A History of the Salmon National Forest

A. PLACE NAMES

The following list of names of places in Lemhi County or the Salmon National Forest is not all inclusive. Left out are obvious derivations such as Boulder Creek, Deep Creek, Goat Lake. The list was compiled mostly from a Geographic Gazeteer of Lemhi County and includes those places which have been named for known people or interesting circumstances.

Adams Creek, flows northeast from Gunsight peak, disappears in sinks west of Leadore. After George Adams, early rancher.

Agency Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Lemhi River. After Agency of old Lemhi Indian reservation.

Aggipah Mountain, in Bighorn Crags. Indian name of Salmon river, meaning "salmon."

Allan Mountain, northwest of Gibbonsville, after John F. Allan, early mining operator.

Allison Creek, from west slope of Lemhi range, westward to Salmon River. After John F. Allison, pioneer packer and horseman.

Anderson Creek, tributary of Dahionega Creek at Gibbonsville. After George D. Anderson, pioneer mining man. Also Anderson Mountain.

Arnett Creek, tributary of Napias Creek near Leesburg. After surname of early day placer miner.

Baker Creek, and Baker post office, nine miles southeast of Salmon. After William R. Baker, early settler here.

Baldy Creek, from east slope of Lemhi range eastward to Lemhi River, one mile north of Tendoy. After George A. Martin, early settler, whose friends nicknamed him "Baldy."

Bates Gulch, from east slope of Lemhi range, joins Alder Creek. After William Bates, pioneer.

Beagle Creek, tributary of Yellowjacket Creek. After Beagle brothers, Al and Bill, early settlers.

Bell Mountain, on southern boundary of Lemhi County. After Robert N. Bell, mining engineer of Boise.

Birdseye Creek, tributary of Silver Creek. After James W. Birdseye, early day county surveyor.

Bob Moore Creek, from east slope of Salmon River mountains, to Salmon River, near Carmen. After Robert Moore, pioneer settler.

Bohannon Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Lemhi River. After Isaiah Bohannon, pioneer settler.

Bray Creek, from Hi peak northeastward to Hayden Creek. After Mark Bray, pioneer settler.

Briney Creek, tributary of Salmon River from the east, 15 miles south of Salmon. After W. A. Briney, early settler.

Bruce Canyon, out of Spring Mountain, eastward to Little Birch Creek, south of Lemhi Union gulch. After A. T. Bruce, pioneer mining prospector.

Burns Gulch, from the east, tributary of Salmon River below Wagonhammer Creek. Mr. Burns fell from the cliff into Salmon River and was drowned.

Camp Creek, at Leesburg. After Chris Camp.

Carmen Creek and post office. After Benjamin Carman who had a sawmill on this creek.

Chamberlain Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Eighteenmile Creek, Lemhi drainage. After George Chamberlain, one of the original locators of the Copper Queen mine.

China Gulch, enters Salmon River opposite Shoup. Was once placer mined by Chinamen.

China Springs, on side of Lake Mountain, draining into Deep Creek. Three Chinamen in early days were killed here for their gold dust.

Chips Creek, from Baldy Mountain, tributary of Pollard canyon west of Salmon. After Chips Evans, old timer of this district.

Colson Creek, from the north, tributary of Salmon River, below Owl Creek. After surname of an early day packer.

Cooper Creek, tributary of Hayden Creek. After J. Newt. Cooper, pioneer stockman.

Corn Creek, tributary of Salmon River from the north, below Middle Fork. After early settlers there.

Cramer Creek, tributary of Salmon River from the north, about four miles west of Middle Fork. After Jack Cramer, pioneer mining prospector.

Cronk's Canyon, a box canyon of Salmon River about three miles long, extending northward from a point about one mile north of mouth of Pahsimeroi River. After James Cronk, early day cattleman.

Cruikshank Creek, tributary of Canyon Creek from west slope of Continental Divide, east of Leadore. After Alexander Cruikshank, a scout for General Howard during the Nez Perce flight. He settled here in 1878.

Daly Creek, tributary of Moose Creek. After surname of early placer miner.

Dahlonega Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of North Fork at Gibbonsville. After Dahlonega, Georgia.

Davis Canyon, from northeast, tributary of Freeman Creek. After J. W. Davis, early settler.

D. C. Gulch and D. C. Bar, southeast of Lemhi. After initials of David and Criderman, pioneer stockmen.

Degan Mountain, four miles south of Lake Mountain. After Joseph Degan, early settler.

Donnelly Gulch, from the north, tributary of Salmon River one mile west of North Fork. After James Donnelly, pioneer settler.

Dummy Creek, from the east, tributary of Salmon River above Twelvemile Creek. After two mutes, men who were partners on a ranch there.

Ebenezer Creek, tributary of Salmon River from the north, below Owl Creek. After Ebenezer Shell, early resident there.

Everson Creek, from Lemhi range, tributary of Lee creek. After John Everson, pioneer ranchman.

Ezra Creek, from the west, tributary of Salmon River, between Ringle and Shep Creek. After Ezra Orn, pioneer packer and freighter.

Falls Creek, tributary of Patterson Creek, Pahsimeroi drainage. After Lorenzo Falls, stockman.

Fenster Creek, tributary of Salmon River opposite Carmen Creek. After Jacob Feinsteur, early settler.

Ford Creek, tributary of Bear Valley Creek. After Albert H. Ford, early day mining prospector.

Forge Creek, tributary of Camas Creek about eight miles from Middle Fork. An old forge was left here by early day miners.

Forney, early post office and stage station on Panther Creek at mouth of Fourth of July Creek. After Henry Forney, early settler, related to present Forney families in Boise.

Frank Hall Creek, tributary of Cruikshank Creek. After a pioneer ranchman, of that creek.

Freeman Peak, east of Carmen, near Continental Divide. After James Freeman, pioneer.

Geertson Creek, tributary of Lemhi River from the west. After Lars C. Geertson, pioneer settler.

Gibbonsville, on Dahlonega Creek. After Col. John Gibbon, commander of U. S. troops at Battle of Big Hole in 1877.

Gilmore, 17 miles south of Leadore. After John T. Gilmer of Gilmer & Salisbury Stage Line.

Gorley Creek, from Balday Mountain, west of Salmon, eastward to Salmon River. After James Gorley, early day freighter and packer.

Hammerean Creek, from the west, tributary of North Fork. After a placer miner named Hammerean who worked this creek in the 1870's.

Hawley Creek, from western slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Eighteenmile Creek, above Leadore. After E. R. Hawley, early stockman in that area.

Hayden Creek, from Long Mountain at Hi peak of Lemhi range, north eastward to Lemhi River near Lemhi. After James Hayden, early day freighter, who, with others was murdered by Indians on Birch Creek in 1877.

Haynes Creek, from Lemhi range east to Lemhi River opposite Kenney Creek. After Norman I. Andrews, early settler on this creek, whose nickname was "Haynes" Andrews.

Hughes Creek, tributary of North Fork of Salmon River. After Barney Hughes, pioneer placer miner on this creek, and one of the original discoverers of Alder Gulch, Montana.

Hull Creek, from the west, tributary of North Fork. After Joseph Hull, early day settler.

Jack Smith Gulch, tributary of Mill Creek, from the west, southeast of Lemhi. After pioneer cattleman.

Jake's Canyon, four miles north of Leadore. After Jacob Yearian, pioneer ranchman.

Jesse Creek, tributary of Salmon River at Salmon. After Jesse McCaleb, pioneer settler on this creek, who was later killed by Indians on Big Lost River. Mt. McCaleb in the Lost River range was named for him.

Jureano Creek, tributary of Panther Creek, below Napias Creek. After Jules Reneau, old time placer miner in this gulch.

Kadletz Creek, from southwest, tributary of Lemhi River near Baker. After Joe Kadletz, early settler near mouth of Kadletz Creek.

From southwest, tributary of Bear Valley Creek. After William Kadletz, once government blacksmith at Lemhi Agency.

Kenny Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, below Tendoy. After Dr. George A. Kenney, pioneer physician who had a ranch at the mouth of this creek.

Kirtley Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Lemhi River near Salmon. After James L. Kirtley, pioneer rancher.

Lee Creek, from east slope of Lemhi range, tributary of Lemhi River northwest of Leadore. After Charles Lee, pioneer settler.

Leesburg, once a mining town on Napias Creek. After Robert E. Lee, General of confederate armies in the Civil War.

Lemhi River, Pass, post office and mountain range. After Limhi, a character in the Book of Mormon.

Lost Trail Pass, between Idaho and Montana, from headwaters of North Fork of the Salmon to headwaters of the Bitterroot River in Montana. Here Lewis and Clark realized they had lost their intended trail.

Mount McGuire, east of Middle Fork, in the Bighorn Crags. After Don Maguire, mining engineer and geologist.

McKay Creek, tributary of Salmon River from the north, near Shoup. After J. N. McKay, prospector on Salmon River in 1870's.

McKim Creek, from Lemhi range westward to Salmon River, above Poison Creek. After David McKim, pioneer ranchman.

McDevitt Ranch, from east slope of Lemhi range, tributary of Lemhi River above Tendoy. After Neal McDevitt, early settler.

Meyers-Cove, on Camas Creek. After B. F. Meyer, ex-congressman of Pennsylvania, who operated mines on Arrastra Creek.

Mogg Mountain, in Lemhi range, overlooking Hayden Creek to the north and Morse Creek to the southwest. After Fred Mogg, pioneer.

Mollie Gulch, six miles northwest of Leadore. After Miss Mollie Yearian, pioneer, who later married James H. Clarke.

Morgan Creek, from west slope of Lemhi range, to Patterson Creek near May. After John Morgan, pioneer horsegrower of this area.

Mormon Ranch, on Middle Fork, north of Camas Creek. After Mormons who located there during Thunder Mountain boom days.

Morse Creek, flows southwestward from Mogg Mountain in Lemhi range, to Patterson Creek. After early day stockman of that name.

Moyer Creek, from Taylor Mountain to Panther Creek. After George Moyer who was killed there.

Mulkey Creek, from Lemhi range, tributary of Lemhi River, six miles above Salmon. After Elijah Mulkey, one of the Leesburg discovery party, who settled on Mulkey Creek.

Musgrove Creek, from Bighorn Crags southeastward to Panther Creek. After Major Musgrove, early day mining character.

Napoleon Gulch, from Napoleon Hill, tributary of Salmon River near North Fork. After Napoleon LaVarre, early settler.

Napias Creek, from west slope of Salmon River mountains, southwestward to Panther Creek. After Indian name for "money" because gold was found there.

Panther Creek, a large creek from the south, draining to the Salmon River eight miles below Shoup. That part below Musgrove Creek was called Big Creek in the early days.

Pattee Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Lemhi River below Tendoy. After Joseph L. Pattee, early rancher.

Patterson Creek, from Lemhi range southwestward and westward to Pahsimeroi River. Name misspelled from Ross Pattison, who ranched here in early days, and discovered the tungsten mines on that creek.

Payne Creek, tributary of Bear Valley Creek near Hayden Creek. After an early day mining prospector of that name.

Perreau Creek, from Baldy mountain eastward to Salmon River south of Salmon. After John Perreau, pioneer settler.

Peterson Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Lemhi River above Lemhi. After William Peterson, early settler.

Phelan Creek, tributary of Napias Creek below Leesburg. After Larry Phelan who ran a horseherd and dairy cows there during Leesburg boom.

Pierce Creek, tributary of North Fork north of Gibbonsville. After a pioneer miner.

Pollard Canyon, tributary of Jesse Creek west of Salmon. After Frank M. Pollard, pioneer rancher.

Pratt Creek, tributary of Lemhi River above Baker. After Jerome Pratt, early settler on this stream.

Pruvan Creek, tributary of a fork of Sheep Creek (North Fork drainage). After John Pruvan, G.A.R. veteran who had a cabin on this creek.

Puddin Mountain, in Bighorn Crags, five miles east of Middle Fork. After "Puddin River" Wilson, early day saloon keeper at Yellowjacket mining camp.

Ramsey Mountain, northeast of Lemhi. After an early day storekeeper at Lemhi.

Rapps Creek, tributary of Arnett Creek near Leesburg. After Joseph Rapp, one of the Leesburg discovery party.

Rees Creek from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Lemhi River above Lemhi. After Robert G. Rees, pioneer settler.

Ringle Creek, from west, tributary of Salmon River above Iron Creek. After William Ringle, early settler on this creek.

Salzer Creek, tributary of Hughes Creek. After early day placer miner on this creek.

Schwartz Creek, from east slope of Lemhi range, tributary of Lemhi River southeast of Lemhi. After H. Schwartz, early rancher.

Sharkey Creek a) tributary of Agency Creek in Lemhi Valley b) tributary of Napias Creek at Leesburg both named for F. B. Sharkey of the Leesburg discovery party.

Shell Creek, from south, tributary of Salmon River three miles east of Middle Fork. After Ebenezer Snell or Shell, old time settler.

Shoup, mining town on north bank of Salmon River below North Fork. After Col. George L. Shoup, pioneer settler, and first state governor of Idaho.

Smithey Creek, tributary of Dahlonega Creek near Gibbonsville. After Dennis Smith, early prospector.

Smout Creek, from northeast, tributary of Freeman Creek. After W. T. Smout who once settled there.

Stein Mountain, seven miles northeast of North Fork. After Henry Stein, early prospector.

Stroud Creek, from Lemhi range, branch of Lee Creek, tributary of Lemhi River below Leadore.

Swan Peak, in Salmon River mountains, five miles west of Lake mountain. After William Swan.

Taylor Mountain, in Salmon River mountains, overlooking Big Hat Creek, east, and Panther Creek, west. After Bob Taylor, early day horsegrower on Big Hat Creek.

Tendoy, post office in Lemhi Valley. After Chief Tendoy of the Lemhi Indians, who is buried near there.

Thompson Gulch, three miles northeast of Leadore. After Elmer E. Thompson, early settler.

Tobias Creek, tributary of Hayden Creek. After Solon S. Tobias, pioneer ranchman.

Tormay Creek, tributary of Perreau Creek near Salmon. After John Tormey, locator of Tormey mine.

Treloar Gulch, tributary of Panther Creek near Cobalt. After an early resident and postmaster of Forney.

Turner Gulch, tributary of Jesse Creek. After Captain N. L. Turner, civil war veteran who mined in this gulch.

Votler Creek, tributary of North Fork below Gibbonsville. After Gus Votler, early resident.

Waddington Creek, from the east, tributary of Salmon River opposite Rattlesnake Creek. After Watts Waddington who owned a ranch there.

Wade Creek, tributary of Hayden Creek. After Daniel and Henry Wade, early ranchmen.

Wagonhammer Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Salmon River two miles above North Fork. After discovery of wagon remnants presumably left by prospectors in 1862 who tried to drive wagons by this route to the Florence gold fields.

Wallace Creek a) tributary of Owl Creek. After Wallace St. Clair who mined this stream. b) tributary of Salmon River from the west, near Carmen. After William Wallace, early settler.

White Creek, tributary of Agency Creek. After Harry White, early settler.

Williams Creek, Williams Lake, south of Salmon. After Henry Williams, pioneer ranchman.

Wilson Creek, tributary of Middle Fork, from the east. (Also Wilson Mountain). After "Puddin River" Wilson, early saloon keeper at Yellowjacket mining camp.

Wimpy Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Lemhi River near Baker. After William Wimpey, early settler.

Wire Gulch, tributary of Panther Creek, three miles from Salmon River. After James Vier, pioneer prospector, who is buried there.

Withington Creek, from southeast, tributary of Lemhi River near Baker. After Lester P. Withington, pioneer settler.

Wright Creek, tributary of Bear Valley Creek. After Dr. F. S. Wright, one time official physician at Lemhi Agency.

Yearian Creek, from west slope of Continental Divide, tributary of Lemhi River above Lemhi. After George Yearian, pioneer settler.

Yellowjacket Creek, from Bighorn Crags to Camas Creek, four miles east of Middle Fork. When the first propsectors were finding gold here, their pack horses stirred up a nest of yellowjackets.

A very interesting story is related concerning the origin of the name of Horse Creek. This story illustrates the interesting oral tradition concerning many place names in the Salmon Forest. In gold rush days, prior to about 1890, the Horse Creek drainage was known as Big Sheep Creek. A man named Reynolds who had a little store at Shoup, and a trapper named Allen, went to Big Sheep Creek to trap. They packed their supplies and traps to the big meadow at the main forks of the creek, built a cabin and prepared to spend the winter trapping, primarily for martin. They turned their horses, quite a herd, out on the south slopes of Big Sheep Creek. Along in early spring they got the "cabin fever" and decided to go out to civilization. On their way to the Bitterroot Valley, on snowshoes, they stopped for lunch by a campfire and Reynolds went to sleep. Allen saw his chance to own all the furs, and as was quite common in the West, terminated the partnership by shooting Reynolds while he slept. Allen took the pelts and other valuables but was caught and hanged before he got out of the country. This left the horses on Big Sheep Creek without any owners. They wintered on the open hillsides for several winters before they were caught by local people or were winter killed.

Because of the horses the local people began to call the creek Horse Creek and later named all the forks of the creek some name associated with a horse. One exception was Reynolds Creek, a large branch of Horse Creek, on which Reynolds and Allen built the cabin in the winter of 1891.¹

---

¹Howard Sims.

---

B. EARLY MINING METHODS

The early prospector started with a pick, shovel and a gold pan. He partially filled the pan with earth, added water and shook the pan with a circular motion that separated the heavier gold from the dirt. As he poured off the water and dirt, the gold remained in the bottom of the pan. A prospector would pan his way along a likely stream and if he found good "pay dirt" he then resorted to methods which would speed up the volume of production.

a) Rocker: This is shaped like a baby's cradle, with the foot board removed and the bottom made of a piece of sheet iron full of holes. Dirt is thrown on this sheet and water poured in and the whole thing rocked to wash the dirt through the holes, where the gold would be caught on cleats fastened to the bottom of the rocker.

b) Sluice box or Long Tom: A long trough, ten or twelve feet long and about a foot square at the ends. Sometimes sluice boxes were placed end to end in strings. Earth is dumped into the troughs and a current of water from a ditch is run into them. The heavy gold particles sink to the bottom where they are collected behind wooden cleats or riffles.

c) Giant or hydraulic mining: Instead of moving the earth to the sluice box with pick and shovel, water is directed through high pressure nozzles onto a hillside of gold-bearing earth, washing the earth into the sluice boxes, where the riffles trap the gold as the earth and gravel wash through.

d) Dredge: a power driven chain of buckets on a barge revolve to bring up placer material from the stream bed. On the barge the gold is separated from the other material and the waste returned to the stream. A variation is a steam shovel on a barge to scoop up the dirt and gravel. One of the earliest dredges in the Salmon National Forest was on Moose Creek. Other dredges were operated on Kirtley Creek, Bohannon Creek, Napias Creek, and the Nork Fork drainage in the Gibbonsville area.

When there was not enough water in a creek for dredging, sometimes water was diverted into it near its head from a nearby creek. Three examples of this in the Salmon Forest vicinity are: diversion of a fork of Carmen Creek to Kirtley Creek, Wimpy Creek to Bohannon Creek and Moose Creek to Dump Creek. Besides the tailings left from the dredging, there was another adverse effect from the diversion of Moose Creek to Dump Creek when a small dam washed out about 1897 and and the diversion became permanent, sending all of Moose Creek down Dump Creek for the past 70 years. While the bed of Dump Creek appears to be granitic formations of the Idaho batholith, the upper part of the Dump Creek gully appears to be unstable tuffs and ash similar to Challis Volcanics formation and the resulting erosion has built an alluvial fan in the Salmon River at the mouth of Dump Creek. This has forced the Salmon River several hundred feet north, which has created a body of dead water upstream. The ice forming at dead water in cold weather spreads upstream many miles and causes danger of flooding ranches and the highway.¹ Effects of this erosion continue to be felt downstream, and are discussed further in the section on watershed management.

---

¹A. R. Bevan, Reconnaissance Report, Dump Creek Erosion Problem, Salmon National Forest, 1964, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region Four.

---

Following discovery of placers, gold was often found in rocks and ledges buried deep under the surface and was removed by quartz mining or "hard rock" mining. Treatment of the ore required great investment and heavy machinery. Various hard-rock mining methods were used in Lemhi County.

e) Arrastra: This primitive mill was used all over the Salmon National Forest, at Pine Creek, Shoup, Gibbonsville, Indian Creek, Arrastra Creek and others. Four cross-arms attached to a central spindle have weights which are dragged around the bottom of a cylindrical tub. Later the ore is washed and panned. Arrastras sometimes used water power, or horsepower to drag the weights around. They saved more gold with the arrastra than with any other method because there was no discharge through them as they were run. It was a slow process, and was used only if the ore was rich.

f) Stamp Mill: The stamp is an ore-crushing hammer. The early day stamps were only 800 pounds, but later were as heavy as 1250 pounds for each stamp. There were five stamps in a battery. The ore was in a heavy cast iron or steel mortar. Each stamp had a cam which raised the stamp and let it drop, working the ore fine enough to wash through a screen. The gold was then separated from the dirt, usually amalgamated by a mercury process and converted into bricks.²

---

²Billy Taylor.

---

g) Ball Mill: This was used later than the stamp mill. Iron balls were put into a large cylinder with the ore and the cylinder rolled until the balls had ground the ore. There was a ball mill used at Shoup, another on Carmen Creek.²

---

²Billy Taylor.

---

C. PERSONNEL STATISTICS

The following charts give the personnel of the Salmon National Forest as listed in the records from the Ogden office of Intermountain Region 4. Names starred (*) appear in the Salmon National Forest historical file but not in the Ogden file. For the years 1918 and 1919, Dana Parkinson appears in the Salmon file as Supervisor, while the Ogden file lists S. C. Scribner as Supervisor. The Salmon file lists S. S. Steward as Deputy Supervisor in 1918, and S. C. Scribner as Deputy Supervisor in 1919.

Local office listings may be by actual dates while those from the Ogden office are possibly by fiscal years.

SUPERVISOR AND STAFF OFFICERS

DISTRICT RANGERS

D. EARLY DAY ROADS — SALMON N.F.

E. BRIDGE INVENTORY

F. GRAZING STATISTICS

Salmon National Forest — 1907 - 1972

*Part of Lemhi transferred to Salmon.

*Added Medicine Lodge District — Old Lemhi

G. RECREATION AREA AND USE STATISTICS

DEVELOPED RECREATION SITES — SALMON NATIONAL FOREST

H. LARGE PROJECT FIRES — Salmon National Forest 1919 - 1972

I. LEGISLATION

Changes in Management Through Legislation

a. The Idaho Primitive Area was set aside adminstratively by R. Y. Stuart, Chief of the Forest Service, on April 7, 1931. It was designated for recreation, to be maintained in an undeveloped condition, closed to the construction of public roads or special use permits for the construction of permanent improvements. The Idaho Primitive Area includes approximately 1,225,000 acres in part of the Payette, Boise, Challis and Salmon National Forests, composed mainly of Middle Fork drainage plus drainages of streams entering the Salmon River from the south below the Middle Fork, to Mackay Bar.

b. The Surface Right Determination Act of 1955 (Multiple Use of Surface of Public Lands — Materials Disposal Act of July 23, 1955) provided that, except as needed for development of the mine, the vegetative surface resources of public lands were left to be managed by the federal agency under whose jurisdiction the mine was located.

The increased use of the land for recreation, and changing concepts of land use indicate the need for updating the mining laws which have not changed materially since 1872 when resources were considered inexhaustible and mineral wealth was considered of first importance.

c. The Multiple Use — Sustained Yield Act of 1960 enacted into law the basic purposes which had guided the Forest Service from the time of its establishment; namely, that the National Forests are established and shall be administered for outdoor recreation, range, timber, watershed, and wildlife and fish purposes "Multiple use" in the Act means: The management of all the various renewable surface resources of the national forests so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the needs of the American people; making the most judicious use of the land for some or all of these resources or related services over areas large enough to provide sufficient latitude for periodic adjustments in use to conform to changing needs and conditions; that some land will be used for less than all of the resources; and harmonious and coordinated management of the various resources, each with the other, without impairment of the productivity of the land, with consideration being given to the relative values of the various resources, and not necessarily the combination of uses that will give the greatest dollar return or the greatest unit output. "Sustained yield of the several products and services" means the achievement and maintenance in perpetuity of a high-level annual or regular periodic output of the various renewable resources of the national forests without impairment of the productivity of the land.

In 1897 Congress passed the Organic Act, outlining a broad policy for management of the resources and opening them for managed use. This act embodied Gifford Pinchot's conservation principal of "use with sustained yield." Strengthened and broadened by later amendments and by the Multiple Use — Sustained Yield Act of 1960, the Organic Act is still the basic authority for managing the National Forests.¹

---

¹U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, PA-771.

---

d. The Wilderness Act of September 3, 1964, is an act to establish a National Wilderness Preservation System, to secure for the people the benefits of an enduring wilderness. Federally owned areas, designated as "wilderness areas" shall be administered in such manner as will leave them unimpaired for future enjoyment as wilderness, shall be protected and preserved in their wilderness character. A wilderness area shall continue to be managed by the department and agency which managed it before its inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Wilderness area is defined as an area where man is a visitor and does not remain, an area without permanent improvements or habitation, and at least 5,000 acres in extent. The act prescribed that all primitive areas were to be reviewed within ten years as to suitability for wilderness classification and the findings of the Chief of the Forest Service given to the Congress with the recommendation of the President concerning its designation as "wilderness" or other reclassification. Congress must act on these presidential recommendations. Prior to submitting recommendation to the President, public notice shall be given and public hearings held.

Except as otherwise provided, wilderness areas shall be devoted to the public purposes of recreational, scenic, scientific, educational, conservation, and historical use. There shall be no commercial enterprise, no permanent road except for administrative purposes, no temporary road, no use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment or motorboats, no landing of aircraft, no other form of mechanical transport, and no structure or installation within such area. Use of aircraft or motorboats, where already established, may be continued subject to restrictions desired by the secretary of agriculture. Measures may be taken to control fires, insects and disease.

Nothing in this Act shall prevent prospecting if carried on in a manner compatible with the preservation of wilderness environment. The Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines shall determine mineral values present, and such surveys shall be made available to the public. Existing mining laws shall pertain until 1983, but the U.S. shall retain surface rights. After 1983, minerals in designated lands are withdrawn from all forms of appropriation.¹

---

¹Public Law 88-577, 88th Congress, S.4, September 3, 1964.

---

When the Wilderness Act was passed in 1964, there were already fourteen Wilderness Areas established in various National Forests. On the Salmon Forest there are no Wilderness Areas yet designated, but the Idaho Primitive Area is being considered as to suitability for wilderness classification.

e. Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 authorized the charging of fees on Federal recreation areas. Golden Eagle Passports, for sale for $7.00 annually, admitted the purchaser, family or carload to all Federal recreation areas at which entrance or admission fees were charged, supervised by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation, Forest Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and Tennessee Valley Authority. Moneys received are used to provide further outdoor recreational areas and facilities, to meet growing recreational demands. Fees are charged only at areas which have recreational facilities or services provided at Federal expense.

On the Salmon National Forest campgrounds at the Crags, Lost Springs, Ebenezer Bar, Wallace Lake, Iron Lake, Twin Creeks, Meadow Lake, Cougar Point, Deadwater Springs, Corn Creek Bar, Cache Creek Bar and Yellowjacket Lake were administered under the Golden Eagle Permit System.

This law expired in the spring of 1970. The Forest Service issued its own use permits at $7.00 per unit for a season, usable in any National Forest. Congress approved an extension of the Golden Eagle program in 1970. In 1971 the Golden Eagle Passports were again available with an increased fee to $10.00.

f. National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of October 2, 1968, designated portions of eight rivers as the first components of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System: 1. Feather (California), 2. Rogue (Oregon), 3. Clearwater River, Middle Fork (Idaho), 4. Salmon, Middle Fork (Idaho), 5. Rio Grande (New Mexico), 6. St. Croix (Minnesota and Wisconsin), 7. Wolf (Wisconsin), 8. Eleven Point (Missouri). The main Salmon River is among others being considered for future inclusion.

The Middle Fork of the Salmon River and adjacent lands are classified as a "Wild River" area, except for the Dagger Falls road-head area, which is classified as a "Scenic River" area. This short scenic River section extends from Dagger Creek to about one-half mile below Dagger Falls and is thus classified because it is accessible by road, while the remainder of the Middle Fork conforms to the definition for Wild River: free of impoundment and generally inaccessible except by trail, with watersheds or shorelines essentially primitive.

Approximately 32,000 acres are within the boundary of the Middle Fork of Salmon River Wild River area. The Middle Fork flows through the Boise, Challis, Payette and Salmon National Forests. The Middle Fork begins with the confluence of Marsh and Bear Valley Creeks, 20 miles northwest of Stanley, and flows 104 miles to the main Salmon River. Its lower 80 miles flow through the Idaho Primitive Area. That lower portion is subject to the provisions of both the Wild and Scenic River Act and the law and regulations governing primitive areas. In case of conflict, the more restrictive provisions apply.

The Middle Fork is to be administered by the Forest Service in a manner that protects and enhances the values which caused it to be included in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. To accomplish this, the river will be managed to:

—Maintain the natural free flowing conditions of the river.

—Protect water quality.

—Protect scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, archaeologic, and other similar values.

—Maintain the essential primitive conditions of the shorelines.

—Provide recreation opportunities in harmony with the wild and scenic nature of the river.¹

---

¹"River Plan for the Middle Fork Salmon Wild and Scenic River," Intermountain Region — Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, pp. 2-3.

---

A portion of the main Salmon River from North Fork to its confluence with the Snake River is presently being considered for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.

In June, 1970, the Public Land Law Review released a report on its five year study of several thousand laws dealing with public lands. This is the first such comprehensive review in over a century.

Recommendations included:

—the maintenance or enhancement of the environment on and adjacent to public lands through statutory guidelines and restrictions insuring pollution control measures.

—payments by the Federal Government to the states where public lands are located, in lieu of taxes.

—repeal of the Homestead Act and Desert Land Act, with such agricultural lands to be sold to the highest bidder.

—grazing should be continued with policies flexible enough to attain maximum efficiency in the use of the forage and to support regional economic growth. Grazing fees should adhere to a fair market value.

—some classes of public land should be excluded from future mineral development.

—existing Federal systems for exploration, development and production of mineral resources on public lands should be modified.

—patent fees should be increased States on all minerals produced and royalties paid to the United and marketed from public lands.¹

---

¹Senator Len Jordan, "Land Study Announced by Jordan," The Recorder Herald, June 25, 1970.

---

J. BIBLIOGRAPHY

HISTORY OF THE SALMON NATIONAL FOREST AND THE GENERAL AREA IN WHICH IT IS LOCATED

Bibliography

Acknowlegement is given to the following for their assistance:

Idaho Fish and Game Department, Boise, Idaho
Idaho Historical Society, Boise, Idaho
Lemhi County Museum, Salmon, Idaho
Lemhi County Recorder's Office, Salmon, Idaho
The Recorder-Herald Office, Salmon, Idaho
U. S. Forest Service personnel in Region One and Region Four.

Footnoted items not found in the Bibliography are mainly Forest Service reports and memoranda from the history files and other files in the Salmon National Forest Office, Salmon, Idaho.

I am grateful to Dr. Earl H. Swanson, Jr., of Idaho State University in Pocatello for his reading of the portion on the "Indians before 1800" and his helpful suggestions; and to the vast number of residents of the Salmon River area who willingly shared their knowledge, insights and opinions.

Unpublished Sources

Arrington, Leonard. "The New Deal in Idaho." Paper presented April 10, 1969 at the Twenty-Second Annual Pacific Northwest History Conference in Boise, Idaho.

Clark's Review, 1890. Lemhi County Museum, Salmon, Idaho.

Liljeblad, Sven S. "Indian Peoples in Idaho." Unpublished Manuscript, Idaho State University Museum, 1957.

Reed, Elizabeth M. "The Gilmore Story." Lemhi County Museum, Salmon, Idaho.

Swanson, Earl H., Jr. "Archaeological Survey of the Middle Fork of the Salmon River, Idaho." Salmon National Forest history files.

Wade, Daniel D. "Jesse McCaleb and Bannock Indians." Lemhi County Museum, Salmon, Idaho.

Interviews

Ainsworth, David G., Salmon, Idaho. February 25, 1970

Brown, Helen, Lemhi, Idaho. May 29, 1970

Brunk, Fay. Salmon, Idaho. February 21, 1969

Cannon, Bessie. Salmon, Idaho. April 30, 1969.

Carl, Fred. Salmon, Idaho. April 30, 1969.

Chase, Fred. Boise, Idaho. June 1, 1970.

Donlan, Frances. Salmon, Idaho. April 30, 1969.

Gautier, Joseph. Salmon, Idaho. February 21, 1969 and April 29, 1969.

Gutzman, Lester and Mildred. Salmon, Idaho. October 23, 1969.

Knoblock, Rich. Boise, Idaho. February 17, 1971.

Mahoney, Jim and Marian. Salmon, Idaho. October 22, 1969.

McNicoll, Claire. Salmon, Idaho. February 19, 1969.

Nichols, Earl. Salmon, Idaho. October 22, 1969.

O'Connor, Wayne and Velma. Salmon, Idaho. October 23, 1969.

Powers, F. E. Salmon, Idaho. February 20, 1969 and February 25, 1970.

Poynor, Neale and Laura. Boise, Idaho. November 18, 1969.

Ramey, Fred and Thelma. Salmon, Idaho. April 30, 1969.

Reed, Elizabeth M. Salmon, Idaho. February 19, 1969 and February 25, 1970.

Sims, Howard and Marjorie. Salmon, Idaho. October 23, 1969.

Slavin, Otis and Virginia. Boise, Idaho. July 18, 1969.

Slavin, Ted and Leitha. Salmon, Idaho. February 20, 1969.

St. Clair, Herb. Salmon, Idaho. April 30, 1969.

Swanson, Earl H. Jr., in Boise, Idaho. April 10, 1969.

Taylor, William (Billy). Salmon, Idaho. October 23, 1969.

Thompson, Glenn. Caldwell, Idaho. March 10, 1971.

Tobias, Ross. Salmon, Idaho. May 1, 1969 and May 27, 1970.

Wheeler, Leola. Boise, Idaho. September 15, 1969.

Wilson, William and Adele. Hall, Montana. June 12, 1969.

Correspondence

Borovec, Harold, Chehalis, Washington, February 10, 1970

Lambert, E. R., Retired locomotive mechanic. Chehalis, Washington, March 7, 1970

McDonald, C. H., Stevensville, Montana. September 14, 1970.

Shaw, W. M., Game Biologist, Idaho Fish and Game Department, Boise, Idaho, March 11, 1971.

Newspapers

Bailey, R. G. "Pioneer Tells of First Boat Trip Down Salmon River," The Recorder Herald (Salmon, Idaho), January 15, 1952.

"$4.5 Million for Land Asked by Lemhi Indians," The Idaho Statesman (Boise), March 4, 1971, p. 1-A.

"From Salmon City, The Indian Situation in the Salmon River Country," The New North-West (Deer Lodge, Montana), September 6, 1878.

"Fruit Industry of Lemhi" The Idaho Recorder (Salmon), January 24, 1907.

Gutzman, Lester. "Lumbering Claims Interesting Progress Here," The Recorder-Herald (Salmon, Idaho), Diamond Anniversary Issue, 1961, Section One, p. 7.

Hayden, Carl E. "Gilmore Was Real Town Many Long Years Ago," The Salt Lake Tribune, January 26, 1947, p. 5

"Historic Kilns Draw Interest," The Recorder-Herald (Salmon, Idaho), November 7, 1968.

"Improving the Range," The Lemhi Herald (Salmon, Idaho), September 12, 1907.

Johnson, Bob. "Father, Son Excavate Site of Ancient Bison Massacre," The Idaho Statesman (Boise), September 9, 1970, p. 14.

Jordan, Senator Len. "Land Study Announced by Jordan," The Recorder-Herald (Salmon, Idaho), June 25, 1970.

Knopf, Jerry. "Forest Service Official Raps Bugs, Not Monsters, As Prime Timber Killers," The Idaho Statesman (Boise), March 13, 1970, p. 12B.

"LIDAR Tested on Salmon Forest," The Recorder-Herald (Salmon, Idaho), July 28, 1966.

Lorimer, Bob. "Resource Meeting Told Idaho Growth Hinges on Planning," The Idaho Statesman (Boise), November 19, 1970, p. 3D.

"Mark Looms for Booting on Salmon," The Idaho Statesman (Boise), August 10, 1970, p. 16.

Merritt, Allen. "Salmon Main Street Changes With Time," The Recorder-Herald (Salmon, Idaho), Diamond Jubilee Issue, 1961, Third Section, p. 1.

"The Murder Party," The New North-West (Deer Lodge, Montana) August 2, 1878.

"Notes on Forest Progress," The Lemhi Herald (Salmon, Idaho), November 28, 1907.

"Powers Recalls Spraying, Notes Large Run of Fish," The Recorder-Herald (Salmon, Idaho), October 31, 1968.

Reed, Elizabeth. "First School Established Here in Log Cabin," The Recorder-Herald (Salmon, Idaho), Diamond Anniversary Issue, 1961, Section One, p. 4.

Shoup, George E. "Incidents concerning Chief Tendoy and History of Lemhi Tribe as told at Dedication of Sacajawea Marker," The Recorder-Herald (Salmon, Idaho), August 5, 1936.

"Spurt in Gilmore Recalls No-Rail Iron Monster," The Salt Lake Tribune, January 14, 1952, p. 13.

Summer Patrols Organized for Salmon, Middle Fork," The Idaho Statesman (Boise), March 16, 1971, p. 7.

"Ten Passenger Bus Takes Middle Fork Float Trip," The Recorder-Herald (Salmon, Idaho), June 18, 1970, p. 1.

Back files of the following newspapers:

The Idaho Recorder, Salmon, Idaho.

The Idaho Signal, Lewiston, Idaho.

The Idaho Statesman, Boise, Idaho.

The Lemhi Herald, Salmon, Idaho.

The Missoulian, Missoula, Montana.

The New North-West, Deer Lodge, Montana.

The Recorder-Herald, Salmon, Idaho.

The Salt Lake Tribune, Salt Lake City Utah.

Magazines and Periodicals

Beal, Merrill D. "The Story of the Utah Northern Railroad," Idaho Yesterdays, Vol I, No. 2 (Summer, 1957), 3-10.

Craighead, John, and Craighead, Frank, Jr. "White-water Adventure on Wild Rivers of Idaho," National Geographic, Vol. 137, No. 2 (February, 1970), 212-239.

Eldridge, George H. "A Geological Reconnaissance Across Idaho," Department of the Interior — U. S. Geological Survey, Extract from The Sixteenth Annual Report of The Director. 1894-1895. Part II (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895).

Heidt, Lena Dellen. "Gay Times in Gibbonsville," Old West (Spring, 1968), 26-28.

Morgan, George T. "The Fight Against Fire," Idaho Yesterdays, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Winter, 1962), 21-30.

Nash, John D. "Salmon River Mission of 1855; a Reappraisal," Idaho Yesterdays. Vol 11, No. 1 (Spring, 1967), 22-31.

Peebles, John J. "Rugged Waters: Trails and Campsites of Lewis and Clark in the Salmon River Country," Idaho Yesterdays, Vol 8, No. 2 (Summer, 1964), 2-17.

Peterson, Ernst, and Anderson, H. E. "Rev. Samuel Parker and the Southern Nez Perce Trail," Montana the Magazine of Western History, XVI, No. 4 (October, 1966), 12-27.

Ruppel, Edward T. "Late Cenozoic Drainage Reversal, East Central Idaho, and its Relation to Possible Undiscovered Placer Deposits," Reprinted from Economic Geology, Vol. 62 (1967), 648-663.

"The Sheepeater Campaign, 1879," Originally Published in The Tenth Biennial Report, Idaho Historical Society, (1926), 5-27.

Books and Pamphlets

Alter, J. Cecil. Jim Bridger. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.

Anderson, Alfred L. Geology and Mineral Resources of the Baker Quadrangle, Lemhi County, Idaho. Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Pamphlet No. 112. Moscow: University of Idaho, January 1957.

Anderson, Alfred L. Geology and Mineral Resources of the Salmon Quadrangle, Lemhi County, Idaho. Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Pamphlet No. 106. Moscow: University of Idaho, January 1956.

Binns, Archie. Peter Skene Ogden; Fur Trader. Portland: Binfords & Mort, Publishers, 1967.

Brosnan, Cornelius J. History of the State of Idaho. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1935.

Carson, Christopher. Kit Carson's Own Story of His Life. Ed. Blanch C. Grant. Taos, New Mexico, 1926.

Carson, Christopher (Kit). Kit Carson's Autobiography. Ed. Milo M. Quaife. Chicago: The Lakeside Press, 1935.

Carter, Kate B. The Salmon River Mission. 1963. Utah Printing Company,

Chittenden, Hiram M. The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West. 2 vols. New York: The Press of the Pioneers, Inc., 1935.

Clark, Barzilla W. Bonneville County in the Making. Idaho Falls, Idaho: Published by Author, 1941.

Defenbach, Byron. Idaho: The Place and its People. 3 vols. Chicago, New York: The American Historical Society, Inc., 1933.

DeVoto, Bernard (ed.). The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, Sentry Edition, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1953.

Elsensohn, Sister M. Alfreda. Idaho Chinese Lore. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1970.

Ferris, Warren Angus. Life in the Rocky Mountains. Ed. Herbert S. Auerbach and J. Cecil Alter. Salt Lake City: Rocky Mountain Book Shop, 1940.

Ferris, Warren Angus. "A Diary of the Wanderings on the Sources of the Rivers Missouri, Columbia, and Colorado from February, 1830, to November, 1835," Life in the Rocky Mountains. Ed. Paul C. Phillips. Denver: Old West Publishing Company, 1940.

Frank, Bernard. Our National Forests. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955.

Freeman, Orville, Secretary of Agriculture, and Frome, Michael. The National Forests of America. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, In Association with Country Beautiful Foundation, Inc., Waukesha, Wisconsin, 1968.

Gerson, Noel B. Kit Carson: Folk Hero and Man. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1964.

Hurst, Randle M. The Smokejumpers. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1966.

Irving, Washington. The Fur Traders of the Columbia River and the Rocky Mountains, as described by Washington Irving. Ed. F.L.O. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, 1903.

Irving, Washington. The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U.S.A., In The Rocky Mountains and the Far West. Ed. Edgeley W. Todd. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.

Kirkpatrick, O.E. History of the Leesburg Pioneers. Salt Lake City, Pyramid Press, 1934.

Madsen, Bringham D. The Bannock of Idaho. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1958.

Morgan, Dale L. Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1953.

Morison, Samuel Eliot, and Commager, Henry Steele. The Growth of the American Republic. 2 vols., 5th ed. rev. and enl. New York: Oxford University Press, 1962.

Owen, John. The letters and Journals of Major John Owen. Ed. Seymour Dunbar, with notes by Paul C. Phillips. 2 vols. New York: Edward Eberstadt, 1927.

Peters, Dewitt C. Carson-Life and Adventures. Hartford: Dustin, Gilman & Co., 1873.

Phillips, Paul C. The Fur Trade. 2 vols. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.

Rees, John E. Idaho, Chronology, Nomenclature, Bibliography. Chicago: W. B. Conkey Company, 1918.

Ross, Alexander. Fur Hunters of the Far West. Ed. Kenneth Spaulding. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.

Ross, Clyde P. Geology along U. S. Highway 93 in Idaho. U. S. Geological Survey Pamphlet 130. Moscow: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, 1963.

Ross, Clyde P. The Copper Deposits Near Salmon, Idaho. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 774. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1925.

Ross, Clyde P., and Forrester, J. Donald. Outline of the Geology of Idaho. Bulletin No. 15. Moscow: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, 1958.

Sharp, William N., and Cavender, Wayne S. Geology and Thorium-bearing Deposits of the Lemhi Pass Area, Lemhi County, Idaho, and Beaverhead County, Montana. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1126. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962.

Shoup, George Elmo. History of Lemhi County. Boise: Idaho State Library, 1969. Published originally in the Salmon Recorder-Herald, May 8 — October 23, 1940.

Simpson, Charles D., and Jackman, E. R. Blazing Forest Trails. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1967.

Trenholm, Virginia Cole and Carley, Maurine. The Shoshonis: Sentinels of the Rockies. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964.

Umpleby, Joseph B. Geology and Ore Deposits of Lemhi County, Idaho. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1913.

Victor, Frances Fuller. The River of the West. Hartford and Toledo: R. W. Bliss & Co., 1870. Reprinted by Long's College Book Co., Columbus, 1950.

Weisel, George F. (ed.). Men and Trade on the Northwest Frontier as shown by the Fort Owen Ledger. Missoula: Montana State University, 1955.

Work, John. The Journal of John Work. Ed. William S. Lewis and Paul C. Phillips. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1923.