War in the Pacific
War in the Pacific National Historic Park
An Administrative History
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ENDNOTES

Chapter 1

1Erik K. Reed. General Report on Archeology and History of Guam, unpublished manuscript. Santa Fe, NM: National Park Service, 1952.

2Ibid.

3Garcia, Life of Sanvitores, as report in Reed, General Report on Archeology and History of Guam, 14.

4Reed. 24.

5Reed, 26

6Fritz, Georg. The Chamorro: A History and Ethnography of the Mariana Islands. Translated by Elfriede Craddock, N.M.I. Division of Historic Preservation, October 2001. 18. [Note: Georg Fritz was a District Administrator of the Mariana Islands in the late 1800s. He wrote this paper in 1904.]

7Ibid. 27.

8Ibid.

9Exploration of the planet in the late eighteenth century also meant traversing oceans without the benefit of what today would be considered the most elementary navigational technology. Although the latitude of a vessel could be determined with fair accuracy by the simple expediency of measuring the angle of the sun above the horizon precisely at noon, determining longitude was a problem. Position plotting was so inexact that ships would frequently anchor at night if near a lee shore, and if anchoring were not possible, they would come about and sail a reciprocal heading until the first light of dawn.

Quite simply, eighteenth century voyagers frequently did not know precisely where they were. For centuries mariners had relied upon "dead reckoning" to determine their longitude–guesswork based upon compass readings and distances measured by the log. Currents and other variables were often difficult if not impossible to detect. The mystery of longitude made transoceanic voyages dangerous, and made accurate mapping of what was observed impossible. It wasn't until longitude could be accurately measured, for example, that the width of North America could be fully appreciated. A mid-seventeenth century map, prepared at a time when measuring longitude was still largely guesswork, indicated that North America was so narrow that it could be crossed on foot in ten days.

Accurately measuring longitude was finally made possible by the appreciation of the relationship between two obvious realities: (1) The earth was basically spherical, described by a 360° circle, and (2) the earth rotated at a constant speed. The earth revolves through 360° in twenty-four hours; therefore, it rotates exactly 15° of longitude in one hour (360/24=15). Consequently, if the time at the ship's location is two hours later than the time at Greenwich, the navigator would plot the ship's longitude as 30 degrees (2 hours x 15 degrees/hour = 30 degrees). Dr. Nevil Maskelyne developed one of the first methods for making this time-difference determination. It was based upon measuring the angular distance between the moon and the sun or the moon and one of the fixed stars, and the time when the observation was made on board the ship. This time was compared to the time that the same astrological phenomena would be observed in London, and the time difference was then converted to degrees. These astrological angular distances as measured in Greenwich were published in the Nautical Almanac. Although theoretically correct, the mathematician who developed the method failed to appreciate the difficulty of accurately measuring astrological angles while standing on a sea-tossed deck.

An accurate chronometer was finally developed that could withstand both the physical forces exerted by a ship moving at sea and exposure to water. The chronometer kept track of Greenwich Time so that whenever local time could be determined by astrological observation, the difference between the two, and hence the longitude, could be ascertained (one hour = 15 degrees). The chronometer came of age in 1759 when John Harrison completed his fourth timepiece. After exhaustive tests lasting until 1764, its reliability was officially acknowledged by the British Admiralty

Accurate position fixing and the ability to accurately map what was observed were critically important to the eighteenth century explorers. They were not merely adventurers off on sailing cruises, they were scientists seeking knowledge of economic, military, or scientific import, and they needed to be able to map what they found. The voyagers were dispatched to investigate and report on flora, fauna, climate, topography, natural resources, the presence or absence of other Europeans, as well as the social, political, and economic characteristics of local inhabitants. These ships set sail from London, New Spain (Mexico), or Boston with well-educated and experienced biologists, astronomers, cartographers, surveyors, and artists on board. Their missions were nearly indistinguishable from any mission of today's NASA.

10A number of Chamorro legends have recently been posted on the Government of Guam web site, www.gov.gu/legends. They include Legend of Two Lovers Point, Secret of Two Lovers Cave at Northern Guam, Legend of Sirena the Mermaid, Legend of Chief Gadao-The Challenge, Chief Gadao-Three Three Feats of Strength, Legend of the coconut, Story of the Boy Lizard, Legend of Our Lady of Kamalen, Legend of Haluu, The Blessed Mother Who Stopped the Giant Fish, The Beautiful Rainbow Bridge, The White Lady of Fonte' River, and Masala's Powerful Son Leaps to the Island of Rota.

11Paul Carano, "The Ancient Chamorros," Guam Recorder, Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Agana, Guam, Summer, 1976.


Chapter 2

12Robert F. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995), 1-8.

13For a detailed first-hand account of Magellan's voyage see: Antonio Pigafetta, First Voyage Around the World. reprint. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild, 1969.

14Eighteenth-century voyagers frequently did not know precisely where they were. For centuries, mariners had relied upon "dead reckoning" (essentially guesswork based upon observations and years of experience at sea) to determine their longitude–guesswork based upon compass readings and distances measured by the "log" (an instrument towed in the water used to determine a ship's speed). The speed of the ship indicated by the log, when related mathematically with elapsed time, provided the distance traveled, (at least theoretically, since the log could not account for currents). Currents and other variables were often difficult if not impossible to detect. See Derek Hayes, Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1999).

15Robert F. Rogers and Dirk Anthony Ballendorf, "Whither Magellan?." Guam & Micronesia: Glimpses (1989): 10; Also see Roberts, Destiny's Landfall, 5-9.

16The information in this and the next several paragraphs has been synthesized principally from Rogers, Destiny's Landfall (pp. 8-20) and Erik K. Reed, "General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam." Typescript. Santa Fe: National Park Service, 1952. For a more exhaustive history of Guam, also see Paul Crano and Pedro C. Snachez, A Complete History of Guam (Rutland, VT: Tuttle and Company, ??)

17A proa (parao in Portuguese), first described by Pigafetta and Albo, was a Micronesian outrigger canoe with a single triangular lateen sail. It was known for its sophisticated and asymmetrical shape and weight, enabling this ocean-going sailing canoe to move swiftly and gracefully through the water. Roberts, Destiny's Landfall, 31-33.

18Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 8. The history of Guam during Spanish domination is presented in a lengthy series of articles in P. J. Searles, "Guam After the Spanish Conquest, Parts I, II, III, IV< V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX," Guam Recorder 12 and 13 (February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, and October 1936).

19Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 20; Reed, "General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam," 11.

20Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 18-19.

21For a more detailed first-hand account of Father San Vitores's experiences on Guam see Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores, Mission in the Marianas: An Account of Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores and His Companions, 1669-1670. Translated by Ward Barrett (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975).

22Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 45-47. Also see Father Francisco Garcia, S. J., Vida y martyrio del Venerable Padre Diego Luis de Sanvitores [Life of Father Sanvitores] (Madrid, 1683), translated and published in several issues of the Guam Recorder (September 1936-July 1939) and Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores, Mission in the Marianas: An Account of Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores and His Companions, 1669-1670. Translated by Ward Varrett (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975).

23Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 47-49; Reed, "General Report on Archeology and History of Guam," 43.

24Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 51.

25Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 49-51; Reed, "General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam," 45-46.

26A "catechist is a person who uses questions and answers to teach the principals of Christian dogma, discipline, and ethics.

27Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 55-57; Reed, "General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam," 46-47.

28Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 58-59.

29Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 59-63.

30Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 63-69. See also Garcia, Vida y martyrio del Venerable Padre Diego Luis de Sanvitores [Life of Father Sanvitores].

31Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 69-71.

32Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 70-72.

33Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 71-73. Joseph de Quiroga continued to influence the destiny of Chamorros into the eighteenth century. Quiroga remained in government, retiring as mayor of Hagatna in 1720. He died three years later and was buried in the Hagatna church. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 79.

34Rogers, 79.

35Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 74-75, 79, 84, 103-104.

36Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 79-82, 89-90.

37Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 77, etc.

38A privateer is the commander of a ship privately owned and crewed, but authorized by a government, usually one at war, to attack and capture enemy vessels.

39Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 69, 77-78, 80, 82.

40Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 80-84.

41Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 85, 91-92, 95. Also see Reed, "General Report," 58-59.

42Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 92.

43Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 98.

44Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 92, 95-96, 100.

45Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 57. Haswell's journal is in the Essex Institute Library, Salem, Massachusetts and quoted in the Guam Recorder (September and October 1925).

46Over-harvesting of the reefs put an end to pearl diving in the Marianas by the late 1800s. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 89.

47Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 57, 88-89, 94; Reed, "General Report," 60.

48Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 99-100, 106; Reed, "General Report," 61-62.


Chapter 3

49Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1890).

50Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 107-109; Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1951), 4.

51Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 109-13; Russell A. Apple, "Guam: Two Invasions and Three Military Occupations, 3; Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost. 6-10. Also see Henry P. Beers, American Naval Occupation and Government of Guam, 1898-1902 (Washington, D.C.: Office of Records Administration, Navy Department, 1944) and M. Dean Zenor, "United States Naval Government and Administration of Guam" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa, 1949).

52For a comprehensive examination of naval administration of Guam and other U.S. trust territories in the Pacific, see Commander Dorothy E. Richard, United States Naval Administration of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1957-1963).

53Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 114.

54Peonage refers to the practice of perpetuating poverty by having the poor pay debts to the elite class by labor that sometimes lasted for years.

55Governor Leary's Lieutenant Governor William Edwin Safford wrote the first English-language text book on the Chamorro language. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 117-19.

56Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 120-22.

57Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 122-23, 125.

58Both quotes in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 125, 126.

59Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 125.

60Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 126.

61Racism as an endemic part of the American naval officers' culture has been documented by several historians, including Peter Karsten, The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modern American Navalism (New York: Free Press, 1972).

62Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 126.

63Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a nephew of Theodore Roosevelt, who had held the same position during the Spanish-American War. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 128-34.

64Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 130, 133-34.

65Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 128, 130-31. Also see David G. McCullough, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914 (Simon and Schuster, 1977) for a very readable history of the Panama Canal.

66Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 130-31.

67Copra is a dried kernel of the coconut used to make coconut oil.

68Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 135-38.

69Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 135-36, 138-40.

70Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 140-43.

71Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 144, 145-48.

72Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 149-51.

73Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 152-53, 156, 158-60.

74Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 145-46, 157-58, 160-61.

75Japan had not been given control over the U.S. territories of Guam and Wake Island and the British colonies of the Gilbert Islands, Nauru, and Ocean Island.

76For a close examination of Japan's strategic military activities in Micronesia, see Willard Price, Japan's Islands of Mystery (London: W. Heinemann, 1944); Paul Clyde, Japan's Pacific Mandate New York: MacMillan, 1935); Yanaihara Tadao, Pacific Islands Under Japanese Mandate (Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1939); Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie, editors, The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 (Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1984); and Mark R. Peattie, Nan'ya: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1895 to 1945 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988).

77Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 146-47, 151, 156-57. Also see Herold J. Wiens, Pacific Island Bastions of the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1962).

78Dirk Anthony Ballendorf, "World War II in Micronesia: A Lecture Presented at the University of Guam." Micronesian Studies Department, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.

79Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 157.

80Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 157, 161-62.

81Straffing is machine gun fire from shot from fighter airplanes to targets on the ground.

82Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 163-65.

83Edward E. Hale, chief warrant officer third class of the U. S. Navy on board the Penguin before it was bombed by the Japanese, described the sequence of events around the plaza on December 10 in First Captured, Last Freed: Memoirs of a PO.W. in World War II, Guam and Japan Sebastopol, CA: Grizzly Bear Press, 1995), 8-35.

84About sixty-five Guamanians and Americans and ten Japanese solders lost their lives during the invasion. Governor George McMillin described events leading up to the surrender in "Surrender of Guam to the Japanese," Guam Recorder 1 (April-September 1972): 9-12. Father Alvin LaFeir's remembrance of the Japanese invasion of Guam is presented in "The Builder's Story," Pacific Profile 4: 2 (February 1966): 14-16, 20-24. Also see Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 165-68; Ballendorf, "World War II in Micronesia," 3-5; Erwin N. Thompson, Historic Resource Study: War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam (Golden, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, c. 1985), 1-2.

85Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 173.

86Paul Carno, "Liberation Day: Prelude to Freedom," Guam Recorder 3 (second series, July-September 1973), 4-5; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 169-76. A constellation of islanders' wartime memories was presented in a series of articles in the July 1965 issue of the Pacific Profile. These include: Audrey B. Camba, "Merizo Massacre" (pp. 6-7, 28-29, 50-53); Jose Gutierrez, Anatacio Blas, and Frank Terlaje, "They Staked Their Lives So They Can Hear the News" (pp. 14-16); Herbert J. Johnston, "A Barrel of Soap" (pp. 13, 57); Francisco G. Lujan, "Inarajan Uprising" (pp. 9, 54); Francisco G. Lujan and Joaquin Aflague Limtiaco, "Last Hours of Father Duenas" (pp. 10-11); Pedro Peredo, "Wartime Memories" (pp. 17-18); Paul B. Souder, "The Problems of Feeding, Clothing, and Housing 18,000 War Refugees" (pp. 24-27); William Stove and Van Tiljord "Military Remnants of the War" (pp. 30-31); and Luis P. Untalan, "The Long Trek Manengon" (pp. 20-21, 23).

87Carno, Liberation Day," 3.

88Ballendorf, "World War II in Micronesia," 5-10; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 174-78

89Carno, "Liberation Day," 4.

90Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 181.

91Carno, "Liberation Day," 6; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 174-78, 182-84. Also see O. R. Lodge. The Recapture of Guam (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, Headquarters, G-3 Division, Historical Branch, 1954); reprint Fredericks burg, TX: Awani Press, 1984).

92Of this total of 54,89, 20,328 belonged to the Third Marine Division, 17,958 to the Seventy-seventh Infantry Division, 9,886 to the First Provisional Marine Brigade, and 6,719 to the III Amphibious Corps.

93Carno, "Liberation Day," 6-7; Rogers Destiny's Landfall, 182-84.

94Carno, "Liberation Day," 7; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 182-85. Details of the American invasion of Asan and Agat are presented in Erwin N. Thompson's Historic Resource Study: War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam (N.p.: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, c. 1985).

95See Major General Haruo Umezawa and Colonel Louis Metzger, "The Defense of Guam," ?PGBSO? for details of the Japanese defense of Guam and the American offensive.

96The invasion of Guam cost 18,377 Japanese their lives; 1,250 were taken prisoners. American losses were 1,370 killed in action and 6,053 wounded in action. About 9,000 Japanese remained on Guam, scattered and hiding in small groups, for as long as a year. It took three decades to capture or kill the last 114 Japanese stragglers; the very last, Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi, surrendered in January 1972. Carno, "Liberation Day," 7-9; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 185-94; Ballendorf, "World War II in Micronesia," 11.


Chapter 4

97Public Law 81-630, codified at 48 USC 1421 et seq.

9830 Stat. 1754.

99Northwest Territory Ordinance of 1787, 1 Stat. 50.

100Coudert, "The Evolution of the Doctrine of Territorial Incorporation," Columbia Law Review, 26:823, 827, as quoted in Lizabeth A. Mckibben, "The Political Relationship Between the United States and Pacific Islands Entities: The Path to Self-Government in the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, and Guam," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 31, No. 1, Winter 1990.

101See Justice White's concurring opinion in Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 282-83 (1901), and the Supreme Court's unanimous opinion in Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922) for a full discussion of limits on constitutional rights afforded residents of unincorporated territories.

102Trusteeship Agreement for the Former Japanese Mandated Islands, approved by the United Nations Security Council, Apr. 2-July 18, 1947, 61 Stat. 3301, T.I.A.S. No. 1665, 8 U.N.T.S. 189.

103The Trust Territory the United States was to administer under this Trust Agreement was geographically extensive. It consisted of approximately three million square miles of the Pacific Ocean from latitude 1 degree to 20 degrees north and from longitude 130 to 170 degrees east. It included more than 2,100 islands in three major archipelagos: the Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands. The Trust Territory included most of Micronesia. See Armstrong, "The Emergence of the Micronesians into the International Community: A study of the Creation of a New International Entity," Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 5:207 (1979).

At the end of the Second World War, the United States ceded all Pacific islands it had gained military control over (except for Guam) to the United Nations, and the United Nations then transferred administrative authority over the islands to the United States without reconveying sovereignty. Lizabeth A. McKibben, "The Political Relationship Between the United States and Pacific Islands Entities: The Path to Self-Government in the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, and Guam," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 31, No. 1, winter 1990.

104U.S. Const. art. IV, Sec 3, clause 2. United States v. Huckabee, 83 U.S. 414 (1872).

105Sims v. Sims, 175 U.S. 162, 168 (1899).

106Both the equal treatment provisions of the U. S. Constitution (Article I, Sec 9, cl. 6; Article IV, Sec 1; Article IV, Sec 2, cl. 1; and Article IV, Sec 4) as well as provisions of the tenth amendment creating residual state powers ("The powers not delegated to the U. S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to the people." U. S. Constitution, Tenth Amendment.) vest powers in state governments whereas territories such as Guam are completely subservient to federal power under the treaty clause.

107It has been argued that Section 142k of the Organic Act expressly extended that authority to the Navy: "Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed as limiting the authority of the President to designate parts of Guam as naval or military reservations, nor to restrict his authority to treat Guam as a closed port with respect to the vessels and aircraft of foreign nations." W. Scott Barrett and Walter S. Ferenz, "Peacetime Martial Law in Guam," California Law Review, March 1960, 1-30.

108Solomon, "The Guam Constitutional Convention of 1977," Virginia Journal of International Law, 19:723.

109The Organic Act of Guam, 64 Stat. 384, Sec 3, 48 U.S.C. Sec 1421

110Rodriguez v. Gaylord, 429 F. Supp. 797 (Since Guam is an unincorporated territory, the government of Guam has only those powers conferred upon it by Congress).

111Sec 5; 48 U.S.C. 1421b, as amended by Public Law 90-497, 82 Stat. 847.

112Sec 4. This provision was later repealed by Act of June 27, 1952, 66 Stat. 280 and reenacted (with changes) as part of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 8 U.S.C. Sec 1407.

113Codified at 48 U.S.C. Secs 1421 — 1425, as amended.

11415 F.R. 7313.

115Guam v. Olsen, 431 U.S. 195 (1977). In this five-to-four decision Justice Marshall was joined by Justices Stewart, Rehnquist, and Stevens, in a dissenting opinion where the minority criticized the majority of the court for destroying "a significant part of the system of self-government established by some 85,000 American citizens through their freely elected legislature. Id., 205.

116Guam Draft Commonwealth Act, Legislature of Guam, Proposed Draft Feb. 1988, 10.

117Frederica M. Bunge and Melinda W. Cooke, editors Oceania: A Regional Study, Wash. D.C.: American University, 1984.

118Ibid., 270.

119Id, 271.

120It is important to note that there are occasions when national parks are created by Congress without the National Park Service being consulted, and times when parks are created by Congress even over the objection of the Park Service.


Chapter 5

121Status Report: Proposed War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1969, archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office, National Park Service, Oakland, California, (hereafter cited simply as the Pacific Great Basin Support Office). Two reports that were created in 1952 were The Archeology and History of Guam, by Dr. Erik Reed, and Parks and Recreation Areas, Territory of Guam, by Irving C. Root, both were National Park Service reports.

122Territorial Sun, September 19, 1965.

123Memorandum. From Director, National Park Service to Legislative Counsel, Office of the Solicitor, March 28, 1967. It should be noted that the Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings and Monuments concluded that the areas on Guam relating to the battle for Guam had national significance and recommended the establishment of a War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

124Guam Daily News, February 13, 1967

125A Master Plan for War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, July 1967.

126Ibid, 37.

127Ibid, 52.

128Ibid, 53.

129Memorandum, Roy Appleman to Robert Utley, August 15, 1967.

130Status Report: Proposed War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1969.

131These sums were the result of negotiations conducted in 1967 in which the Government of Guam received land on Cabras Island to be used as commercial port facilities in exchange for it transferring to the Park Service other land it owned in and around the villages of Asan, Piti, and Agat that were generally believed to become part of a future War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

132Memorandum from Chief, Branch of Appraisals (H.P. Troy) to Chief, Division of Land and Water Rights, dated June 5, 1969.

133Letter from the Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of Defense, August 28, 1969

134Draft, RJBranges:HPTroy:mj:6/3/69, dated June 3, 1969,

135Pacific Daily News, October 1, 1970.

136Memorandum from Director, National Park Service, to Director, Office of Territories, Department of the Interior, February 26, 1971, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

137Memorandum from General Superintendent, Hawaii Group, to Director, Western Region, NPS, March 15, 1972. WAPA archives.

138Memorandum from H. P. Troy, Chief, Branch of Appraisals, NPS, to Chief, Division of Land Acquisition, NPS, May 17, 1972. WAPA archives.

139Memorandum from State Director, Hawaii, National Park Service [Robert L. Barrel] to Director, Western Region, National Park Service, September 29, 1972. WAPA archives.

140Ibid, 2.

141Ibid, 3. [Note: Barrel is referring to Lot 223-R4, Nimitz Hill Estates subdivision.]

142Letter from Curti Bohlen, Acting Assistant Secretary of the Interior to Carlos G. Camacho, Governor of Guam, October 10, 1972, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

143Memorandum from Bruce Rice, Lands Office, Denver Service Center to Robert L. Barrel, State Director, Hawaii, NPS, February 21, 1973, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

144Memorandum from Robert L. Barrel, State Director, Hawaii to Director, Western Region, National Park Service, March 1, 1973, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

145Memorandum from Howard H. Chapman, Director, Western Region, National Park Service, to Associate Director, Legislation, National Park Service, March 19, 1973, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

146Memorandum from Chief, Division of Legislative Coordination and Support to Chief, Division of Legislation, April 23, 1973, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

147Letter from Rogers C. Morton, Secretary of the Interior to Governor Camacho, July 17, 1974, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

148Memorandum from Assistant Director, Park Historic Preservation to Associate Director, Legislation (Robert M. Utley), April 4, 1975, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

149Memorandum from Chief, Division of Land Acquisition (Philip O. Stewart), to Chief, Division of Legislation, April 14, 1975, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

150Memorandum, from Richard C. Curry, Acting Director, National Park Service, to Legislative Counsel, July 2, 1975, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

151Letter from Ricardo Bordallo, Governor of Guam, to the "United States Department of the Interior," December 16, 1975, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

152Letters from Antonio Won Pat, House of Representatives to Thomas S. Kleppe, Secretary of the Interior, March 1, 1976, and March 31, 1976, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

153Memorandum from Robert Utley, Assistant Director, Park Historic Preservation to the Associate Director, Legislation, March 29, 1976, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

154Memorandum from Robert Barrel, State Director, Hawaii, NPS, to Regional Director, Western Region, August 3, 1976, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

155Memorandum from John H. Davis, Acting Regional Director, Western Region to Associate Director, Legislation, August 24, 1976, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

156Letter from Paul B. Souder, Director, Land Management, Government of Guam, to Richard W. Barnett, National Park Service Planning and Service Center, San Francisco, August 10, 1967, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

157New Area Study, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam, Revision of 1967 Proposal, National Park Service, September 1977, 11.

1581977 WAPA proposal, 14.

159Ibid, 47.

1601977 NPS Proposal, 21-22.

161Memorandum, from Ruth G. VanCleve, Director, Office of Territorial Affairs, Department of the Interior, to Assistant Secretary, Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, August 5, 1977, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.


Chapter 6

162Tigger Newman, Stell Newman's daughter, interview January 2004, by authors.

163Pacific Daily News, July 4, 1979. Note: The issue that precipitated this Government of Guam response was a decision to transfer island tax collection from the local government to IRS. Apparently, the decision was made without consulting the Government of Guam.

164Frederica M. Bunge and Melinda Cook, editors, Oceans: A Regional Study, Wash. D.C.: American University, 1984, 89. Note: Only four percent voted for independence. In a run-off election, seventy-three percent expressed a desire for commonwealth states, and twenty-one percent wanted statehood.

165Star Bulletin, December 4, 1975. This General Assembly resolution was an attempt to enforce Article 6 of the Trusteeship Agreement entered into by the United States and the United Nations shortly after World War II, under which the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was created. That agreement required, in part, that the United States: "promote the development of the inhabitants . . . toward self-government . . . [and] . . . the economic advancement and self-sufficiency of the inhabitants," Trusteeship Agreement for the United States Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Although Guam had been a territory of the United States since 1899, it was not exempted from the United Nations trusteeship agreement. No record of a United States response to the General Assembly resolution could be found in the U.N. archives; therefore, it is probable that Guam was intended to be included, as evidence by that failure to respond or object to the General Assembly's presumption of inclusion.

166Pacific Daily News, December 4, 1975.

167Bunge, Oceans: A Regional Study, 74.

168Bunge, Oceans: A Regional Study, 86.

169This public law had its genesis as Senate Bill 2821; the House of Representatives dealt with a companion bill, H. R. 12481. The Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs reported H. R. 12481 to the floor with House Report No. 95-1112; the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources reported the Senate bill out with Senate Report 95-784, both reports recommended passage, with amendments. See Congressional Record Vol. 124 (1978). On May 8th, H. R. 12481 was considered in the House. On May 10th the same House bill was considered and passed in the Senate. The House finally passed the bill on June 5th; however, it then vacated the passage and passed Senate Bill 2821 instead. On August 3, the Senate concurred with the amendments the House had added to Senate Bill 2821, then added some amendments of its own, and passed the amended amended bill. On August 4, the House of Representatives passed amended amended Senate Bill 2821 into law. It became effective on August 18, 1978.

170Public Law 95-348, 92 Stat. 492, 16 USC 460dd. For a verbatim presentation of the portions of this Public Law relevant to WAPA, see Attachment 8 of this document.

171Public Law 95-348, Sec 6(b).

172Public Law 95-348, Sec 6(k).

173Witnesses presenting oral testimony were: George Bamba of the Guam Legislature; Frank Blas Department of Commerce, Government of Guam; Paul Bordallo, 11th Guam Legislature; Richard Bordallo, Guam businessman; James Brooks, attorney for Betty Borja Santos; Paul Calvo, Guam Legislature; Tomas Charfauros, Guam Legislature; Dr. George Child, biology teacher, University of Guam; Fred Cochran, Guam businessman; Dr. Lu Eldridge; Charles Falcon, Marianas Divers Club; George Franquez; Joseph Hruby, teacher, Washington High School; Carlton Jones, Guam Chamber of Commerce; Manuel Jose, Guam businessman; Gerald Perez, Director, Department of Land Management of Guam; Jack Rice; Dr. Doublas Smith, Guam Science Teachers Association; and Richard Taitano, Guam Environmental Council. Additionally, letters were submitted for inclusion in the record by: James Branch, Guam Science Teachers Association; George Franquez; Carlton Jones, Guam Chamber of Commerce; and Bruce Karolle, geography teacher, University of Guam.

174Transcript, Hearing, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States House of Representatives, January 1972, Agana, Guam, 4.

175Ibid, 10.

176Senate Report, 103-98, To accompany H. R. 1944. Calendar No. 143, 3.

177Testimony, Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands, Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session on H. R. 1944, May 27, 1993, Serial No. 103-29, 9.

178Master Plan of the Territory of Guam, A Physical Development Policy Statement, Agana, Guam: Guam Territorial Planning Commission, 1966.

179Frederica M. Bunge, and Melinda W. Cooke, editors, Oceana: A Regional Study, Wash., D.C., American University, 1984.

180Not only is race-specific civil rights diametrically opposed to the entire concept of America, race, as commonly defined, simply does not exist. As Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson concluded, "Individuals from different [genetic] populations are, on average, just slightly more different from one another than are individuals from the same [genetic] populations." Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson, "Does Race Exist?" Scientific American, Dec 2003.

181Resolution 147, Thirteenth Guam Legislature, 1976, Second Regular Session.

182Environmental Assessment — General Management Plan — War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Agana, Guam: National Park Service, 1983. Note: Public meetings to review the draft included August 17, 1982, Agat Village (thirteen persons attended); August 18, 1982, Piti Village (thirteen persons attended); August 19, 1982, Asan Village (seven persons attended); and August 20, 1982, Agana Village (twelve persons attended). No record of attendance at other, earlier meetings could be found.

183Summaries of written comments received from agencies of the territorial government, and NPS staff responses are included in Appendix 2. Additionally, this appendix includes summaries of comments made during earlier workshops and public meetings, although the specific persons making these oral comments, and the attendance could not be ascertained.

184Throughout the process of gathering comments on the General Management Plan, many comments made were not relevant to a GMP, and more appropriately needed to be dealt with in other documents or contexts, such as hiring practices, interpretive methods, and protection of artifacts.


Chapter 7

185Agana, Asan, Piti, Sumay, Agat, Yona, Inarajan, and Merizo. Pacific Sunday News, June 1, 1977.

186Honolulu Advertiser, March 10, 1971, reporting a Guam legislature resolution (Resolution 6) concluding that much of the land acquisition on Guam by the United States was effected by fraud. A cursory examination of federal court documents from the 1940s and 1950s revealed pleadings from the civil case United States of America v. 2,471 acres . . . , Civil No. 5-49, District Court of Guam, Territory of Guam. In that case a condemnation Declaration of Taking was filed by the Secretary of the Navy on November 30, 1948; however, funds were not placed in an escrow account to compensate owners for the condemnation until July 1954 (filed by C. S. Thomas, then Secretary of the Navy). A total of $391,598 US was set aside as total consideration for the 2,471 acres. Separate judgments were entered for each of the several land parcels taken in this action. Significantly, each of the judgments pertaining to all the owners of all 2,471 acres recited that the land owner, "waived service of summons and any and all other process and notice in this proceeding, waived all right to a hearing on the . . . issue of just compensation . . . "According to court records, all appraisers, interpreters, and attorneys involved in those condemnation proceedings were employees or contractors of the United States government. United States of America v. 2,471 Acres, Civil No. 5-49, District Court of Guam, Territory of Guam.

A June 1, 1977, newspaper article reported that testimony was heard by the Guam legislature arguing that the conduct of the United States in its acquisition of land warranted the payment of damages. The legislature had retained Marie Morrison Rambaud and her husband to research the issue of land takings on Guam. The Rambauds had successfully recovered a $926 million settlement on behalf of Native Alaskans as damages for similar conduct by the federal government in Alaska. According to their testimony before the Guam legislature, the Rambauds concluded that only 2,600 acres were conveyed by Spain to the United States under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, but United States naval governors seized much more. Additionally, actions by agents of the U. S. government resulted in other substantial economic losses and the artificial suppression of land values to Guam residents, the Rambauds testified. For example, Captain Richard F. Leary, the first naval governor of Guam, prohibited the sale or transfer of land without United States government consent; he also prohibited residents from raising any food for export. As late as 1947, the United States Navy testified before congress arguing against opening the Guam real estate market since that would lead to "unwarranted inflation."

187W. Scott Barrett and Walter S. Ferenze, "Peacetime Martial Law in Guam," California Law Review, Vol 48, No. 1, March 1960, 1-30. This "security clearance" program remained in effect until it was ended by President Kennedy's Executive Order 11045 in 1962 after several civil rights suits were filed against the United States.

188Barrett, "Peacetime Martial Law in Guam," 4.

189Public Law 95-134, 91 Stat 1159, codified at 48 USC 1424c.

190Rodriguez v. Gaylord, 429 F.Supp. 797.

191By this time Guam was under the direction of a civilian, local governor as mandated by the Organic Act.

192A narrow, promontory-like island within a few yards of the west coast of the northern end of the island.

193Carlos Camacho, Governor of Guam, letter to Elizabeth P. Farrington, Director, Office of Territories, United States Department of the Interior, April 20, 1970. Memorandum from Director, National Park Service to file dated July 1970.

194Paul B. Souder, Bureau of Planning, Government of Guam. Report. September 27, 1983.

195Hickel, Walter. Letter to United States Secretary of Defense dated November 20, 1969.

196Secretary of Defense. Letter to Walter Hickel, Secretary of the Interior, January 24, 1970.

197Public Law 93-435, 88 Stat. 1210, codified at 48 USC 1705, as amended by Public Law 96-205.

198There are exceptions to this exception that are not relevant to this history.

199Souder, Report. September 27, 1983. Also, see Appendix 3 of this history for a list of park boundary adjustments advocated by Stell Newman, the Park's first superintendent.

200Solicitor, Department of the Interior to Regional Director, Western Region, NPS, dated January 30, 1981.

201Land Acquisition Plan, Draft for Public Review, U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, November 1979. This policy was substantially modified in later NPS letters and memoranda that discussed the acquisition of rights less than fee simple. See below.

202Stell Newman, Superintendent of WAPA. Memorandum to Western Region Office, dated July 23, 1979.

203Antonio B. Won Pat. Testimony before the House of Representatives subcommittee on Public Lands and National Parks. March 4, 1982.

204National Park Service Report, Land Acquisitions, 101st Congress.

205Land Acquisition Plan, Draft for Public Review, U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, November 1979.

206Stell Newman, Questionnaire prepared for University of Michigan School of Law. January 16, 1980.

207 Correspondence between the GSA's 9th Region office and the Park Service during this time frequently referred to President Reagan's Executive Order 12348 as prohibiting "nonreimburseable" land transfers. That executive order (issued February 25, 1982) did not include such a prohibition, it only reestablished a Property Review Board that had been eliminated during the Ford administration. It was this Property Review Board that forbade nonreimburseable land conveyances.

208Secretary of the Interior. Letter to Chairman Morris Udall, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, January 1983. NOTE: The 1978 legislation that created WAPA contained a provision authorizing the park superintendent to make minor adjustments to the park boundaries after notifying the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, and publishing the proposed boundary changes in the Federal Register.

209Howard Chapman, Regional Director, NPS. Letters to Howard Ours, Acting Chief, Disposal Branch, Real Estate Division, GSA, March 2, 1983 and March 7, 1984. Also, see GSA Form 1334, "Request for Transfer of Excess Real and Related Personal Property," completed by NPS dated June 1, 1983.

210Lowell White. Letter to Director, Pacific Area. Dated February 22, 1984.

211Ibid.

212David Stockman, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President, Letter to the Secretary of the Interior dated January 6, 1984.

213Director, Western Region, NPS to GSA. Dated May 23, 1984. Note: On September 6, 1983, WAPA superintendent Rafael Reyes sent an acquisition priority list to the Director of the Western Region. All the parcels listed in the prioritized list were in the Asan Beach Unit. See Rafael Reyes, Memorandum to Director, Western Region, September 6, 1983.

214Edward R. Haberlin, Chief, Division of Land Resources, Western Region, NPS, Letter to GSA dated August 10, 1983.

215Edward R. Haberlin, Chief, Division of Land Resources, Western Region, NPS, letter to GSA, March 30, 1984.

216GSA Letter to Edward Haberlin, NPS, dated May 4, 1984.

217James Watt, Secretary of the Interior, Letter to Gerald Carmen, Administrator, GSA. Letter dated May 4, 1984.

218Joint Resolution 648-37, Public Law 98-473.

219Theodore M. Bunsten, Director, Real Property Division, GSA Letter to Howard Chapman, NPS dated January 31, 1985, regarding the Agat Bay parcel 2. J. M. Kilian, Director, Real Estate Division, GSA, Letter to Byran Harry, Director, Pacific Area, NPS, dated February 7, 1985, regarding the Nimitz Hill land.


Chapter 8

220Some National Park Service records report seven park units; these records count the Asan Unit as two units, one along the beach and the other inland.

221"JCM" (Joseph C. Murphy), "Action Is Needed on War in Pacific Park," Pacific Daily News Guam, June 21, 1980.

222Russell A. Apple, "War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam, Cultural Resources, Unit by Unite," draft (Honolulu, Pacific Area Office, National Park Service, December 21, 1979. Also see Duane Denfeld, "War in the Pacific National Park Survey," typescript (N.p., September 1979).

223David T. Lotz, "Memorial Beach Park, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, January 8, 1974); ??? "Asan Ridge Battle Area, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1975); ??? "Asan Invasion Beach, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1978); Perry J. Fliakas, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, to William J. Murtagh, Keeper of the National Register, August 1, 1978, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office, National Park Service, Oakland, California [hereafter cited simply as Pacific Great Basin Support Office].

224Guam Inventory Team, "Agat Invasion Beach, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, August 1974); Stephen F. Lander, "Piti Coastal Defense Guns, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, October 1975).

225Stell Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific Historical Park," March 13, 1980, Archives, Harpers Ferry Training Center, National Park Service, Harper's Ferry, WV [hereafter cited simply as Harper's Ferry Training Center].

226Paul Borja, "Newman Remembered for His Warmth," Pacific Daily News, January 17, 1983.

227Thomas Stell Newman was born on the same date, July 13, as an early maternal ancestor with the surname of "Stell." The name "Stell," which he chose to be called, was a name used for several generations of that family. Annabel Newman (mother of Stell Newman), conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004; Annabel Newman, letter to Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 25, 2004.

228Nick Newman (Stell Newman's brother), "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004, sent to Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch.

229Coleman Newman conducted research on the elk in Olympic National Park. After working at Olympic National Park for six years, Coleman was transferred to the National Park Service headquarters in Washington, D.C., where he was in charge of the Wildlife Research Division. He then was transferred to Big Bend National Park in Texas, where he served four years as assistant superintendent. After serving as the first superintendent at Amistad National Recreation Area, headquartered in Del Rio, Texas, Coleman retired from the National Park Service in 1976. Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004 and letter to Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 25, 2004; Tigger (Nancy) Newman (daughter of Stell Newman), conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004.

230One summer, Stell Newman worked, instead, as a smokejumper for the U.S. Forest Service inn Missoula, Montana, but the slow fire season there encouraged him to return to Olympic National Park the next summer. Nick Newman, "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004.

231Nick Newman, "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004.

232T. Stell Newman, "Toleak Point–An Archaeological Site on the North Central Washington Coast" (M.A. Thesis, Washington State University, 1958).

233Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004; Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004.

234Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004 and letter to Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 2004; Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004; Nick Newman, "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004; Stell Newman, letter to Colonel Richard Uppstrom, director, Air Force Museum, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, February 20, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office, NPS.

235Nick Newman, "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004.

236T. Stell Newman, "Curriculum Vitae," typescript, Archives, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Asan, Guam.

237Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004. Stell Newman is mentioned in John McPhee's modern-day adventures in Alaska, Coming into the Country (New York: Bantam Books, 1980), 13-27.

238T. Stell Newman, "Curriculum Vitae."

239As WAPA superintendent, Stell Newman was required to work in the official National Park Service uniform, which his previous NPS jobs had not mandated. His uniform he adorned with his retired father's NPS badge. Only after weeks of wearing his regulation uniform did he learn the proper color of socks (brown and not green, as he had guessed) to wear with his uniform. Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004.

240Stell and Ginger Newman raised two children, Thomas, born in 1961, and Nancy (Tigger), born in 1963. Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004; Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004.

241Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 1.

242Ibid., 9.

243Stell Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, American Memorial Park," March 13, 1980, Archives, Harper's Ferry Training Center; Howard Chapman, regional director, western region of the National Park Service, letter to Honorable Adrian P. Winkel, high commissioner, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Headquarters, Saipan, January 8, 1979, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

244Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, 1, 5, 8-9; "Master Plan, Proposed Guam National Seashore," N.p. National Park Service, July 1967, revised September 1967, 3.

245Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific National Historical Park," 2, 6, 7; Stell Newman, "Superintendent's Report–1980, War in the Pacific National Historical Park," 2; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

246Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 4.

247Stell Newman, "War in Pacific Park Work Staggering," Pacific Daily News, June 28, 1982.

248Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 6.

249Victor Saymo, "Gift for War Park," Guam Tribune, February 23, 1980.

250Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004; Borja, "Newman Remembered for His Warmth," Pacific Daily News, January 17, 1983.

251Thomas B. McGrath, "American Naval Period on Guam, 1898-1950, MARC Working Papers, No. 6," University of Guam, 1979.

252Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 5-6; Jane Nolan-Jennison, "Land and Lagoon Use in Prewar Guam, Agat, Piti, and Asan, MARC Working Paper No. 15," University of Guam, 1979; Jane Jennison-Nolan, et al., "Cultural Resources within the Guam Seashore Study Area and the War in the Pacific National Historical Park," (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1980); Russell A. Apple, "Guam: Two Invasions and Three Military Occupations: A Historical Summary of War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam" (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1980); Lynn Raulerson, "Terrestrial and Freshwater Organism within and Linmology and Hydrology of the Guam Seashore Study Area and the War in the Pacific National Historical Park" (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1980); Richard H. Randall, "Geologic Features within the Guam Seashore Study Area" (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 180): L. G. Eldredge, "Marine Biological Resources within the Guam Seashore Study Area and the War in the Pacific National Historical Park (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1980); Kathleen R. W. Owings, editor, "The War Years on Guam, Narratives of the Chamorro Experience" (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1981); Norma Cox, memorandum to associate director, administration, National Park Service, February 21, 1980, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; Betty Shimabukuro, "Memories Collected for History," Pacific Daily News, Vertical File, MARC, University of Guam.

253Gene Linn, "Collection Details Pacific Battles," Sunday [Pacific Daily] News, September 7, 1980.

254Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004.

255Debra Hollems, an NPS employee at Ft. Union Trading Post NHS, North Dakota, was the daughter of a woman from Guam; therefore, Debra Hollems was the first female of Guamanian descent to wear the NPS uniform. [Hollems would later marry Jim Miculka, an NPS employee who would later be stationed on Guam, and she accompanied him on that 1980 move to Guam.]

256C. Sablan Gault, "Park Head Denies Discrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982; Newman, "Summary of Meetings Held and Activities Recommended," March 1981, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 3; Rogue Broja, oral history interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003.

257"War in the Pacific: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

258Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 3; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 2.

259"News Release, National Park Service," for release March 11, 1980, Archives, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

260Roque Borja, oral history interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003.

261"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

262"News Release, National Park Service," for release September 29, 1980, Archives, WAPA.

263Lester Chang, "New Ranger "Recreating' the War," Sunday [Pacific Daily] News, October 5, 1980; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 3.

264"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

265Newman, "Summary of Meeting Held and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to WRO," March 1981, 3; C. Sablan Gault, "Park Head Denies Descrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982.

266Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 10.

267Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 1, 10; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 3; Borja, "Newman Remembered for His Warmth."

268Borja, oral history interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, transcript, 19-20.

269Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979," March 13, 1980, 1.

270Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979," War in the Pacific," 1,7-9.

271Sheila Stevens, "WW II Historian: Sea Invasion Only Part of the Story," Pacific Daily News, February 8, 1980; Russ Apple, Pacific Historian Pacific Area Office, National Park Service, memorandum to Tom Mulhern, chief of Cultural Resources Management Division, Western Region, National Park Service, May 30, 1980; both at the Pacific West Regional Office.

272"News Release: National Park Service, for release May 29, 1980"; Joseph Murphy, "In Our Opiniojn: Voice in the Park," Pacific Daily News, June 4, 1980.

273Stell Newman, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, National Park Service, April 9, 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

274Ibid.

275Tom Mulhern, chief, Historic Preservation, Western Region, National Park Service, memorandum to Ron Mortimore, WAPA park planner, August 26, 1981, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

276Chappell, memorandum to director, Western Region, National Park Service, February 4, 1982, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

277F. R. Holland, acting associate director, cultural resources division, National Park Service, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, National Park Service, February 12, 1982, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

278Quoted in Joseph Murphy, "Don't Make Park Another Disneyland," Pacific Daily News, April 9, 1982.

279Ibid.

280"News Release: National Park Service, for release June 18, 1982"; "National Park Plan Comments Being Solicited," Pacific Daily News, July 1, 1982; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

281Elaine Santos, "Villagers Differ Over War Park Plans," Pacific Daily News, August 19, 1982; Elaine Santos, "War Park Plans Draw Public Fire," Pacific Daily News, August 21, 1982.

282Bob Perez, "War Park Needs Local Support to Flourish, Says Organization," Pacific Daily News, September 21, 1982; Peter R. Meylan, president, Marianas Recreation and Parks Society, letter to Stell Newman, August 3, 1982, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

283"News Release: National Park Service, for immediate release," February 4, 1983, Archives, War in the Pacific National Historical Park; "Environmental Assessment, General Management" (San Francisco: Western Regional Office, National Park Service, March 1983).

284"Superintendent's Annual Report–1979: War in the Pacific," 10.

285"Superintendent's Annual Report–1980: War in the Pacific," 4.

286Gault, "Park Head Denies Discrimination Charge."

287Newman, "Superintendency's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific, 1-2, 9; Newman, Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific, 3; Newman, "Summary of Meeting Held and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to WRO," March 1981, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; C. Sablan Gault, "Newman: More Land Acquired," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982.

288Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific; Joseph Murphy, "Action is Need on War in Pacific Park," Pacific Daily News, July 21, 1980.

289Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 5.

290Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific, 2, 4, 6.

291Newman, Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific, 2; Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 6-7.

292Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 5.

293Sayno, "Gift for War Park." Pacific Daily News, February 23, 1980.

294Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 47.

295Newman, "Summary Meeting Held and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to Western Regional Office," March 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office, 4.

296Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 9; Newman, Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific, 2.

297Gault, "Park Head Denies Discrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982.

298Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 14-15.

299Robert Barrel, state director, Hawaii, National Park Service, letter to Felix L. Crisotomo, state historic preservation officer, Agana, Guam, June 5, 1979, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

300"Asan Point Sewer," Pacific Daily News, May 15, 1980.

301Susan Kreifels, "Park Put in Bind by YACC Cuts," Pacific Daily News, April 6, 1982.

302Newman, "Summary Meeting Held and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to Western Regional Office, March 1981, 4; Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 9-11, 34.

303"Apaca Point Opens," Guam Tribune, May 27, 1980.

304Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980," Gault "Park Head Denies Discrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982; PHAN Mary Webb, "Visit a Piece of History–Piti Guns," Pacific Crossroads, April 17, 1981.

305Newman, Superintendent's Annual Report–1980."

306Murphy, "Living Memorial Dedication Today," Pacific Daily News, May 26, 1982. Also see Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 37,

307Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 17-18.

308Newman, "Super's Annual Report–1979, 1; Colonel Peter D. Stearns, district engineer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu, letter to Felix L. Crisostomo, director, Department of Parks and Recreation and Historic Preservation officer, April 13, 1979; Robert M. Utley, deputy executive director, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, letter to Peter D. Stearns, May 23, 1979; and Robert R. Garvey, Jr., executive director, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, letter to Peter D. Stearns, July 9, 1979; all letters at the Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

309Newman, "Summary of Meetings Held," March 1981, 2, 4.

310Susan Kriefels, "Park Put in Bind by YACC Cuts," Pacific Daily News, April 6, 1982; Newman, "Summary of Meetings and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to WRO," March 1981, 3.

311Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 3.

312Newman, letter to Dick Cunningham, chief of interpretation, Western Region, National Park Service; manager, Harpers Ferry Center, letter to Howard Chapman, director, Western Region, National Park Service, November 7, 1979, both in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980," 3.

313Newman, letter to K. L. Canonage, December 18, 1979, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA.

314In early September, for example, a donor, Derek Snodgress, gave the park eight bullets that he had found on one of the park beach units. After thanking him for the contribution, Stell Newman urged Snodgress not to pick up any more World War II remains when alone, since they could be dangerous and explode if distrubed. "You should get your parents or another adult to check them out before touching them," Newman cautioned. Stell Newman, letter to Derek Snodgress, September 4, 1979, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

315Newman, letter to Norman Miller Cary, chief of military history, U.S. Department of the Army, December 26, 1979, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

316Joe Murphy, "Pipe Dreams," Pacific Daily News, December 18, 1979.

317This is the airplane from which an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 8, 1945, which brought Japan to the brink of surrendering to the U.S. The Enola Gay is on display and interpreted to the public at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Newman, letter to S. Dillon Ripley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, January 9, 1980, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

318Newman, letter to Division of History and Museums, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, letter to Newman, February 20, 1980; Newman, letter to Music Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., March 3, 1980, all in Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

319Newman, letter to Uppstrom, February 20, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

320Newman, letter to director, U.S. Navy Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., February 20, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

321Newman, letter to Commander Don R. Sheaffer, Department of the Navy, Thirtieth Naval Construction Regiment, San Francisco, March 3, 1980; Newman, letter to commander, Naval Construction Battalion Center, Fort Hueneme, California, March 3, 1980; both letters at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

322Robert D. Fritz, catalog of artillery and gun plans, 1979, to Stell Newman, March 24, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

323Newman, letter to Eddie J. Cruz, Cruz Equipment Company, Inc., Agana, Guam, July 16, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

324Newman, letter to president, Failsafe Corporation, Ballground, Georgia, August 18, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

325Newman, letter to Brigadier General Louis C. Buckman, commander, Third Air Division, San Francisco, July 14, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

326Newman, letter to Admiral Robert Fountain, U.S. Navy, Pacific Fleet, July 16, 1980; Fountain, letter to Newman, August 9, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

327"News Release, National Park Service," for release March 17, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

328Frank Quimby, "Japan Ready to Help Plan Park," Pacific Daily News, March 7, 1980; Joseph C. Murphy, "Action Is Needed on War in the Pacific Park," Pacific Daily News, July 21, 1980.

329Newman, letter to Taki Iwai, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, February 19, 1980; Bill Williams, attorney at law, Agana, Guam, letter to S. Kotani, Daisue Construction Co., Ltd. Minamilu, Osaku, May 14, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

330Murphy, "Action Is Needed."

331Victor Saymo, "Gift for War Park," Pacific Daily News, February 23, 1980.

332Newman, letter to Admiral Robert Fountain, July 16, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

333Ibid.

334Newman, letter to Clay F. Smith, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 8, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

335Mary C. Ferris, "War Park a Monument to WW II Battles," Guam Shoppers' Guide, March 6, 1981.

336C. Sablan Gault, "Park Head Denies Descrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982.

337Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 3; Newman, memorandum and "Summary of Meetings Held," to Western Region Director [Howard Chapman], March 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

338Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific"; Newman, memorandum and "Summary of Meetings Held," to Western Region Director, March 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

339"P{ark Plans Proceeding," Pacific Daily News, March 4, 1981.

340Miculka, memo to Heath Pemberton, Dave Forgang, Dick Cunningham, and Russ Apple, with text for folder, March 25, 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

341Paul J. Borja, "Time Trip Being Prepared in War Park," Sunday [Pacific Daily] News, November 1, 1981.

342Gene Linn, "Asan War Park Receives Japanese Memorabilia," Pacific Daily News, January 5, 1982.

343"News Release, National Park Service," National Park Visitor Information Center Opens July 20," c. July 1982, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; C. Sablan Gault, "Pacific War Park Opens Show at Visitor Information Center," Pacific Daily News, August 6, 1982.

344"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

345Susan Kreifels, "Underwater Trail a Diving Attraction," Pacific Daily News, February 16, 1982; Joseph C. Murphy, "Underwater Park," Pacific Daily News, February 20, 1982; C. Sablan Gault, "Alternate Dive Trails Considered," Pacific Daily News, March 20, 1982;

346"Weather Hampers Underwater Trial Plan," Pacific Daily News, October 19, 1982.

347F. Ross Holland, Jr., memorandum to regional director [Howard Chapman[, Western Region, January 2, 1979.

348Gordon Chappell, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, NPS, September 9, 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

349Edwin C. Bearss, letter to Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons, director of U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., November 10, 1981.

350Charles W. Snell, memorandum to Kenneth L. Raithel, Jr., on report on the trip to Guam, October 13, 1982; Charles W. Snell, memorandum to Wilford D. Logan, "Pacage No. 132–War in the Pacific NHP, Guam"; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

351Injuries received, principally a severed aorta and dislocation of the cervical (neck) spine, were the primary cause of Newman's death. Elaine Santos, "Park Superintendent Dies in Car Collision," Pacific Daily News, December 28, 1982; "Trip Report (Guam Time)," January 11, 1983. The driver of the other vehicle was later convicted of manslaughter and served a minimum sentence.

352Joseph C. Murphy, "T. Stell Newman WAS Historic Park," Pacific Daily News, December 29, 1982.

353"Memorial Rites Planned for Park Superintendent," Pacific Daily News, December 31, 1982.

534"To Stell," a remembrance by Stell's friends at the Stondalls' home, December 29, 1982, Archives, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

355Paul Borja, "Newman Remembered for His Warmth," Pacific Daily News, January 17, 1983.

356Tigger (Nancy) Newman (daughter of Stell Newman), letter to Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 2004; Youngsoo Chang, "Park Site for Newman Memorial Service," Pacific Daily News, January 12, 1983; Borja, interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 24.

357Borja, interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003 (transcript, 31).


Chapter 9

358Rafael Reyes, communication with Gail Evans-Hatch, February 19, 2004; also Reyes, letter sent to Evans-Hatch & Associates, March 21, 2004.

359"Rafael J. M. Reyes: New Superintendent Takes Charge," May 9, 1983; Rafael J. M. Reyes, Superintendent Announces Retirement," c. 1991; both in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office. Also see Esther Paik, "Local Engineer Tapped to Head Historical Park," Pacific Daily News, April 6, 1983; Gene Rose, Fresno Bee, December 16, 1985; Tambra Maddock, "Japanese Bombs Recalled," Pacific Daily News, December 8, 1988.

360Reyes, "Annual Narrative Reports of Superintendents [1988], February 17, 1989, Archives Harpers Ferry Center, National Park Service; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

361Rafael Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1985], March 10, 1986, and [1986], February 10, 1987, and [1989] March 1, 1990; all at Harpers Ferry Center. Also see "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development.

362"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development"; Reyes, "Superintendent's Annual Report" [1986], February 10, 1987; and [1987], April 26, 1988; both at Harpers Ferry Center.

363"2 New Park Rangers Join Pacific National Historical Park," Guam Tribune, January 4, 1985; Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1985], March 10, 1986.

364"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development"; Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1985] March 10, 1986; and [1986] February 10, 1987; and [1988] February 17, 1989; and [1989] March 1, 1990; all at Harpers Ferry Center. Also see James Miculka, e-mail message to Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, February 2003.

365Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1985] March 10, 1986; and [1986] February 10, 1987; and [1988] February 17, 1989; and [1989] March 1, 1990; all at Harpers Ferry Center.

366Reyes, "Superintendent's Annual Report [1986] February 10, 1987 and [1989] March 1, 1990; "War in the Pacific 10th Anniversary," Pacific Daily News, August 14, 1988. In 1984, Pacific Daily News travel editor Ronn Ronck wrote that there was no one "who knows the backside of Guam better than he [Lotz] does." Ronck, "If You Visit Guam Take a Long Hike," Pacific Daily News, May 27, 1984. Lotz put together annotated hiking maps of Guam.

367Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1987] April 26, 1988 and [1990] March 1, 1990.

368Jim Miculka, acting superintendent, War in the Pacific, memorandum to director, Western Region, National Park Service, August 19, 1983.

360Reyes, letter to Ida Chang, May 1, 1986, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

370John M. Ozanich, chief, contracting and general services, letter to Melanie Norton, General Services Administration, San Francisco, February 20, 1987.

371National Park Service, War in the Park National Historical Park, "Statement for Management," August 1988, 30, 42, Archives, WAPA.

372National Park Service national memorials are set aside primarily for their commemorative value.

373"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Natural and Cultural Resource Management Plan," 1-20.

374Rafael Reyes, letter to Leonard Pauline, executive director, Guam Housing and Urban Renewal Authority, June 9, 1983; Pauline, letter to Reyes, March 1984; Reyes, letter to Pauline, April 27, 1984; Guam House and Urban Renewal Authority, "Report to the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Documentation for Determination of No Adverse Effect for the Asan Village Site," April 1984; all documents at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

375Murphy, "War Park Not Taking Part in Liberation," Pacific Daily News, July 17, 1984. Also see Murphy, "Flying Much Safer Thank Driving on Guam," Pacific Daily News, July 20, 1984.

376Lotz, letter to Ralph Reyes, July 27, 1984; Reyes, letter to chief of interpretation, Western Region, National Park Service, January 3, 1985; both in Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

377Michael Jenks, letter to Guam Governor Ricardo J. Bordallo, August 23, 1985, Pacific Great Basin Support Office. Also see Reyes to Everette A. Flanders, chief, construction, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, August 8, 1985, and Flanders, letter to Robert Fink, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, August 27, 1985; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

378National Park Service, Western Region, "99th Congress Issues Briefing Statement," January 28, 1986, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

379Reyes, Annual Reports of the Superintendents (1985), March 10, 1986, Harpers Ferry Center.

380Jeff Pleadwell, letter to Ralph Reyes, September 23, 1986; Reyes, letter to Pleadwell, October 2, 1986; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

381Bryan Harry, letters to Francis Dayton, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, April 7, 1988 and December 19, 1989, and to Satoru Kawanamie, managing director, T & NN International, Inc., March 30, 1990; all at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

382Gordon Chappell, Historic Resource Study proposal, Package Number 132,, c. 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

383Snell, memorandum to Kenneth L. Raithel, assistant manager, Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team, Denver Service Center, October 13, 1982, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

384Snell, memorandum to Wilford Logan, Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team, Denver Service Center, December 8, 1982, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

385This important typescript Historical Resource Study must still be compiled, edited, and printed. When those tasks are completed, hopefully by WAPA volunteers, the document will be a continuing source of rich historical information.

386Snell, "A Catalogue of Overlays Prepared by the 3rd Marine Division, 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, and the 77th Infantry Division," August 1983, Pacific Great Basin Support Office. Also see Snell, "Status Report No. 7 for Package No. 132, October 1983, memorandum to Betty Jones, chief of Planning Division, Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team, Denver Service Center.

387Thompson, "Trip Report, Central Pacific, September-November 1983," to Chief Historian Edwin C. Bearss, National Park Service, November 9, 1983, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

388Bearss, "Recommendations as to Boundary Refinements at War in the Pacific National Historical Park and Sites to Be Identified and Marked on Guam Outside the Park, March 30, 1984, memorandum to Regional Director, Western Region, National Park Service, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

389Snell, "15rh and Final Status Report for Package No. 132," May 18, 1984, memorandum to chief, Planning Division, Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team, Denver Service Center, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

390Erwin, N. Thompson, Historic Resources Study: War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam (Golden, CO: National Park Service, July 1985).

391"Natural and Cultural Resource Management Plan," January 1984, 21.

392Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1988[, February 17, 1989, Harpers Ferry Center.

393Richard Silva, "Trip Report, August 7-25, 1989," October 3, 1989, memorandum to assistant manager, Western Team, Denver Service Center, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1988], March 1, 1990.

394Special assistant to regional director, Western Region, memorandum to Stan Albright, regional director, Western Region, October 23, 1989, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

395Regional historical architect, Western Region, National Park Service, "Trip Report, War in the Pacific National Historical Park," April 4, 1991; "Stabilization of World War II Concrete Military Structures," no date; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

396"Natural Cultural Resource Management Plan," January 1984, 3-4.

397"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA.

398James E. Miculka, "Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment: War in the Pacific National Historical Park," c. 1988, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

399Toni Carrell, editor, "Micronesia: Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment" (Santa Fe: Submerged Cultural Resources Unite, c. 1991), 5140-15

400Carrell, "Micronesia: Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment"; Reyes, "Annual 'Reports of Superintendents" [1987], April 26, 1988; Reyes, "Annual 'Reports of Superintendents" [1989], March 1, 1990; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

401Reyes, Annual Narrative Reports of Superintendents" [1988[, February 17, 1989.

402Jerry Henkel, "Park Service Provides Sunken Ships Dive Tour," Pacific Sunday [Daily] News, August 28, 1988; Tim Rock, "May Become Park Attraction: Tokai Maru," Pacific Daily News, no date, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

403Reyes, "Annual 'Reports of Superintendents" [1989], March 1, 1990; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

404Carrell, "Micronesia: Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment," 516.

405Ibid.

406"Natural and Cultural Resource Management Plan," revised and updated in January 1984; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998. The first draft of the Fire Management Plan was prepared by Fire Management Officer, Chris Cameron, in the Western Regional Office in 1983.

407Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1987], April 26, 1988; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

408Reyes, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, March 31, 1986, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

409"Ground Breaking Ceremony, Gaan Point Comfort Station, Wednesday 21 March 1984"; Reyes, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, NPS, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

410Stephanie Rodeffer, memorandum to Superintendent Reyes, September 13, 1990; Gary F. Somers, "Archaeological Clearance Survey Forms," memorandum to chief of Division of Archaeology, WACC, NPS, September 5, 1990; both at Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

411"Development/Study Package Proposal, Package No. 169," September 4, 1985; Reyes, letter to Lt. Col. Nathan D. Hawthorne, Fort Juan Muna, Guam, January 14, 1986; Edward Wood, acting superintendent at WAPA, letter to Commander Owens, Camp Covington, Guam, February 18, 1986; Reyes, letter to Joseph Cruz, chief officer, Public Utility Agency of Guam, January 28, 1989; all at Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

412Reyes, "Superintendents Annual Report, 1986," February 10, 1987.

413Reyes, memorandum to Bryan Harry, director, Pacific Area Office, November 28, 1984, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

414Reyes, "Superintendents Annual Report, 1986," February 10, 1987.

415Reyes, "Annual Narrative Reports of Superintendents" [1988], February 17, 1989.

416Reyes, letter to chief, Lands Division, Western Region, National Park Service, February 8, 1990, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

417"Statement for Management: War in the Pacific," August 1988, 42.

418Facility manager, Hawaii Volcano, memorandum to director, Pacific Area, March 7, 1984, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

419Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1989], March 1, 1990.

420Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1987], April 26, 1988, and [1988], February 17, 1989; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park; Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; Roque Borja, interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 18, 20-21.

421"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

422Allen, et al. "Interim Interpretive Plan," February 22, 1983, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

423Ibid.

424Dave Forgang, regional curator, Western Region, memorandum to regional director Howard Chapman, Western Region, June 18, 1984, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

425Jimmy Garrido, ""Scope of Collection Statement," January 31, 1985, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

426War in the Pacific National Historical Park, A Special Supplement to the Guam Tribune," 1985, Vertical File, Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam.

427Governor Ricardo J. Bordallo, letter to Ralph J. M. Reyes, July 13, 1984, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

428Doug Hubbard, "Nimitzgram" to Marc Sagan, Reyes, and Miculka, January 7, 1985, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

429Joe Murphy, "Mini-sub Offered to War National Park," Pacific Daily News, September 8, 1988; Reyes, communication with Evans-Hatch & Associates, March 21, 2004.

430D. N. Hagen, commodore, U.S. Navy, letter to Ralph Reyes, July 18, 1985, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

431Bryan Harry, director, Pacific Area, memorandum to regional Director Stan Albright, Western Region, NPS, December 4, 1989; NPS Director William Penn Mott, Jr., memorandum to Stan Albright, director, Western Region, December 15, 1989, both in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

432Seminar participants included: Tony Palomo, field representative from OTIA; All Miller, historian at Anderson Air Force Base; Greg Champion, Guam Cable TV; Annette Donner, Donner & Associates; David, Lotz, director, Guam Department of Parks and Recreation; the Honorable Katsuo Tosa, consul general, Japan; Dirk Ballendorf and William Hernandez, both from Micronesia Area Research Center, University of Guam; Barry Smith, Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, and Tim Rock, author of Diver's Guide to Guam and Micronesia, "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

433"War in the Pacific Park, 10th Anniversary," August 4, 1988, Pacific Daily News; "Community Lacks Interest in Park," The Guam Tribune, August 19, 1988; "Park Anniversary," Pacific Daily News, August 20, 1988; Anna Cristine, Ulloa, "A Commemorative Celebration," Pacific Daily News, August 21, 1988; JO3 K. Boehm, compiler, "War in the Pacific Park Marks 10th Anniversary," Pacific Crossroads, August 26, 1988.

434Tim Rock, "Our National Park Looks Ahead," Pacific Sunday News Magazine, January 15, 1989; Reyes, letter to Anthony C. Mariano, Guam Historic Preservation officer, April 18, 1989, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

435William Penn Mott, letters to: Ben Blaz, August 1, 1989; Masao Wada, August 1, 1989; Adolf Sgambelluri, August 2, 1989; Director James M. Ridenour, National Park Service, August 4, 1989; Lee Webber, August 4, 1989; Marvin Sexton, August 21 and September 12, 1989; T. R. Sullivan, September 12, 1989; and Sullivan, letter to William Penn Mott, August 8, 1989; all in Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

436This list of tentative directors included: Guam Governor Joseph H. Ada, Daniel K. Akaka, John Blas, Congressman Ben Blaz, Paul Calvo, Greg Champion of Guam Cable TV, Phillip Flores, Daniel K. Inouye, Admiral T. J. Johnson, Spark M. Matsunaga, Bob Marrion, Mark Paugelinau, Patricia Saiki, Roger Sardea, Marvin Sexton, Adolph Sgambelluri, Vice President of Jones-Guerrero Company T. R. Sullivan, Commander of the Philippine Scouts Cornelius Tapao, Council General of Japan Masao Wada, and Bill West. "Plan of Operation," accompanying memorandum from Director Bryan Harry, Pacific Area to Director Stanley Albright, Western Region, May 22, 1990

437"Plan of Operation," accompanying memorandum from Harry to Albright, May 22, 1990

438Ben Blaz, letter to James Ridenour, July 30, 1990, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

439Bryan Harry, draft letter to Ben Blaz, August 8, 1990, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

440Edward E. Wood, Jr., "Visitor Center and Museum," July 11, 1992, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.


Chapter 10

441Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Region, 103rd Congress Issues Briefing Statement, Issue: Staffing of the Park (War in the Pacific), Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

442Wood, "FY98 Superintendent's Annual Reports," no date, Harpers Ferry Center, National Park Service; "Lot of Changes Mark Guam's Young Park," Islander Magazine, Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994. Wood, communication with Evans-Hatch & Associates, March 19, 2004.

443"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; Wood, "FY98 Superintendent's Annual Report," no date, Harpers' Ferry Center.

444Wood, letter to Congressman Robert Underwood, June 6, 1997, Archives, WAPA.

445Gustin, communication with Evans-Hatch & Assoc., March 12, 2004.

446 Brunnemann, untitled professional career narrative, 2004, e-mailed to Evans-Hatch & Associates, March 2002)

447Wood, memorandum to superintendent, Yosemite National Park, August 8, 1995, Archives, WAPA.

448"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA.

449"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; Leo Babauta, "Guam Veterans, Park Rangers Impressed by President," Pacific Daily News, November 24, 1998.

450"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; Gustin, Superintendent's Annual Report, FY2000, no date, Harpers Ferry Center; "Lots of Changes Mark Guam's Young Park," Island Magazine, Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994.

451"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

452"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; "Lots of Changes Mark Guam's Young Park," Island Magazine, Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994.

453"NPS Grieves Loss of Facility Manager," National Park Service News, November 18, 2003.

454"War in the Pacific National Historical Park, FY01 Annual Performance Plan" (N.p.: National Park Service, 2001, Harpers Ferry Center Archives).

455National Park Service, News Release, "Anniversary Model Aircraft Exhibit," c. 1991, and "Model Aircraft Exhibit" c. 1992, WAPA.

456The Community Service Program referred clients who had broken the law to the park to serve their community service time.

457Wood, "Superintendent's Annual Report, FY98," no date, and Gustin, "Superintendent's Annual Report, FY2000, no date, both in Archives, Harpers Ferry Center; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA.

458"Lots of Changes Mark Guam's Young Park," Islander Magazine, Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994.

459For purposes of this administrative history, "Resource Management" means the management of resources (both cultural and natural) dating from the period of historical significance, in the case of WAPA that would include resources dating from World War II.

460Letter from Leslie M. Turner, Assistant Secretary, Territorial and International Affairs to J. Bennett Johnston, Chairman, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, May 20, 1993

461Resource Management Plan, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, February 14, 1997.

462It could be argued that if the period of significance is that time immediately after the beach landing of the Americans in 1944, the most historically appropriate method of ensuring the integrity of park resources would be to arrange for an annual bombardment of WAPA by the United States Navy.

463Resource Management Plan, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, February 1997.

464Resource Management Plan, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, 1997.

465Ibid, 14.

466Resource Management Plan, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, 1997, 15. Note: See Appendix 10 of this administrative history for a reprint of the Plant Communities Table presented in the 1997 Resource Management Plan.

467Memorandum from Superintendent, WAPA, to Congressional Liaison, WASO, March 25, 1994.

468Ibid.

469News Release, April 1991, War in the Pacific National Historical Park. The program was designed to balance work with the development of an understanding and an appreciation of the environment and heritage for youths between 15 and 18

470Regular Cycle Maintenance Report, WAPA, June 26, 1992.

471Without the generator there would have been no electricity, without electricity there would have been no air conditioning, and without air conditioning there would have been no cloth or paper artifacts remaining in the museum (housed in the same building).

472In 1997, this same site again suffered minimal damage from another super typhoon (Paka). See Superintendent's Annual Report FY98, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

473The unique nature of the topography surrounding the overlook is one of the reasons park staff has repeatedly identified it as the best location for the construction of a visitor center and administrative offices.

474Report, Edward E. Wood, Jr., Superintendent, War in the Pacific NHP, July 15, 1992.

475Briefing Statement prepared for 103rd United States Congress by NPS, submitted on January 31, 1992.

476103rd Congress Briefing Statement by NPS, January 1992.

477Ibid.

478Letter from United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources to Manuel Lujan, Jr., Secretary of the Interior, November 5, 1991.

479For a detailed account of fiftieth anniversary activities by WAPA staff, see the "Interpretation" section of this chapter.

480It is worth noting that by December 2002 a new visitor center/administrative offices/museum had still not been funded, leaving those activities in the same building, still situated twenty-five yards from the lagoon. Recognizing a golden opportunity when it saw one Fate again visited a super typhoon on the park in December 2002, again flooding carpets and exhibits, and causing damage to the building and grounds.

481Superintendent's Report, FY98, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

482Ibid.

483Community Service Program is a program of the Guam criminal justice system under which a person performed community service in lieu of a fine and/or time in jail.

484An interesting note for future similar efforts: Heavy equipment such as bulldozers could not be used to scrape coral from the grassy area. The coral would simply bury itself rather than be slid out of the area. (See Superintendent's Annual Report, FY98, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

485The Facility Manager, Ron Wilson, a retired Navy SeaBee, set up a concrete fabrication yard at the rear of the WAPA maintenance yard (outside the historical area). He trained emergency-hire personnel to build concrete forms, mix the concrete, pour the concrete, finish it and remove it from the molds before cleaning and preparing the forms for the next pour. Five hundred bollards and 130 curbs were manufactured at this ad hoc facility using 130 cubic yards of concrete mixed in a nine cubic-foot mixer! Ron Wilson died in 2003. (See Superintendent's Annual Report, FY98, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.)

486Annual Report, FY01, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

487In November 2000, PWR Chief Ranger Jay Wells and HAVO Chief Ranger Paul DuCasse conducted the region's first Law Enforcement Needs Assessment. Both assessments concluded that four additional FTE each were necessary for both Saipan and WAPA. The reports concluded that resources were not being protected and noncommissioned employees were being required to respond to situations that law enforcement would normally handle. Ibid.

488Ibid.

489Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Region, "103rd Congress Issues Briefing Statement, Issue: Japanese World War II Mini-Submarine Exhibit (WAPA)," Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

490Richard Hoffman, Harpers Ferry Center, memorandum to Rose Manibusan, November 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

491"Lots of Changes," Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994.

492Edward E. Wood, Jr., "Visitor Center and Museum," July 11, 1992, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

493Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Region, 103rd Congress Issues Briefing Statement, "Issue: Visitor Center" (WAPA), January 1993, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

494Leslie M. Turner, assistant secretary, Territorial and International Affairs, letter to J. Bennett Johnston, chairman, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, June 15, 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

495Richard D. Davis, State Historic Preservation Office, Department of Parks and Recreation, Government of Guam, letter to Superintendent Ed Wood, December 3, 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

496Rose Manibusan, memorandum to Edward Wood, February 4, 1993, Archives, WAPA.

497Ibid.; Edward E. Wood, Jr., "Visitor Center and Museum," July 11, 1992, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

498"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

499"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

500Dan Quan Designs was awarded the contract to develop exhibit designs. Bruce Ficke received the award to fabricate the exhibit. War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; Turner, letter to J. Bennett Johnston, June 15, 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

501"50th Anniversary of the Outbreak of War in the Pacific," December 1991, brochure, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

502"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; Turner, letter to J. Bennett Johnston, June 15, 1993.

503"Lots of Changes," Pacific Sunday News; War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; Wood, memorandum to Stanley Albright, regional director, Western Region, June 11, 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

504News Release: National Park Service, "Assistance Sought for Upcoming Museum Exhibit," c. 1992; "New Exhibits Open on Liberation Day at War in the Pacific National Historical Park," c. 1992; "Volunteers in Parks Recognition," c. 1992; Wood, memorandum to Lynne Nakata, interpretive specialist, Western Region, January 14, 1993, all in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

505Wood, letter to Hiro Kurashina, director, Micronesia Area Research Center, University of Guam, December 9, 1992; regional director, Western Region, memorandum to Edward Wood, January 28, 1993; Wood, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, June 11, 1993; all in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support. Also see "Lots of Changes," Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994; J. Hunter Todd, chairman and founder, Worldfest Houston, letter to Michelle South, Harpers Ferry Center, June 8, 1995, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

506"Lots of Changes," Pacific Sundays News, May 15, 1994.

507"News Release: National Park Service, Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Re-capture of Guam," July 1, 1994; "Fiftieth Anniversary Golden Salute: Joint Ceremony for Japanese and American Veterans," July 22, 1922; both in Archives, WAPA.

508Joyce A. Quinn, "Asan Beach Guide," no place of publication: American Memorial Museum Association, 1994.

509"War in the Pacific: The First Year" (1992), "War in the Pacific: Homefronts of 1943" (1993), and "War in the Pacific: The Pacific Offensive" (1994), all published by the National Park Service and the Arizona Memorial Museum Association.

510"Ware in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; Wood, letter to Gary Beito, executive director, Arizona Memorial Museum Association, September 20, 1993 and August 1, 1995, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

511Wood, letter to Gary Beito, August 1, 1994, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

512Wood, "FY98 Superintendent's Annual Report," no date, Harpers Ferry Center.

513"Arizona Memorial Museum Associations: A Non-Profit Organization," c. 1999, WAPA.

514Manibusan memorandum to Superintendent Ed Wood, February 4, 1993; Manibusan form letter to "Dear Sir," about early 1993; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

515Wood, letter to regional directory, Western Region, June 11, 1993.

516"Inventory List of Oral History Tapes, Incident Command System Oral History Team Golden Salute . . . July 18, 1994 to July 23, 1994; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; both in WAPA Archives.

517Ibid.

518Superintendent Ed Wood was not present for these ceremonies since he had transferred from WAPA one month earlier. Several individuals and groups contributed to the success of this celebration, including Army ROTC Daniel J. Mulhauser, Secretary to the Archbishop of Agana, Flora Baza Quan, the Guam Territorial Chorale and the Guam Territorial Band, Chaplain Joel Rayfiedl, a Lt. Col. in the U.S. Air Force. Wood, "War in the Pacific National Historical Park, FY98 Superintendent's Report, no date; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," Working Draft, c. 1998; all at WAPA.

519Leo Babauta, "Guam Veterans, Park Rangers Impressed by President," Pacific Daily News, November 24, 1998.

520"President Clinton Welcomed"; Amy Tatko, "Air Force One Touches Down"; Babauta, "Guam Veterans" and "Clinton Honors War Dead"; Brad Wong, "Clinton Addresses Issues"; Hiroshi Hiyama, "President Inspires Residents"; Lloyd Jojola, "Fighting for President's Attention"; all in Pacific Daily News, November 24, 1998.



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Last Updated: 08-May-2005