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A History of The United States Forest Service in Alaska
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FOOTNOTES
Chapter 1
1 B. Frank Heintzleman, "The Forests of Alaska," in Trees: Yearbook of Agriculture, 1949 (Washington, 1949), pp. 361-71, summarizes admirably the nature of the Alaskan forests. The interpretation of the stages of public land policy is that used by Marion Clawson and Burnell Held, The Federal Lands: Their Use and Management (Lincoln, 1965), pp. 15-35.
2 Philip Drucker, Indians of the Northwest Coast (New York, 1955), offers a concise and scholarly summary of the Indians' use of wood.
3 Harold J. Lutz, Aboriginal Man and White Man as Historical Causes of Fires in the Boreal Forest, with Particular Reference to Alaska, Yale School of Forestry, Bulletin No. 65 (New Haven, 1959), pp. 2-16, 18-20. The bibliography is particularly valuable.
4 W. A. Langille, "Report on the Proposed Norton Bay Forest Reserve, Alaska, 1904," p. 18, manuscript, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
5 Hubert Howe Bancroft, The History of Alaska (San Francisco, 1886), pp. 688-93, is still the best account of economic use of timber during the Russian occupation. There was apparently some export of Alaskan timber to Macao, Canton, Chile, and California. See Robert De Armond, "Early Alaskan Sawmills," The Pathfinder (Ketchikan, Alaska), February 9, 1946.
6 Lutz, Fires, p. 24; Lutz, Early Forest Conditions in the Alaska Interior: A Historical Account with Original Sources (Juneau: U.S. Forest Service, Northern Forest Experiment Station, 1963), is a comprehensive account of Russian and American forest explorations and reports of forest conditions. Langille, "The Proposed Forest Reserve in the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, 1904," deals with the effects of Russian cutting. This report is in the Records of the Forest Service, Chugach file, Record Group 95 (hereinafter cited as RG 95), National Archives, Washington, D.C. Melvin L. Merritt, "Recollections," manuscript in Merritt Papers, Special Collections, University of Oregon, Eugene, contains some interesting data on Russian use of wood.
7 Lutz, History of the Sitka Spruce Forest Planted in 1805 on Unalaska Island (Juneau: U.S. Forest Service, Northern Forest Experiment Station, 1964), is a comprehensive account.
8 Samuel Trask Dana, Forest and Range Policy (New York, 1956), pp. 46-72; Clawson and Held, Federal Lands, pp. 22-27; Stewart Holbrook, The American Lumberjack (1938; reprint, New York, 1962), pp. 26-162.
9 The literature on the early conservation movement is voluminous. Some of the better publications include W. N. Sparhawk, "History of Forestry in America," in Trees: Yearbook of Agriculture, 1949, pp. 707-12; Bernhard E. Fernow, A Brief History of Forestry in Europe, the United States, and Other Countries (Toronto, 1907), pp. 456-506; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920 (Cambridge, 1959), pp. 1-4, 27-48, 261-76; A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, 1964), pp. 232-64; Gordon B. Dodds, "The Historiography of American Conservation: Past and Prospects," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 56 (April 1965): 75-81; Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, 1967), pp. 96-107; Lawrence Rakestraw, A History of Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, 1891-1913, (New York, 1979), pp. 1-22.
10 Andrew Denny Rodgers III, Bernhard Eduard Fernow: A Study of North American Forestry (Princeton, 1951), is a beautifully written, accurate, and comprehensive biography.
11 Rodgers, Fernow, pp. 154-56, is probably the most accurate account of the passage of the bill, known collectively as the General Revision Act of 1891.
12 Rakestraw, "Urban Influences on Forest Conservation," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 46 (October 1955): 108-13.
13 William H. Dall, Alaska and Its Resources (Boston, 1870), pp. 439-41, 452-56. In addition to Dall's study, mention should be made of a series of articles on the timber resources of Alaska by John Muir, published in 1879 in the San Francisco Bulletin and reprinted under the title "Timber Resources of Alaska" in West Shore 5 (November 18, 1879): 338.
14 Ivan Petroff, Alaska: Its Industry and Resources, Miscellaneous Document 42, pt. 8, 47th Cong., 2d sess. (Washington, 1884); Bancroft, Alaska, pp. 688-93.
15 William G. Morris, Report on the Customs District, Public Service, and Resources of Alaska Territory, Senate Executive Document 59, 45th Cong., 3d sess. (Washington, 1879), pp. 106-10; Bancroft, Alaska, p. 693, n. 54; Morgan Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, 1865-1900 (New Haven, 1965), pp. 57-69, deals with Petroff's background.
16 Pertinent reports of the governors are contained in U.S. Department of the Interior, Report, 1889 (Washington, 1889), III: 224-26; USDA Report, 1891, III: 491-92; USDI Report, 1902, III: 37-39.
17 The best accounts of the work of the Fish Commission are to be found in its annual reports. Secondary works include Dupree, Science in the Federal Government, pp. 236-38; David Starr Jordan, "Spencer Fullerton Baird and the United States Fish Commission," Scientific Monthly 17 (August 1923): 97-107; and Rakestraw, Commercial Fishing on Isle Royale (Hancock, Michigan, 1968), pp. 5-6. Henry Clepper, "A Century of Fish Conservation," American Forests 76 (November 1970): 16-19, 54-56, is a good survey.
18 Dodds, ed., A Pygmy Monopolist: The Life and Doings of R. D. Hume. Written by Himself and Dedicated to His Neighbors (Madison, 1961); Annual Report of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1872 and 1874 (Washington, 1874), Appendix, pp. 89-384. Tarleton H. Bean, "Bibliography of the Salmonidae of Alaska and Adjacent Regions," Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, 1892, Miscellaneous Document 122, 53d Cong., 2d sess. (Washington 1894), pp. 39-49, lists 120 publications on the salmon between 1870 and 1892. Dodds, "Artificial Propagation of Salmon in Oregon, 1875-1910," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 50 (October 1959): 125-33, is a valuable regional study.
19 Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, 1892, pp. 1-11; Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska (New York, 1968), pp. 244-47, 587-88.
20 Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, 1890, Miscellaneous Document 131, 51st Cong., 2d sess. (Washington, 1891), pp. 165-206.
21 U.S. Fish Commission, 1892, pp. 7-8. Related scholarship maybe found in Henry Clepper, "A Century of Fish Conservation." John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation (New York, 1975), p. 262, n. 23, summarized the effort to create the Afognak reserve from the viewpoint of Forest and Stream. Reiger holds the view that the true "inventor" of the wilderness preservation idea was George Bird Grinnell, with Livingstone Stone, rather than Aldo Leopold, Arthur Carhart, or Frederick V. Coville. The relative claims of each is an attractive bypath that this writer will not explore at this time.
22 U.S. Fish Commission, 1892, p. 14.
24 Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1892 (Washington, 1892), pp. 169-72.
25 Compiled Laws of Alaska (Washington, 1913), pp. 174-75. The proclamation reads:
Whereas, it is provided by section twenty-four, of the act of Congress, approved March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, entitled, "An Act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for other purposes"; that "The President of the United States may from time to time set apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public lands bearing forests, in any part of the public lands wholly, or in part covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public reservations; and the President shall, by public proclamation, declare the establishment of such reservation, and the limits thereof."
And whereas, it is provided by section fourteen, of said above mentioned act, that the public lands in the Territory of Alaska, reserved for public purposes, shall not be subject to occupation and sale.
And whereas, the public lands in the Territory of Alaska, known as Afognak Island, are in part covered with timber, and are required for public purposes, in order that salmon fisheries in the waters of the island, and salmon and other fish and sea animals, and other animals and birds, and the timber, undergrowth. grass, moss, and other growth in, on, and about said island may be protected and preserved unimpaired, and it appears that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and reserving said lands as a public reservation.
And whereas, the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries has selected Afognak Bay, River and Lake, with their tributary streams, and the sources thereof, and the lands including the same on said Afognak Island, and within one mile from the shores thereof, as a reserve for the purpose of establishing fish culture stations, and the use of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, the boundary lines of which include the head springs of the tributaries above mentioned, and the lands, the drainage of which is into the same.
Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested by sections twenty-four and fourteen, of the aforesaid act of Congress, and by other laws of the United States, do reserve and do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby reserved from occupation and sale, and set apart as a public reservation, including use for fish culture stations, said Afognak Island, Alaska, and its adjacent bays and rocks and territorial waters, including among others the Sea Lion Rocks and Sea Otter Island: Provided, That this proclamation shall not be so construed as to deprive any bona fide inhabitant of said island of any valid right he may possess under the treaty for the cession of the Russian possessions in North America to the United States, concluded at Washington, on the thirtieth day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven.
Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter upon, or to occupy, the tract or tracts of land or waters reserved by this proclamation, or to fish in, or use any of the waters herein described or mentioned, and that all persons or corporations now occupying said island, or any of said premises, except under said treaty, shall depart therefrom.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the city of Washington this twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
(Seal)
By the President: Benj. Harrison.
John W. Foster,
Secretary of State.
Chapter 2
1 John Ise, The United States Forest Policy (New Haven, 1920), pp. 120-28.
2 Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York, 1947), pp. 86-93. Fernow felt that the trip was unnecessary. Rodgers, Fernow, pp. 220-21.
3 No overall scholarly evaluation of the commission's work exists. It apparently did a relatively good job in Montana and a poorer one in Oregon and Washington. See Harold D. Langille, "Mostly Division 'R' Days," Oregon Historical Quarterly 57 (December 1956): 301-14, and Rakestraw, "Sheep Grazing in the Cascade Range: John Minto vs. John Muir," Pacific Historical Review 27 (November 1958): 371-82. Both deal with some aspects of the commission's work.
4 Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, pp. 104-22; Samuel Trask Dana, Forest and Range Policy (New York, 1956), pp. 107-08.
5 Dana, Forest and Range Policy, pp. 111-13.
6 Pinchot tells his own story admirably in Breaking New Ground. Martin Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, Forester-Politician (Princeton, 1960) is more informative on Pinchot as a politician than as a forester. For the latter, see Harold T. Pinkett, Gifford Pinchot: Private and Public Forester (Urbana, Illinois, 1970).
7 Roosevelt's own writings and letters offer the best approach to his career as a conservationist. An excellent brief evaluation is Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency, pp. 266-71.
8 An excellent assessment is found in Jenks Cameron, The Development of Governmental Forest Control in the United States (Baltimore, 1928).
9 On Allen, see Rakestraw, Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, pp. 215-55.
10 It is to Pinchot's credit that he gave full credit to these men who aided him. See Breaking New Ground, pp. 64-65, 296.
11 Rakestraw, Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, pp. 229-36; Paul Roberts, Hoof Prints on Forest Ranges: The Early Years of National Forest Range Administration (San Antonio, 1963), pp. 35-38; Walter A. Donaldson, "Reminiscences," in Early Days in the Forest Service (Missoula: USFS, Northern Region, 1962), Volume 3, page 38; interview with Thornton T. Munger, 1954.
12 Rakestraw, Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, pp. 214-45.
14 Alaska Governor's Report, 1902, pp. 37-39.
15 Ted G. Hinckley, "The Inside Passage: A Popular Gilded Age Tour," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 56 (April 1965): 67-74.
16 Pierre Berton writes well of the miners' contributions to geographical knowledge in The Klondike Fever (New York, 1959).
17 Alaska: Harriman Expedition (New York, 1902); Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, pp. 182-85.
18 Alaska: Harriman Expedition, Volume 2, pp. 235-56.
19 Ibid., pp. 273, 276-77; Rodgers, Fernow, pp. 281-82, deals with the differences that arose between Fernow and Gannett.
20 Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, pp. 82-195.
21 Polly and Leon Gordon Miller, Lost Heritage of Alaska (New York, 1967), pp. 74, 81, 196, 243-50, 275, is a good account of Emmons's career. See also David E. Conrad, "Creating the Nation's Largest Forest Reserve: Roosevelt, Emmons, and the Tongass National Forest," Pacific Historical Review 46 (February 1977): 65-83.
22 G. T. Emmons, "The Woodlands of Alaska," 1902, in Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Record Group 48, Letters Received, 1881-1906, File 3841, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
23 Roosevelt to Secretary of the Interior, April 15, 1902, and William Loeb to Secretary of the Interior, August 9, 1902, ibid.
24 Rep. J. T. McCleary to Commissioner, August 16, 1902; Secretary of the Interior to McCleary, September 13, 1902; James O. Rountree to President (n.d.); Harry P. Corser to Secretary of the Interior, September 1, 1902; Secretary of the Interior to Corser, September 13, 1902; all ibid.
25 Fred H. McNeil, Wy'East, The Mountain (Portland, 1937), pp. 63-99; H. D. Langille, "Division 'R' Days"; William A. Langille Papers, Special Collections, University of Oregon, Eugene.
26 Langille's Klondike and Nome letters are in his papers.
27 Langille's activities may be followed in these sources: his letterbooks, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service; his reports to Division of Forestry and Forest Service, RG 95 (National Archives and Federal Records Center [FRC] in Seattle); Langille Papers (University of Oregon); "Alaska Diary of Fred Ames," 1906, Fred E. Ames Papers, Special Collections, University of Oregon, Eugene; and Raymond F. Taylor, "History of Region 10," manuscript, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service. See also Chapter 3.
28 Ames diary; Langille letterbooks and reports; F. E. Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago Forest Reserve," 1906, RG 95, National Archives; Melvin L. Merritt, "History of the Forest Service," manuscript, Merritt Papers; Langille Papers; and interviews with Mrs. Webb Trimble and Mrs. Ivan Langley (Langille's daughters), 1969-1972.
29 Langille to Chief of Records, July 6 and 7, 1905, and Langille to the Forester, July 6, 1905, Langille Letterbook #2.
30 Taylor, "History of Region 10" (no pagination); Langille to Pinchot, July 27, 1905, Langille Letterbook #2; Lyle Blodgett, "Story of the Tongass Navy," Sourdough Notes (Region 10 news publication), October 27, 1967, pp. 8-9; Blodgett to the author, August 16, 1969.
31 Taylor, "History of Region 10"; Fred Ames, "Inspection Report, 1909," Box 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
32 Langille, "A Report on the Alexander Archipelago Forest Reserve, 1906," and "Forest Conditions in Southeast Alaska, 1906," Research Compilation File, RG 95, National Archives.
34 In addition to Olmsted report on the Alexander Archipelago, the F. E. Olmsted Inspection Correspondence, Dr. 38, RG 95, National Archives, contains seventeen letters on Alaskan affairs involving Pinchot, George Woodruff, Coert duBois, Langille, and U. S. Rush.
35 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Organization," pp. 9-13.
36 Langille to Pinchot, March 5, 1903, Tongass file, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, Record Group 49 (hereinafter cited as RG 49), National Archives; Pinchot to Langille, December 17, 1904, enclosed in Taylor, "History of Region 10."
37 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Organization," pp. 4-14.
That the Secretary of the Interior, under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe, may cause to be appraised the timber or any part thereof upon public lands in the District of Alaska, and may from time to time sell so much thereof, in such quantities to each purchaser as he shall prescribe, to be used in the District of Alaska, but not for export therefrom.
And such sales shall at all times be limited to actual necessities for consumption in the District from year to year, and payments for such timber shall be made to the receiver of public moneys for the local land office of the land district in which said timber may be sold, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe, and the moneys arising therefrom shall be accounted for by the receiver of such office to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, in a separate account, and shall be covered into the Treasury.
The Secretary of the Interior may permit, under regulations to be prescribed by him, the use of timber found upon the public lands in said District of Alaska by actual settlers, residents, individual miners, and notices or otherwise. Timber is not to be sold for less than the appraised value. The Commissioner of the General Land Office must approve all sales, and he may make allotment of quantity to any bidder or bidders if he deems proper. The right is also reserved to reject any or all bids. A reasonable cash deposit, to accompany each bid, will be required.
Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Organization," pp. 31-34, felt that the regulations were unapplicable to Alaskan conditions. He wrote, "The information called for in the petitions of those who wish to purchase timber could be obtained only at such an expenditure of time and money as to make the practical application of this law simply out of the question. After all this the timber must be examined and appraised, by which time the mill would probably be out of business."
40 F. S. Herbert, clerk, Division "1" memorandum, February 15, 1909, Tongass file, RG 49, National Archives.
41 Langille to The Forester, ibid.
42 Overton Price to George Woodruff, July 23, 1907; Fred Dennett to R. A. Ballinger, July 30, 1907; Ballinger to James Garfield, August 5, 1907, ibid. Ballinger's letter reiterates a previous argument against further national forests in the Chugach area, made April 14, 1907.
43 Langille, "Report on the Forest Conditions and Resources of Western Alaska from Dry Bay to Prince William Sound, 1904," Box 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; Langille to Pinchot, July 16, 1904, Langille Letterbook #1; Langille to the Forester, August 19, 1908, LP-Boundaries-General, Tongass, Executive Orders and Proclamations Affecting Tongass National Forest, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
44 Stat. at Large, xxxv, pt. 2 (Washington, 1909), pp. 2226-28.
45 Rakestraw, Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, pp. 249-53.
46 Ledger of Use and Occupancy, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service, contains records of sales, trespasses, and occupancy permits from 1905 to November 1907; Langille Letterbook #3 contains pertinent letters of Pinchot of July 6, July 25, and August 10, 1905.
47 Ledger; Langille, "Alexander Archipelago."
48 Langille, "Alexander Archipelago"; Langille to District Forester, June 16, 1909, U-Supervision-Special Use Rates, Box 21591, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
49 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago"; Ames, "Inspection Report, 1909"; Walter Clark to F. S. Wilson, July 10, 1910, Tongass file, RG 49, National Archives; George Cecil, "Inspection Report, 1910," Alaska, Box 70824, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
50 Langille, "Alexander Archipelago."
51 Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, pp. 370-72.
53 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Organization," pp. 15-16.
54 Ibid., "Claims," pp. 2-5; Ledger.
55 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Claims," pp. 2-5; Langille to The Forester, July 25 and 26, 1906, Letterbook #3.
56 U. S. Rush to Commissioner of General Land Office, August 30, 1902; L. A. Babcock to Commissioner of General Land Office, March 14, 1903, Tongass file, RG 49, National Archives; Affidavit of Officers of Brown-Alaska Company, February 1907; Langille to Pinchot, February 21, 1907; Langille to F. E. Olmsted, March 16, 1907; Overton Price to M. G. Brown, March 22, 1907; M. G. Brown to Pinchot, March 27, 1907; Brown to Pinchot, April 3, 1907; Brown to Pinchot, May 23 and June 24, 1907, Acc 664465, Box 9, Cr. 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
57 J. M. Wyckoff memorandum, July 28, 1924, ibid.
58 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Grazing."
59 Langille to The Forester, July 6, 1905, Letterbook #3.
60 John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), pp. 143-53, offers some good background to the act. Harold K. Steen, The U.S. Forest Service: A History (Seattle, 1976), pp. 113, deals with Pinchot's directive.
61 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Organization," p. 45.
62 Ibid., pp. 45-56; James Wilson to Secretary of the Interior, October 25, 1906, Letters Accompanying Olmsted Report.
63 John H. Brillhart, memo for the files on request of B. F. Heintzleman for facts surrounding creation of the Sitka National Monument; E. Otis Smith, recorder, Arctic Brotherhood, Post 6, to Langille, November 16, 1908; Langille to District Forester, December 23, 1908, January 15, February 9, and February 15, 1910; Secretary Wilson to Secretary of the Interior, March 5, 1910, LD-Boundaries-Tongass (A), Sitka National Monument, Box 21583, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
64 A convenient brief biography of Olmsted by Woolbridge Metcalf is found in Henry Clepper, ed., Leaders of American Conservation (New York, 1971), p. 242.
65 Olmsted's 1906 report, "Alexander Archipelago Forest Reserve," is divided into five sections: "Organization," 49 pages; "Forest Management," 21 pages; "Claims and Privileges," 10 pages; "Grazing, Products, Use of Timber on Public Domain, and Fiscal Agent," 4 pages; and "Accompanying Letters," 10 pages.
66 George Rogers. The Future of Alaska (Baltimore, 1962), pp. 54-59.
67 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Organization," pp. 14-19, and Pinchot to Langille, November 23, 1906, in ibid., "Accompanying Letters."
68 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Organization." pp. 19-27, and James B. Adams to Langille, October 26, 1906, in ibid., "Accompanying Letters."
70 Ibid., "Forest Management," pp. 1-21.
71 Scattered evaluations of Ames are found in Rakestraw, Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, pp. 251-52; Dorothy O. Johansen and Charles M. Gates, Empire of the Columbia: A History of the Pacific Northwest (2d ed., New York, 1967), p. 546; Thorton T. Munger, Forest Research in the Northwest, interview by Amelia Fry (Berkeley, 1967), pp. 65, 73, 80, 84, 87. The Ames Papers at the University of Oregon contain information an relationships between lumbermen and the Forest Service.
72 "Alaska Diary of Fred Ames." One interesting feature of Ames's diaries are the comments on church services. It was his practice to attend a different church each Sunday in Portland, and his comments were seldom favorable. The Sitka church comes off well.
73 Ames, "Inspection Report, 1909."
74 Royal S. Kellogg, The Forests of Alaska, U.S. Forest Service, Bulletin No. 81 (Washington, 1910).
Chapter 3
1 A copy of the letter is enclosed in Taylor, "History of Region 10." Sushitna should be "Susitna".
2 Langille to The Forester, June 10, July 15, 16, and 20, 1904, Letterbook #1; Langille, "Report on the Proposed Norton Bay Forest Reserve, Alaska, 1904," Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
3 Langille to The Forester, September 10, 1904, Letterbook #1. A personal account of the trip is Langille, "Rough Times at Norton Bay," Rakestraw, ed., Alaska Journal 2 (Autumn 1972): 53-56.
4 Langille to The Forester, September 7, 1904, Letterbook #1.
5 L. O. Boundaries, "General Notes on Interior Alaska, 1909," Box 9, Group 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
6 Langille, "Norton Bay Forest Reserve," p. 16.
8 Langille to The Forester, October 7 and November 28, 1904; Langille to Chief of Section on Reserve Boundaries, January 23, 1905, Letterbook #1; Langille, "The Proposed Forest Reserve on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, Oct.-Dec. 1904," Chugach file, RG 95, National Archives.
9 Langille, "Kenai Peninsula," pp. 6-20.
10 Ibid., pp. 23-28; Langille to The Forester, January 10, 1905, Letterbook #.
11 Langille, "Kenai Peninsula," pp. 30-32.
12 Langille to C. Hart Merriam, Chief, U.S. Biological Survey, July 23, 1905, Letterbook #1; Langille, "Kenai Peninsula," pp. 38-40.
13 Langille, "Kenai Peninsula," p. 41.
14 Ibid., pp. 41-43; Langille to Merriam, January 23, 1905, Letterbook #1.
15 Langille to The Forester, November 28, 1904, Letterbook #1.
16 Langille to The Forester, January 10, 1905, ibid.
17 Langille to The Forester, October 7 and November 30, 1904; Langille to Chief, Division of Reserve Boundaries. December 30, 1904, and January 12, 1905; Langille to Chief, Division of Records, January 12, 1905, ibid.
18 Langille to Chief, Division of Reserve Boundaries, January 13, February 8, March 29, April 14 and 15, 1905, ibid.; autobiographical note, Langille Papers.
19 Langille, "The Turnagain Arm, Knik Arm and Matanuska River Region, 1905," Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
20 Langille to Chief, Section on Reserve Boundaries, March 29, 1905, Letterbook #1; Langille, "A Report on a Forest Reconnaissance from Cook Inlet to Circle City. Alaska, 1905," Group 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
21 Langille to The Forester, June 10, 1905, Letterbook #2.
22 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Organization," pp. 40-49.
23 E. C. Barnard, "Fortymile Quadrangle." in Harry Gannett and others, Twenty-first Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey, Pt. 5. Forest Reserves (Washington, 1900), p. 597.
24 Kellogg, The Forests of Alaska, pp. 17-24.
25 Langille to The Forester, January 10, 1905, Letterbook #1.
26 Langille to The Forester, January 23, 1905, ibid.
27 Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago—Organization," pp. 44-45.
28 Investigation of the Department of the Interior of the Bureau of Forestry (Washington, 1911), Volume IV. pp. 1333. While under cross-examination, Pinchot stated that Ballinger's objections referred only to the Chugach; other evidence shows that he objected to creation of both the Tongass and the Chugach.
30 Stat at Large. xxxv, pt. 2 (Washington. 1909), pp. 2148-49.
31 Langille, "Report on the Chugach National Forest. Alaska, 1907," Research Compilation File, RG 95, National Archives.
32 Ledger, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
33 Langille, "Report on the Chugach." See also Rakestraw, ed., "Boom Times at Valdez, 1907," Alaska Journal 7 (Spring 1977): 95-102, on Langille's report.
34 Stat. at Large, xxxv, pt. 2 (Washington, 1909), pp. 2153-54.
35 Langille, "Report on the Proposed Addition to the Knik National Forest, Alaska, 1908," Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
36 Stat. at Large, xxxv, pt. 2 (Washington, 1909), p. 2231.
37 Langille, "Report on the Proposed Talkeetna National Forest, Alaska, 1908," Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
38 Taylor, "History of Region 10"; Ames, "Inspection Report, 1909." Diaries of Conrad and Wernstedt are in the Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service.
39 Langille to The Forester, July 16, 1904. Letterbook #1.
40 The valiant struggle is told dramatically by Rex Beal in his novel, The Iron Trail (New York, 1913).
41 Lage Wernstedt, "Report on Copper River to Yakataga, 1909," Group 21588, RG 95, FRC. Seattle.
42 E. T. Allen to The Forester, February 2, 1908, attached to Langille, "Talkeetna National Forest"; Wernstedt, "Copper River to Yakataga."
43 The scholarship has been voluminous. In one of the earliest scholarly accounts of the affair, John T. Ganoe, "Some Constitutional and Political Aspects of the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy," Pacific Historical Review 3 (September 1934): 323-33, suggested that the major issue was the truth or falsehood of the charges by Glavis, rather than the charges and countercharges of Pinchot and Ballinger. Henry F. Pringle, in his The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography, 2 vols. (New York, 1939), tried to present a balanced account on the basis of personalities, but he did not go into the resource management aspect of the controversy to any great extent. Harold L. Ickes, writing without fear or research in the Saturday Evening Post of May 25, 1940, exonerated Ballinger and claimed he was guilty of no wrongdoing. Alpheus T. Mason, using material supplied by Pinchot, published Bureaucracy Convicts Itself: The Ballinger-Pinchot-Controversy of 1910 (New York, 1941), a highly pro-Pinchot account. In his autobiography, Breaking New Ground, Pinchot wrote his own account and justification; it is, however, an honest handling of the sources. M. Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (Princeton, 1960), utilized Pinchot's personal papers shrewdly. Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920 (Cambridge, 1959), and Elmo R. Richardson, The Politics of Conservation: Crusades and Controversies, 1897-1913 (Berkeley, 1962), attempted to understand the character of Ballinger and the place of the controversy in the setting of western attitudes and the whole conservation movement. James L. Penick, Jr., Progressive Politics and Conservation: The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair (Chicago, 1968), leaned over backward to whitewash Ballinger. S. A. D. Puter and Horace Stevens, Looters of the Public Domain (Portland, 1908) were highly critical of Ballinger as commissioner of the General Land Office.
44 McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician, pp. 113-17.
45 Rakestraw, Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, pp. 288-90, 298-99; Richardson, Politics of Conservation, pp. 48-49.
46 Penick, Progressive Politics, pp. 31-33.
47 Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency, pp. 149-65; McGeary, Pinchot, pp. 119-25; Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, pp. 408-17.
48 Andrew Secofield, et al., Decisions of the Department of the Interior and the General Land Office in Cases Relating to Public Lands (Washington, 1911), Vol. 46, pp. 175 ff., summarizes the facts.
49 McGeary, Pinchot, pp. 132-42, provides the clearest narrative on this phase.
51 E. T. Allen to The Forester, April 28, 1908; Langille to Allen, n. d., 1908, Cunningham Claims, correspondence file, April 1909 and January 1910, RG 95, National Archives.
52 Investigation of the Department of the Interior of the Bureau of Forestry (1911), Vol. 3, pp. 665-72.
53 The Department of the Interior—L. R. Glavis: Original Statement of Charges Made by the President to L. R. Glavis (Washington, 1910), p. 78.
54 E. T. Allen to The Forester, September 4, 1909; Allen to Overton Price, September 4, 1909; Allen to The Forester, September 13, 1909; B. P. Cunningham Claims: Pierce correspondence file, Mar-Dec. 1909, Box 81, RG 95, National Archives.
56 Penick, Progressive Politics, pp. 102-03, 192-93.
57 Investigation, Vol. 12, pp. 1043-44. Wingate was hired by Allen, probably at the suggestion of Glavis. Well stricken in years, Wingate was also recommended for the job by a number of Portland banking and mercantile firms as a practical coal man. Glavis gave him instructions to see if the improvements were made with the aim of working the claims individually, or as a whole. Glavis to Wingate, July 31, 1909, Cunningham Coal Case, Shaw correspondence file, Apr.-Dec. 1909, Box 82; Edmund Cookingham to Charles R. Pierce, October 11, 1909; M. S. Ladd to Pierce, October 13, 1909; Taylor and Young Co. to Pierce, September 28, 1909, Cunningham Coal Case, Pierce correspondence file, Mar-Dec. 1909, RG 95, National Archives.
58 Ames Diary, August 7-September 6, 1909; Investigation, Vol. 10, pp. 81-116.
59 "Estimates of Timber on Most of the Cunningham Claims," Ames Papers.
60 Langille, "Autobiographical Notes" (manuscript in possession of Ivan Langley family, Portland, and used with permission).
61 41 I.D. (1911), 197-98, 219.
62 Langille, "A Statement of Conditions in the Chugach National Forest, Past and Present," February 21, 1911, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
63 Langille went to Brazil in 1911 and 1912 and evaluated timber resources in the Mato Grosso area. He later returned to Oregon and played a role in setting up the state park system.
Chapter 4
1 Henry Graves to F. E. Olmsted, March 4, 1911, Graves Correspondence, RG 95, National Archives; Steen, The U.S. Forest Service, pp. 103-04.
2 Ralph S. Hosmer, "Henry Solon Graves, 1871-1951," Journal of Forestry 49 (May 1951): 325; Henry Clepper, "The Forest Service Backlashed," Forest History 11 (January 1968): 6-15; editorial, American Forests 57 (April 1951): 48; Samuel T. Dana, The Development of Forestry in Government and Education, interview by Amelia Fry (Berkeley, 1967), pp. 64-68.
3 Clepper, "Forest Service Backlashed"; Dana, Forest and Range Policy, pp. 178-81; Ise, United States Forest Policy, pp. 254-98; Rakestraw, Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, pp. 310-14.
4 Dana, Forest and Range Policy, pp. 178-97; E. A. Sherman, "The Supreme Court of the United States and Conservation Policies," Journal of Forestry 19 (December 1921): 928-30.
5 Clepper, "Forest Service Backlashed"; Timber Fraud Claims, Drawer 40, and Lands, Homestead Claims, Drawer 37, RG 95, National Archives.
6 Jenks Cameron, The Development of Governmental Forest Control in the United States, gives the Broad Arrow viewpoint in historical perspective. Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska (New York, 1968), interprets Alaska from a Broad Arrow point of view.
7 Graves to H. H. Chapman, February 20, 1915; Chapman to W. G. Weigle, March 9, 1915; Weigle to Chapman, March 19, 1915; Melvin Merritt to Chapman, June 23, 1932, all Herman Haupt Chapman Papers, Yale University, New Haven; Alaska Governor's Reports—1913, pp. 12-13; 1914, pp. 12-13; 1916, p. 29; 1918, pp. 38-39; Ise, United States Forest Policy, pp. 205-06; Division R. National Forests—Choctaw-Chugach, Box 26, RG 49, National Archives; Franklin K. Lane, "The Nation's Undeveloped Resources," National Geographic Magazine 25 (February 1914): 183-205.
8 Pertinent papers are in Chugach, 1907-1936, Classified Files, RG 95, National Archives; McGeary, Pinchot, pp. 207-10, has a good account.
9 McGeary, Pinchot, pp. 208-09; Pinchot diaries for September-October 1911, microfilm copies. Pinchot Conservation Center, Milford, Pennsylvania.
10 Henry S. Graves, "Alaska Trip, 1915," Box 3, Graves Papers, Yale University, New Haven; Graves, "The Forests of Alaska," American Forestry 22 (January 1916): 24-37.
11 William H. Wilson, "The Alaskan Engineering Commission and a New Agricultural Frontier," Agricultural History 43 (October 1968]: 339-50, contains a brief biographical sketch of Christensen.
12 G. W. Ritchie to A. Christensen, August 19 and 29, 1915; Christensen to Clay Tallman, October 18 and 19, 1915; Franklin Lane to David Houston, October 30, 1915; Houston to Lane, November 26, 1915; Tallman to Christensen, December 31, 1915; Christensen to Tallman, May 1, 1916; "Statement of Facts Relating to the Chugach National Forest," Division F, General Land Office, RG 95, National Archives; Weigle to District Forester, May 16, 1916, LP-Boundaries-Chugach, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
13 Christensen, "Statement of Facts," Historical file, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
14 Arthur C. Ringland, "Report on the Suggestion of Mr. Christensen to Abolish the Chugach National Forest," February 28, 1917, LP-Boundaries-Chugach, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
15 Wilson, "Engineering Commission."
16 Weigle. "William G. Weigle: Early Experiences," Timber Lines (Portland Office, U.S. Forest Service). n.d.; "William G. Weigle Reminisces," Early Days in the Forest Service, Volume 2 (Missoula: U.S. Forest Service, 1955). p. 83; Weigle, "The National Forests of Alaska," Yale Forest School News 2 (January 1914): 4-5; Graves, "Alaska Trip, 1915"; interview with George Drake and Roy Barto, March 8, 1970; Drake, A Forester's Log: Fifty Years in the Pacific Northwest, an interview by Elwood R. Maunder (Santa Cruz: Forest History Society, 1975).
17 Drake-Barto interview; Taylor "History of Region 10"; Blodgett, "Story of the Tongass Navy"; Weigle, "National Forests of Alaska"; interview with Lyle Blodgett, October 8, 1969; logs of Tahn, Restless, Ranger 1, and Ranger 3, Historical file, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service; Asher Ireland, "Field Diary, 1914-1920," Special Collections, University of Oregon, Eugene. Kan Smith's real name was Robert. He disliked the name and adopted Kan as an abbreviation for Kansas, his native state. A capable field man, he was notoriously tight in ordering supplies for the field parties. Drake usually doubled his orders. On one such occasion, Kan sent a memo to Drake asking that he send only the food ordered, and he signed it "Kan of Ketchikan." Drake's reply was signed "Bull of Bullivia." Drake-Barto interview.
18 Wallace I. Hutchinson, "We Present: George H. Cecil," Journal of Forestry 46 (May 1948): 382-83.
19 Blodgett and Drake-Barto interviews; Taylor, "History of Region 10"; Harold Smith, "An Old Timer Reminisces," Sourdough Notes (March 1956 and November 1956).
20 E. A. Sherman, "Report to the Forester on the Tongass and Chugach National Forests," in "Memorandum on Alaska for the Forester," September 17, 1921, Box 43115, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
21 Ray Taylor, "Sea Going Forest Rangers." New York Times, April 16 and June 8, 1930; Six Twenty-Six (October 1919 and April 1921).
22 Taylor, "D. B. H. on the Tongass." Forest Club Quarterly (University of Washington) 5 (February 1928): 21.
23 Drake interview, Forest History Society; Drake-Barto interview; George Peterson diary. Box 2026, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; Drake in Sourdough Notes, October 27, 1967.
24 George Cecil to The Forester, January 9, 1917; Charles H. Flory, "Strictly Confidential," memorandum for the District Forester, January 6, 1917; Cecil to The Forester, February 17, 1917; plat of Anchorage red-light district, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
25 Dana, Forest and Range Policy, p. 391.
26 Graves to Senator Walsh, November 19, 1913; Graves to District Forester, May 14, 1913; George Cecil to Graves, May 27, 1913, Box 13, Graves Papers; "Nelson's Bay." Box 21584, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
27 Langille, "Memorandum for District Forester," 1911, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
28 District Forester to Graves, May 27, 1913, LP-Boundaries-Chugach, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
29 Report of J. B. Adams, 1913; E. H. Clapp. "Inspection Report, 1913," LP-Boundaries-Chugach, Box 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
30 Hugh H. Bennett and Thomas D. Rice, "Soil Reconnaissance in Alaska with an Estimate of Agricultural Possibilities," in Milton Whitney, ed., Field Work of the Bureau of Soils, Sixteenth Report (Washington, 1919), pp. 43-237; Bennett, "Report on a Reconnaissance of the Soils, Agriculture and Other Resources of the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska," in Whitney, ed., Field Report of the Bureau of Soils, 1916 (Washington, 1921), pp. 39-174.
31 H. W. Fish to Weigle, April 28, 1913, LP-Boundaries-Chugach, Box 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
32 Asher Ireland, "Boundary Addition to the Chugach National Forest," March 15, 1918, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service (also in FRC, Seattle).
33 Ireland and T. M. Hunt, "Land Classification Report on the Ship Creek Project, 1916"; Cecil to Weigle. December 21, 1916, U-Classification-Ship Creek Project, Box 21584, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
34 Flory to District Forester, February 1, 1917, ibid.
35 Weigle to Cecil, January 18, 1917, ibid.
36 Ireland, "Matanuska and Knik Arm," February 9, 1918, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service.
37 Lage Wernstedt and H. Nilsson, "Kachemak Bay Project—Chugach." Box 21584, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
38 Cecil to The Forester, December 20, 1916, ibid.
39 Weigle to Cecil, May 7, 1920, LP-Boundaries-Chugach, Box 2028, ibid.
40 Memorandum for Mr. Cecil, May 7, 1920, LP-Boundaries-Chugach, ibid.; Stat. at Large, xxxix, pt. 2 (Washington, 1917). pp. 1740-43; Stat. at Large, xli, pt. 2 (Washington, 1921), pp. 1745-47.
41 W. A. Chipperfield to District Forester, 1949, LP-Boundaries-Tongass, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
42 Ireland, "Boundary Report on the Icy Straits Project," May 25, 1918, Division R, Tongass. RG 49, National Archives.
43 Charles Flory, "Statement Regarding the Anchorage Ranger District," February 9, 1930, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
44 Kan Smith, "Logging Chances on the West Coast of Prince of Wales Island," 1918, USFS Timber Sales, Box 94, RG 95, National Archives.
45 Harold Lutz interview, January 22, 1970; Drake-Barto interview; T. M. Hunt diary, 1912, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service.
46 E. Ness diary, June 29, 1910, Box 2026, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
47 Timber sales contracts, Chatham Ranger Station, Juneau, give interesting reports on sales standards. The Six Twenty-Six also has good data.
48 Christensen, "Statement of Facts"; B. F. Hoffman, "Alaskan Woods, Their Present and Prospective Uses," Forestry Quarterly 11 (1913): 194-200; Kan Smith, "Logging Chances on the West Coast of Prince of Wales Island" and "Report of Timber Survey," 1917, USFS Timber Surveys, 1908-1930, Box 94, RG 95, National Archives.
49 File is contained in Alaska Region-Tongass-Lituya Bay Withdrawal, Box 21591, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
50 There is an extensive file on the sale in Sales-Tongass-Craig Lumber Company, January 21, 1918, Chatham Ranger Station, Juneau. The Six Twenty-Six (February 1918 and June 1918) also contains material.
51 Six Twenty-Six (February 1920).
52 In doing his waterpower work, Drake also named some of the lakes. On one occasion, with a crew, he surveyed a lake near Bell Island. He and his crew spent the next night at the nearby resort and during the evening danced with three girls named Nellei, Bess, and Rowena. The next day the crew returned, worked the watershed, and discovered three small lakes draining into a large lake. They named the three small lakes after the girls they had danced with, and the larger one was named Lake Maud, after a pretty waitress in Ketchikan.
Drake returned to Ketchikan and made a map, placing on it these names. About the time he finished, Weigle came in to approve it. He didn't mind Lake Maud—he was a bachelor a the time and somewhat sweet on the waitress himself—but he objected to Rowena, Bess, and Nellei—the regional office, he said, wouldn't stand for that. Drake told Weigle that he had spent three weeks preparing the map and couldn't possibly redo the work by the time the map was due; actually he could have scraped the offending names off with a razor blade in five minutes, but Weigle, who was no engineer, didn't know this, so he let the names stand. These lakes, except for Lake Nellei, are listed under the names Drake gave them in Alaska Geographic Place Nomes. Drake-Barbo interview.
53 The reports are in USFS Timber Surveys, 1908-1930, Box 94, RG 95, National Archives. See also Six Twenty-Six (January 1919) and Clinton G. Smith, Regional Development of Pulpwood Resources of the Tongass National Forest, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Bulletin No. 950 (Washington, 1921).
54 A. W. Greeley, "Alaska's Acres at Work at Last," American Forests 60 (October 1954): 8-11, 52; Mason Bruce, "National Forests in Alaska," Journal of Forestry 58 (June 1960): 437-41; T. W. Norcross, "Report on Alaska," Box 43511, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; T. M. Hunt diary, June 21, 1914, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service; Six Twenty-Six (February 1920); L. A. Stockley, Fish Creek Sale. January 1, 1913, Chatham Ranger Station, Juneau, has a large file on the proposed sale of 1913.
55 Lage Wernstedt, "Chugach Trespass" (n.d.). I-References-Historical, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle. Diaries of T. M. Hunt, Lage Wernstedt, George Johnson, and H. W. Conrad, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service, are instructive.
56 Edwin M. Fitch, The Alaska Railroad (New York, 1971), pp. 38-53; John E. Ballaine Papers, Manuscripts Section, University of Washington, Seattle; Report of the Alaska Engineering Commission, House Document 39, 64th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington 1916).
57 Hunt to Weigle, May 13, 1915; K. McCullagh to F. Mears, July 31, 1915; Weigle to District Forester, September 17, 1915; F. Ames to Weigle, October 15, 1915; Drake to Weigle, October 15, 1915, and July 19, 1916, Free Use—Alaska Railroad, Box 44699, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
58 Weigle to District Forester, September 16, 1916, and May 7, 1917; Hunt to Weigle, March 31, 1917; Cecil to The Forester, April 13, 1917; Graves to William Edes, May 3, 1917; Edes to Graves, July 2, 1917; Weigle to District Forester, November 7, 1917; Hunt to Weigle. October 2, 1917, ibid. Alaska Railroad Record (Anchorage), May 8, 1917, p. 207, and June 12, 1917, p. 246; Hunt diary, July 24, 1916, and Clyde Nettleton diary, July 13-17, 1917, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service.
59 Ranger diaries in the Anchorage Office, especially those of McCullagh, Hunt, Norgren, Nettleton, and Brown, help reconstruct fire and suppression history. E. E. Carter, "Inspection Report," August 19, 1924, Box 43115, RG 95, FRC, Seattle, has some good comments.
60 Weigle, Memorandum, May 2, 1913, LP-Boundaries-Tongass, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
61 George Cecil to Graves, May 27, 1913, ibid.
62 Graves, "Alaska Trip. 1915," entries for August 29 and September 1.
63 Langille. "Autobiographical Memoir." Langille's maps and blueprints are at the Chatham Ranger Station, Juneau, as are legal briefs. United States v. Munday involved fraud under the Alaska Power of Attorney Law, after it was decided on December 4, 1912. Merritt's observation is contained in his Alaska notes in the Merritt Papers.
63a Langille to The Forester, July 16, 1904. Letterbook #1; Lage Wernstedt, "Copper River to Yakataga, 1908." Box 21588, RG, FRC, Seattle, deals with early claims. A summary of the placer law related to oil is found in Robert W. Swenson, "Legal Aspects of Mineral Resources Exploitation." in Paul W. Gates, History of Public Land Law Development (Washington 1968), pp. 730-732. The Oil Claim File at the Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service, has a comprehensive list of documents. Of the numerous letters, H. Stanley Hindricks to A. Christensen, September 25, 1913, best summarizes the situation. Other records of importance include: H. W. Fiske to T. M. Hunt. August 11, 1912; Hunt to Weigle, March 18, 1913; Weigle to Cecil, April 7, 1913; Weigle to Christensen, April 12, 1913; and Cecil to Christensen, October 7, 1913, all Anchorage Office. The field diaries of Fiske and Hunt are also of value.
64 "Memo for Mr. Cecil," May 7, 1920, LP-Boundaries-Chugach, Box 2026, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
65 Ibid.; Drake-Barto interview; E. H. Clapp. "Administrative and Service Policies," 1918, Reference File-Historical, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
66 Fox Island File, Chatham Warehouse, Juneau; L. G. Pratt, "Uncle Sam's Most Northern Woodlot American Forestry 27 (June 1921): 371-75.
67 U-Withdrawal-Alaska-Hot Springs Resolution, Box 21591, RG 95, RRC, Seattle.
68 In addition to reference in note 66, see Asher Ireland diary. June-July 1918, and Dana, Forest and Range Policy, p. 397.
69 W. A. Chipperfield interview, April 25, 1970.
70 Cecil to The Forester, August 27, 1913, LP-Boundaries-Chugach, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
71 Ringland to McCracken, March 19, 1917; McCracken to Ringland, March 22, 1917, Wildlife-USFS Wildlife Management, General Correspondence, Acc 1328, RG 95, National Archives; A. Christensen to Clay Tallman, September 22, 1916, Chugach file, Box 27, RG 49, National Archives; T. M. Hunt diary, September 2, 8, 11, 14, 16, 1916, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service.
72 F. S. Johnson diary, October 8 and 28, 1916, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service.
73 "Reconnaissance Report of Central Part of Kenai Peninsula"; Ringland to Hunt, July 1, 1912, Box 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
74 James Wilson to Secretary of the Interior, October 26, 1906, in Olmsted, "Alexander Archipelago"; H. W. Krieger, "Archaeological and Ethnological Studies in Southeast Alaska," Exploration and Field Work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926, Smithsonian Misc. Collections, vol. 78, no. 7 (Washington, 1927). p. 174.
75 Alaska Cruise Club resolution, June 30, 1913, Old Kasaan Historical File, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
76 Cecil to Weigle. December 1, 1914; Weigle to Cecil, December 8, 1914, and February 12, 1915; Christensen to Commissioner of GLO, February 2, 1916; Gary Tallman to Secretary of the Interior, March 29, 1916; B. L. Wheeler, Regional Forest Examiner, memo, April 3, 1916; Secretary of Agriculture Houston to Secretary of the Interior, April 8, 1919; Graves to James Wickersham, April 8 and 15, 1916; Wickersham to Graves, April 12, 1916; Secretary of Agriculture to Secretary of the Interior, September 20, 1916; Secretary of the Interior to the President, September 30, 1916, ibid.
77 James B. Adams to District Forester, December 7, 1916; J. M. Wyckoff to Weigle, March 17, 1917; Cecil to The Forester, August 22, 1917; A. E. Potter to Cecil, August 29, 1917; E. A. Sherman to Cecil, November 10, 1917, ibid.
78 Charles Flory to The Forester, January 27, 1921, ibid.
79 Krieger, "Archaeological Studies"; J. R. Swanson to Dr. Fewks, Director of the Smithsonian Institution, February 15, 1921; Fewks to L. F. Kneipp, February 17, 1921; Stephen Mather to E. A. Sherman, March 29, 1921; W. B. Greeley to Director of the National Park Service, June 8, 1921, ibid.
Chapter 5
1 The literature on Harding and Fall is extensive. Russell Lord, The Wallaces of Iowa (New York, 1947), pp. 242-49, gives a good general account. Interestingly enough, although Lord gives Wallace credit for writing Harding's pro-forestry speech. John Ballaine, the Seattle capitalist, also claims credit (clipping from Seward Daily Gateway, May 23, 1927, in Ballaine Papers). Pinchot's correspondence with Ballaine, especially Pinchot to Ballaine, November 24, 1922, and January 15, 1923, Box 2, Ballaine Papers, is instructive. The Chapman Papers at Yale have a great deal of material on Fall and Harding. The view of the American Forestry Association may be seen in "The Fight for Alaska's Forests," American Forestry 28 (April 1922): 200-07.
2 Dana, Forest and Range Policy, pp. 208-47, offers the best summary. See also Donald G. Swain, Federal Conservation Policy, 1921-1933 (Berkeley, 1962).
3 Henry Clepper, "Chiefs of the Forest Service," Journal of Forestry 59 (November 1961): 795-803, contains good sketches of Stuart, Greeley, and Silcox. William B. Greeley, Forests and Men (New York, 1951). offers many insights from personal experience. American Forests and Journal of Forestry contain continuing evaluations during this period.
4 Greeley wrote on the need for decentralization in "What's Wrong with Alaska," American Forestry 27 (April 1921): 198-207.
5 Evaluations of Flory's character come primarily from interviews with Forest Service personnel, especially Pearl Peterson, Ray Taylor, and Linn Forrest, and from his official correspondence.
6 Merritt's diaries and papers are at the University of Oregon. Here again, interviews with W. H. Johnson, Ray Taylor, and W. A. Chipperfield have supplemented written material.
7 Heintzleman's papers are at Yale University. Quotations from them are used with the permission of that institution. Interviews with Claribel Rakestraw, W. H. Johnson, Pearl Peterson, and Linn Forrest have supplemented documentary sources.
8 Hearings before Committee on the Territories on H. R. 5694. 67th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, 1921), pp. 477-79; D-Supervision, Interdepartmental Alaska Council, Box 43116, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
9 E. A. Sherman Memo, November 20, 1920; Charles Flory to William B. Greeley. December 4, 1920; Greeley to Assistant Secretary Meredith, January 17, 1921; Sherman to The Forester, December 17, 1921, D-Supervision-Alaska Development Board, ibid.
10 E. W. Loveridge, 1930, Job Analysis. Region 8, September 16, 1930, ibid.
11 Minutes of Alaska Game Commission, Box 25184, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
12 Edgar Nixon, camp. and ed., Franklin D. Roosevelt & Conservation, 1911-1945, 2 vols. (Hyde Park, New York, 1957), has the best evaluation of Roosevelt's contribution.
13 Sherman to Flory, August 4, 1921; Heintzleman to Sherman, November 23, 1921, LP-Boundaries Chugach, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
14 Greeley to Flory, August 17, 1923; Kneipp to Flory, November 1, 1923, ibid.
15 Merritt to The Forester, August 26, 1924; Flory to The Forester, October 18, 1923; Flory to McDonald, January 24, 1923; McDonald to Flory, February 29, 1923; G. N. Squire to Flory, September 10, 1924; Secretary of Agriculture Jardine to Flory, August 13, 1925; George Parks to Commissioner of GLO, September 28, 1924, ibid.; Merritt, "Wooded Islets Memo," August 25, 1924, Division R. Chugach pt. 1, Box 27, RG 49, National Archives.
16 Flory, "Statement Regarding the Anchorage Ranger District," February 19, 1930, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
18 Heintzleman to The Forester, August 23, 1938, LP-Boundaries-Chugach, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
19 Asher Ireland, "Report of Ice Straits Project." May 25, 1918; William Spry to George Parks, September 1923, Division R. Chugach pt. 1, Box 27, RG 49, National Archives.
20 Flory, "Boundary Report of Ice Straits and Proposed Addition to the Tongass National Forest," 1924; George Parks to Commissioner of GLO, September 26, 1923; Secretary of Agriculture to Secretary of the Interior, March 21, 1925; E. G. Finney to Secretary of Agriculture. March 28, 1925, ibid.
21 Taylor, "History of Region 10"; taped interview with W. A. Chipperfield and Harold Smith.
22 E. E. Carter, "Inspection Report." August 19, 1924; and "Inspection of the Tongass National Forest, District 8," September 6, 1923, Box 43115, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
23 Taylor, "History of Region 10."
24 Carter, "Inspection." September 11, 1925; C. H. Squire, "Inspection." September 11, 1925; R. H. Headley, "Inspection," July 23, 1925; E. W. Loveridge. "Inspection Report," September 16, 1930, with accompanying memos from Archbold and others; C. M. Granger, "Inspection," August 21, 1936, General Integrating Inspections for Region 10, RG 95, National Archives; Archbold interview.
25 Frank Russell and others, "Reports of Examination of Region 10, Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska, July 1, 1930—June 30, 1936"; memo, n.d., B. F. Heintzleman; F. A. Silcox comments, March 29, 1937; B. F. Heintzleman, "General Comments," October 1, 1937, Box 43115, RG 95, FRC, Seattle. The Ickes diaries show that Interior had a fit of "investigitis" at that time. Like Heintzleman, Ickes resented the unfairness of the procedure.
26 Harold Lutz diary. Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service; interviews with W. A. Chipperfield, Harold Smith, and Lyle Blodgett; Memorandum, March 12, 1921. District Forester to Forester, I-Reference-Historical, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; Six Twenty-Six (April 1921 and December 1920).
27 As quoted in Taylor, "History of Region 10."
28 Blodgett, "History of the Tongass Navy"; Taylor, "History of Region 10"; L. C. Pratt, "Rangers of the North," American Forests and Forest Life 30 (January 1924): 20-23, 53.
29 Pratt, "Rangers of the North."
31 Ranger diaries are good on community relations. Also valuable are C. M. Granger, "Inspection Report." 1936, and F. A. Silcox, "Inspection Report." 1939, General Integrating Inspections for Region 10, RG 95, National Archives. John D. Guthrie, "The Glacier Highway in Alaska," American Forestry 27 (November 1921): 706-08, describes the liberating effect of road building in the Juneau area.
32 R. F. Taylor, Pocket Guide to Alaska Trees, USDA Agricultural Handbook No. 5 (Washington, 1950).
33 Taylor, "Available Nitrogen as a Factor Influencing the Occurrence of Sitka Spruce and Western Hemlock Seedlings in the Forests of Southeastern Alaska," Ecology 16 (1935): 580-603.
34 Taylor, Yield of Second Growth Western Hemlock—Sitka Spruce Stands in Southeastern Alaska, USFS Technical Bulletin No. 412 (Washington. 1934). In addition to Taylor's work, Melvin Merritt carried on studies of plant succession near the Mendenhall Glacier; Merritt, "Note on the Western and Northern Distribution of Tree Growth in Alaska," and "Mendenhall Notes," Merritt Papers. Carter, in his 1925 inspection report, recommended establishment of a forest experiment station in Alaska.
35 Dana, Forest and Range Policy, pp. 248-56; Swain, Federal Conservation Policy, pp. 25-26; John A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case Study (Durham. 1967).
36 Merritt, "Reminiscences," Merritt Papers.
37 Ibid., I-Reference-CCC, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
38 Merritt, "Reminiscences"; Chipperfield interview; I-Reference-Historical-CCC, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
39 Heintzleman to Bureau of Indian Affairs, June 29, 1937; Heintzleman to Chief Forester, September 30, 1937, CCC-Work-R 10-Control-Improvement, Box 371, RG 95, National Archives.
40 Logan Varnell to Harold Wern, January 14, 1938, and April 2, 1938; "Report on Alaska CCC. Fiscal Year 1938." I-Reference-Historical, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
41 "Report to W. J. McDonald on CCC Work, Interior of Alaska"; Elizabeth Burrows to Regional Forester, November 4, 1939; James G. Gordon to Regional Forester, October 7, 1939; R. N. David to Regional Forester, August 7, 1939; "Report on Alaska CCC. Fiscal Year 1938," RG 95, National Archives.
42 Ibid.; Chipperfield interview.
43 The story of the Forest Service role in the preservation and restoration of totem poles has been greatly abbreviated in this study. A fuller account, titled "A History of the Forest Service Role in Totem Pole Restoration and Preservation," exists in manuscript form at the Juneau Office of the U.S. Forest Service. See also "An Index of Sources for United States Forest Service Work in Reference to Totem Poles" at the same location. Both manuscripts were completed in 1972.
44 T. T. Waterman, "Observations among the Ancient Indian Monuments of Southeast Alaska," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 74, no. 5 (Washington, 1932), pp. 115-34, and H. M. Krieger, "Anthropological and Ethnological Studies in Southeast Alaska," ibid., vol. 28, no. 7, were used, Forest Service documentation was found in the Juneau Office Historical File, Box 48458, RG 95, FRC, Seattle. This box also has Frederica DeLaguna files. An account of the Sitka excavation was found in the historical files at the Juneau Office; the relics are on display at Sitka National Monument. Information on interagency cooperation is in Records of the National Park Service, General Classified File, 1933-1937 National Monuments, Sitka-Scotts Bluff, RG 79, National Archives. Interviews with William S. Paul, Sr., and W. A. Chipperfield were useful.
45 Sitka National Monument has a good set of historical files on the totem pole project. These may be supplemented with Park Service records noted above and Records of CCC Work, 1933-1942, Region 10, Boxes 371 and 372, RG 95, National Archives. Taped interviews with Viola Garfield and W. A. Chipperfield were also useful.
46 Edward Keithahn, Monuments in Cedar (Seattle, 1963), has a good general account of CCC activity. Viola E. Garfield and Linn Forrest, The Wolf and the Raven (Seattle, 1948) has good photographs and histories of individual poles. Articles include G. M. Archbold, "Restoration," Alaska Sportsman 5 (March 1939): 16-17, a workmanlike account of the project; Viola Garfield, "Restoration Program, Alaska Totems, Alaska Sportsman 7 (1941): 14-15 ff., deals with her collaboration with the Forest Service. Heintzleman, "Restoring Alaska's Indian Totems, American Forests 48 (November 1942), is an article by the man in charge of the project. The historical files at both Juneau and Ketchikan offices of the Forest Service were valuable for this work, as were the records of CCC work in Alaska previously cited. I have relied heavily on interviews with Linn Forrest and Viola Garfield. Finally, there is useful material in The Totem, the CCC paper in Alaska; there are files at the Juneau Public Library.
47 Fred Morrell to Regional Forester, July 25, August 31, and November 15, 1940; Fred Agee to Morrell, November 15, 1940; Fred Miner to Morrell, February 6, 1941, CCC Work, Region 10, Improvement-Supervision, Box 372, RG 95, National Archives.
48 Charles Forward, Memo for District Forester, October 6, 1939, Kenai Division, Inspection, Chugach, Box 43115, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
49 In addition to files mentioned above, CCC-Personnel-Training-Region 10, Box 125, RG 95, National Archives, and files of The Totem, Juneau Public Library.
50 Taylor, "History of Region 10"; Chipperfield interview; Carter, "Inspection Report," September 6, 1923; and C. H. Squire, "Inspection Report." September 1, 1925, Box 43115, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
51 H. A. Smith, "Regional Development of Pulpwood Resources of the Tongass National Forest," Pinchot Records, Miscellaneous Correspondence, RG 95, National Archives; "Port Snettisham and Glass Peninsula, 1920"; Kan Smith, "The West Admiralty Pulp Unit, Thane, September 25, 1920"; USFS Timber Surveys, 1908-1920, Region 10, Box 94, RG 95, National Archives; Six Twenty-Six (November 5, 1920, and May 1931).
52 T. W. Montross, "Report on Alaska, 1924," and Carter, "Inspection Report, 1923," Box 43115, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; W. B. Greeley, "Forestry in Alaska," Annual Report of Forester, 1922 (Washington, 1922), pp. 5-7. Robert K. Buchanan, "The History, Growth, Use and Future Development of the Timber Industry in Southeastern Alaska," 1969, manuscript, Ketchikan Public Library.
53 Ballaine Scrapbook. Box 15, Ballaine Papers.
54 John Nelson to Ballaine, January 13, 1926; Ballaine to George Parks, December 13, 1926; Ballaine to Dollar Steamship Line, December 14, 1924; George Parks to Commissioner of GLO, December 21, 1924; George B. Sudworth to Ballaine, November 17, 1925; Secretary of the Interior to Parks, August 11, 1924; Parks to Secretary of the Interior, August 11, 1924; Contract, January 29, 1925, Box 13, Ballaine Papers.
55 Ossian Anderson to Ballaine, September 21, 1928; Anderson to Secretary of the Interior, December 12, 1928; Sales contract to APPH, May 29, 1929; J. Mark Price to Ballaine, September 25, 1929; R. W. Gordon to Secretary of the Interior, December 12, 1929; Ballaine to Parks, September 28, 1930, ibid.; Pulpwood Supply in Alaska, Sen. Document No. 120, 71st Cong., 2d sess. (Washington, 1930), vol. 2, pp. 12-24.
56 Holbrook diary, July 10, 1925, Box 2067, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
57 Report of the Forester, 1927.
58 J. T. Jones, Possessory Rights, Swan Lake," Box 4581, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
59 Report of the Forester, 1927, p. 3; Heintzleman, "Date for Alaska Plan," August 1, 1937, D-Supervision-Data for National Research Committee, Box 43115, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; Pulpwood Supply in Alaska has a good summary of the pulpwood situation.
60 Harold Lutz diary. Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service.
61 Carter, "Inspection Report, 1923"; G. H. Headley, "Inspection Report, 1925"; F. A. Silcox, "Inspection Report, 1939," General Integrating Inspections for Region 10, RG 95, National Archives.
62 Pertinent records are found in Kenai Division, Inspection, Chugach, Box 43115, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
63 Chipperfield interview; W. J. McDonald, "Fire under the Midnight Sun," American Forests 45 (April 1939): 168-69, 231; "Fire Protection in Alaska," American Forests 45 (July 1939): 413.
64 Lutz diaries; Ray Taylor interview.
65 J. P. Williams, Retirement Note, Box 2027, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
66 Pertinent material includes W. B. Greeley to Flory, December 30, 1926; Flory to Greeley, January 18, 1927; R. A. Stuart to all Regional Foresters, June 30, 1939; Flory to H. W. Terhune, Alaska Game Commission, April 10, 1931; U-Classification-Wilderness-General, Box 25184, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; Flory to George Cecil, October 25, 1919, April 16, 1924; Heintzleman to Chief Forester, October 6, 1928, Tongass-Glacier Bay National Monument, Box 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
67 Flory to H. W. Terhune, April 10, 1931; H. Schantz to Regional Forester, April 21, 1939, U-Classification-Wildlife Refuges-General, Box 21884, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; Guthrie, "Glacier Highway."
68 Ecological Society of America, resolution, December 28, 1923; New York Tree and Bird Club, resolution, December 19, 1923; Pinchot to Raphael Zon, December 18, 1923; E. C. Finney to Charles C. Adams, December 18, 1923, Monuments, Glacier Bay 1923-1932, Box 587, RG 79, National Archives; George Parks to Commissioner of GLO, "Report on Proposed National Monument," August 7, 1924, 0-32-Proposed National Parks, Glacier Bay, RG 79, National Archives. Flory's concern was with hostile local opinion to the monument; both he and other Forest Service officials thought that the monument might well be created within the bounds of the national forest. See clippings envelope, Flory to The Forester, January 12, 1924, LP-Boundaries-Tongass, Glacier Bay National Monument Temporary Withdrawal, Box 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
69 Heintzleman diary, June 14-17, 1923, Heintzleman Papers.
70 Ibid., September 6, 1932; Conrad Wirth to Director, NPS, February 18, 1932; Heintzleman, "Notes on the Proposed Glacier Bay National Monument," n.d. (1932); Harry Brown to Secretary of Agriculture, December 20, 1938, Monuments, Glacier Bay 1923-1932, Box 587, RG 79, National Archives; Joseph Dixon, "Note on Glacier Bay," September 9, 1932; Wildlife Research Group. Berkeley, California, "Report on Game Conditions in Mt. McKinley National Park and in Glacier Bay National Monument," 0-32-Proposed National Parks, Box 625, RG 79, National Archives. A. E. Demaray to Director, NPS, October 22, 1924, August 21, 1935; W. S. Cooper to Robert Sterling Yard, September 22, 1936; Cooper to H. C. Bryant. February 25, 1937; Cooper to Cammerer, March 16, 1937; J. D. Coffin to Wirth, September 14, 1938, National Parks, Gild-Glacier Bay. Box 2226, RG 79, National Archives. Charles Flory, Memo, March 17, 1933; Flory to Forester, February 18, 1935; Secretary of Agriculture to Secretary of the Interior, "Memo-Data Regarding Admiralty Island and Glacier Bay areas for Game Refuges, Game Management, National Park Purposes," July 24, 1937; Heintzleman to Forester, October 6, 1938; J. P. Williams, "Information on Proposed Glacier Bay N. M., October 8, 1938"; Joint Recommendation, Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of the Interior, March 9, 1939, LP-Boundaries-Tongass-Glacier Bay National Monument, Box 21588, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
71 Nixon, FDR and Conservation, contains the pertinent Roosevelt-Beach correspondence. The Anthony Dimond Papers, Special Collections, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, have a large file on Beach's views on Alaskan affairs. Also pertinent are the aforementioned files on Glacier Bay. By 1937 Beach had completed six chapters of his book for Cosmopolitan, in which the Park Service plays the part of the villain. Unfortunately, no part of the book was ever published. There are scattered references to Ibach in the diaries of the Chugach rangers in Anchorage, especially in the diary of John Schurr, July 12, 17, and 21, October 16, 1911.
72 George Shiras III, Hunting Wildlife with Camera and Flashlight (Washington, 1935), vol. 2, pp. 419-42, gives an informative picture of the island and of Hasselborg.
73 Weigle. "National Forest Administration in Alaska," Yale Forest School News 44 (October 1953): 60.
74 John M. Holzworth, The Wild Grizzlies of Alaska (New York, 1930).
75 The pertinent documents and letters are in W-Management-Region 10, Box 7, RG 95, National Archives.
76 Stewart Edward White, "Sanctuary for the Alaskan Bear," Sierra Club Bulletin 17 (February 1932): 59-66.
77 Nixon, FDR and Conservation, pp. 284, 289, 295. Communications to the Forest Service are in Wild life Management, RS-10-WO, Acc. 1328, RG 95, National Archives.
78 Nixon, FDR and Conservation, pp. 11, 46, 80; Acting Director of NPS to Secretary of the Interior, May 3, 1937; Harry Slattery to Fairfield Osborn, June 11, 1937, General Classification File, Proposed National Parks, 0-32, Admiralty Island, RG 79, National Archives.
79 Draft of Proclamation, n.d.; A. E. Demaray to Ben Thompson, March 10, 1939, Acting Chief of Wildlife to Thompson, March 11, 1939, ibid.
80 Ickes to FDR, January 26, 1939; Irving Brant to Ickes, January 24, 1939, in Nixon, FDR and Conservation, vol. 2, pp. 295-96.
81 Nixon, FDR and Conservation, vol. 2, pp. 302-04; Anthony Dimond to FDR, April 11, 1939; Ickes to Early, April 20, 1939, General Classified File, Proposed National Parks, 0-32, Admiralty Island, RG 79, National Archives.
82 Joseph Dixon to Charles Kendeigh, April 28, 1939; Victor Cahalane to Dixon, May 3, 1939; A. E. Demaray to Thompson, March 3, 1939, ibid.
83 John Collier to Ickes, June 23, 1939; Ickes to Collier, July 13, 1939, ibid.
84 Frank T. Been, "Field Notes on Inspection of Glacier Bay, Sitka National Monument and Admiralty Island"; Victor H. Cahalane, "Report of an Investigation of Admiralty Island," July 31, 1942, ibid.
85 Harold L. Ickes, Secret Diary of Harold Ickes (New York, 1956), vol. 3, p. 654.
Chapter 6
1 Clepper, "Chiefs of the Forest Service," is the best guide to the Forest Service leadership during this period. See also Steen, The U.S. Forest Service, chapter 10. Bernard De Voto, The Easy Chair (Boston. 1955), pp. 329-47, is written with a refreshing lack of modesty in regard to his own role in the controversies of the Truman years.
2 A taped interview with Heintzleman (Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service) gives not only a resume of his career but also transmits something of the character and world outlook of the man. Interviews with Ray Taylor, Pearl Peterson, W. A. Chipperfield. and others were helpful. Sourdough Notes has a great deal of material on him, as does the Angie Burke collection (privately held). Heintzleman's diaries at Yale University were also useful, as were the General Integrating Inspection Reports. The one quoted is found in RG 95, National Archives.
3 Heintzleman to Ickes, May 13, 1939, D-Supervision, Coordination of Alaska Activities, RG 95, National Archives; G. M. Granger to Silcox, August 8, 1939, General Integrating Inspections, Region 10, C-Inspection, ibid.
4 Historical file, Cordova Office, U.S. Forest Service, has good material on the Afognak operation.
5 Material in this section came almost entirely from the Angela Janszen Burke collection, which is composed of letters, journals, newspaper clippings. photographs, and the like concerning the operation. The Juneau Office of the Forest Service has a good collection of photographs.
6 I have followed Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska, pp. 357-61, in this narrative and for much of this chapter.
7 R. A. Ballinger, "Regulations Governing Indian Land Allotments in National Forests," March 4, 1911; "Circular to Registers and Receivers, Alaska," May 17, 1909; Weigle to District Forester, February 3, 1915; Office of Solicitor, Memo, February 13, 1915; Charles Macifee, Solicitor, to Secretary of the Interior, February 13, 1917; E. A. Sherman, Memo, September 12, 1922; L. S. Kneipp to District Forester, November 4, 1922; Indian Title of Occupancy. Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service; interview with Arthur Greeley, January 1970.
8 A. W. Blackerby, Memo, December 29, 1953, Juneau Office; Marion Clawson, Chief, BLM, to Lyle Watts, October 1, 1951; Watts to Clawson, November 20, 1951; Memo for District Forester, Alaska, LP Boundaries-Alaska Native Reservations, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
9 Fox Farming File, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
10 Gruening, Alaska, pp. 365-72. The Anthony Dimond Papers. University of Alaska, contain much additional material. Editorial, "Indian Rights and the Future of Alaska," Journal of Forestry 43 (June 1945): 391-92, is a good summary from the foresters' point of view.
11 Yale Forest School News 32 (January 1945): 10-11. Heintzleman's letter to Lutz was private, but Lutz showed it to his colleague. H. H. Chapman. who published it without permission of Lutz or Heintzleman. This disclosure was embarrassing to the Forest Service. Lutz interview, January 1970.
12 Robert K. Buchanan, "The History, Growth, Use, and Future Development of the Timber Industry in Southeastern Alaska," 1919, gives a lively account of the bill's origin and passage.
13 Archbold interview, March 17, 1970; Heintzleman taped interview, Juneau Office; H. D. Crawford, "Alaska Can Ease Our Newsprint Shortage." American Forests 57 (November 1951): 6-9, 46, 48; Buchanan, "History of the Timber Industry"; Heintzleman to National Production Authority, April 10, 1951, C-Defense-Tax Amortization-Ketchikan Pulp Co., Box 43116, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
14 Heintzleman to Charles Burdick, February 19, 1949; Minutes, Alaska Water Pollution Board, March 27, 1949; Heintzleman to C. C. Anderson, Chairman, Alaska Water Pollution Board, February 9, 1951; Edward G. Locke and Gardner H. Chidester, "Pulp Waste Disposal in Alaska," 1952, S-Sales-Pulpwood-Waste Pollution, Box 48448, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; C. M. Granger to Heintzleman, December 13, 1951; Samuel Ordway to Heintzleman, January 2, 1952, C-Cooperation, Box 43116, ibid.
15 Mason Bruce, "National Forests in Alaska," Journal of Forestry 58 June 1960): 437-42; "Japan's Alaska Plan: Alaska Pulp Development Organized," Pulp and Paper 27 (September 1953): 36-37, 88; "The State Department's View of Alaska: The Japanese Plan," Pulp and Paper 27 (October 1953): 54-56; Donald G. Warner, Chief, Forest Products Branch, Agricultural Production Staff, to Mr. Benecke, March 13, 1953; Ketchikan, Alaska Chronicle, January 6, February 3, 1953; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 3 and 4, 1953; Alaska Daily Empire, January 22 and 31, 1953; Heintzleman to Burdick, February 9, 1953, Reference File-Historical, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
16 Sources regarding research include interviews with Ray Taylor, Harold Lutz, and John A. Sandor, and reports of the Alaska Forest Research Center.
17 Burdick to Chief, Forest Service, May 10, 1946, I-Reference-Historical, Box 2028, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
18 Taylor, "History of Region 10"; Erle Kaufmann, "Timber Homestead in Alaska," American Forests 53 (November 1947): 488-91, 527.
19 There is scattered historical material at the headquarters of the Kenai Moose Range at Kenai.
20 Heintzleman to Chief Forester, March 30, 1953; "Joint Statement of Field Trip to Region 10, July 20-31, 1952," by Edward C. Crafts and H. D. Cochran, General Integrating Inspections. Region 10, RG 95, National Archives.
21 Sourdough Notes (July 1952).
22 NPS, Proposed National Parks, Absaroka-Admiralty, Acc. 2922, RG 79, National Archives; Wallace G. Schwan to Newton Drury, November 23, 1943; Drury to Schwan, December 1, 1943; Schwan to Drury, December 5, 1943. Wirth to Regional Director, Region 4, December 7, 1943; Wirth to Schwan, December 10, 1943; Secretary of the Interior to Willard Van Name, January 8, 1947, ibid.
23 Crafts and Cochran, "Joint Statement," Box 43118, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; LP-Boundaries-Tongass Skagway Boundary, June 10, 1925, Box 21584, ibid.
24 Heintzleman to Chief Forester, March 30, 1953; Crafts and Cochran, "Joint Statement."
25 Journal of Forestry 47 (February 1949), 137-47.
26 Greeley to Flory, December 30, 1926; Flory to Greeley, January 18, 1927; Stuart to all Regional Foresters, October 26, 1932; Silcox memo, June 30, 1934, U-Classification-Wilderness-General, Box 21584, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
28 Sherman to District Forester, September 17, 1917; Weigle to District Forester, August 24, 1917; District Forester to The Forester, July 24, 1917; Wildlife Management, General Correspondence, R 5-10 WO, Acc. 1328, RG 95, National Archives; Heintzleman to Dimond, January 19, 1939; Daily Alaska Empire, January 19, 1940; Division of Wildlife Management. W-Cooperation. R 8 WO, Box 1771, RG 95, National Archives.
29 W. A. Chipperfield. "Report to U.S.F.S. on Annual Meeting of the Alaska Game Commission and Fish and Wildlife Service," February 19, 1948, Division of Wildlife Management, W-Cooperation. R3 to R10, Box 1766, RG 95, National Archives.
Chapter 7
1 Clepper, "Chiefs of the Forest Service," Journal of Forestry 59 (November 1961): 795-803, has a brief evaluation of McArdle. See also Dr. Richard E. McArdle: An Interview with the Former Chief, U.S. Forest Service, 1952-1962, an interview by Elwood R. Maunder (Santa Cruz: Forest History Society, 1975).
2 McArdle, "An Introduction: Why We Needed the Multiple Use Bill," American Forests 76 (June 1970): 10-11, 59.
3 Crafts, "The Saga of a Law," American Forests 76 (June 1970): 12-19, 52-54; 76 (July 1970): 28-35. Also see Crafts, Forest Service Researcher and Congressional Liaison: An Eye to Multiple Use, an interview by Susan R. Schrepfer (Santa Cruz: Forest History Society, 1972).
4 Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, pp. 209-27, is a good account of the Wilderness Bill philosophy.
5 G. M. Archbold to M. J. Daly, April 19, 1962, Box 89, Ketchikan Spruce Mills Papers, Tongass Historical Society. Ketchikan.
6 American Forests 68 (April 1962): 8, 58.
7 E. W. Loveridge memo, September 23, 1953, in Edward P. Cliff, "Inspection Report," General Integrating Inspections, R 10, RG 95, National Archives; W. H. Johnson interview; A. W. Greeley interview.
8 Heintzleman to Mrs. W. A. Smith, October 1, 1953, D-Cooperation. Box 43116, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
9 Taylor interview, September 15, 1970.
11 Heintzleman to Chief, March 30, 1953. General Integrating Inspections. R 10, July 20-31, 1952, RG 95, National Archives.
12 American Forests 59 (May 1953): 41.
13 Sourdough Notes (April 1954 and June 1954); Johnson interview; Greeley interview; John Emerson interview, 1970.
14 Johnson to Chief, October 25, 1955, C-Supervision-Committee Hearings on Interior and Insular Affairs, Box 43116, RG 95, FRC, Seattle.
15 Greeley, "State of the Region: A Statement for Mssrs. Hendee and Gross," July 8, 1956, General Integrating Inspections. R 10, RG 95, National Archives.
16 Archbold worked for Ketchikan Spruce Mills after retiring from the Forest Service. See his "dream," August 8, 1964, KSM Papers.
17 Diaries of Archbold, Box 89, KSM Papers, contain a great deal of information on the KSM grievances. Ironically, Archbold had a large part in laying out and planning the sale. The Maycock diary, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service, has information on scaling difficulties at Whittier.
18 Buchanan, "History of the Timber Industry"; Johnson interview; Greeley, "Work of the Forest Service, Statement before the Subcommittee on Interior and Insular Affairs, October 11, 1955," copy, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service; Sourdough Notes (September 1951).
19 Johnson interview; Sourdough Notes (October 1955, February and July 1956, and May 1957).
22 Taylor interview; Mason Bruce, "National Forests in Alaska," pp. 436-42; Reports of the Alaska Forest Research Center.
23 Taylor interview; John Clark Hunt, "Burning Alaska," American Forests 64 (August 1958): 12-15, 40, 43; Lutz, Aboriginal Man; Lutz, History of Early Occurrence of Moose on the Kenai Peninsula and in Other Sections of Alaska (Juneau: Alaska Forest Research Center, 1960); Lutz, Early Forest Conditions in the Alaska Interior.
25 Richard Hurd interview, September 1970.
26 Richard Cooley, Alaska: A Challenge in Conservation (Madison, 1966), pp. 33-37; Earl Plourde interview, 1965.
28 Plourde interview; annual reports, Alaska State Division of Lands, 1961-1964.
29 Plourde interview; minutes of meetings of Alaska Outdoor Recreational Council, Juneau, March 4-5, 1964, and January 27-28, 1965, and Anchorage, July 22, 1964; Earl Plourde. "State Forestry in Alaska: Present and Future," paper at Eleventh Alaskan Science Conference, Anchorage, August 30-September 2, 1960.
31 C. M. Archbold, "Totem Pole Restoration in SE Alaska," 1940, manuscript. Totem Pole File, Juneau Office, U.S. Forest Service.
33 A copy of the report is in the Totem Pole File, Juneau Office.
34 Johnson to Chief Forester, November 9, 1967, ibid.
35 Katherine Kuh, "Alaska's Vanishing Art," Saturday Review 49 (October 22, 1966): 25-39.
36 Johnson to Chief Forester, April 11, 1967, Totem Pole File, Juneau Office.
37 Conference on Southeast Alaska Artifacts and Monuments (1967), ibid.
38 Carl Heinmiller to C. T. Brown, July 28, 1967, ibid.
39 D. Robert Hakala interview, 1970.
40 L. F. Kneipp, "Forest Service Pledges to Conserve Scenic Beauty of Forest Roads," Forest Worker 7 (May 1931): 3-11. There is material at the Chatham Warehouse on forest roads and aesthetic values in the Juneau area.
41 Issues of American Forests for 1970-1971 contain much reaction to clearcutting.
42 Greeley to Chief Forester, January 21, 1954, D-Inspection-General-Cochran-Crafts, Box 4318, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; John Emerson, A. W. Blackerby, C. T. Brown, and P. D. Hanson, "Steamboat Lane Policy," U-Classification-Other Than 6-11-06, Box 21584, ibid.
43 C. Frank Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Interpretation Through World War II," Journal of Forest History 22 (January 1978): 18-23, gives a good account of the Park Service's program and objectives.
45 Johnson interview; U.S. Forest Service, 1965 in Perspective (Juneau, 1965).
46 R. O. Rehfeld interview, September 1970; Johnson interview; Multiple-Use Atlas, Ketchikan Office, U.S. Forest Service.
47 1965 in Perspective; Wally Watts interview, 1969; Barney Caster interview, 1970; P. D. Hanson taped interview, 1970.
48 Heintzelman memos, April 1, 1950, and September 15, 1950; Johnson to William Drake, Nature Conservancy, June 27, 1957, U-Classification-Natural Areas, Box 21599, RG 95, FRC, Seattle; Greeley to George L. Collins, May 19, 1954, Box 21584, ibid.
49 Greeley to Chief, January 21, 1954, D-Inspection-General-Cochran-Crafts, Box 43118, ibid.; Sourdough Notes (May 1956).
50 On background of the Wilderness Act, in addition to citations already given, see Michael Frome, "The Wilderness Act: Saving a Birthright," Living Wilderness 38 (Summer 1974): 9-14; Frome, Battle for the Wilderness (New York, 1974); and Michael McCloskey, "The Wilderness Act of 1964: Its Background and Meaning," Oregon Law Review 45 (June 1966): 288-321.
51 Johnson interview; Rehfeld interview; Multiple-Use Atlases, Juneau and Ketchikan offices, U.S. Forest Service.
53 Timber sale records and mining claims records in the Chatham Warehouse in Juneau give a good account of economic activity.
54 "Admiralty Island, Alaska, 1964," mimeo, Box 89, KSM Papers.
56 Ibid.; Mike Miller, "Alaska's Tongass Suit," American Forests 77 (March 1971): 28-31, 50-52.
Chapter 8
1 The Juneau Office of the Forest Service provided biographical information on Charles A. Yates.
2 The Juneau Office furnished biographical data on John A. Sandor. This was supplemented by interviews with Sandor in 1978 and 1979.
3 Mr. Tracy provided biographical data on himself, John A. Sandor to the author, December 1, 1979, deals with future organization. Sourdough Notes and the Forest Service Directory are useful in keeping track of changing personnel.
4 Glen O. Robinson, The Forest Service: A Study in Public Land Management (Baltimore, 1975). is valuable in tracing the evolution of different land laws. Highlights in the History of Forest Conservation (Washington: U.S. Forest Service, 1976) is a handy compendium. Back files of American Forests and Journal of Forestry provide legislative histories of the various bills. Gerald Ogden, comp., The United States Forest Service: A Historical Bibliography (Davis, California: Agricultural History Center, University of California, Davis, 1976), is useful for finding pertinent articles, Steen, The U.S. Forest Service, pp. 308-23, offers a perceptive analysis of the background to this period in lawmaking. John A. Sandor, "Clearcutting: The Controversy and the Challenge," in Ralph D. Nyland, ed., A Perspective on Clearcutting in a Changing World, AFRI Misc. Report No. 4 (Syracuse. 1972), pp. 89-102, places the clearcutting issue in perspective. Resources Planning Act: Summary for Alaska and Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Juneau: U.S. Forest Service, 1976), is valuable for its application to the region of the RPA and the National Forest Management Act.
5 The Forest Service in Alaska (Washington: U.S. Forest Service, 1977). pp. 8-11, sums up the program. More detail is found in Tongass Land Management Plan (TLMP): Draft Environmental Statement (Juneau: U.S. Forest Service, 1978), pp. 1-8; Southeast Alaska Area Guide (Juneau: U.S. Forest Service, 1977), pp. 5-7; and Tongass Update (Planning Team, Tongass National Forest, 1977). pp. 1-7
6 I am indebted to Eric A. Bourdo for his clipping file on CMAL. Maps of SEACC and CMAL alternatives are presented in the TLMP Draft Environmental Statement. Betty Cornelius, "A Brief History—The Alaska Conservation Society." Alaska Conservation Review 14 (Spring 1973): 405, gives some background on the Alaska conservation groups. as does Stan Seaner, "RARE II—Challenge in the Chugach," Alaska Conservation Review 19 (Spring 1978): 37-39.
7 Robert D. Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage: Alaska Native Foundation, 1976), is a comprehensive study of the legislation. The Joint Federal-State Land-Use-Planning Commission has published a handy edition of the law. Statistics on lands are from "Lands and Mineral Situation—Current Situation," 1979 memorandum, Lands Office, U.S. Forest Service, Alaska. I am indebted to James Calvin of the Land Department for further information.
8 TLMP, pp. 33-34, 200, 210; Sam Demmert, President of Sealaska, to John Sandor, July 20, 1978, Juneau Office. U.S. Forest Service.
9 "RARE Alaska," supplement of Draft Environmental Statement Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (Juneau: U.S. Forest Service, 1978); maps of proposed exchange areas, Anchorage Office, U.S. Forest Service; interviews with James Calvin; "Summary of Draft Environmental Statement of Land Ownership Adjustment Proposal from Chugach Natives, Inc. and Koniag, Inc. to Chugach National Forest," July 1978.
10 "Lands and Mineral Situation" memo.
11 New National Forests for Alaska, prepared by the Alaska Planning Team (Washington: U.S. Forest Service, 1972), is a comprehensive review of the team's work.
12 The literature on activities by other agencies is voluminous. A summary of the objectives of the various agencies can be found in New National Forests for Alaska, pp. 4-5. Don Young, The Alaskans: Special D-2 Lands Issue (Washington: House of Representatives, 1976). summarizes state views. Recommendations for a (d) 2 Decision (Anchorage: Joint Federal-State Land-Use-Planning Commission. 1977) is instructive.
13 Copper River-Wrangell Area Guide, Preliminary; Central Interior Area Guide, Preliminary; Yukon-Porcupine Area Guide, Preliminary (Washington, 1977).
14 This presents a very abbreviated account of the Alaska lands legislative program in Congress. The full story is worthy of a book. Material consulted included Inclusions of Alaska Lands in National Park, Forest, Wildlife Refuge, and Wild and Scenic River Systems: Hearings before the Subcommittee on General Oversight and Alaska Lands (Washington, 1977); newspaper clipping files of the Juneau Office of the U.S. Forest Service and of CMAL; files of the Sierra Club Bulletin, American Forests, Alaska, Journal of Forestry, and Alaska Construction and Oil Report. Of Alaskan newspapers, the Anchorage Daily Times has been the most informative. Sourdough Notes has been of value on Forest Service participation in regional meetings. Ron Arnold, "Alaska Lands Face Lockup," special supplement, Western Conservation Journal 35 (June-July 1978). gives an excellent account of the tactics and interests of pressure groups.
15 Cecil D. Andrus and Bob Bergland to "Member of Congress." December 1, 1978 (mimeo), contains both the text of the president's proclamation and an explanation for it. "Remarks of Rupert Cutler at White House Briefing, Friday December 1, 1978," contains a justification for creation of Admiralty Island and Misty Fiords national monuments. "RECORD OF DECISION: Withdrawal of proposed Special Classification Areas on National Forest and Adjacent Lands," by Bob Bergland, November 28, 1978 (mimeo), deals in some detail with the areas withdrawn for wilderness study. The Juneau Office of the Forest Service furnished me these documents.
16 Rakestraw, "Forest History in Alaska: Four Approaches to Two Forest Ecosystems." Journal of Forest History 23 (April 1979): 60-71.
17 One attorney wrote: "The abusive conduct of the Sierra Club includes a distasteful lack of respect for facts, and for opinions other than those of the Sierra Club. I have never seen such flagrantly misleading and deficient affidavits as those submitted by the Sierra Club. The Club has all too often embraced the principle that the end justifies the means." George Sean, "Timber Industry Attorney Reviews Forest Litigation," Alaska Construction and Oil Report 14 (April 1973): 13, 16, 18. Lawrence Rakestraw, "Conservation Historiography: An Assessment," Pacific Historical Review 41 (August 1972): 271-88, comments on the club's tactics. In Alaska, it included the preposterous assertion that Sierra Club activity antedated that of the Forest Service, since it began with John Muir's trip to Alaska in 1879. The Sierra Club was not established until 1892. Two articles by Susan R. Schrepfer explore the club's changing philosophy and tactics in relation to California issues: "Perspectives on Conservation: Sierra Club Strategies in Mineral King," Journal of Forest History 20 (October 1976): 176-90, and "Conflict in Preservation: The Sierra Club, Save-the-Redwoods League, and Redwood National Park," Journal of Forest History 24 (April 1980): 60-77.
18 Cornelius, "A Brief History," and Arnold, "Alaska Lands Face Lockup." discuss local groups—their founding, purposes, interests, and tactics.
19 There is an extensive file on Sierra Club v. Hardin in the Forestry Sciences Library in Juneau. The bias issues are described in previous citations. A copy of the Leopold-Barrett report is also in the Forestry Sciences Library. Anchorage Daily News, March 13, 1976, deals with cancellation of the sale.
20 Western Conservation Journal 33 (January 1976): 17-25, deals in some detail with Zieske v. Butz, Anchorage Daily News, April 13, 1976, carries a full account. Stephen Spurr. "Use of Professional Competency by the Judiciary," Journal of Forestry 75 (April 1977): 198-200, gives an excellent analysis. Robert W. Haines, Monongahela and the National Forest Management Act of 1976." Environmental Law 7 (Winter 1977): 346-462, is also valuable.
21 Joel Bennett and Gordon Robinson, "Afognak—Unique and Threatened," Sierra Club Bulletin 59 (November-December 1974): 27-30.
22 Llewelyn Johnson, "Background on a Confrontation," Alaska Construction and Oil Report 14 (June 1973): 50, 52-55, gives a thorough account.
23 Interviews with James Calvin, July 3 and 6, 1979. Copies of the briefs are in the Juneau Office of the Forest Service.
24 The state suit is summarized well in Anchorage Times, February 1, 1979. Sandor and Calvin interviews; Arnold, "Alaska Lands Fact Lockup"; CMAL clipping file.
25 Jack Anderson, "Alaska Land Grab Charged," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February 23, 1979; Anderson, "Land Grab Scheme Charged in Alaska," Washington Post, February 21, 1979; Anderson, "Those Phantom Villages." Washington Post, February 22, 1979; Sandor and Calvin interviews.
26 The standpoint of the mining industry is eloquently expressed in C. C. Hawley, "Is Alaska Mining an Endangered Industry?" Alaska Journal 9 (Summer 1979): 14-23. "Lands and Mineral Management" memo (1979) is revealing.
27 Ivan Doig, A History of the Pacific Northwest Experiment Station, 1925-1975 (Portland: U.S. Forest Service, 1976): 22-29; Robert W. Cowlin, "Federal Forest Research in the Pacific Northwest," 1973, manuscript, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; Forest Research Directory for Alaska (1975).
28 Ted Dyrness, "Brief Historical Sketch of Institute of Northern Forestry," in letter to the author, July 18, 1978; Dyrness interview, 1978.
29 R. J. Barney, "Wildfire in Alaska: Some Historical and Projected Effects and Aspects," in Fire in the Northern Environment: A Symposium (Portland: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1971). pp. 51-59; I. A. Viereck, "Wildfire in the Taiga of Alaska," Quaternary Research 3 (1973): 465-95; Viereck, "Ecological Effects of Flooding and Forest Fires on the Permafrost," in Permafrost: The North American Contribution to the Second International Conference (Washington: National Academy of Sciences, 1973); pp. 60-67.
30 O. Keith Hutchison and David R. Schwann, "Timber Resources and Utilization: Alaska's Interior Forests," Journal of Forestry 74 (June 1976): 338-41.
31 Peder Braathe, Hilmar Homen, and Aarne Hyyssonen, "Forestry Potential in Interior Alaska: Report to the Sponsors and Cooperators of the Symposium on North American Forest Lands," August 1977, manuscript, Institute of Northern Forestry.
32 Forestry Research Directory; "Ecology and Management of Taiga and Associated Environmental Systems in Interior Alaska," 1978." manuscript.
33 Forestry Research Directory; interviews with John Schmiege, 1968 and 1969. "Research Grants, MFRWU-1652" and "Current Studies, Fisheries," give listings of projects; both are found in the Forestry Sciences Library, Juneau.
34 Ibid.; interviews with Sandor and Kenneth Wright.
35 Ronald O. Skoog, Commissioner, ADF&G, to Morris Udall, House Subcommittee on General Oversight and Alaska Lands, July 18, 1978.
36 John W. Schoen and Olaf C. Wallen, "Deer and Logging in Southeastern Alaska," Alaska Fish and Game Trails 11 (no. 2, 1978): 2-3, 10. These studies tended to contradict long-held theories that forest regrowth was good habitat for deer. The matter is one of ongoing study, but it has become controversial. One man in timber management told me that the deer harvest from second-growth forest was larger than from old growth. On the other hand, the Alaska Chapter of the Wildlife Society, in a bitterly worded and somewhat misinformed "position paper," castigated the Forest Service for its management policies. Southeast Alaska Empire, June 1, 1979.
37 The Forest Service in Alaska, pp. 12-14. The following publications, all by the University of Alaska's Institute of Social and Economic Research, and all published in 1978, have been useful: Dorothy H. Thompson, The Wilderness Act: An Overview; David L. Countryman and Steven E. Jungst, Socio-Economic Variables That May Affect Wilderness Use in Southeast Alaska; George W. Rogers and Bruce Hart, Regional and Local Dimensions; Socio-Economic Overview; and National Demand for Developed Recreation and Tourism in Southeast Alaska: An Overview Tongass Land Management Plan: Case Studies and Interviews (TLMP) (June 1979), has an interesting discussion of Tenakee Hot Springs. The problems of recreation were also discussed with Sandor, Hakala, Ramon Clark, and Gerald Clark.
38 The Forest Service in Alaska, pp. 12-14; interviews with Manuel Archuleta, archaeologists John L. Mattson and Gerald Clark, and Michael Kennedy and William S. Hanable, Alaska Division of Parks.
39 Interview with Kay Metcalfe, Admiralty Island National Monument manager. Management directives for both national monuments, issued in June 1979, were made available to me from the Juneau Office. Interpretive brochures appeared soon after.
40 Rakestraw, "An Index of Sources for United States Forest Service Work with Reference to Totem Poles," manuscript. Juneau Office, 1972, has many references to Clark's work.
41 Outdoor Recreation and Historic Preservation in Alaska (Alaska Division of Parks, 1973); interviews with Hanable, Kennedy, and Mattson, 1978.
42 National Forests in Alaska, pp. 15-19, gives a good summary. Fish and Wildlife Habitat Program on the National Forests of Alaska (Juneau: U.S. Forest Service, 1979), gives a comprehensive account of state federal cooperation under the Sikes Act. Interviews in 1979 with Sigurd Olson, Robert Schmiege, and Manuel Archuleta were very useful.
43 The Forest Service in Alaska, pp. 33-37; interviews with Archuleta, Olson, and Metcalfe, July 1979.
44 TLMP, pp. 22-30; The Forest Service in Alaska, pp. 22-24.
45 Charles A. Yates, "Main Paths and Byways," Alaska 38 (March 1972): 1-7, 78-80, 90-92; 38 (September 1972): 9-10; Yates, "Problems, Promises Face Lumber Industry," Alaska Construction and Oil Report 16 (January 1975): 66-67, 70; John A. Sandor, "The Forest Service Challenge in Alaska," ibid, 19 (January 1978): 30-38, are a few of the articles dealing with changes in timber management. Tongass Timber Management (U.S. Forest Service, Alaska Region, 1969) and The Forest Service in Alaska, pp. 6-17, 20-26, are valuable. Sandor, "Land Management Planning Involving the Forest of Alaska," paper presented at the Eighth World Forestry Congress, Jakarta, October 26, 1978, places Alaskan forest management in world perspective.
46 The legal controversy is covered in Southeast Alaska Empire, April 1975; Ketchikan Daily News, March 1, 1975; and Alaska Forest Products Newsletter, Summer 1976. These accounts have been supplemented by interviews with Sandor and Calvin. Environmental problems of the Ketchikan Pulp Company are noted in Ketchikan Daily News, July 23, 1976. The conflict over danger trees is treated in Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, July 20, 1974.
47 Southeast Alaska Empire, January 1, 1975; Ketchikan Daily News, November 7 and December 9, 1974; Statement of Frank Peratrovich of Klawock, Hearings on Alaskan Lands, vol. 9, pp. 228-29.
48 See citations on Afognak under "Legal Struggles" in this chapter.
49 "A Bill Relating to Forest Resources and Practices" (copy furnished by Juneau Office). See also Sourdough Notes (April 1974). Alaska Forest Products Industry (Anchorage: State Forester and U.S. Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, 1976) is excellent on cooperation. The Forest Service in Alaska, pp. 6-8, is particularly informative regarding cooperation with Native corporations. Sandor, "The Forest Service's Challenge in Alaska," is valuable.
50 State activity can best be followed in Alaska Construction and Oil Report and in the Alaska Forest Products Newsletter.
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