; "President Hoover on Conservation," American Forest and Forest Life, XXXVI (January 1930), p. 11.

50. Message from the President, December 9, 1932, p. 1.

51. U.S. Congress, House, A Bill to Transfer Jurisdiction Over Certain National Military Parks and National Monuments to the Department of the Interior and for Other Purposes, 72nd Cong., 1st Sess., 1932.

52. A Report Upon H. R. 8502, Old History Division Files, WASO.

53. Ibid.

54. Interestingly, Horace Albright never discussed the Collins bill in his narrative of the events leading up to Executive Order 6166. Administration of Historic Sites.

55. Minutes of the 1431st Meeting of the Service Committee, January 26, 1933, RG 95.

56. Swain, Albright, p. 210.

57. Ibid., p. 220; Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 17. This is not to say that a skillful public relations campaign by Albright and some influential friends was neither unnecessary nor uneffective. See Swain, Albright, pp. 209-12.

58. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 17.

59. Ibid.

60. There are several descriptions of the events of that day, all of which are similar. See Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, pp. 18-21; Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, 17 530-31; Swain, Albright, pp. 226-28; Diary 2, Harold Ickes, entry for April 9, 1933, Ickes Papers, LC.

61. U. S. Congress, House, Message from the President of the United States Transmitting an Executive Order for Certain Regroupings, Consolidations, Transfers, and Abolition of Executive Agencies and Functions Thereof, Doc. No. 69, 73d Cong., 1st Sess., 1933, p. 1.

62. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 21. At the same time, Roosevelt ordered Albright to "get busy" and have Saratoga Battlefield made a national park or national monument.

63. See, for example, Horace Albright to Harry Myers, March 31, 1933; Carlos C. Campbell to Albright, March 28, 1933; William Greedy to Albright, March 17, 1933; and Albright to A. Willis Robertson, January 11, 1933. All in Records of Horace M. Albright, Personal, RG 79.

64. Diary of Harold Ickes, entries for April 18 and 19, 1933, Ickes Papers, LC; Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 23; Swain, Albright, p. 228.

65. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites; Swain, Albright, p. 229.

66. Memorandum for the Secretary from Horace M. Albright, April 17, 1933, 0201-014 (Part 2), General, Administration Reorganization, RG 79.

67. U.S. Congress, House, Message from the President of the United States Transmitting an Executive Order for Certain Regroupings, Consolidations, Transfers, and Abolitions of Executive Agencies and Functions Thereof, Doc. No.69, 73rd Cong., 1st Sess., 1933, pp. 2-3. Section 19 provided for the transfer of records and personnel, and Section 20 provided that unexpended appropriations be transferred.

68. In 1934 the Service maintained 98 buildings in the District of Columbia and nine buildings scattered across the country. In 1938, the last year it carried that responsibility, the numbers were 46 and 11. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1934, pp. 199-200; 1938, pp. 35-36.

69. Swain, Albright, p. 229.

70. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 21.

71. Ibid., p. 22; Swain, Albright, pp. 229-30. Most of Albright's objections were incorporated in a memorandum for Mr. Brown from Secretary of the Interior, June 9, 1933, File 0-201-014, (Part 2), General, Administration, Reorganization, RG 79.

72. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 22; Swain, Albright, pp. 229-30. Delano was President Roosevelt's uncle.

73. These were Antietam, Battleground, Chattanooga, Fort Donelson, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Poplar Grove, Shiloh, Stones River, Vicksburg, and Yorktown.

74. Annual Report of the Department of Interior, 1933, pp. 154-55; Swain, Albright, p. 230.

75. Memorandum for all Field Offices, March 10, 1934, File 0-201-14, Parks General, RG 79. Restoration of the name was accomplished by Senator Carl Hayden's amendment to the Senate Interior Appropriations Bill. Arno B. Cammerer to Horace Albright, February 23, 1934, Central Decimal File, 201-01, Administration (General), RG 79.

76. Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 21.

77. Ray Lyman Wilbur to Secretary of War, February 20, 1932, and Patrick J. Hurley to Secretary of Interior, February 13, 1932, Albright Papers, Box 157; Albright, Administration of Historic Sites, p. 17.

78. Interview of Verne E. Chatelain by John Luzader and Edwin C. Bearss, January, 1982.

79. Memorandum for the Director from W. B. Lewis, April 11, 1929, Records of Horace M. Albright, General Files, Part 1, RG 79.

80. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Military Affairs, Establishment of National Parks - Battlefields, Hearings before the Committee and Subcommittee No. 8, 71st Cong., 2nd Sess., 1930, pp. 22-23.

81. Interview of Verne E. Chatelain by John Luzader and Edwin C. Bearss. A copy of this memorandum from Landers to the President was not located.

82. Harry Woodring to the President, June 21, 1933, File 0201-014, Part 2, General Administration, Reorganization, RG 79.

83. Harry Woodring to the President, June 22, 1933, ibid. In a July 3, 1933 letter to Ickes, George Dern echoed Woodring.

84. Ibid.

85. Memorandum for Mr. Demaray, Re: Transfer of Building under Supervising Architects Office, July 7, 1933, File 0201-014, Part 2, General Administration, Reorganization, RG 79.

86. Memorandum for Mr. Demaray, July 7, 1933, ibid.

87. Swain, Albright, pp. 229-30.

88. Harold Ickes to Secretary of War, July 10, 1933, File 0201-014, Part 2, General Administration, Reorganization, RG 79.

89. See, for example, Memorandum for Mr. Albright and Mr. Demaray from [Verne E.] Chatelain, July 25, 1933, Files 0-201-014, Part 3, Parks General, Reorganization, RG 79; Harold Ickes to Lewis W. Douglas, August 19, 1933, File 12-32, Administrative, (Part 1), Central Classified File, RG 48; George Dern to Secretary of Interior, August 10, 1933, ibid.

90. Douglas MacArthur to Secretary of Interior, August 3, 1933, File 0-201-014, Part 3, Parks General, Administration, Reorganization, RG 79; George Dern to Secretary of Interior, August 30, 1933, Records of the Adjutant General's Offices, RG 94, NA; Annual Report of the Secretary of Interior, 1933, pp. 161-62. Appendix 1 contains a list of all areas transferred.

91. L. F. Kneipp to Guy F. Allen, July 25, 1933, File 0-201-014, Parks General, Administration, Reorganization, July 17, 1933-August 31, 1933, RG 79. In his Ph.D. dissertation, Ben W. Twight wrote that Forest Service officials did not become aware of the order until August 26. "Tenacity of Value Committment," p. 72.

92. Kneipp to Allen, July 25, 1933.

93. Ibid.

94. Twight, "Tenacity of Value Committment," p. 72.

95. Diary of Harold Ickes, entry for April 18, 1933, Ickes Papers, LC. Wallace thought that they would be under Agriculture; Ickes thought it would be Interior.

96. Ibid., entry for April 20, 1933.

97. Twight, "Tenacity of Value Committment," p. 84.

98. L.F. Kneipp to Guy F. Allen, July 25, 1933, File 0-201-014, Parks General, Administration, Reorganization, July 17, 1933, August 31, 1933, RG 79.

99. Quoted in Twight, "Tenacity of Value Committment," p. 72. The eight monuments that the National Park Service had indicated should be transferred were Gila Cliff, Lava Beds, Tonto, Walnut Canyon, Jewel Cave, Lehman Caves, Oregon Caves, and Timpanagos Cave. Seven others--Chiricahua, Devils Post Pile, Holy Cross, Mount Olympus, Old Kasaan, Sunset Crater, and Wheeler--would be most economically administered by the Forest Service. Memorandum for Mr. Bailey from A. E. Demaray, August 14, 1933, File 201-014, (Part 3), Parks General, Administration, Reorganization, RG 79.

100. Ickes to Secretary of Agriculture, September 29, 1933, File 12-1, Administration, Central Classified File, RG 48.

101. H. A. Wallace to Secretary of Interior, September 29, 1933, File 0-201-014, Part 4, Parks General, Administration, Reorganization, August 10, 1933-December 22, 1933, RG 79; Memorandum for the Secretary [Agriculture], September 28, 1933, ibid. Also see, Minutes of the 1462nd Meeting of Service Committee, September 28, 1933, RG 95.

102. Harold Ickes to Secretary of Agriculture, November 11, 1933, ibid.; Memorandum for the Secretary, October 24, 1933, ibid.

103. Ickes to Lewis H. Douglas, January 18, 1934, ibid. At the same time, Ickes requested transfer of $3,800 for administrative purposes.

Interestingly, while Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument was one of the monuments transferred, in 1933, by an April 1975 cooperative agreement with the National Park Service the Forest Service assumed administration and management of the monument. Cooperative Agreement Between the National Park Service, U-5. Department of Interior and the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, April 14, 1975. Provided to the authors by Thomas Lucke, Environmental Coordinator, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe.

104. Ickes to Rexford G. Tugwell [Assistant Secretary of Agriculture], February 19, 1934, File 12-1, Administrative, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48.

An interesting sidelight to this exchange of letters was a memorandum from Ickes to Harry Slattery, Personal Assistant to the Secretary, indicating that an answer prepared by Mr. Demaray was "too contentious" to send, February 14, 1934, ibid.

105. Memorandum to Mr. Slattery, Re: Forest Service Opposition to the National Park Service; see chapter following.

106. Donald C. Swain, "The National Park Service and the New Deal, 1933-1940," Pacific Historical Review, XLI (August 1972), p. 319.

107. Ibid.

108. Swain, "National Park Service and the New Deal," p. 320.

109. Memorandum for the Director, February 24, 1933, Files 0-201-15 (Part 1), National Parks General, Administrative and Personnel, 1933, RG 79. He did propose going ahead with new park and monument projects at the Great Smokies, Shenandoah, Mammoth Cave, Isle Royale, and the Badlands, as well as continuing efforts to secure legislation creating Everglades, Morristown, and Boulder Canyon Military Reservations.

110. Ibid.

111. In an effort to gauge the reaction of NPS employees, the authors contacted NPS people who were active in the 1930s. See, for example, George A. Palmer to authors, April 19, 1982; Howard Baker to authors, April 17, 1982; Herbert E. Kahler to authors, May 3, 1982; and Edwin C. Alberts to authors, April 27, 1982. A complete list of those who wrote to the authors is included in the bibliography.

112. Lee, Family Tree, p. 35. Appendix 1 is a list of the areas that came into the system on August 10, 1933.

113. Ibid.

114. Albright to Ernest Allen Connally, February 13, 1970, Old History Division Files.

115. Albright, Administration of Historical Sites, p. 23.

116. Ibid.; Swain, Albright, pp. 229-31; Memorandum for the Press, July 5, 1933, Director File, H.M. Albright, July 1-2, 1933, RG 79.

117. The story of Cammerer's appointment is a complex one. Ickes indicated a desire to appoint an "outsider" to replace Albright. When Newton B. Drury, Executive Secretary of the Save-the-Redwoods-League and former University of California classmate of Albright, refused the position, Ickes gave in and grudgingly appointed Cammerer. Swain, Albright, p. 231.

118. The seven natural areas: Cedar Breaks National Monument (August 22, 1933), Everglades National Park (May 10, 1934), Big Bend National Park (June 20, 1935), Joshua Tree National Monument (August 10, 1936), Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (April 13, 1937), Capitol Reef National Monument (August 2, 1937), and Channel Islands National Monument (April 26, 1938). In addition Olympic National Monument, transferred on August 10, 1933, became Olympic National Park on June 29, 1938. Capitol Reef National Monument would become Capitol Reef National Park in 1971.

Historical areas: Ocmulgee National Monument (June 14, 1933), Fort Jefferson National Monument (January 4, 1935), Andrew Johnson National Monument (August 29, 1935), Fort Stanwix National Monument (August 21, 1935), Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (December 20, 1935), Richmond National Battlefield (March 2, 1936), Homestead National Monument (March 19, 1936), Fort Frederica National Monument (May 26, 1936), Whitman National Monument (June 29, 1936), Pipestone National Monument (August 25, 1937), Salem Maritime National Historic Site (March 17, 1938), Saratoga National Historical Park (June 1, 1938), Fort Laramie National Monument (July 16, 1938), Hopewell Village National Historic Site (August 3, 1938), Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (September 23, 1938), Federal Hall National Historic Site (May 26, 1939), Tuzigoot National Monument (July 25, 1939), and Old Philadelphia Custom House (May 26, 1939). Andrew Johnson, Fort Laramie, and Whitman national monuments were changed to national historic sites. Recreation areas: Blue Ridge Parkway (1933), Natchez Trace National Parkway (1934), Catoctin Mountain Park (November 14, 1936), Prince William Forest Park (November 14, 1936), Lake Mead (October 13, 1936), and Cape Hatteras National Seashore (August 17, 1937).

1. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1940," in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 208. When the huge increase in number of units is considered, this increase is almost negligible.

2. Swain, "National Park Service and the New Deal," 324.

3. Ibid., 327.

4. The Civilian Conservation Corps Reforestation Act, passed by Congress on March 31, 1933, as an unemployment relief measure, established the Civilian Conservation Corps, which was authorized to provide work for 250,000 jobless male citizens between the ages of 18 and 25. The CCC was to commence a national conservation program including reforestation efforts, road construction, prevention of soil erosion, and national park and flood control projects. Work camps were established for those enrolled in the CCC, and the youths received $30 per month, part of which went to dependents. Four government departments (War, Interior, Agriculture, Labor) cooperated in carrying out the program. The CCC had as many as 500,000 on its rolls at one time, and by July 2, 1942, when Congress ordered its liquidation, it had employed over 2,000,000 young men. Robert Fechner, general vice-president of the International Association of Machinists in Boston, was named director of the CCC in April 1933. Richard B. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History: Bicentennial Edition (New York 1976), pp. 404-05; Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People (Norman, 1980), pp. 65-175; Summary Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work on the Operations of Emergency Conservation Work For the Period Extending from April 1933, to June 30, 1935 (Washington D.C., 1935); John A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case Study (Durham, 1967); and Civilian Conservation Corps Program, United States Department of the Interior, March 1933 to June 30, 1943, A Report to Harold L. Ickes, Secretary of the Interior, [by] Conrad L. Wirth, Departmental Representative on the Advisory Council, CCC, January 1944.

5. Swain, "National Park Service and the New Deal," 325.

6. Executive Order 6160, June 7, 1933, Box 1, A98, CCC Material, HFC; U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of National Parks, Buildings and Reservations, National Park Emergency Conservation Work, Handbook of Emergency Conservation Work, [1934], Box 158, Albright Papers. Later, the Park Service would be given responsibility for supervising the ECW in the recreational demonstration areas. This will be considered more fully in chapter four of this study. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Emergency Activities in National Parks and Monuments, State Parks and Recreation Areas, Recreational Demonstration Areas (January 1937), pp. 1-2.

7. Handbook of Emergency Conservation Work [1934], Box 158, Albright Papers; Albright to All Superintendents and Monument Custodians, August 9, 1933; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, p. 167; and Charles Price Harper, The Administration of the Civilian Conservation Corps (Clarksburg, 1939), pp. 61-72.

8. Salmond, Civilian Conservation Corps, p. 87.

9. Ickes to Director of Emergency Conservation Work, April 28, 1933 (Approved April 29, 1933), Executive Departments and Establishments (Forest Service), Central Classified Files 0-20, RG 79. Later on February 7, 1935, Fechner authorized these same types of CCC work to be carried out in the national and state forests. The CCC activities in these areas were under the direct supervision of the Department of Agriculture through the U.S. Forest Service, contributing to the long-simmering rivalry between the Park Service and Forest Service. Granger to Fechner, February 7, 1935; Demaray to the Secretary, May 22, 1935; WaIters to Fechner, June 12, 1935; Fechner to Walters, June 21, 1935; and Wirth to Demaray (with enclosures), August 30, 1935; ibid. Also see Personal Memorandum for Mr. Slattery, Re: Forest Service Opposition to the National Park Service, n.d., Records of Arno B. Cammerer, 1922-40, RG 79.

10. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1933, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1933, pp. 156-58. Also see U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, The National Parks and Emergency Conservation, by Isabelle F. Story (Washington D.C., 1933), pp. 21-24.

11. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, pp. 167-69. During fiscal year 1935 an advisory committee on state parks was appointed to assist in formulating park policies and programs dealing with the states. Colonel Richard Lieber, president of the National Conference on State Parks, was named chairman of the committee. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, p. 181.

12. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service." 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, pp. 181-82, 214, and Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, p. 130.

13. Summary Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work on the Operations of Emergency Conservation Work, For the Period Extending from April 1933, to June 30, 1935 (Washington 1935), pp. 31-35. Also see Demaray to the Secretary, October 14, 1935, which lists the broad divisions of the work accomplished by the CCC:

A. Structural Improvements--foot, horse, and vehicle bridges; buildings (barns, cabins, contact stations, dwellings, garages, lookout towers, lookout houses, and museums); fences (guard rails); utility lines (telephone, sewage, power, and water)

B. Transportation Improvements--truck trails, minor roads, and maintenance of highways

C. Erosion Control D. Forest Protection--fire breaks, fire hazard reduction, tree and plant disease control, and tree insect pest control.

E. Landscape and Recreation--campground development and vista maintenance.

F. Wild Life--fish rearing ponds and restocking; food and cover planting and seeding, range reconnaissances, and field research.

G. Miscellaneous--surveys (ground, water, linear, topographic, and type), and tree surgery.

Demaray to the Secretary, October 14, 1935, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, 618, Public Works Administration, RG 79. Also see Cammerer to Fechner, April 9, 1935, and Secretary of the Interior to the President, n.d., 618, Public Works Administration, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, for an outline of the proposed Park Service research program in history, geology, forestry, wildlife, and recreation to provide the necessary background for the various development projects of the bureau.

14. U.S. Department of the Interior, Civilian Conservation Corps, A Brief History of the National Park Service (Washington, D.C., 1940), p. 37.

15. Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1936, pp. 36-39, and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, pp. 103-13, 139. Also see United States Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, Release, June 23, 1938, 601-12, Lands (General) Recreational Areas, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, The National Parks and Emergency Conservation Work [Civilian Conservation Work] by Isabelle F. Story (Rev. ed., Washington, D.C. 1936), pp. 22-27; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Emergency Activities in National Parks and Monuments, State Parks and Recreation Areas, Recreational Demonstration Areas, January 1937, passim.

16. For more information on the declining number of CCC camps, personnel, and projects under the supervision of the Park Service, see Regional Director [Region II] to the Director, November 14, 1938, 601-12, Lands (General), Recreational Areas, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79. Also see, "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 39.

17. Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1938, pp. 42-48, and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 33.

18. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, pp. 295-96, and Wirth to Regional or Acting Regional Directors, National Park Superintendents, National Monument Custodians, Inspectors, and Auditors, November 26, 1938, Memoranda Sent to Field Officers, 1936-42, RG 79.

19. Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1939, pp. 58-65.

20. Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1940, pp. 44-48, and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, pp. 201-02.

21. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, pp. 304-05, and Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1941, pp. 28-29.

22. Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1942, pp. 36-38; Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, pp. 144-51; and Civilian Conservation Corps Program of the United States Department of the Interior . . . January 1944, p. 27. See Appendix 5 for a more lengthy excerpt from Wirth's report. For more information on the impact of the Emergency Conservation Work program on National Park Service architectural and landscape planning, design, and construction see William C. Tweed, "Parkitecture: Rustic Architecture in the National Parks" (typescript draft, Office of Professional Publications, 1982), and Norman T. Newton, Design on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971), chap. XXXVI.

23. The Federal Emergency Relief Act, passed on May 12, 1933, created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and authorized an appropriation of $500,000,000, allotting half this amount as direct relief to the states and the rest for distribution on the basis of $1 of federal aid for every $3 of state and local funds spent for relief. FERA was based on a system of outright grants to states and municipalities, and the act left the establishment of work relief projects for employables to state and local bodies and authorized the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to supply the funds for distribution to the states through the Federal Relief Administator--Harry L. Hopkins. The works program of FERA closed in December 1935. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, p. 405.

24. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1933, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1933, p. 191.

25. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, p. 172.

26. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, p. 210, and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, p. 114.

27. On November 8, 1933, the CWA was established as an emergency unemployment relief program for the purpose of putting 4,000,000 jobless persons to work on federal, state, and local make-work projects. Harry L. Hopkins was appointed as its administrator. Funds were allocated from FERA and PWA appropriations supplemented by local governments. The CWA was created to offset a drop in the business revival of mid-1933 and to cushion economic distress over the winter of 1933-34. After its termination in March 1934 the functions of the CWA were transferred to FERA. Of the more than $933,000,000 spent on some 180,000 work projects, more than $740,000,000 went directly into wages and salaries. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, pp. 409-10.

28. The total CWA allotments for the National Park Service projects amounted to $2,490,678.06--labor cost, $1,988,960.33; other than labor cost, $425,105.13; and administrative cost, $76,612.60. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, pp. 165-66, 198.

29. Final Report of Civil Works Activities Under the Jurisdiction of the National Park Service, May 31, 1934, Records of Arno B. Cammerer, 1922-40; and Demaray to the Secretary, October 14, 1935, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, 618, Public Works Administration, RG 79.

30. Title II of the NIRA, passed on June 16, 1933, established the Public Works Administration for the construction of roads, public buildings, and other projects, for which a fund of $3,300,000,000 was authorized. Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes was named to head the agency on June 16. The PWA was created for the purpose of increasing employment and business activity by means of "pump-priming." During its recovery phase, the PWA spent more than $4,250,000,000 on some 34,000 public projects. U.S. Department of the Interior, Back of the Buffalo Seal: An Account of the History and Activities of the Department of the Interior, the Natural Resources Committee, and the Federal Administration of Public Works (Washington, D.C. 1936), pp. 97-104.

31. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1933, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1933, pp. 190-91, and Albright to All Superintendents and Monument Custodians, August 9, 1933, CCC Material, A98, Box 1, HFC. Also see "Public Works Under Interior Department, National Park Service: A Statement Showing the Amounts Allowed by the Bureau of the Budget for the Fiscal Year 1933, Amounts Appropriated for the Fiscal Year 1932, and Amounts Expended in the Fiscal Year 1931," Public Works Administration, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, 618, RG 79.

32. Among the new or reconstructed roads and portions of roads built with PWA funds were: Going-to-the-Sun Highway, Glacier National Park; General's Highway, General Grant National Park; Sequoia-General Grant Approach Highway; Mineral Approach Road, Lassen Volcanic National Park; Glacier Point Road, Yosemite National Park; East and West Side Highways and White River Road, Mount Rainier National Park; Rim Road, Crater Lake National Park; Grand Loop Road, Red Lodge-Cooke City Approach Road, and Tower Junction-Cooke City Road, Yellowstone National Park; Trail Ridge Road, Rocky Mountain National Park; North-South Highway, Mesa Verde National Park; Cameron-Desert View Approach Road, Hermit Run Road, and Grand Canyon Desert View Road, Grand Canyon National Park; North and South Road, Petrified Forest National Monument; Walnut Canyon Road, Carlsbad Caverns National Park; Rim Road, Bryce Canyon National Park; Rim Road and Valley Floor Road, Zion National Park; Custer-Wind Cave Approach Road, Wind Cave National Park; Trans-Park Road, Mount McKinley National Park; Haleakala Highway, Hawaii National Park; Bear Brook Road, Acadia National Park; Newfound Gap-Clingmans Dome Road and Newfound Gap-Fighting Creek Junction Road, Great Smoky Mountains National Park; Swift Run Gap, Thornton Gap, and Front Royal-Compton Gap roads, Shenandoah National Park; and York River Cliff-Hubbards Lane, Colonial National Monument. Perhaps the most popular Park Service roads to be built with PWA funds were Skyline Drive and the Blue Ridge Parkway.

33. "Statement Regarding P.W.A. Activities in the National Park and Monument System," June 4, 1935, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, 618, Public Works Administration, RG 79. A memorandum written by Demaray to Ickes on October 14, 1935, listed other physical improvements performed with PWA funds: headquarters office structures, employees quarters, ranger stations, garages, mechanical shops, warehouses, barns, fire lookouts and towers, communication and electric power lines, generating stations, water and sewer systems, comfort stations, chlorinating plants, piers, wharves, entrance arches, shelter cabins, range enclosures, and revetments. Demaray to the Secretary, October 14, 1935, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, 618, Public Works Administration, RG 79.

34. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, pp. 138-40.

35. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, pp. 68-70.

36. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, pp. 275-76.

37. The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act signalized the withdrawal of the federal government from the arena of direct relief, which was left to state and local governmental bodies. The act established a large-scale national work program for jobless employables, who were required to meet a means test in order to qualify for work relief. Harry L. Hopkins was appointed administrator of the WPA, which after 1939 was called the Works Projects Administration. By March 1936 the WPA rolls reached a total of more than 3,400,000 persons, and by June 30, 1943, when it was officially terminated, the WPA had employed more than 8,500,000 persons on 1,410,000 projects, and had spent about $11,000,000,000. While most of the projects were geared to the employment of manual labor, provision was made by way of arts projects for writers, actors, artists, and musicians. In addition to the WPA, other participating agencies in the national works program included the CCC, PWA, and the National Youth Administration. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, pp. 413-14.

38. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, pp. 103-04, 138. The WPA work camps also became involved in some historic preservation work. For instance, see Operating Procedure, No. 0-4, Works Progress Administration, Projects for Restoration of Sites and Structures of Historical or Archeological Importance, August 26, 1936, 0-20, Executive Departments and Establishments, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

39. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 68. George A. Palmer recalls that there were also WPA projects in National Park Service areas that were funded by local WPA offices. These included projects at Fort McHenry, Antietam, Salem, and Statue of Liberty.

40. Ibid., pp. 39-40, and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 34.

41. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, pp. 297-98.

42. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, pp. 202-04.

43. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, p. 306.

1. John D. Coffman, "How Much and What Kind of Forest Land Should be Devoted Exclusively to Recreation and Aesthetics?", Journal of Forestry, XXXV (February 1937), 210.

2. Henry S. Graves, "A Crisis in National Recreation," American Forestry, XXVI (July 1920), 39.

3. Ibid., 398, 400.

4. Organization and Program of the National Conference on Outdoor Recreation, 1924-1925 (Washington, D.C. 1925), p. 3, Forester's File, General File, 1912-30, FX 1925, RG 95. Also see U.S. Congress, Senate, National Conference on Outdoor Recreation: Proceedings of the National Conference on Outdoor Recreation . . . May 22, 23, and 24, 1924, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., 1924, S. Doc. 151.

5. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, America's Park and Recreation Heritage: A Chronology, by Carlton S. Van Doren and Louis Hodges, [1975], p. 4.

6. National Conference on Outdoor Recreation, Recreation Resources of Federal Lands (Washington D.C. 1928), pp. 138-39.

7. Donald C. Swain, "National Park Service and the New Deal," 324-25. The National Park Service had actively encouraged the state park movement ever since Mather played a leading role in organizing the First National Conference on State Parks at Des Moines, Iowa, in 1921. See Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1920, p. 46; 1921, pp. 32-33; 1922, pp. 17-18; 1923, pp. 15-18; 1924, pp. 16-17; 1925, p. 20; 1926, p. 22; 1930, pp. 41-42; and 1931, pp. 41-42.

8. Lee, Family Tree, p. 52.

9. U.S. Department of the Interior, Civilian Conservation Corps, A Brief History of the National Park Service, 1940, pp. 36-37; Emergency Conservation Work Organization, Summary Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work on the Operations of Emergency Conservation Work For the Period Extending from April 1933, to June 30, 1935 (Washington D.C. 1935), pp. 33-34; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1933, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, pp. 156-57; and Lee, Family Tree, p. 53.

10. Brief History of National Park Service, pp. 36-37; Lee, Family Tree, p. 53; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, pp. 167-68; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, pp. 103-13; and Tweed, "Parkitecture: Rustic Architecture in the National Parks," pp. 76-79. The functions and procedures of this branch are outlined in BRPSC-Office Memorandum No. 35, October 26, 1936, by Conrad L. Wirth, and BRPSC-Office Memorandum No. 91, July 30, 1938, 205, Instructions and Orders (General), Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

11. Organization Chart, National Park Service, Approved 10/10/35, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, 201-13.1, Administration (General), Organization Charts, RG 79.

12. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, p. 171.

13. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, p. 172; Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 364; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, p. 171; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, p. 183.

14. National Resources Board Report, December 1, 1934, p. 113; Lee, Family Tree, p. 53; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, p. 183.

15. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Procedure for Park, Parkway, and Recreational-Area Study, January 1937, pp. 1-2; Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 166-67; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, pp. 172-73.

16. Ickes to DeRouen and Robert F. Wagner, May 28, 1934, in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Aid in Providing the People of the United States with Adequate Facilities for Park, Parkway, and Recreational-Area Purposes, Etc., 73d Cong., 2d Sess., 1934, H. Rept. 1895, p. 2, and U. S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, To Aid in Providing the People of the United States with Adequate Facilities for Park, Parkway, and Recreational-Area Purposes, Etc., 73d Cong., 2d Sess., 1934, S. Rept. 1412, p. 2. For the negative reaction of the U.S. Forest Service to the proposed legislation, see the letter from H.A. Wallace to Robert F. Wagner, June 12, 1934, in S. Rept. 1412, pp. 3-4.

17. "Annual Report of the Director the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, p. 173.

18. Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 364; U. S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Aid in Providing the People of the United States with Adequate Facilities for Park, Parkway, and Recreational-Area Purposes, Etc., 74th Cong., 1st Sess., 1935, H. Rept. 586; U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, To Aid in Providing Adequate Facilities for Park, Parkway, and Recreational-Area Purposes, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., 1935, S. Rept. 610. The views of the Department of Agriculture on the proposed legislation may be seen in the letter from H.A. Wallace to Robert F. Wagner, January 30, 1935, in S. Rept. 610, p. 2.

19. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of Secretary of the Interior, 1935, pp. 183-84; H.R. 6594, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., March 9, 1935; and Ickes to DeRouen, April 3, 1935, 12-33, Legislation, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48.

20. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, Public Parks, Parkways, and Recreational Areas, 74th Cong., 2d Sess., S. Rept. 1694, 1936, pp. 1-2.

21. Ickes to the President, June 22, 1936, 12-33, Legislation, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48.

22. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, To Aid in Providing the People of the United States with Adequate Facilities for Park, Parkway, and Recreational-Area Purposes, and to Provide for the Transfer of Certain Lands Chiefly Valuable for Such Purposes to States and Political Subdivisions Thereof, 74th Cong., 2d Sess., 1936, H. Rept. 1914; and Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 365.

23. Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp. 365-66.

24. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, Public Parks, Parkways, and Recreational Areas, 74th Cong., 2d Sess., 1936, S. Rept. 1547.

25. Senate Report 1694, p. 2.

26. 49 Stat. 1894.

27. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, pp. 104-05.

28. F.D.R. to Secretary of the Interior, June 25, 1936, 12-33, Legislation, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48.

29. Procedure for Park, Parkway and Recreational-Area Study, p. 2. Also see "Definitions for Outdoor Recreational Areas," Report of Recreation Committee to Land Planning Committee, April 30, 1936, National Resources Committee, June 1936, Policy and Philosophy to 1949, K5410, HFC.

30. Procedure for Park, Parkway and Recreational-Area Study, pp. 11-20; Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, March 9, 1937, and Wirth to Demaray, September 24, 1936, 601-12, Lands (General), Recreational Areas, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

31. Wirth to Emergency Activities Officers, June 15, 1937, Memoranda Sent to Field Officers, 1936-42, RG 79.

32. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 40.

33. Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, February 9, 1938, 601-12, Lands (General), Recreational Areas, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

34. Ibid., and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 35.

35. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, pp. 298-99.

36. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 170, and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, p. 283.

37. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, A Study of the Park and Recreation Problem of the United States, 1941; Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp. 366-67; and Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 172-75. Also see Gardner to Director, July 26, 1940, with attached summary statements on "Park, Parkway and Recreational Area Planning," 601-12, Lands (General), Recreational Areas, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

38. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, p. 105.

39. U.S. Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, October 5 and November 2, 1937, 601-12, Lands (General), Recreational Areas, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 40; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 35.

40. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 40.

41. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 207-08.

42. "State and Federal Agencies Join Forces in Park Programs," State Government, XII (September 1939), 171; Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, May 24, 1939, A38, Press Releases Before 1940, HFC; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 35; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, p. 299.

43. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 20.4-07; Tweed,"Parkitecture," pp. 110-1.4; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 35.

44. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 40.

45. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, pp. 298-99, and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 170.

46. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 170, and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, p. 283.

47. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 35; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, pp. 298-99; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, p. 284.

48. National Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, Parks for America: A Survey of Park and Related Resources in the Fifty States and a Preliminary Plan, 1964, passim; Lee, Family Tree, p. 53; Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 173-76; and America's Park and Recreation Heritage: A Chronology, pp. 5-6.

49. Sigler to Pressman, December 12, 1935 (with attached "Chain of Authority to Use Land Program Funds"), 205-01, Instructions and Orders (General), Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79; Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 176-77; and Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 367.

50. Lansill to Ickes, July 16, 1934, 205-01, Instructions and Orders (General), Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

51. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, p. 172.

52. Ibid.

53. Director [National Park Service] to Assistant Secretary [of the Interior], April 6, 1937, 205-01, Instructions and Orders (General), Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

54. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, p. 208.

55. Sigler to Pressman, December 12, 1935 (with attached "Chain of Authority to Use Land Program Funds"), 205-01, Instructions and Orders (General), Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

56. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, p. 10.4.

57. Executive Order 7.496, November 14, 1936, 1907-49, 205-01 Instructions and Orders (General), Central Classified Files, RG 79. A list of the 46 recreational demonstration projects transferred by the executive order may be seen in Appendix 3. For correspondence leading up to the executive order see Ickes to the President, October 23, 1936; Dudley to Director, National Park Service, October 21, 1936; and Cammerer to Ickes, October 14, 1936; ibid.

58. Cammerer to Emergency Activities Officers, November 27, 1936, with attachments, Field Officers, Administration, Memoranda Sent to Field Officers, 1936-42, RG 79.

59. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, pp. 38-39.

60. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, pp. 33-34, and Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, August 23, 1938, Press Releases Before 1940, A38, HFC.

61. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, "An Invitation to New Play Areas," [Spring 1938], Box 2, CCC Material, HFC. Also see Brief History of the National Park Service, p. 38, for a description of facilities in recreational demonstration areas.

62. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, pp. 296-97.

63. Director to Washington and All Field Offices, September 18, 1939, Memoranda Sent to Field Officers, 1936-42, RG 79.

64. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 202.

65. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, pp. 305-06.

66. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Administration Manual for Recreational Demonstration Areas, 1941, pp. 1-3. By 1956, when the last conveyance of the recreational demonstration areas to the states was finalized, several adjustments had been made to this list. The changes were: (1) Catoctin in Frederick and Washington counties, Maryland, was retained by the Park Service as Catoctin Mountain Park (name changed and boundary changed, July 12, 1954), but some 4,000 acres were transferred to Maryland; (2) some 848 acres of French Creek in Berks and Chester counties, Pennsylvania, were transferred to the National Park Service and became known as Hopewell Village National Historic Site (designated, August 3, 1938; boundary changes, June 6, 1942, July 24, 1946); Chopawamsic in Prince William and Stafford counties, Virginia, was retained by the Park Service as Prince William Forest Park (name changed, June 22, 1948); and N. Roosevelt in McKenzie County, North Dakota, and S. Roosevelt, in Billings County, North Dakota, were joined and established as Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park on April 25, 1947. Lee, Family Tree, p. 56; Wirth, Park, Politics, and the People, pp. 184-87; and Index: National Park System and Related Areas, 1982.

67. H.R. 3959, 76th Cong., 1st Sess., 1939, Legislative Files, RG 79; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to Dispose of Recreational Demonstration Projects, 76th Cong., 1st Sess., 1939, H. Rept. 501; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, Disposition of Recreational Demonstration Projects, 76th Cong., 1st Sess., 1939, S. Rept. 909; and Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 368.

68. H.R. 2685, 77th Cong., 1st Sess., 56 Stat. 326; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Laws Relating to the National Park Service: Supplement I, comp. by Thomas Alan Sullivan, 1944, pp. 17-18; Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 369; U. S. Congress, House, Committee on the Public Lands, Authorizing the Disposition of Recreational Demonstration Projects, 77th Cong., 1st Sess., 1941, H. Rept. 248; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, Authorizing the Disposition of Recreational Demonstration Projects, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., 142, S. Rept. 1403.

69. Lee, Family Tree, p. 56, and Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, p. 187.

70. Harley E. Jolley, The Blue Ridge Parkway (Knoxville 1969), p. 19.

71. Lee, Family Tree, pp. 53-54.

72. 46 Stat. 855; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Laws Relating to the National Park Service, comp. by Hillory A. Tolson, 1933, pp. 311-13; and Executive Order 1929, December 30, 1930, in Albright Papers, Box 18.4. For more information on the subsequent development of the parkway see 48 Stat. 1706; 49 Stat. 1783; 52 Stat. 1208; Laws Relating to the National Park Service, pp. 106-07; and S. Herbert Evison, "The National Park Service: Conservator of America's Scenic and Historic Heritage," typescript mss., 1964, p. 469, Evison's History, K5410, HFC.

73. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 22. For more background data on the Blue Ridge and Natchez Trace parkways see Evison, "The National Park Service," pp. 474-89.

74. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, "The National Park System as Developed For the Use and Enjoyment of the People," January 1938, p. 23.

75. Jolley, Blue Ridge Parkway, p. 20, and Lee, Family Tree, p. 54.

76. Jolley, Blue Ridge Parkway, p. 102.

77. Lee, Family Tree, p. 54; Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 415; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1933, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1933, p. 166.

78. Lee, Family Tree, pp. 54-55.

79. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, p. 196; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, p. 210; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, p. 113.

80. 49 Stat. 20.41; Laws Relating to the National Park Service: Supplement I, pp. 183-84; and Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp. 415-17.

81. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 55; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 22; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, p. 277; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, pp. 164-65, 196.

82. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, p. 300.

83. Jolley, Blue Ridge Parkway, pp. 128-29, and Lee, Family Tree, p. 55.

84. Lee, Family Tree, p. 55.

85. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, p. 196; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, p. 210; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, p. 114; and 48 Stat. 791.

86. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 55.

87. 48 Stat. 791, and Laws Relating to the National Park Service, Supplement I, pp. 190-91.

88. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 22; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, p. 277; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 196; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, p. 300; and U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, Natchez Trace Parkway Survey, 76th Cong., 3d Sess., 1941, S. Doc. 148.

89. Lee, Family Tree, p. 55, and Index, National Park System and Related Areas as of June 30, 1979, p. 38.

90. Johnston to James, May 25, 1939 (including attached draft, "A National Parkway Survey"), 601-12, Lands (General), Recreational Areas, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79; 52 Stat. 752; Laws Relating to the National Park Service, Supplement I, pp. 192-93; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, p. 196; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, p. 210; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, p. 114.

91. Johnston to James, May 25, 1939, RG 79.

92. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, p. 101.

93. Drury to Skinner, February 17, 1949, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, 101, History (General), RG 79.

94. Acting Director to Washington Office and All Field Offices, February 8, 1937, Memoranda Sent to Field Officers, 1936-42, RG 79; Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 369; Lee, Family Tree, p. 57; and "The National Park System As Developed For the Use and Enjoyment of the People," p. 23.

95. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 38.

96. Index, National Park System and Related Areas as of June 30, 1979, p. 41.

97. Lee, Family Tree, p. 57.

98. Ibid., p. 52, 58.

99. Ibid., p. 59.

100. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, p. 192.

101. Ibid,; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 64; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 31; and Lee, Family Tree, p. 58.

102. 50 Stat. 669; Laws Relating to the National Park Service: Supplement I, pp. 195-97; Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp. 425-26; and Lee, Family Tree, p. 58.

103. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Prospectus of Cape Hatteras National Seashore, March 1938, pp. 1-2.

104. 54 Stat. 702; Laws Relating to the National Park Service: Supplement I, p. 197; Department of the Interior, Information Service, "National Park Service to Start Purchase Program at Cape Hatteras," [1949], in Albright Papers, Box 138; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, p. 291; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 189; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, p. 313.

105. Lee, Family Tree, pp. 58-59; Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 193-97; U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina, Historical Research Management Plan, by J. Fred Roush and Charles E. Hatch, Jr., June 1, 1968, p. 16; "National Park Service to Start Purchase Program at Cape Hatteras," [1949].

106. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 198-200, and Lee, Family Tree, pp. 58-59.

1. 20th Anniversary: National Park Supplement to Planning and Civic Comment, II (October-December 1936), 24-25.

2. Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Preservation Comes of Age, I: 469-509; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1930, p. 6; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1931, p. 8; Executive Order 1929, December 30, 1930, Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, November 16, 1933, and Public Law No. 510, 71st Congress, H.R. 12235, July 3, 1930, Albright Papers, Box 184; Public Law No. 34, 71st Congress, S. 1784, January 23, 1930, and "Washington Birthplace National Monument, Wakefield, Virginia," n.d., Albright Papers, Box 157; and U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Creating the Colonial National Monument, Hearings Before the Committee on the Public Lands, House of Representatives, Seventy-First Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 8424 to Provide for the Creation of the Colonial National Monument in Virginia (Washington D.C. 1930).

3. Chatelain had received his education at Nebraska State Teachers College in Peru and at the universities of Chicago and Minnesota. He had taught in the public schools of Omaha and as a member of the Nebraska bar had practiced law for a short time. While doing graduate work at the University of Minnesota he served as acting assistant superintendent of the Minnesota State Historical Society, having charge of liaison activities between state and local historical activities and editing Minnesota News, a research monthly. He was a member of the American Historical Association, Mississippi Valley Historical Association, Minnesota Historical Society, and the Nebraska History Teachers' Association. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 513-14; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1931, p. 16; Memorandum for the Press, Immediate Release, August 7, 1931, and Russell to Chatelain, November 23, 1931, 101, History (General), Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79; Chatelain to the Director, February 20, 1935, 201-13, Administrative (General), Central Classified Files, 1907-49, Organization, RG 79; and Interview of Verne E. Chatelain by Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., September 9, 1961, pp. 1-3, (typescript mss. on file at HFC).

4. "Historical Conference," November 27, 1931, Old History Division Files, WASO.

5. Toll and Chatelain to Director, December 12, 1932, 201-15, Administrative (General), Central Classified Files, 1907-49, Policy, RG 79.

6. Chatelain to Demaray, April 21, 1933, Old History Division Files, WASO.

7. "History and Our National Parks," [June 1935], Old History Division Files, WASO.

8. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age: I: 501-05, and Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1931, p. 16.

9. "Historical Methods Used in the Development of Colonial National Monument," paper presented to Session on Archeological and Historic Sites, Meeting of American Planning and Civic Association, Washington, D.C., January 23, 1936, in Albright Papers, Box 9, and "Statement of National Park Service Program for Colonial National Historical Park," [1936], Albright Papers, Box 184. Also see Department of the Interior, Information Service, for Release, February 9, 1941, for a description of the preservation, interpretation, and development of the program adopted for Jamestown as the result of a cooperative agreement between the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities and the National Park Service in September 1940, Albright Papers, Box 184.

10. Chatelain to Director, April 16, 1932, in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Creating the Morristown National Historical Park: Hearings Before the Committee on the Public Lands, House of Representatives, Seventy-Second Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 14302. . . . (Washington D.C. 1933), pp. 28-30.

11. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 516-21, and Interview of Verne E. Chatelain by Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., December 17, 1971 (typescript mss. on file at HFC).

12. Wilbur to Evans, January 27, 1933, in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Morristown National Historical Park, N.J., 72d Cong., 2d Sess., 1933, H. Rept. 1962, pp. 3-4, and U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, Provide for the Creation of the Morristown National Historical Park in the State of New Jersey, and for Other Purposes, 72d Cong., 2d Sess., 1933, S. Rept. 1162, p. 3. Also see Albright to the Secretary of the Interior, January 21, 1933, in both documents.

13. House Report 1962, pp. 1-3, and Senate Report 1162, pp. 1-3.

14. House Report 1962, pp. 2-3.

15. Public Law No. 409, 72d Congress, S. 5469.

16. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 523-24.

17. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1933, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1933, p. 159.

18. Interview of Verne E. Chatelain by Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., September 9, 1961.

19. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, pp. 170-71, 182.

20. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 532-48, and "Notes on Historical and Archeological Program, Prepared for Educational Advisory Board," by Verne E. Chatelain, ca. 1934, Old History Division Files, WASO.

21. John D. McDermott, "Breath of Life: An Outline of the Development of a National Policy for Historic Preservation," March 1966, p. 28, Old History Division Files, WASO, and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, pp. 270-71. See Appendix 4 for a partial listing of the state parks in which the National Park Service supervised preservation activities through the ECW program. Later in June 1938 the Park Service would issue a policy statement entitled "Conservation of State Historic and Archeologic Sites" as a means of aiding the states in planning, establishing, and administering their historic preservation programs . Cammerer to Regional or Acting Regional Directors, Regional Supervisors, Inspectors, State Supervisors, Assistant State Supervisors, Park Authorities, June 6, 1938, Old History Division Files, WASO.

22. Memorandum to: ECW Historical Organization, March 18, 1935, 201-13, Administration (General), Organization, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79. Also see Wirth and Lee to Sixth Regional Officer, June 19, 1935, CCC Material, Box 2, HFC.

23. Interview of Verne E. Chatelain by Charles E. Hosmer, Jr., September 9, 1961. For more information on the selection, training, and activities of historical technicians and assistants under the ECW program, one should consult the typescript mss. of taped interviews with some of these men on file at the Harpers Ferry Center. Among the most pertinent interviews that should be consulted are: Roy E. Appleman, Elbert Cox, T. Sutton Jett, Edward A. Hummel, Herbert E. Kahler, Charles E. Hatch, Jr., Merrill J. Mattes, Edwin W. Small, George A. Palmer, Melvin J. Weig, Charles W. Porter III, Francis F. Wilshin, and Rogers W. Young. Also see: "Notes on Historical and Archeological Program Prepared for Educational Advisory Board," by Verne E. Chatelain, ca. 1934; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1933, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1933, pp. 167-68; and Wirth to Chatelain, December 8, 1934, Old History Division Files, WASO.

24. Cox to Chatelain, January 8, 1934, and Chatelain to Cox, September 1, 1934, Old History Division Files, WASO; Setser to Chatelain, April 12, 1934, CCC Material, Box 2, HFC; and Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 539-40. Chatelain remembers taking a 6,000-mile automobile trip to all the military parks in 1933 ("the big year for the historical program") to "accept the surrender" of the War Department superintendents (some of whom stayed on and made good Park Service superintendents).

25. Cammerer to Flickinger, September 25, 1934, and "A National Parks Historical-Educational Program," August 21, 1933, by Carlton C. Qualey, Old History Division Files, WASO, and Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 569-70.

26. McDermott, "Breath of Life," p. 30.

27. Quoted in Charles E. Peterson, "Thirty Years of HABS," Journal of the American Institute of Architects, XL (November 1963), 83-84. Also see Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, November 28, 1933, Lee Papers, Vol. 10, HFC.

28. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, The Historic American Buildings Survey (Washington D.C. 1936), pp. 1-2.

29. Ibid., pp. 2-4.

30. Ibid., p. 2; McDermott, "Breath of Life," p. 29; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1934, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, pp. 166, 197.

31. The Historic American Buildings Survey, pp. 2-5, 11-15; Peterson, "Thirty Years of HABS," 83-84; McDermott, "Breath of Life," pp. 29-30; and Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 548-62.

32. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 174, and U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Division of Information, For Release, September 18, 1939, Press Releases Before 1940, A38, HFC.

33. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, p. 299, and Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, pp. 190-92.

34. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 562-64; Herbert E. Kahler, Ten Years of Historical Conservation under the Historic Sites Act," Planning and Civic Comment, XII (January 1946), 20-21; and U.S. Department of the Interior, Report to the Secretary of the Interior on the Preservation of Historic Sites and Buildings, by J. Thomas Schneider (Washington D.C. 1935), pp. 16-19.

35. Roosevelt to Blair, November 10, 1933, Old History Division Files, WASO; McDermott, "Breath of Life," p. 31; and Lee, Family Tree, p. 47.

36. Cammerer to Blair, December 18, 1933, 12-33, National Historical Areas, General, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48; McDermott, Breath of Life," p. 32; and "A National Policy for Historic Sites and Monuments," by Verne E. Chatelain, n.d., Old History Division Files, WASO.

37. Lindsay to Blair, March 3, 1934, Blair to the President, March 7, 1934, and FDR to Ickes, March 10, 1934, Old History Division Files, WASO.

38. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 565-66, and McDermott, "Breath of Life," p. 33.

39. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 566, and McDermott, "Breath of Life," pp. 33-34.

40. National Resources Board, Recreational Use of Land In the United States, Part XI of the Report on Land Planning (prepared by the National Park Service for the Land Planning Committee of the National Resources Board) (Washington D.C., 1938), pp. 51-52. Also see "National Resources Board Report," n.d., Old History Division Files, WASO.

41. Burlew to Demaray, September 10, 1934, 12-0, Administrative, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48; Brief History of the National Park Service, p. 33; Carl P. Russell, "The History and Status of Interpretive Work in National Parks," The Regional Review, III (July 1939), 12; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1935, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, pp. 190-92.

42. Ickes to Margold, September 28, 1934, Old History Division Files, WASO.

43. McDermott, "Breath of Life," p. 35, and Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 566-67.

44. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 570-71; McDermott, "Breath of Life," p. 36; Schneider to Ickes, January 25, 1935, 12-33, Legislation, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48. According to the recollection of Verne E. Chatelain, the bill was drafted with his assistance in Assistant Director George A. Moskey's office and then taken to Rufus G. Poole in the Solicitor's office. The role of Schneider in drafting the bill was peripheral in Chatelain's recollection.

45. For a legislative history of the Historic Sites Act see U.S. Department of the Interior, Natural Resources Library, Law Branch, comp., Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act of 1935, Public Law 292, 74th Congress, 1st Session, 49 Stat. 666, July 1980.

46. Congressional Record, 1935, pp. 2,710, 3,583, and 4,251; Administrative Assistant and Budget Officer to Bell, [January 1935]; Bell to Ickes, February 7, 1935; Poole to Ickes, February 8, 1935; Ickes to Director, Bureau of the Budget, February 9, 1935; Bell to Ickes, February 18, 1935; and Bell to the President, February 21, 1935; 12-33, Legislation, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48; H.R. 6670, H.R. 6734, S. 2073, and S. 2074, 12-33, Legislation, RG 48; Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 572; and McDermott, "Breath of Life," pp. 36-37.

47. Ickes to DeRouen, March 26, 1935, in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Preservation of Historic American Sites, Buildings, Objects, and Antiquities of National Significance, and For Other Purposes, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., 1935, H. Rept. 848, pp. 2-3, and Ickes to Wagner, March 30, 1935, in U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, Preservation of Historic American Sites, Buildings, Objects, and Antiquities of National Significance, and For Other Purposes, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., 1935, S. Rept. 828, pp. 2-3.

48. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Preservation of Historic American Sites, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., 1935, pp. 4-5, and "General Statement on the Historic Sites Act," n.d., 201-13, Administration (General), Central Classified Files, 1907-49, Organization, RG 79.

49. Preservation of American Historic Sites, p. 17.

50. Roosevelt to DeRouen, April 10, 1935, in House Report 848, p. 2; and Roosevelt to Wagner, April 10, 1935, in Senate Report 828, p. 2. The letter was drafted by Verne Chatelain.

51. House Report 848, pp. 1-2; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Creation of a National Park Trust Fund Board, 74th Cong. , 1st Sess., 1935, H. Rept. 849, p. 1; and Congressional Record, 1935, p. 2,275.

52. House Report 828, pp. 1-2; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, National Park Trust Fund Board, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., 1935, S. Rept. 829, p. 1; Congressional Record, 1935, p. 8,823.

53. Congressional Record, 1935, pp. 8,981 and 9,346.

54. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Creation of a National Park Trust Fund Board, 74th Cong. , 1st Sess., 1935, H. Rept. 1254, pp. 1-2; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, Preservation of Historic American Sites, Buildings, Objects, and Antiquities of National Significance, and for Other Purposes, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., 1935, H. Rept. 1255, pp. 1-2; and Congressional Record, 1935, p. 9,616.

55. 49 Stat. 477. See Appendix 6 for a copy of this act.

56. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 575-76.

57. Congressional Record, 1935, p. 12,509.

58. Byrd to Ickes, August 7, 1935, and Ickes to Byrd, August 13, 1935, 12-33, Legislation, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48.

59. Congressional Record, 1935, pp. 13,055 and 14,228; Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 575-76; and McDermott, "Breath of Life," p. 40. See Appendix 7 for a copy of the act.

60. "History and Our National Parks," [1935], Old History Division Files, WASO, and McDermott, '"Breath of Life," p. 2.

61. John D. McDermott, "Thirty Years Under the Historic Sites Act: The History Program of the National Park Service," [1965], p. 1 (typescript mss. on file in Old History Division Files, WASO).

62. Lee, Family Tree, p. 48; McDermott, "Breath of Life," p. 42; McDermott, "Thirty Years Under the Historic Sites Act," pp. 1-2; Brief History of the National Park Service, pp. 33-35; Herbert E. Kahler, "Ten Years of Historical Conservation under the Historic Sites Act," Planning and Civic Comment, XII (January 1946), 21-22; "Historical Conservation Through the National Park Service," [1935], Old History Division Files, WASO; Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, September 30, 1935, Press Releases Before 1940, A38, HFC; and Kahler to Tolson, January 7, 1953, Advisory Board--Functions, Rules, Establishment, Advisory Boards and Commissions, WASO. For an indepth study of the specific provisions of the Historic Sites Act see McDermott, "Breath of Life," pp. 43-74.

63. Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, September 14, 1935, Press Releases Before 1940, A38, HFC; Barton to Director, August 16, 12-0, 1935, Trust Fund Board, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48; and White to Gill, April 21, 1939, Old History Division Files, WASO. The first two presidential appointees were J. Horace McFarland of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Louis Hertle of Gunston Hall, Virginia. The first donation to the fund was a $5,000 gift from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for use of the facilities in Sequoia National Park in filming "Sequoia." Ickes to Adams, November 6, 1935, 12-0, Trust Fund Board, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48.

64. Cammerer to Washington Office and all Field Offices, August 1, 1935, 201-13, Administration (General), Organization, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79

65. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, p. 115. See Appendix 8 for a list of the personnel of the branch as of October 11, 1935. George A. Palmer recalls that a civil service examination covering rangers, naturalists, historians, and foresters had also been given during the spring of 1934. Branch Spalding, Herbert E. Kahler, and Palmer were on that register.

66. Memorandum - Historical - Number One, Subject: Organization and Functions, Branch of Historic Sites and Buildings, July 30, 1936, 201-13, Administration (General), Organization, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

67. Demaray to Washington and All Field Offices, September 15, 1936, Administration (General), Organization, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79. Spalding, who was considered to be an expert in the interpretation of Civil War sites, had received a master's degree in English and had taught at the University of Virginia. During the summer of 1933 he was working on his Ph.D. in English at Johns Hopkins University when he was hired by Chatelain as an assistant historical technician. He served in a number of Civil War areas including Richmond, Petersburg, and Fredericksburg before taking the job as acting assistant director on a temporary basis. Self - Interview of Branch Spalding, Fall 1976 (typescript mss. on file at HFC).

68. Acting Assistant Director to Field Historians, August 27, 1937 (with attached "Organization and Functions, Branch of Historic Sites and Buildings, August 27, 1937), 201-13, Administration (General), Organization, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

69. Cammerer to Field Historians and Superintendents of Historical Areas, November 24, 1937, 201-15, Administration (General), Policy, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

70. Tolson to Washington and Field Offices, May 28, 1938, 201-13, Administration (General), Organization, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79. Lee was a graduate student at the University of Minnesota when he was hired as a historian by Chatelain in 1933. After serving at Shiloh National Military Park, Chatelain had him transferred to Washington to act as his principal assistant in the fall of 1934. Lee aided in several research projects connected with Schneider's drafting of the Historic Sites Act that fall. Early in 1935 Lee became historian for the State Park Division of the ECW in which position he hired and supervised a staff of eighteen historians as the chief historical administrator of all the restoration work being carried out by the CCC in state and park areas throughout the United States. He also helped to set up the Federal Survey of Local Archives, a program for cataloguing municipal, county, and state documents. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 583-87, 604-07.

71. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, "Branch of Historic Sites, Functions, July 1, 1938," approved August 1, 1938, 201 -13.1, Administration (General), Organization Charts, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79. For more information on the implementation of the program of the Branch of Historic Sites under this reorganized plan see: Lee to Advisory Board Members, November 23, 1938, 9th Advisory Board Meeting, November 30-December 2, 1938, Advisory Board Minutes and Resolutions, Advisory Boards and Commissions, WASO; Tolson to Washington Office and All Field Offices, August 6, 1938, and "May Report, 1939, Branch of Historic Sites," 201-13 and 207-3 respectively, Administration (General), Organization, and Reports (General), Historians; respectively; Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

72. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 605. Kahler had entered the Service as a historical technician under the CCC program in 1933. He had served at Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park, Castillo de San Marcos, Fort Matanzas, Ocmulgee, and Fort Pulaski. In 1939 he was superintendent of Morristown and coordinating superintendent for Salem, Federal Hall, Statue of Liberty, and Saratoga. Kahler to authors, May 3, 1982.

73. Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, December 3, 1935, Press Releases Before 1940, A38, HFC, and Barton to Demaray, September 5, 1935, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, 201, Administration (General), RG 79.

74. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 576, and Report to the Secretary of the Interior on the Preservation of Historic Sites and Buildings, by J. Thomas Schneider. In 1936 parts I and II of the report were published, and in 1937 part III was mimeographed for use by the Advisory Board and the National Park Service staff. Finally in 1938 all three parts were published in one volume.

75. Acting Secretary of the Interior to the Director, National Park Service, February 28, 1936, 1st Advisory Board Meeting, Minutes and Resolutions, Advisory Boards and Commissions, WASO. A copy of the entire code of procedure may be seen in Appendix 9.

76. Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, February 3, 1936, 1st Advisory Board Meeting, Minutes and Resolutions, Advisory Boards and Commissions, WASO.

77. Cammerer to Secretary, February 19, 1936, Central Classified Files, 12-33, National Historical Areas (General), 1907-36, RG 48, and Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, February 11, 1936, 1st Advisory Board Meeting, Minutes and Resolutions, Advisory Boards and Commissions, WASO.

78. Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, For Release, February 13, 1936, 1st Advisory Board Meeting, Minutes and Resolutions, Advisory Boards and Commissions, WASO.

79. Resolutions on Policy and Procedure Adopted by the Advisory Board, May 9, 1936, 12-33, National Historical Areas, General, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48.

80. "A Statement of Policy to Guide the Service in the Matter of the Historic Sites and Building Survey, As Authorized by Public Law 292, 49 Stat. 666, 74th Congress," December 8, 1936, Old History Division Files, WASO.

81. Spalding to Director, October 12, 1936 (approved December 8, 1936), and ibid., October 17, 1936, Old History Division Files, WASO.

82. 4th Advisory Board Meeting, March 25-26, 1937, at Washington, D.C. , Minutes and Resolutions, Advisory Boards and Commissions, WASO.

83. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 3. According to Herbert E. Kahler, Advisory Board determinations of national significance with respect to historic sites were kept confidential in the 1930s. Because sites found to have national significance were considered to be prospective units for the National Park System, there was concern that owners would become alarmed about federal designs on their properties. Not until after World War II, or perhaps not until the inauguration of the National Historical landmarks program, were the board's determinations publicized, and then nationally significant properties were announced in large numbers to allay fears that the NPS might be after particular sites.

84. Acting Supervisor of Historic Sites to Regional Supervisors of Historic Sites, November 20, 1940, Old History Division Files, WASO; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 174; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1941 , in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1941, p. 298; and Kahler, "Ten Years of Historical Conservation," 22-24.

85. McDermott, "Thirty Years Under the Historic Sites Act," p. 7.

86. Lee, Family Tree, pp. 44-45.

87. Executive Order 7253, December 21, 1935, 205-01, Executive Orders, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79; "The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial: A Brief History of an Important Project," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, IV (April 1948), 177-79; and Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, I: 626-49.

88. See p. 75 for a list of areas.

89. Lee, Family Tree, pp. 44-45.

90. Ickes arrived at this opinion through Jane Dohlman, a distant relative whom he placed on Chatelain's staff as a researcher at the Library of Congress (where much of the branch was physically located). Chatelain characterized her as a "spy" in his organization. Soon afterward she became the third Mrs. Ickes. Interview of Verne E. Chatelain by Edwin C. Bearss and Barry Mackintosh, January 25, 1983).

91. Ickes to Cammerer, June 11, 1936, Cammerer to Ickes, July 7, 1936 (with attached "Statement Regarding the Activities in Historical Research of the Branch of Historic Sites and Buildings), and Slattery to Ickes, July 18, 1936, 12-33, National Historical Areas, General, Central Classified Files, 1907-36, RG 48. Among the major studies undertaken by the National Park Service in 1935-38 were the following: Civil War guns and carriages; 18th century Spanish ordnance; Oglethorpe Trail; Collection of manuscripts relating to La Purisima Mission, California, and to Morristown National Historical Park; Route of Death Valley pioneers, 1849-50; Fort Laramie, Wyoming; Derby Wharf, Salem Maritime National Historic Site, Massachusetts; Ackia Battleground, Mississippi; Civil War in the West; Fort Raleigh, Roanoke Island, North Carolina; Battle of Manassas, Virginia; Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia; Castle Pinckney, South Carolina; Wakefield, Virginia; Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia; Second Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia; Catalog and index of Mathew Brady Civil War Photograph Collection; Construction history of Fort Pulaski, Georgia; Brompton, Fredericksburg, Virginia; Study of early Texas and Mexican manuscripts on Goliad Mission, Texas; and A Study of Medical Practices in the Revolutionary War made in connection with the installation of exhibits at Morristown Continental Army hospital. Cuthbertson to Chatelain, October 31, 1935, Old History Division Files, WASO; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service." 937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, pp. 51-52; and "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1938, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, pp. 15-16.

92. Cammerer to Washington and All Field Offices, June 20, 1938 (with attached "Research and Development Policies for Historic Sites--Recommended by the Regional Historians' Conference, June 6-10, 1938"), Old History Division Files, WASO.

93. Lee to Tolson, July 21, 1938, 201-13, Administration (General), Organization, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79. For a critical review of the various park research programs in Region I , see Stauffer to Spalding, August 23, 1937, Old History Division Files, WASO.

94. Cammerer to all Washington Officers and Field Officers, May 19, 1937, Albright Papers, Box 138. Also see Spalding to Director, February 11, 1937, Old History Division Files, WASO, and "Restoration and Procedure Adopted by the Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings, and Monuments, Fourth Meeting, March 25-26, 1937," 4th Advisory Board Meeting, March 25-26, 1937, at Washington D.C., Minutes and Resolutions Advisory Boards and Commissions, WASO. Copies of the three restoration policies may be seen in Appendix 2.

95. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 46; "Annua Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, p. 269; and "Annua Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1940, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, pp. 173, 194.

96. Evison to Superintendents of Areas Having Historical Interest, March 31, 1937, and Paul R. Franke, "Prehistoric Ruins and Their Preservation," August 13, 1937, Old History Division Files, WASO.

97. For a comprehensive study of the history and evolution of the nomenclature designations of historical areas in the National Park System see the study prepared by Dr. Harry Butowsky which is attached to a memorandum from Director Russell E. Dickenson to Morris K. Udall, Chairman, House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, dated January 28, 1981.

98. "Definitions and Objectives of National Historical and Archeological Monuments, National Military Parks, etc.," 4th Advisory Board Meeting, March 25-26, 1937, at Washington, D.C., Minutes and Resolutions, Advisory Boards and Commissions, WASO. For a discussion of the definition and objective of a national historic site one should refer to the Historic Sites Act and the code of procedure for implementing the act treated in earlier sections of this chapter.

99. Lee to Moskey and Wirth, October 6, 1938, 201-15, Administration (General), Policy, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79. Despite the defeat of the proposal in 1938 there were several instances during this time when the designation of a particular area was changed. Examples of such changes include: Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Site to Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, June 26, 1935; Chalmette Battlefield Site to Chalmette National Historical Park, August 10, 1939; Abraham Lincoln National Park to Abraham Lincoln National Historical Park, August 11, 1939; and Fort McHenry National Park to Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, August 11, 1939.

100. Supervisor of Historic Sites to Regional Historians, September 15, 1936; Tolson to Vint, Wirth, and Spalding, June 7, 1937; and Appleman to Branch of Plans and Design - North, October 25, 1937; Old History Division Files, WASO.

101. MacGregor to Director, July 6, 1937; Ludgate to Branch of Historic Sites and Buildings, October 14, 1937; and Appleman to Branch of Plans and Design - North, October 25, 1937; Old History Division Files, WASO.

102. Thompson to Files, November 5, 1937, and Lee to Spalding and Ronalds, November 23, 1937, Old History Division Files, WASO.

103. Lee to Field Historians, May 18, 1938, and Lee to Regional Historians, July 21, 1938, 201-13, Administration (General), Organization, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

104. Supervisor of Historic Sites to Vint, October 25, 1940, and "Section III, Interpretation, Historical and Archeological Areas, Drawings and Outline," Manual of Standard Practice for Master Plans, 1941, Old History Division Files, WASO.

105. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1937, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, pp. 49-50.

106. Johnston to National Park Superintendents, National Monument Custodians, Inspectors, Historical and Archeological Technicians, May 17, 1940 (with attached Recommendations, Committee Reports, Minutes of Historical Technicians Conference, Region One, April 25-27), Old History Division Files, WASO. Also see Johnston to Superintendents, Historical Areas, Custodians, Historical Areas, Historical Technicians, November 9, 1940, and Roberts to Superintendents, Historical and Archeological Areas, Custodians, Historical and Archeological Areas, Historical Technicians, Archeological Technicians, Inspectors, December 11, 1940, History of Interpretation to 1935, K1810, HFC.

107. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service," 1936, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1936, p. 127.

108. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1939, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, p. 286.

109. Lee to Superintendents of Historical and Archeological Areas, and Historical Technicians, July 15, 1940, Administration (General), Organization, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79.

110. Alvin P. Stauffer and Charles W. Porter, "The National Park Service Program of Conservation for Areas and Structures of National Historical Significance," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXX (June 1943), 29; McDermott, "Thirty Years Under the Historic Sites Act," pp. 1-3; Kahler, "Ten Years of Historical Conservation under the Historic Sites Act," 22-24; and McDermott, "Breath of Life," pp. 76-101.

1. Frank T. Gartside to Cammerer, August 11, 1933, Entry 18, Mr. Cammerer, Box 2, RG 79. The Arlington Memorial Bridge Development Commission had been abolished on June 10, 1933. Representatives of the director sat on the Motor Transport for the District of Columbia, the Recreation Committee, and Committee on Work Planning and Job Assignment.

2. Albright to Cammerer, July 14, 1835, quoted in Swain, "National Park Service and the New Deal," p. 324.

3. Department of Interior, Press Release, June 18, 1940, Box 149, Albright Papers.

4. Memorandum for Mr. Gill, Mr. Gartside, and Mr. Taylor from Arno Cammerer, October 3, 1933, File 0-201-014 (Part four), Parks General, Administration, Reorganization, August 10-December 22, 1933, RG 79.

5. Ibid. Cammerer gave no specific figures of the reduction.

6. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1935," in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1935, p. 179.

7. Memorandum to the Director from H. C. Bryant, October 12, 1934, File 0-201-13 (Part One), National Parks, General, Administration and Personnel, 1933-November 1937, RG 79. In 1938, when he announced a program to exchange supervisory personnel between Washington and the field, Secretary of the Interior Ickes referred to the loss of the closely-knit organization that had previously existed. Memorandum for the Press, October 10, 1938, File 0-201-13, (Part Three), General, Administration and Personnel, Organization, RG 79.

8. National Park Service Personnel and Areas Before and After Consolidation, File 0-201-14, Hillory A. Tolson, Personal File, RG 79.

In his 1940 "Annual Report" (p. 203), Director Cammerer wrote that the number on the rolls "when the New Deal started" was 2,027. Cammerer gave no exact date at that time, nor did he break down the figures. He repeated that figure in his resignation letter, and indicated then that the date was June 10, 1933.

No material was found that would explain what is, in fact, a significant discrepancy. One explanation could be the normal fluctuation in temporary personnel in the parks during the summer. In any case, because the 1,073 figure gives a more precise breakdown, it is used here.

9. National Park Service Personnel and Areas Before and After Consolidation, RG 79.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. Employees of Stones River and Fort Donelson were all counted under cemeteries. Of the two permanent and seven temporary employees located in the national monuments, one was in those administered by the War Department and eight in the areas administered by the Forest Service.

12. Ibid. The figures include both permanent and temporary personnel. The latter number included 138 people employed in the Building Branch outside Washington, D.C.

13. Ibid. 7,480 were listed under ECW, 287 under PWA, and 75 under WPA.

14. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1940," in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 203.

15. Memorandum for Director of Personnel, August 8, 1939, File 0-201-13, (Part Three), General, Administration and Personnel, Organization, RG 79.

There is no indication whether the number refers to both permanent and temporary personnel. If this included only the former, the actual increase would be larger than indicated.

In 1940, Director Cammerer indicated that the number of employees was 7,341, with 3,956 holding appointments under PWA, CCC, and ERA. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1940," in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, p. 203.

16. A forthcoming study by John F. Luzader will examine the growth of professions in the National Park Service. Charles B. Hosmer examines the growth of professions related to historic preservation in Preservation Comes of Age, 2:866-952.

17. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, 2:871.

18. Ibid. Also see the following correspondence with the authors:Albert C. Manucy, May 30, 1982; Roy Appleman, May 6, 1982; F.L. Rath,Jr., June 30, 1982; Melvin J. Weig, April 17, 1982; George A. Palmer,April 4, 1982; Herbert E. Kahler, May 3, 1982; and Ralph Lewis, May 4,1982

19. Verne E. Chatelain to authors, April 17, 1982, and B. Floyd Flickinger to authors, April 28, 1982.

20. Chatelain to authors, April 17, 1982; and interview of Ronald F. Lee, by Herbert Evison, January 30, 1972, HFC.

21. Quoted in Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, 2:870. Lee went on to become Chief Historian and retired as Regional Director in the Philadelphia office. Interview of Ronald F. Lee by Herbert Evison, January 20, 1982.

22. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1930, pp. 36-37.

23. See p. 263.

24. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1931, p. II.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid. In his 1930 Annual Report, Horace Albright indicated that the Branch of Lands would administer the national monuments. This was not the case in 1931, apparently.

27. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1931, p. II.

28. Ibid. The superintendent of national monuments was Frank Pinkley. Chief Engineer Frank Kitteridge headed the Engineering Division and Thomas Vint, Chief Landscape Architect, headed the Landscape Architectural Division.

29. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1934," in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1934, pp. 199-200. A new assistant director was in charge of the Branch of Public Buildings.

Much of the information on organizational changes comes from Herbert Evison, "NPS Organization and Organization Charts," File A6415, WASO Organization Charts, HFC. The inventory of National Park Service records at the National Archives indicates that these charts are in the records. However, most have apparently been misfiled and were not retrievable for use in this study.

30. Evison, "NPS Organization and Organization Charts," p. 3. The duties of the Branch of Forestry were not spelled out in the 1934 organization chart.

31. Ibid. Interestingly the National Recreation Survey Division was created before passage of the Park, Parkway, and Recreation-Area Study Act.

32. Evison, "NPS Organization and Organization Charts," p. 3.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.; Organization Chart, National Park Service, October 10, 1935.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid. By 1936, the Branch of Planning and State Cooperation had taken charge of all emergency activities in which the Park Service was participating. The Chief of the Branch of Forestry, who had responsibility for the program in 1935, became Chief Forester. Evison, "NPS Organization and Organization Charts."

37. One of the most significant organizational changes made during the decade was the creation of regional offices, whose directors were responsible to the director. A discussion of regionalization follows.

38. Organization Chart, National Park Service, January 3, 1939. The Branch of Buildings Management would be abolished when that function was transferred.

39. Organization Chart, National Park Service, January 3, 1939.

40. Ibid.

41. Memorandum for Director Cammerer from Horace Albright, May 19, 1936, Director's File, July 1, 1933-July 2, 1934, Records of Horace Albright, RG 79. Albright was a frequent and influential advisor to Cammerer on the question of regionalization.

42. Ibid. In 1930, while Horace Albright was director, a landscape office was established at Yorktown.

43. Memorandum for the Secretary, April 1, 1936, File 0-201-12 (Part Two), National Parks General, Administration and Personnel, Organization-Reorganization, April 1936-December 1939, RG 79.

44. Proceedings of the Park Superintendent's Conference, November 21, 1934, p. 206, Park Service Archives, HFC.

45. Ibid. The first historian hired as such by the Park Service in 1931, Flickinger served at Colonial until he left to work for the National Parks Association. B. Floyd Flickinger to authors, April 28, 1982.

46. Proceedings of the Park Superintendent's Conference, November 21, 1934, p. 206.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid., p. 204.

49. Ibid. Details regarding boundaries were not discussed.

50. Ibid. Each person would stay for four or more months in Washington.

51. Memorandum to the Director, February 10, 1936, File 0-201-13,Part 1, Parks General, Organization, Reorganization, December 23,1934-December 30, 1936, RG 79. Members of the committee were: Conrad Wirth, Roger Toll, Charles Thompson, C. Marshall Finnan, Ben Thompson, George Wright, John Coffman, Thomas Vint, Verne Chatelain,and Oliver Taylor.

52. Proposed Regional Organization, Filed February 17, 1936, File 0-201-13 (Part 1), Parks General, Regionalization, December 27, 1934-December 30, 1936, RG 79. The committee spelled out many of the administrative details of the proposed plan in February 9 and 10 memorandums. In ibid.

53. Ibid. Proposed Regional Organization, February 17, 1936.

54. Memorandum for the Director, filed February 27, 1936, File 0-201-13 (Part One), Parks General, Organization Regionalization, December 21, 1934-December 30, 1936, RG 79.

55. Ibid. Chatelain was recommended for the position with the understanding that when and if a new Branch of Historic Sites and Buildings was established, the assistant director of that branch would be regional director of Region 1. In addition to his duties as regional director, the chief executive officer of Region 1 would serve as a consultant to the other regional directors with respect to historical areas in their regions.

56. Ibid. It was not immediately apparent whether or not the superintendents would have retained their present positions in addition to their new duties.

57. (blank)

58. Memorandum for Mr. Burlew from A. E. Demaray, March 14, 1936, File 0-201-13 (Part One), Parks General, Organization, Regionalization, December 27, 1934 to December 30, 1936, RG 79.

59. Ibid.

60. Memorandum for Director Cammerer, March 25, 1936, File 0-201-13 (Part One), Parks General, Organization, Regionalization, December 27, 1934-December 30, 1936, RG 79.

61. Memorandum to the Secretary, December 7, 1936, File 0-201-13 (Part One), Parks General, Organization, Regionalization, December 23, 1934-December 30, 1936, RG 79; Cammerer to William E. Colby, February 2, 1937, File 0-201-13 (Part Two), National Parks General, Administrative and Personnel, Organization-Regionalization, April 1936-December 1939, RG 79.

62. The reaction of NPS personnel does not appear in Park Service records--i.e., no superintendents' proposals at the superintendents conference. Proceedings of the Park Superintendent's Conference, November 21, 1934; Cammerer to Horace M. Albright, February 17, 1936, Director's File, Horace M. Albright, July 1, 1933-July 2, 1934.

Rather, the information came from correspondence with former NPS personnel, particularly George A. Palmer, July 27, 1982; Herbert E. Kahler, May 3, 1982; Aubrey L. Haines, May 12, 1982; and Howard W. Baker, April 17, 1982.

63. Of particular concern was the belief that ECW people would staff the regional offices. Aubrey L. Haines to authors, May 12, 1982; Memorandum for the Secretary, December 7, 1936, File 0-201-13 (Part One), Parks General, Organization, Regionalization, December 27, 1934-December 30, 1936, RG 79.

64. Memorandum for the Secretary, January 12, 1937, File 0-201-13 (Part Two), National Parks General, Administration and Personnel, Organization-Regionalization, April 1936-December 1939; "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1937," in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1937, p. 35.

65. Memorandum for the Washington Office and all Field Offices, August 7 and August 6, 1934, File 0-201-13 (Part Two), National Parks General, Administration and Personnel, Organization-Regionalization, April 1936-December 1939, RG 79. The illustration shows a map indicating the regional boundaries. Subsequently, minor changes were made in the make-up of the regions in the 1930s. On August 25,1937, for example, Dinosaur National Monument was transferred from Region IV to Region II and on September 17, 1937, Great Sand Dunes and Wheeler national monuments were transferred from Region II to Region III. Memorandum for the Washington Office and all Field Offices, August 25 and September 13, 1937, in ibid.

66. Memorandum for the Press, July 14, 1937, File 0-201-15, RG 79. Russell had been involved in education since 1923, and was then Chief of the Wildlife Division. Kitteridge had been Chief Engineer. Allen had served as superintendent at Hawaii, Zion, Bryce Canyon, Hot Springs, and Rocky Mountain national parks.

67. Ibid.

68. See, for example, Memorandum for Regional Director, December 8, 1937; September 15, 1937, October 13, 1939, and August 10, 1939, File 0-201-13 (Part Two), National Parks General, Administration and Personnel, Organization-Reorganization, April 1936-December 1939, RG 79. In 1939, an unsuccessful effort was made to change the provision requiring regional directors to be in Washington four months every year to three months every two or three years. Memorandum for the Secretary (rough draft), August 30, 1939, ibid.

69. Memorandum for the Washington Office and all Field Offices, August 6, 1937, File 0-201-13 (Part Two), National Parks General, Organization-Regionalization, April 1936-December 1939, RG 79. Appendix 10 is a memorandum containing an organizational chart, functions, and general correspondence procedure for a typical region (II).

70. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1938," in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 5.

71. Recommendations of the National Park Superintendent's Conference, January 1939, pp. 2-3, File 0-201-015, RG 79.

72. Interview of Edward A. Hummel by Herbert Evison, October 22, 1962. Hummel later served in a variety of administrative offices in the Service, including superintendencies at Fredericksburg/Spotsylvania National Battlefields and Glacier National Park, and assistant Regional Director, Western Region.

73. Interview of Roy E. Appleman by Herbert Evison, February 10, 1971.

74. Recommendations of the Historical Technicians Conference, Region One, National Park Service, Richmond, Virginia, April 25-27, 1940. Old History Division Files, WASO.

75. Swain, "National Park Service and the New Deal," p. 327. During the travel season that ended on September 30, 1938, the director announced 16,233,688 visited the National Park System, a new record. This represented an increase of over a million visitors from the previous year, and nearly a five-fold increase since 1932. "Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1938," in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1938, p. 1, and Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1932, p. 1.

76. National Parks Bulletin, 13 (February 1936), pp. 1-4.

77. James A. Foote, "Mr. Ickes--Your National Parks," National Parks Bulletin, 13 (December 1937), p. 7. Ickes reply to Foote was published as "Mr. Ickes Replies," National Parks Bulletin, 41 (June 1938), p. 7.

William P. Wharton, president of the National Parks Association, expressed similar sentiments in 1938. "Park Service Leader Abandons National Park Standards," Xerox copy in File A-40, Conferences, 1926-39, HFC.

78. "Report on the Place of Primeval Parks in the Reorganized National Park System," National Parks News Service, Number 4 (June 8, 1936), p. 1.

79. "Standards of the National Park System," June 22, 1936, File 201-15 (Part One), National Park Service, Administration, National Park Standards, RG 79.

80. "Are the National Parks Over-Developed?" Copy in File K-5410, Policy and Philosophy to 1949, HFC. Park Service officials were aware of the paradox in their mission that Demaray alluded to and spoke of it often. In his 1938 "Annual Report," p. 37, for example, Director Cammerer said:

The dual function of the National Park Service as specified by law--that of conserving the intricate and involved inter-relationship of all the organisms that combine to make up the natural features of a national park and at the same time permitting man to come into and enjoy the park--presents one of the most complex biological problems known.

The conflict between complete preservation and wise use is always present, and to solve the problem in a manner that will give the best future results requires an unusual degree of sound judgement, administrative ability, and technical skill.

81. When Cammerer resigned, Secretary Ickes was able to persuade Newton B. Drury to become director.

82. "The National Park System and Its Future," 1939, copy of a speech in Albright Papers, Box 149.