White Sands Dunes and Dreams: A History of White Sands National Monument Administrative History

¹Carl P. Russell, "The White Sands of Alamogordo, National Geographic Magazine, Vol. LXVIII, No. 2 (August 1935): 250-64.

²Natt N. Dodge, The Natural History Story of White Sands National Monument (Tucson: Southwestern Parks and Monuments, 1971), 58; C. Leland Sonnichsen, Tularosa: Last of the Frontier West (New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1960).

³Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, second edition (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), xii-xiii.

⁴Ibid., xx, 11, 22, 31.

⁵Ibid., 83.

⁶Robert W. Righter, "National Monuments to National Parks: The Use of the Antiquities Act of 1906," Western Historical Quarterly, XX, No. 3 (August 1989): 293.

⁷Hal K. Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 23, 52, 55.

⁸Hazel Hunt Voth and Harold Gill, Southwestern National Monuments: A Bibliography (Washington, DC[?]: United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1940), 166-68.

⁹Gilbert Wenger and William Featherstone, "Historical Sketch and Administrative History of White Sands National Monument [1933-1973]," Peter D. Hendrickson, ed., unpublished manuscript (MS), 1973, White Sands National Monument Library, New Mexico (hereafter cited as WHSA Library), 1.

¹⁰Dodge, Natural History Story of White Sands, 5-6.

¹¹Ibid., 15, 21.

¹²Ibid., 33, 41.

¹³Wenger and Featherstone, "Administrative History of White Sands," 2-5.

¹⁴For a popular narrative of the Inde, see C.L. Sonnichsen, The Mescalero Apache, second edition (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973); a more thorough anthropological treatment is Morris E. Opler, Apache Odyssey: A Journey Between Two Worlds (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1969).

¹⁵David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), 79, 80, 82.

¹⁶Dietmar Schneider-Hector, "White Sands, Next Right: A History of White Sands National Monument," unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Texas Tech University, 1990, 105-08, 113-15. For a more complete analysis of the U. S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, see William N. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West, 1803-1863 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959); also see Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1966). The latter volume won the 1967 Pulitzer Prize for history.

¹⁷O.E. Meinzer and R.F. Hare, "Geology and Water Resources of Tularosa Basin, New Mexico," Water Supply Paper 343, United States Geological Survey, Department of the Interior (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1915), 17; Schneider-Hector, "White Sands," 117-18.

¹⁸Meinzer and H are, "Tularosa Basin," 18; Schneider-Hector, "White Sands," 118.

¹⁹Schneider-Hector, "White Sands," 119.

²⁰Ibid., 120.

²¹Ibid., 121-22; Meinzer and Hare, "Tularosa Basin," 18; Peter L. Eidenbach, "The Culture History of White Sands National Monument," 1992, unpublished MS, WHSA Library.

²²Cynthia Secor Welsh, "A 'Star Will Be Added:' Miguel Antonio Otero and the Struggle for Statehood," New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 67, no. 1 (January 1992): 33-51; Michael Welsh, "A History of the University of New Mexico, 1889-1994," unpublished MS in possession of the author.

²³Meinzer and Hare, Tularosa Basin," 22-23.

²⁴Ibid., 23.

²⁵Welsh, "A History of the University of New Mexico."

²⁶Ibid.; Meinzer and Hare, "Tularosa Basin," 23-24.

²⁷Meinzer and Hare, "Tularosa Basin," 24; Welsh, "A History of the University of New Mexico."

¹Howard Roberts Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846-1912: A Territorial History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), 137.

²Ibid.,146; Cynthia Secor-Welsh, introduction to Miguel A: Otero, My Life on the Frontier, 1864-1882 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987 reprint), xvii, xx.

³Transcript of news feature by Mrs. Tom Charles, Alamogordo, NM, April 6, 1942, Mr. and Mrs. Tom Charles Papers, MS 18, File 3-2, Rio Grande Historical Collections, New Mexico State University Library, Las Cruces (cited as Charles Papers, NMSU).

⁴Ibid.

⁵Ibid.; Transcript of news feature by Mrs. Tom Charles, September 21, 1954, Charles Papers, MS 18, File 3-2, NMSU.

⁶Dietmar Schneider-Hector, White Sands: The History of a National Monument (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1993),52-54; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959).

⁷Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 54-55.

⁸Miguel A. Otero, "Report of the Governor of New Mexico to the Secretary of the Interior, 1903," 122, cited in Territorial Archives of New Mexico (TANM), Microfilm Roll 149, Frame 411, NMSRCA.

⁹"Plant was Once Live Outfit," Alamogordo News, n:d., Charles Papers, NMSU.

¹⁰Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 50-52; "Funeral Services Held Sunday for the Late Tom Charles " Alamogordo News. April 1, 1943; Advertisement, "Meet Your Tom Charles Agency Neighbors," n.d., Charles Family Papers, MS 18, File 2-1, NMSU.

¹¹Lawrence C. Kelly, The Assault on Assimilation: John Collier and the Origins of Indian Policy Reform (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983), 163-66, 171.

¹²Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 56-57; Kelly, Assault on Assimilation, 172.

¹³Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 56, 58, 60; Kelly, Assault on Assimilation, 173; Michael Welsh, "A Land of Extremes: The Economy of Modern New Mexico, 1940-1990," in Richard W. Etulain, ed. Contemporary New Mexico, 1940-1990 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 69-81.

¹⁴Kelly, Assault on Assimilation, 168-69.

¹⁵Runte, National Parks, 106; William Boone Douglass, Secretary, National Park Association of New Mexico, to Merritt C. Mechem, Governor of New Mexico, May 4, 1921, Letters Received and Letters Sent Files, Governor Merritt C. Mechem Papers, NMSRCA (cited as Mechem Papers).

¹⁶James G. McNary, President, The First National Bank, El Paso, TX, to Mechem, November 9 1921; Mechem to U. S. Senator Holm O. Bursum, November 15, 1921; Alva L. Hobbs, Chairman, New Mexico State Game and Fish Commission, to Stephen T. Mather, Director, National Park Service, May 11, June 12, 1922; Mather to Hobbs, May 20, July 8, 1922; Hobbs to Mechem, July 12, 1922, Letters Received and Letters Sent Files, Mechem Papers.

¹⁷Kelly, Assault on Assimilation, 174-75.

¹⁸Ibid., 173-74; Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 61; H. H. Brook, Chairman, Southwestern All-Year National Park Association, to "The Members of the Executive Committee . . . ," July 22, 1922, Letters Received and Letters Sent Files, Mechem Papers.

¹⁹Kelly, Assault on Assimilation, 174; Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 61; "Protest Against Secretary Fall's All Year Park," Bulletin Number 30, National Parks Association, November 8, 1922, Letters Received and Letters Sent Files, Mechem Papers.

²⁰Runte, National Parks, 81, 83, 95.

²¹Press Release, "What Others Say Of the Park Site," n.d. 1922, Letters Received and Letters Sent Files, Mechem Papers.

²²Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 65-66.

²³For a discussion of the role of the "Lost Generation" in the 1920s Southwest, see Arrell Morgan Gibson, The Santa Fe and Taos Colonies: Age of the Muses, 1900-1942 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983).

²⁴Kelly, Assault on Assimilation, 176-79; S. 3519, "An Act Defining the Rights of the Mescalero Apache Indians in the Mescalero Indian Reservation . . .," August 17, 1922, 67th Congress, 2nd session.

²⁵Kelly, Assault on Assimilation, 179-80, 202, 232; Bulletin Number 30, National Parks Association.

²⁶"Foundation Principle of National Parks System Hit Extremely Hard," Bulletin Number 29, National Parks Association, July 26, 1922, Letters Received and Letters Sent Files, Mechem Papers.

²⁷Ibid

²⁸Kelly, Assault on Assimilation, 236.

²⁹Louis W. Galles, State Director, Coolidge and Dawes Clubs, Albuquerque, to L.O. Piersol, Alamogordo, October 11, 1924, Charles Family Papers, MS 18, File 1-7, NMSU.

³⁰Welsh, "A Land of Extremes;" Seventeenth Census of the United States: 1950.

³¹Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 49.

³²Tom Charles to the Honorable John W. Morrow, U.S. Representative, n.d. 1923, Charles Family Papers, MS 18, File 1-1, NMSU.

³³H.L. Kent, President, New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Las Cruces, to Charles, July 8, 1924; Frank W. Pooler, District Forester, U.S. Forest Service, Southwestern District, Albuquerque, to Charles, July 21, 1924; L.W. Lawson, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, El Paso, to Charles, July 31, 1924; Bursum to Charles, January 5, 1925; Sam G. Bratton, U.S. Senate, to Charles, March 30, May 8, 1925, Charles Family Papers, MS 18, File 1-1, NMSU.

³⁴Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 52; N.C. Frenger, Alamogordo, to Charles, March 23, 1926; Charles to Frenger, March 24, 1926, Charles Family Papers, MS 18, File 1-7, NMSU.

³⁵Charles to M.B. Stevens, Las Cruces, January 28, 1928; Charles to Fall, n.d., 1928 (?), Charles Family Papers, MS 18, File 1-7, NMSU.

³⁶Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 78-79; George Keith Dodson, Topeka, KS, to Jim Thomson, Superintendent, White Sands National Monument (WHSA), October 8, 1975, Area History Folder, File 2, WHSA Library.

³⁷William Ashton Hawkins, El Paso, to Bratton, January 18, 1930, Governor Richard C. Dillon Papers, NMSRCA.

³⁸Hawkins to Richard C. Dillon, Governor of New Mexico, March 18, 1930; Dillon to Ray Lyman Wilbur, Secretary of the Interior, March 24, 1930; Wilbur to Dillon, April 4, 1930, Dillon Papers, NMSRCA; Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 79.

³⁹Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 79, 82; L.M. Richard, La Luz Clay Products Company, La Luz, NM, to Bronson M. Cutting, U.S. Senator, January 28, 1931; Charles to "Mr. Hunter," July 6, 1931; A.E. Demaray, Acting Associate Director, National Park Service (NPS), to J.S.B. Woolford, President, Roswell Chamber of Commerce, July 9, 1931, Historical Files 1931-1932, WHSA Library.

⁴⁰Woolford to Charles, July 25, 1931; Charles to Claude Simpson, Roswell, July 30, 1931, Historical Files 1931-1932, WHSA Library.

⁴¹George L. Boundey, Custodian, Tumacacori National Monument, Arizona, to Charles, September 28, 1931; Charles to Frank Pinkley, Superintendent, Southwestern National Monument, Coolidge, AZ, September 30, 1931; Pinkley to Charles, October 3, 1931; Charles to W.D. Bryars, Santa Fe, November 16, 1931; Charles to Roger Toll, Denver, CO, November 30, 1931, Historical Files 1931-1932, WHSA Library.

⁴²Runte, National Parks, 140; Tom Charles, Story of the Great White Sands (Alamogordo: n.p., 1938, 1955 reprint).

⁴³Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 90; Richard Lowitt, Bronson M. Cutting: Progressive Politician (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).

⁴⁴"Charles, Story of the Great White Sands; O. Fred Arthur, Then: 1907 to Now: 1945 in the United States Forest Service (La Habra, CA: Pamphlet Press, 1945).

¹Gerald D. Nash, The American West in the Twentieth Century: A Short History of an Urban Oasis (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1977), 137-38; Welsh, "A Land of Extremes," 67-68.

²Nash, American West in the Twentieth Century, 155, 169; Richard Lowitt, The New Deal and the West (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), 218.

³Report of Hugh Miller, Superintendent, Southwestern National Monuments (SWNM), September 4, 1940, RG 79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Nash, American West in the Twentieth Century, 169.

⁴Horace M. Albright, NPS Director, to Charles, February 6, 1933; Frank Pinkley, SWNM Superintendent, to Charles, February 12, 16, 1933, National Park Service, Central Consolidated Files (NPS, CCF) 1933-1949, New Mexico, White Sands Files, Box 2424, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC (NARA, DC); Charles to Pinkley, February 14, 1933, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁵A.E. Demaray, Acting NPS Director, to Charles, April 24, 1933, Historical Files, WHSA (1933), WHSA Library.

⁶C.C. Merchant, Alamogordo, to U.S. Senator Sam G. Bratton, February 10, 1933; Mrs. Emma Fall, El Paso, to Albright, May 23, 1933; Albright to Fall, June 5,1933, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁷Alamogordo (NM) News. July 1933 clippings; Charles to Pinkley, July 19, 1933, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁸Southwestern National Monuments (SWNM) Monthly Report, August, September, October, November, December 1933.

⁹Ferris Shelton and Fred L. Yelton, Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce, to G.D. Macy and Jess Nusbaum, Santa Fe, August 31, 1933; Pinkley to Charles, September 2, 1933; Pinkley to NPS Field Headquarters, San Francisco, CA, September 4, 1933; Pinkley to Nusbaum, September 4, 1933; Nusbaum to Pinkley, September 12, 1933; Demaray to Shelton, September 19, 1933; F.A. Kittredge, NPS Chief Engineer, San Francisco, to Pinkley, November 15, 1933; Report of Charles F. Richey, NPS Junior Landscape Architect, December 13, 1933, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁰Calendar of Events at White Sands National Monument, n.d., RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, White Sands General 1935-1938 Files, Box 2425, NARA, DC; SWNM Monthly Report, October 1933.

¹¹SWNM Monthly Report, January 1933.

¹²Telegram of Cutting to Charles, January 20, 1934; Charles to Miss Margaret Reeves, Civil Works Administration (CWA) Director, Santa Fe, January 20, 1934; Charles to Pinkley, January 23, 24, 1934, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹³Hatch to Charles, January 29, 1934; Pinkley to the Southwestern Custodians, February 17, 1934; Pinkley to Charles, March 1,1934, 1934 File L, WHSA Library.

¹⁴SWNM Monthly Report, February 1933; Telegram of Cutting to Charles, March 7, 1934; Charles to Pinkley, March 8, 1934, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Demaray to Pinkley, March 8, 1934, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, National Monuments White Sands 605.01-660.04.1, Box 2428, NARA, DC.

¹⁵SWNM Monthly Report, March 1934; Laurence Cone to Charles, March 18, 1934; H.B. Chase, CWA Project Engineer, to Charles, April 10, 1934, 1934 File L; Kittredge to Cammerer, April 17, 1934; Charles to Cammerer, April 18, 1934; Charles to Pinkley, April 18, 1934, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁶"Old Timers Reunion," Alamogordo Advertiser, April 26, 1934.

¹⁷Ibid.; "The Big White Sands Dedicatory, Sunday, April 29," Alamogordo News, May 3, 1934; "White Sands Picnic," Alamogordo Advertiser, May 3, 1934. The appearance of black baseball teams in an area with a scant black population reflected the temper of the times, where major- and minor-league baseball excluded black players because of their race. Instead, such athletes performed in the famed "Negro Leagues," mostly local teams who played for gate receipts (semi-professional status). At the White Sands game, fans donated a total of twelve dollars to be divided between the two squads.

¹⁸Ibid.; "Fall Tells of Early Southwest Days at White Sands Ceremonies," El Paso (TX) Times. April 30, 1934; "Fall Rests After White Sands Talk," El Paso Herald-Post. April 30, 1934.

¹⁹Phoenix (AZ) Gazette. April 30, 1934; SWNM Monthly Report, June 1934.

²⁰Frederick A. Blossom, Huntington Free Library and Reading Room, New York City, to NPS, May 31, 1934, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2424; Gilbert Grosvenor, Editor, National Geographic Society, to Charles, August 7, 1934, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Earl A. Trager, Chief, NPS Naturalist Division, to Charles, November 3, 1934; George A. Grant, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, to Charles, November 11, 1934, 1934 File L.

²¹SWNM Monthly Reports, May, July 1934. Similar exhibits with gypsum from White Sands were built that year at the New Mexico State Fair in Albuquerque, and the nearby Roswell fair (Chaves County) [SWNM Monthly Report, October 1934].

²²Charles to Pinkley, March 19, 1934, 1934 File L; SWNM Monthly Report, March 1934.

²³Eugene Stevens, Southern Dusting Company, Inc., Tallulah, LA, to Albright, January 9, 1934; Charles to Pinkley, January 29, 1934; Pinkley to NPS Director, March 8, 1934, 1934 File L.

²⁴J.L. Lawson, Alamogordo, to Frank Vesely, State Land Commissioner, Santa Fe, December 11, 1934, 1934 File L; Hazel Ridinger to Pinkley, n.d. 1934; Pinkley to Mrs. Ridinger, April 24, 1934, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

²⁵Pinkley to Charles, April 28, 1934; Pinkley to Robert H. Rose, Acting Assistant SWNM Superintendent, Aztec Ruins National Monument, NM, September 15, 1934; Rose to "Boss" (Pinkley), September 22, 1934, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Lawson to Vesely, December 11, 1934.

²⁶Conrad Wirth, Assistant NPS Director, to Hatch, October 26, 1934; Pinkley to Charles, November 10, 1934, 1934 File L; Proclamation No. 2108, White Sands National Monument-New Mexico, Franklin D. Roosevelt, November 28, 1934, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Pinkley to NPS Director, May 15, 1934, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2424.

²⁷Rose to Ansel F. Hall, Chief, NPS Field Division of Education, Berkeley, CA, November 6, 1934, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2424; Runte, National Parks, 138-40, 153; SWNM Monthly Report. November 1934.

²⁸Rose to Hall, November 6, 1934; SWNM Monthly Report, September 1934.

²⁹Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 103; SWNM Monthly Report, January 1935; Charles to Rose, January 10, 1935; W.A. Warford, San Francisco, to Charles, March 20, 1935, Historical Files, WHSA (1935), January 1-July 31, 1935, WHSA Library.

³⁰Welsh, "A Land of Extremes," 69; Welsh, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers: Albuquerque District, 1935-1985 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987), 34-35.

³¹Charles to George Grant, May 20, 1935, Historical Files, WHSA (1935), January 1-July 31, 1935; W.D. Bryars, Santa Fe, to Charles, September 5,1935, Historical Files, WHSA (1935), August 1-December 31, 1935, WHSA Library.

³²SWNM Monthly Reports, April, May, August 1935; Charles to Grant, May 20, 1935.

³³Boles to Charles, October 19, 1935, Historical Files, WHSA (1935), August 1-December 31, 1935.

³⁴Charles to Pinkley, February 18, April 29, 1935, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Charles to Pinkley, May 6, 1935, Historical Files, WHSA (1935), January 1-July 31, 1935.

³⁵G.A. Moskey, Assistant NPS Director, to J.B. Willis, El Paso, May 7, 1935, Historical Files, WHSA (1935), January 1-July 31, 1935; Pinkley to Charles, May 9, 1935, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC. Tom Charles had first irritated Pinkley in December 1933 with a scheme to dredge an artificial "lake" in the dunes, as the water table lay close to the surface and visitors preferred an aquatic setting to neutralize desert conditions. [Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 106]

³⁶Charles to Pinkley, May 11, 29, 1935; Pinkley to Charles, May 14, 16, 1935, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁷Demaray to E.H. Simons, Executive Vice President and General Manager, El Paso Chamber of Commerce, May 13, 1935; Pinkley to A.T. Kuntz, El Paso, July 9,1935, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁸Memorandum of Alexander B. Stump, NPS Wildlife Technician, to "Mr. [George] Wright," October 15, 1935, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, White Sands General 1935-1938 Files, Box 2425.

³⁹Ibid.; Ardey Borell, SWNM Naturalist Technician, "Special Report on White Sands National Monument," March 18-26, 1935, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2424.

⁴⁰Stump to Wright, October 15, 1935.

⁴¹Charles to Pinkley, August 3, 1935; Pinkley to Charles, August 6, 1935; Kittredge to NPS Director, August 9, 1935; John H. Diehl, SWNM Park Engineer, to Pinkley, August 8, 1934, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁴²Charles to Pinkley, August 21, 1935; Pinkley to Charles, August 22, 1935, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Pinkley to NPS Director, September 12, 1935, Historical Files, WHSA (1935), August 1-December 31, 1935.

⁴³Kittredge to NPS Director, September 17, 1935; Thomas C. Vint, Chief Architect, NPS Branch of Plans and Designs, to Richey, October 29, 1935; John A. Happer, Project Manager, Recreation Demonstration Project (RDP), WHSA, to L. Vernon Randau, Regional Projects Manager, RDP, NPS, Oklahoma City, November 13, 1935, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Ralph Charles to "Dad," November 7, 1935, Historical Files, WHSA (1935), August 1-December 31, 1935.

⁴⁴Randau to M.C. Huppuch, Supervisor, RDP, NPS, December 5, 1935, RG79, NPS 1934-1947, Recreation Demonstration Area Program Files (RDA), Region 3, New Mexico, General WHSA 201 to 601-12 File, Box 201, NARA, DC; Diehl to Kittredge, December 5, 1935; Kittredge to Diehl, December 17, 1935, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Charles to Pinkley, December 12, 1935, Historical Files, WHSA (1935), August 1-December 31, 1935.

⁴⁵Pinkley to NPS Director, October 30, 1936, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2425; R.T. Spence to D.M. Wootton, Vacation Travel Tours, Rock Island Railroad, Chicago, IL, February 7, 1936; Charles to Wootton, March 14, 1936; Charles to Albright, February 6, 1936; Mrs. Elsie E. Aspinwall, Lew Wallace Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, Albuquerque, to Charles, May 21, 27, 1936; Charles to Aspinwall, May 23, 1936, Historical Files, WHSA (1936), January 1-May 30, 1936, WHSA Library.

⁴⁶Ina Sizer Cassidy, Director, New Mexico State Writers' Project, Santa Fe, to Charles, February 10, 1936; Charles to Cassidy, February 14, 1936, Charles Family Papers, MS 18, File 1-2, NMSU; SWNM Monthly Report, January 1936.

⁴⁷SWNM Monthly Report, February, August 1936; Charles to NPS Director, March 28, 1936, Historical Files, WHSA (1936), January 1-May 30, 1936; "Chamber of Commerce News Note," May 7, 1936, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Maier to Huppuch, June 17, 1936, RG79, NPS 1934-1947, RDA, Box 201; Charles to Pinkley, July 3, 1936, Historical Files, WHSA (1936), June 1-December 31, 1936, WHSA Library; Charles to Cammerer, August 4, 1936, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2425.

⁴⁸Memorandum of Kittredge to NPS Branch of Plans and Design, April 26, 1935, January 14, 1936; W.G. Carnes, NPS Deputy Chief Architect, to NPS Director, January 18, 1936; George L. Collins, NPS Region Three, Oklahoma City, to Maier, November 4, 1936, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Charles to Pinkley, Historical Files, WHSA (1936), January 1-May 30, 1936; Memorandum of R.E. Dunning to Huppuch, June 2, 15, 1936, RG79, NPS 1934-1947, RDA, Region 3, General White Sands National Monument 605-01 to 660-03, Box 202, NARA, DC; Turner W. Battle, Assistant to the Secretary, U.S. Department of Labor, "Decision of the Secretary," November 14, 1936, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2425.

⁴⁹Fred A. Weller, NPS Regional Attorney, to Robert C. Dow, Regional Attorney, Resettlement Administration, Amarillo, TX, February 14, 1936; Gould to Maier, n.d. 1936; E.H. Wells, President, New Mexico School of Mines, to Gould, February 14, 1936; H.A. Kiker, Special Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, Santa Fe, to Dow, June 17, 1936; Happer to Randau, July 28, 1936; Borell, "Special Report on White Sands National Monument," August 4, 1936; Victor E. Cahalane, Acting Chief, NPS Wildlife Division, to NPS Region Three Officer, September 21, 1936, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Ward Charles, ECW (Emergency Conservation Work) Technician, Tularosa, NM, to J.E. Stablein, Acting Regional Grazier, U.S. Department of the Interior, Albuquerque, May 26, 1936; Pinkley to G.F. Conroy, New Mexico State Highway Engineer, Santa Fe, March 21, 1936, Historical Files, WHSA (1936), January 1-May 30, 1936; Maier to NPS Director, August 21, 1936; H.E. Rothrock, Acting Chief, NPS Naturalist Division, to Region Three Officer, October 3, 1936, RG79, NPS 1934-1947, RDA, Box 202.

⁵⁰R.G. Finney, Chief, Fiscal Division, NPS Region Three, Santa Fe, to SWNM Superintendent Miller, September 10, 1941, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 103.

⁵¹SWNM Monthly Report, December 1937.

⁵²Ibid., July, October 1937.

⁵³Ibid., January 1937.

⁵⁴Vint to the NPS Director, June 22, 1937; C.H. Gerner to "Mr. Johnston," July 6, 1937, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2425; Memorandum of Richey to "Mr. Cornell," October 20, 1937, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁵⁵"Regional Officer ECW," Oklahoma City, to Happer, March 9, 1937; Happer to Maier, March 11, 1937; Wirth to NPS Region Three Officer, March 21, 1937; McColm to Assistant NPS Regional Officer, June 21, 1937, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁵⁶John H. Veale to NPS Region Three Officer, July 17, 1937, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; SWNM Monthly Reports, July, September 1937.

⁵⁷Pinkley to the New Mexico State Land Commissioner, June 29, 1937; Miller to Jack F. Guion, Los Angeles, CA, March 5, 1937, Historical Files, WHSA (1937), January 1-June 30, 1937, WHSA Library; Vesely to Cammerer, August 8, 1937; Charles to "Boss [Pinkley]," October 12, 1937, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁵⁸Thomas H. MacDonald, Chief, U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, to Cammerer, March 23, 1937; Miller to Kittredge, March 25, 1937; Charles to Boss, September 17, 1937, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Milker to NPS Director, March 16, 1937, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2425.

⁵⁹J. B. Hamilton, NPS Associate Engineer, Santa Fe, to Kittredge, March 23, 1937; Veale, "Report of Condition, Work Done and Recommendations for Restoring the Garton Well," July 9, 1937; Diehl to Maier, "Report of Proposed Water Supply System for White Sands National Monument," June 1937; E. B. Hommon, NPS Sanitary Engineer, San Francisco, to Pinkley, May 21, 1937; Pinkley to Diehl, November 30, 1937, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁶⁰Rothrock, "Report on Inspection of White Sands National Monument," April 1937; Pinkley to NPS Chief Engineer, April 7, 1937; Regional Officer, ECW Region Three, to NPS Director, June 4, 1937; Charles to Raymond Higgins, Inspector, ECW, Region Three, June 21, 1937; E.F. Preece, Assistant NPS Chief Engineer, "Comments on the Reconnaissance Report, Proposed Water Supply System for White Sands National Monument," August 19, 1937; Albert Johnson, NPS Associate Attorney, to "Mr. Taylor," September 1, 1937; A.W. Burney, Acting NPS Chief Engineer, to Regional Engineer, September 7, 1937; Prentice C. Lackey, NPS Contract Examiner, Santa Fe, to McColm, October 21, 1937; Gould, "Second Geological Report on White Sands National Monument," December 4, 1937, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁶¹U.S. Department of the Interior, Memorandum for the Press, October 17, 1938; L.R. Dice, Director, Laboratory of Vertebrate Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, to Charles, September 14, 1938; Pinkley to Dice, September 20, 1938; Pinkley to Director, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, December 27, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Charles B. Lipman, Dean of the Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, to Charles, June 16, 1938, Historical Files, WHSA (1938), January 1-June 30, 1938, WHSA Library; Lipman to Charles, July 7, 1938; Dice to Charles, August 31, December 28, 1938; Charles E. Olmsted, University of Chicago, to Charles, December 31, 1938, Historical Files, WHSA (1938), July 1-December 31, 1938, WHSA Library.

⁶²Charles to Mrs. A.F. Quisenberry, El Paso, February 15, 1938, Historical Files, WHSA (1938), January 1-June 30, 1938; Coe Howard, State Representative, Portales, NM, to Charles, September 3, 1938; Marlin Butler, Manager, Yam and Kiva Theaters, Portales, to Charles, September 6, 1938; Harvey Hickox, Manager, Lobo Theater, Albuquerque, to Charles, November 29, 1938, Historical Files, WHSA (1938), July 1-December 31, 1938; Charles to "Boss," September 5, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Wootton to Charles, May 2, 1938; Charles to Story, May 4, 1938, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2425.

⁶³Natt Dodge to "Tom [Charles]," September 17, 1938, Historical Files, WHSA (1938), July 1-December 31, 1938.

⁶⁴Memorandum of Ronald F. Lee, NPS Supervisor of Historic Sites, to Charles, September 12, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁶⁵SWNM Monthly Report, January 1937; Charles to Bill Robinson, Roswell, NM, n.d.; C.E. Castaneda, University of Texas, Austin, to Charles, November 18, 1938; Charles to Castaneda, December 9, 1938, Historical Files, WHSA (1938), July 1-December 31, 1938; Charles to Donald F. Lee, NPS, Washington, DC, October 3, 1928, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2426, The "Donald F. Lee" of Charles' October 3 correspondence was actually "Ronald" F. Lee, supervisor of NPS historic sites.

⁶⁶Pinkley to Charles, November 12, 1938; Charles to "Boss," November 17, December 30, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁶⁷McColm to the NPS Director, January 13, 1938; Memorandum of Franklin C. Potter, Associate NPS Geologist, to "Mr. [Earl] Trager," April 2, 1938; Charles to "Boss," June 13, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; W.L. Spalding, Arizona Chemical Company, New York City, to the NPS Director, March 11, 1938, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2425.

⁶⁸Charles to Pinkley, November 25, 1938; Maier to the SWNM Superintendent, December 28, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Pinkley to the NPS Director, December 20, 1938, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430.

⁶⁹J.L. Lawson, Alamogordo, to Acting NPS Regional Director, Santa Fe, January 24, 1938; P.C. Lackey, NPS Contract Examiner, Santa Fe, to Maier, February 2, 1938; Diehl, "White Sands National Monument Dog Canyon Water Supply Report," June 1938; Pinkley to the NPS Director, September 24, December 23, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁷⁰Memorandum of Agreement, G.F. Speechly, District Manager, Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, and Hugh Miller, Assistant SWNM Superintendent, August 4, 1938, Historical Files, WHSA (1938), July 1-December 31, 1938; Richey, "Technical Comment - Branch of Plans and Designs, February 24, 1938; Pinkley to the Acting NPS Regional Director, Santa Fe, February 21,1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁷¹Steen, "A Revised Plan of Exhibits for the White Sands National Monument Museum," July 15, 1938; Pinkley to Dorr G. Yeager, Assistant NPS Museum Chief, Berkeley, October 29, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Acting Chief, NPS Museum Division, to SWNM Superintendent, December 21, 1938, Historical Files, WHSA (1938), July 1-December 31, 1938.

⁷²Suzanne Forrest, The Preservation of the Village: New Mexico's Hispanics and the New Deal (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989), 115.

⁷³Ibid.; Sarah J. Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

⁷⁴Lucy Lepper Shaw, Director, National Youth Administration (NYA) Educational Camp for Girls, Capitan, NM, to Randau, June 28, 1938; Bennett to Randau, n.d. 1938: McColm to the NPS Director, July 1, 1938: Pinkley to Acting NPS Regional Director, Santa Fe, July 25, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁷⁵Jim B. Felton, WHSA Park Ranger, to Pinkley, February 28, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁷⁶Pinkley to Felton, March 2, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁷⁷Felton to Pinkley, March 30, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; SWNM Monthly Reports, March, April 1938.

⁷⁸Charles to "Boss," April 4, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁷⁹Charles to Pinkley, November 25, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Pinkley to the NPS Director, December 7, 1938, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430.

⁸⁰Welsh, Albuquerque District, 44.

⁸¹Mrs. J. Atwood Maulding, NPS Director of Personnel, Washington, DC, to the NPS Director, December 21, 1938; E.A. Pesonen, Assistant NPS Regional Director, Santa Fe, to the NPS Director, January 16, 1939, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2428.

⁸²Charles to "Boss," November 17, 1938, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁸³Randau, "Field Report to Acting Regional Director," February 18-22, 1939; Andrew J. Taylor, Alamogordo, to John J. Dempsey, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC, February 27, 1939; Diehl, "Report on Taylor Spring, San Andreas Canyon," March 27, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; SWNM Monthly Report, March 1939.

⁸⁴Richard E. Manson, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Santa Fe, to the U.S. Attorney General, Washington, DC, July 6, 1939, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2496; Charles to Pinkley, June 13, 1939; Tolson to Pinkley, July 7, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁸⁵Pinkley to the NPS Director, January 27, 1939; Pinkley to Charles, January 30, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Jack McFarland, El Paso, to Charles, February 7, 1939, Historical Files, WHSA (1939), January 1-April 30, 1939, WHSA Library.

⁸⁶Pinkley to Charles, February 10, 1939; Faris to Pinkley, February 13, 1939; Charles to "Boss," February 14, 1939; Pinkley to Johnwill [Faris] and Tom [Charles]," February 23, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁸⁷Allan D. Walker, Executive Secretary, Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce, to Harold D. Ickes, Secretary of the Interior, April 6, 1939, Historical Files, WHSA (1939), January 1-April 30, 1939; Faris to Pinkley, May 3, 29, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; "Two-Bit Policy," Albuquerque Journal, July 21, 1939; SWNM Monthly Report, May 1939.

⁸⁸Faris to Pinkley, April 18, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁸⁹Pinkley to Faris, April 26, 1939; Faris to Pinkley, April 28, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁹⁰Maier to SWNM Superintendent, January 21, 1939; Pinkley to Acting NPS Regional Director, Santa Fe, February 4, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; E.P. Simms, President, Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce, to Charles, January 23, 1939, Historical Files, WHSA (1939), January 1-April 30, 1939.

⁹¹Tolson to Pinkley, February 24, 1939; Dale S. King to Aubrey Neasham, NPS Regional Historian, Santa Fe, February 7, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁹²Yeager to Steen, July 20, 1939; Steen to Assistant Chief, NPS Museum Division, August 7, September 18, 1939; King to Pinkley, June 3, 1939; Yeager to SWNM Superintendent, August 21, 1939; Tolson to Yeager October 6, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁹³Faris to Steen, April 16, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁹⁴Faris to Pinkley, March 13, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁹⁵Ibid.

⁹⁶King to SWNM Superintendent, March 10, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files. Denver FRC.

⁹⁷Charles to Pinkley, March 20, 1939; Pinkley to Charles, April 6, 1939; Major James T. Duke, General Staff,First Cavalry Division, Fort Bliss, TX, to Charles, January 24. 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁹⁸Charles to "Boss, " January 25, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Pinkley to the NPS Director, January 31, 1939; John R. White, Acting NPS Director, to the SWNM Superintendent, February 16, 1939, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2426.

⁹⁹Charles to Tolson, October 11, 1939; Maier to Charles, October 18, 1939; Clinton P. Anderson, Managing Director, United States Coronado Exposition Commission, Albuquerque, to Tolson, October 19, 1939; Tolson to Anderson, October 23, 1939; Tolson to the NPS Director, October 23, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁰⁰Memorandum of Pinkley for the Files, June 15, 1939; Miller to the SWNM Superintendent, June 16, 1939, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Charles to Cammerer, December 20, 1939. RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2429.

¹⁰¹Cammerer to Charles, October 27, 1939, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2426; Memorandum of S. Herbert Evison, NPS, Washington, DC, to Faris, "Transcription of Tape Recording," January 9, 1963, Mrs. Johnwill Faris Papers, Fannington, NM.

¹Nash, American West in the Twentieth Century, 191-92, 198, 211.

²Runte, National Parks, 259-65; Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts 212-30.

³Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 103; Carl A. Hatch to Cammerer, September 4, 1939, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2429.

⁴SWNM Monthly Report, December 1940; M.C. Cauthen, President. Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce, to Hugh Miller, February 3,17, 1941, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430.

⁵Memorandum of Miller to the NPS Director, February 17, 1941, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430.

⁶Faris to Pinkley, December 13, 1939; Pinkley to Faris, December 16, 1939; Bursey to Col. John R. White, Region III Director, May 8, 1940; Miller to Faris, June 4, 1940, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; F.B. Evans, Chairman, Recreation Committee, Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce, to Dempsey, March 25, 1940; Dempsey to Cammerer, March 29, 1940, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430.

⁷Charles C. Brunacini, Director, WPA Division of Employment, Santa Fe, to "Other Federal Agencies," February 21, 1940; Tolson to J.J. Connelly, State WPA Administrator, Santa Fe, March 19, 1940, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁸Robert Hoath LaFollette, Albuquerque, to Maier, January 25, 1940; Tolson to Michael Reardon, Albuquerque, June 12, 1940, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2428.

⁹SWNM Monthly Report, June 1941; Faris to "Hugh [Miller]," n.d., RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁰Memorandum of the Acting SWNM Superintendent to the Acting Region III Director, November 19, 1941, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹¹H. B. Hommon, "Report of Inspection at White Sands National Monument, N.M.," April 27, 1941; Memorandum of Tolson to the SWNM Superintendent, May 21, 1941; Richey, "Report of Inspection, White Sands National Monument," May 27-28, 1941; Memorandum of Hugh Miller to Region III Director, June 26, 1941; Memorandum of William H. Richardson, Associate NPS Engineer, Santa Fe, to Acting Regional Engineer Hamilton, November 4, 1941, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹²"Notice of Presidential Project Authorization, Fiscal Year 1940, White Sands National Monument (LD-NM-14)," May 3, 1940; Lyle E. Bennett, "Field Report, Plans and Design Division, White Sands National Monument, June 20-23, 1940," RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; SWNM Monthly Report, June 1940.

¹³SWNM Monthly Report, June 1940; Miller, "Report of Inspection, White Sands National Monument," September 4,1940, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁴Memorandum of Miller, September 4, 1940; Memorandum of Milo L. Christiansen, Acting Region III Director, to Miller, September 13, 1940, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁵Faris to Miller, December 3, 1940, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁶Faris to the SWNM Superintendent, June 23, 1941, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Pinkley to Charles, January 11, 1940, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2429.

¹⁷Alvin F. Taylor, NPS Chief of Concessions, to the NPS Director, May 5, 1946; Memorandum of Charles L. Gable, Chief, Park Operators Division, NPS Branch of Operations, to "Colonel [John] White," April 3, 1940, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2429; Tolson to Charles, March 20, 1940, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430.

¹⁸Miller to Charles, April 24, 1940; Memorandum of White to the NPS Director, July 13, 1940, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430.

¹⁹Miller to the Region III Director, September 9, 1940, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

²⁰Miller, "Report of Inspection, White Sands National Monument," October 14, 1940, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Charles to Miller, January 10, 1941, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2429; Memorandum of Bennett to Regional Chief of Planning Cornell, November 25, 1941, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2428.

²¹Elliott S. Barker, New Mexico State Game Warden, to McColm, January 17, 1941; McColm to Barker, January 20, 1941, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

²²Memorandum of Pinkley to the Region III Director, February 12, 1940; R.D. Nielson, U.S. Grazing Service, Albuquerque, to the Region III Director, March 25, 1940; McColm to Frank Worden, Commissioner, New Mexico state Land Office, April 12, 1940; Memorandum of Miller for the Files, "White Sands National Monument," April 24, 1940; Sroaf to Miller, September 6, 1940; Miller, "Report of Inspection," September 4, 1940, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

²³Miller to the NPS Director, October 3,1940, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2427; A.J. Wirtz, Undersecretary of the Interior, "Appeal From the Grazing Service," March 7, 1941, Historical Files, Boundary Adjustments, History (1940s), WHSA.

²⁴Memorandum of Ed Pierson, Acting Regional Grazier, U.S. Grazing Service, Albuquerque, to Tillotson, April 4, 1941, Historical Files, Boundary Adjustments, History (1940s), WHSA; Faris to Miller, April 12, 1941; Memorandum of Robert F. Upton, Park Ranger, WHSA, to Faris, April 12, 1941, RG79, NPS, WHSA, Denver FRC.

²⁵Miller, "Report of Inspection, White Sands National Monument," April 25-27, 1941; H. 2685, "An Act to Authorize the disposition of recreational projects and for other purposes," May 6, 1941, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; McDougall to the Region III Director, April 29, 1941, Historical Files, Boundary Adjustments, History (1940s), WHSA.

²⁶Pierson to NPS, Santa Fe, August 2,1941; Memorandum of Newton B. Drury, NPS Director, to the Region III Director, August 21, 1941; John J. Dempsey, "Supplementary Decision," August 26, 1941, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Memorandum of Drury for the Acting Region III Director, November 10, 1941, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430.

²⁷SWNM Monthly Reports, January, July, December 1941; Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 133.

²⁸John C. Freemuth, Islands Under Siege: National Parks and the Polities of External Threats (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991); SWNM Monthly Report, December 1941.

²⁹Memorandum of Ickes to FDR, January 5,1942; "Executive Order Withdrawing Public Lands for Use of the War Department as a General Bombing Range, New Mexico," No. 9029, January 20, 1942, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁰SWNM Monthly Reports, February, April 1942; Memorandum of Faris to the SWNM Superintendent, April 3, 1942; Memorandum of Acting SWNM Superintendent to WHSA Custodian, April 7, 1942; Memorandum of the Region III Director to the NPS Director, April 9, 1942, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³¹Memorandum of Tillotson to Faris, April 25, 1942; Memorandum of Acting SWNM Superintendent to the NPS Director, May 19,1942; Memorandum of the SWNM Superintendent to the NPS Director, July 22, 1942, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³²Memorandum of Tillotson to the NPS Director, July 9, 1942; Memorandum of the SWNM Superintendent to the WHSA Custodian, July 17, 1942, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³³Colonel A.S. Albro, Commander, Alamogordo Army Air Base (AAAB), to Richey, August 19, 1942; Tillotson to the NPS Director, July 9,1942; Memorandum of the SWNM Superintendent to the WHSA Custodian, July 24, 1942; Richey to Faris, July 24, 1942; Memorandum of Richey to the Region III Director, September 9, 1942, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁴Memorandum of Tillotson to the SWNM Superintendent, August 20, 1942; Memorandum of McColm to Richey, July 14, 1942, Historical Files, Boundary Adjustments, History (1940s), WHSA; R. W. Soule, Chief Clerk, SWNM, to the SWNM Superintendent, October 22, 1942; Memorandum of Faris to the Region III Director, November 1, 1944, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁵SWNM Monthly Reports, September, October, December 1942, January, April, September 1943.

³⁶Ibid., January, March, May, October 1943, February 1944; Memorandum of Richey to Faris, November 18, 1942, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁷Miller to Charles, January 23, 1942; Charles to Miller, June 24, 1942, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2429; Charles to R.T. Anderson, Santa Fe Railroad, Topeka, KS, November 6,1942, File 18-1-2, Charles Papers, NMSU.

³⁸Memorandum of Alvin G. Taylor to the NPS Director, May 5,1948; Richey to Faris, May 8, 1943, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Mrs. Tom Charles to Drury, March 29, 1943, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2429; SWNM Monthly Reports, January, February, April 1943.

³⁹SWNM Monthly Reports, October 1941, March 1943, October 1944.

⁴⁰Memorandum of Faris to the SWNM Superintendent, April 19, 1943, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Johnwill Faris Interview, January 9, 1963, Mrs. Lena Faris Collection, Farmington, NM.

⁴¹Memorandum of J.L. Lassiter, Acting Region III Director, to Richey, April 12, 1945; Memorandum of Tolson to Region III Director, April 21,1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Lassiter to the Region III Director, April 13, 1945, Historical Files, Boundary Adjustments, History (1940s), WHSA; SWNM Monthly Reports, January-May, 1945.

⁴²Captain Floyd T. Snyder, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Albuquerque, to Scoyen, May 3, 1945; Faris to the Region III Director, May 23, 28, 1945; Scoyen to Demaray, May 29, 31, 1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁴³Demaray to Region III Director, June 1, 1945; Telegram of Demaray to Region III Director, June 4, 1945; Memorandum of Faris to Region III Director, June 5, 10, 1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁴⁴Memorandum of Faris to Region III Director, July 6, 14, August 3. 1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁴⁵Scoyen to the NPS Director, August 7, 1945, Historical Files, Trinity Site History (1940s), WHSA; Press Release, "Atomic Bomb . . . ," Boulder City (NV) News, August 9, 1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁴⁶Faris to "Chuck [Richey]," August 9, 1945; A.P. Grider and Fritz Heilbron, Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce, to the Director of the United States Park Service, August 11, 1945, RG79, NPS, New Mexico Atomic Bomb Monument File L-58, Trinity Site 1945, Box 1 of 1, RG79, NPS, Denver NARA; Faris to Natt [Dodge]," n.d. 1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, DEN FRC; Tillotson to the NPS Director, August 14, 1945, Historical Files, Trinity Site (1940s), WHSA.

⁴⁷SWNM Monthly Reports, August, September 1945; Memorandum of Faris to the Region III Director, August 14, 1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Charles McCollum, Farm Security Administration, Las Cruces, to Hatch, August 16, 1945, Historical Files, Trinity Site (1940s), WHSA.

⁴⁸Los Angeles (CA) Times, September 12, 1945.

⁴⁹Scoyen to the NPS Director, August 22, 1945, Historical Files, Trinity Site (1940s), WHSA; Tolson to Demaray, September 13, 1945; Memorandum of Scoyen for the Files, September 14, 1945; Memorandum of Scoyen to the WHSA Custodian, September 20, 1945; Memorandum of Tillotson to the WHSA Custodian, September 25, 1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁵⁰"Site of Atomic Bomb Test to Be Made Monument," Albuquerque Journal, September 9, 1945.

⁵¹Demaray to the Region III Director, September 14, 1945; Tillotson to Dempsey, September 14, 1945; Scoyen to Demaray, September 19, 1945, RG79, NPS, Atomic Bomb Monument File L-58, Denver NARA; Richey to the WHSA Custodian, October 11, 1945; Albright to Oscar L. Chapman, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, October 31, 1945; Chapman to Albright, November 14, 1945, Historical Files, Trinity Site (1940s), WHSA.

⁵²Drury to the Region III Director, October 31, 1945; Drury to Dempsey, October 31, 1945; Tolson to the Region III Director, November 16, 1945; Tillotson to Demaray, November 5, 1945, RG79, NPS, Atomic Bomb Monument File L-58, Denver NARA; Faris to the Region III Director, November 12,1945; Andrew H. Hepburn, Travel Editor, Look Magazine, New York, to George A. Grant, NPS, Santa Fe, November 13, 1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁵³Memorandum of Tolson to Demaray, November 19, 1945; "Memorandum of Understanding," Department of the Interior and War Department, Corps of Engineers, n.d., Historical Files, Land Use White Sands Missile Range History (1940s), WHSA.

⁵⁴Tillotson to the NPS Director, November 23, 1945, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Telegram of L. A. Hendrix, Mayor of Alamogordo. to Clinton P. Anderson, November 29, 1945, RG79, NPS, Atomic Bomb Monument File L-58, Denver NARA; Tolson to Faris, December 19, 1945, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2427.

¹William Belknap, Jr., "New Mexico's Great White Sands," National Geographic, Volume CXII, No. One (July 1957): 113.

²Nash, American West in the Twentieth Century, 213-14, For a thorough analysis of the social changes of the post-War II era, see Landon Y. Jones, Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980, 1986).

³Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 103; SWNM Monthly Reports, May 1946, March 1964.

⁴Interview with Dennis Ditmanson, Superintendent, WHSA, July 1, 1993; SWNM Monthly Report, February 1961.

⁵Faris to Region Three Director, July 24, 1946, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁶Memorandum of Tillotson to the NPS Director, January 28, 1947, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁷Memorandum of Faris to the Regional Director, February 24, 1947; Memorandum of John M. Davis, Acting Associate Regional Director, to Faris, February 28, July 29, 1947; Mrs. Tom Charles to Faris, June 1,1948, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2429.

⁸SWNM Monthly Report, July 1948; Memorandum of NPS Chief of Concessions to the NPS Director, May 2, 1949, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430; Faris to Davis, SWNM, August 17, October 22, 1952; Davis to Faris, October 27, 1952, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁹SWNM Monthly Report, July 1947; Memorandum of Faris to Davis, January 18, 1953, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁰SWNM Monthly Reports, June 1947, December 1949; Memorandum of Luis Gastellum, Acting SWNM General Superintendent, to Faris, June 15, 1953; Hugh Miller to Faris, July 22, 1954; Faris to Region Three Director, October 28, 1954, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹¹NPS Region Three, "Area Management Plan, White Sands National Monument," January 1957, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹²Memorandum of Faris to Region Three Director, September 4, 1957, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹³George B. Medlicott, "Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of White Sands National Monument," May 1960, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; SWNM Monthly Report, September 1956.

¹⁴SWNM Monthly Report, May 1960.

¹⁵Memorandum of Sanford Hill, Chief, NPS Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, to Region Three Director, "Master Plan - White Sands," April 18, 1961, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁶SWNM Monthly Reports, November, December 1960, January 1961; Mrs. Lena Faris interview, May 13, 1993.

¹⁷Interview with Donald R. Dayton, April 23, 1993, Santa Fe, NM; Mrs. Lena Faris interview, May 13, 1993; SWNM Monthly Reports, January, March 1961.

¹⁸Memorandum of Forrest M. Benson, Junior, Superintendent, WHSA, to Region Three Director, "Chamber of Commerce Meeting," April 5,1961; E.L. Mechem, U.S. Senator, to Tolson, July 29, 1963; Tolson to Mechem, September 9, 1963; Memorandum of Hugh P. Beattie, Acting Superintendent, WHSA, to Southwest Regional Director (SWR), "Campground Proposal, " October 10, 1963; Memorandum of Leslie P. Arnberger, Acting SWR Director, to the NPS Director, "Campground Proposal, White Sands," October 23, 1963, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

¹⁹Beattie to SWR Director, ""Master Plan Narrative, Chapter 2, Area Objectives," August 14, 1964; Memorandum of Hill to SWR Director, "Master Plan Narrative - White Sands," August 19, 1964, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

²⁰SWNM Monthly Reports, July, August 1964; Memorandum of Beattie to the NPS Director, "Revision of Text for Audiovisual Program - White Sands," September 24, 1964, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

²¹Memorandum of Dayton to SWR Director, "Enforcement of state law prohibiting consumption of alcoholic beverages in public," April 13, 1966, RG79, NPS, W34, 1965-1967, WHSA, Box 28, Denver NARA.

²²Dodge, Natural History of White Sands; Edwin D. McKee, Project Chief, Paleotectonic Map Branch, USGS, to David J. Jones, Interpretative Planner, NPS Region Three, Santa Fe, May 4, 1965, WHSA Files, SWR Library, Santa Fe; Lowell Sumner, "White Sands National Monument Natural Sciences Studies Plan,"" November 1969, RG79, NPS, SWR, 1968-1970, Box 28, Denver NARA; Interview with Stewart Udall, June 29, 1993, Santa Fe, NM; SWNM Monthly Report, August 1965.

²³SWNM Monthly Report, September 1956; Nash, American West in the Twentieth Century, 214, 229, 299.

²⁴SWNM Monthly Reports, February, May 1946; Memorandum of Faris to Region Three Director, January 30, May 31, 1946, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

²⁵SWNM Monthly Report, January 1947.

²⁶Memorandum of Faris to the Region Three Director, May 31, August 25, 1946, February 10, 1947; Memorandum of Faris for the Files, October 23, 1946, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; Faris to Captain Van Sandt, White Sands Signal Project Officer, Alamogordo Army Air Field (AAAF), July 24, 1946, RG79, NPS-CCF 1933-1949, Box 2430.

²⁷Memorandum of Faris for the Region Three Director, March 3, 1947, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

²⁸SWNM Monthly Report, July 1947; "Statement of E. Ray Schaffner," WHSA Ranger, June 29, 1947; Faris, ""Statement of Incident," June 29, 1947; Memorandum of Faris to the Region Three Director, July 1, 1947, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

²⁹Kenneth C. Royall, Secretary of War, to the Secretary of the Interior, August 5, 1947, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC. For an analysis of the Army land transfer controversy in the Tularosa basin, see Welsh, Albuquerque District, 93-108.

³⁰SWNM Monthly Reports, July, October-December 1948; Memorandum of Faris to the Region Three Director, September 17, 1947, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³¹Memorandum of Tolson to BLM Director, "Proposed Withdrawal for Army, White Sands Project (Ordcit Project), New Mexico," July 29, 1948; Memorandum of John M. Davis, Acting Region Three Director, to the NPS Director, July 21, 1948, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³²Memorandum of McColm to the Region Three Director, August 9, 1948, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³³Memorandum of Faris to Region Three Director, March 14, 1949, March 10, 1950, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁴Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of the Army, March 17, 1949, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁵SWNM Monthly Reports, November 1949, March, October 1950.

³⁶Ibid., January 1951; A. van Dunn, Chief, NPS Water Resources Branch, ""Comments on Proposed Agreement with U.S. Air Force to Obtain Water from Holloman Air Force Base Water System ...," September 28, 1950, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁷Memorandum of Demaray to the Region Three Director, March 22, 1951; Memorandum of Tillotson to the NPS Director, May 8, 1951; Memorandum of Diehl to the Region Three Engineer, August 13, 1951; Memorandum of Merritt Barton, Region Three Counsel, to the Region Three Director, August 15, 1951, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁸Memorandum of Gastellum to the SWNM General Superintendent, March 24, 1953 , RG79, NPS , WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

³⁹SWNM Monthly Reports, January, May 1954; Memorandum of Charles E. Krueger, NPS Park Landscape Architect, to the Chief, NPS Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, March 6, 1956, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁴⁰Fred A. Seaton, Secretary of the Interior, to Charles E. Wilson, Secretary of Defense, January 12, 1957; Bruce M. Kilgore, Editor, National Parks Magazine, to Seaton, May 1957, L30 Land Use White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) History 1950s File, WHSA Library.

⁴¹Seaton to Kilgore, August 19, 1957, L30 Land Use WSMR History 1950s File.

⁴²Memorandum of Faris to the Region Three Director, June 9, 1959, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁴³SWNM Monthly Reports, October 1959, January 1960.

⁴⁴Walter McDougall, . . . the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 302-303, 305-307.

⁴⁵SWNM Monthly Reports, January, March, April, October 1961; ""Potential Space Port Site Found at White Sands," Albuquerque Journal. September 17, 1961.

⁴⁶Memorandum of Benson to the Region Three Director, October 18,1961; Memorandum of John E. Kell, NPS Regional Chief of Lands, to the Region Three Director, October 30, 1961, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC.

⁴⁷Memorandum of George W. Miller, Acting Region Three Director, to the NPS Director, October 30, 1961; Memorandum of Thomas J. Allen, Region Three Director, to the NPS Director, December 22, 1961, RG79, NPS, WHSA Files, Denver FRC; SWNM Monthly Report, December 1961.

⁴⁸"Kennedy Planning Area Visit on June 6," Alamogordo Daily News. April 2, 1963; Memorandum of George Miller to the NPS Director, March 2, 1962; Memorandum of Benson to the Region Three Director, February 27, 1962, L30 Land Use WSMR History 1960s (1 of 2) File, WHSA Library.

⁴⁹SWNM Monthly Reports, February, July 1962; Memorandum of Benson to the Region Three Director, March 1, 1962, L30 Land Use WSMR History 1960s (1 of 2) File.

⁵⁰Memorandum of Allen to the NPS Director, March 6, 1962, L30 Land Use WSMR History 1960s (1 of 2) File.

⁵¹Memorandum of Benson to SWR Director, August 9, 1962, L30 Land Use WSMR History 1960s (1 of 2) File.

⁵²Stewart Udall interview, June 29, 1993; Memorandum of Allen to the NPS Director, April 8, 1963, L30 Land Use WSMR History 1960s (1 of 2) File.

⁵³Welsh, Albuquerque District, 103; Alamogordo Daily News, April 2,1963.

⁵⁴Ibid.; SWNM Monthly Report, April 1963; Memorandum of Allen to the NPS Director, April 8, 1963.

⁵⁵SWNM Monthly Reports, June-October 1963; Memorandum of Allen to the NPS Director, April 23, 1963, L30 Land Use WSMR History 1960s (1 of 2) File.

⁵⁶SWNM Monthly Reports, January-March, May 1964; Donald Dayton interview, April 23, 1994; Memorandum of Dayton to SWR Director, February 24, 1965, RG79, NPS, A7019, 1965-1967, WSHA, Box 8, Denver NARA.

⁵⁷Memorandum of Dayton to the SWR Director, March 16, November 19, 1965; Dayton to MG J.F. Thorlin, Commanding General, WSMR, April 9, 27, 1965, RG79, NPS A7019, 1965-1967, WHSA File; SWNM Monthly Reports, April, June 1965,

⁵⁸SWNM Monthly Report, March 1967; Memorandum of Dayton to the SWR Director, January 24, 1966, RG79, NPS, A7019, 1965-1967, WHSA File.

⁵⁹"[Clinton Anderson]," Secretary of Agriculture, to Oscar L. Chapman, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, January 8, 1946; "Dempsey Backs Plan For Bomb Site Monument," Santa Fe New Mexican, January 17, 1946; Ickes to Patterson, January 28, 1946; Memorandum of Drury to the Region Three Director, January 25, 1946; Patterson to the Secretary of the Interior, March 1, 1946; S. 2054, "A Bill to provide for the reservation and maintenance of the B-29 bomber . . .," April 11, 1946, 70th Congress, 2nd session, RG79, NPS, New Mexico, Atomic Bomb Monument, File L58, Trinity, 1946, Box 1 of 1, Denver NARA (cited as NPS, File L58, 1946).

⁶⁰Memorandum of Scoyen to the NPS Director, May 22, 1946; Chapman to Patterson, June 21, 1946; Memorandum of Tolson to Demaray, July 16, 1946; MG Leslie R. Groves to Tillotson, July 31, 1946, NPS File L58, 1946.

⁶¹Memorandum of Tillotson to the NPS Director, August 1, 1946, NPS File L58, 1946.

⁶²C. Edward Graves, Carmel, CA, to the National Park Service, Chicago, IL, October 26, 1946; Tolson to Graves, November 12, 1946, NPS File L58, 1946.

⁶³Julius A. Krug, Secretary of the Interior, to Patterson, January 2, 1947, RG79, NPS, New Mexico, Atomic Bomb Monument, File L58, Trinity Site, 1947-April 1953, Box 1 of 1, Denver NARA (cited as NPS, File L58, 1947-1953); Patterson to the Secretary of the Interior, March 4, 1957, H3417 Trinity Site History 1940s File, WHSA Library.

⁶⁴Memorandum of Ronald F. Lee, NPS Chief Historian, to the NPS Director, October 7, 1947, NPS File L58, 1947-1953.

⁶⁵B.O. Wells, Director of Security, to Commanding Officer, Holloman AFB, July 7, 1949; Memorandum of Kell to McColm, November 15, 1950; Memorandum of Faris to SWNM General Superintendent, November 27, 1950; Memorandum of Tillotson to the SWNM General Superintendent, December 29, 1950; Carroll L. Tyler, Manager, Santa Fe Operations Office, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), to P.P. Patraw, Assistant Region Three Director, August 29, 1951, NPS File L58, 1947-1953.

⁶⁶Memorandum of Charles W. Porter III, Acting NPS Chief Historian, to the NPS Director, December 27, 1951, January 3, 1952, NPS File L58, 1947-1953.

⁶⁷Lee to Pearson, January 7, 1952; ""A-Bomb Site Bid Made," Santa Fe New Mexican, March 4, 1952, NPS File L58, 1947-1953.

⁶⁸Memorandum of Tillotson to the NPS Director, March 12, 1952; ""Mechem Urges A-Bomb Site Preservation," Santa Fe New Mexican, March 12, 1952, NPS File L58, 1947-1953.

⁶⁹Conrad Wirth, NPS Director, to Dempsey, April 16, 1952, NPS File L58, 1947-1953.

⁷⁰Tyler to Mechem, July 16, 1953; Tillotson to T.E. Raynor, Albuquerque, August 7,1953; Raynor, "A-Test Site Fate is Still in Balance," Arizona Republic, August 23, 1953, RG79, NPS, New Mexico, Atomic Bomb Monument, File L58, Trinity Site, April 1953-1957, Box 1 of 1, Denver NARA (cited as NPS File L58, 1953-1957).

⁷¹SWNM Monthly Report, February 1955; "Trinity Site, New Mexico," n.d. 1965 (?), H3417 Trinity Site History 1960s File, WHSA Library.

⁷²S. 288, "A Bill to provide for establishment of the Trinity National Historic Site . . .," January 12, 1967, 90th Congress, 1st session, H3417 Trinity Site History 1960s File.

⁷³A.O. Stratton, Acting NPS Director, to Dayton, December 8, 1966; Memorandum of Dayton to SWR Director, January 4, 31, 1967, H3417 Trinity Site History 1960s File.

⁷⁴Dayton to BG H.G. Davisson, Commanding General, WSMR, March 9, 1967; Davisson to Dayton, March 27, 1967; Memorandum of Dayton to the SWR Director, March 30, July 3, 1967; L.P. Gise, Manager, AEC, Albuquerque Operations Office, to B.H. Ferdig, WSMR, June 23, 1967, H3417 Trinity Site History 1960s File.

¹Jon Bowman, "Hollywood's On a Roll in the State," New Mexico Magazine, volume 70, no. 5 (May 1992): 80-84; "White sands film making on the rise," Alamogordo Daily News, June 5, 1994.

²"White sands film making on the rise."

³For an analysis of social, economic, and national security issues affecting the nation and the West in the postwar years, see Welsh, "Servants of the Golden Dream: The South Pacific Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1840-1994," unpublished MS, Chapter 9.

⁴Interview with John "Jack" Turney, Alamogordo, NM, June 30, 1994; Colonel Thomas C. Kearns, WSMR Post Engineer, to SWR Director, February 20, 1970, RG79, NPS, SWR, 1968-1970, Box 28, Folder N16, Denver NARA.

⁵Memorandum of Turney to the SWR Director, May 16, 1970, RG79, NPS, 1968-1970, Goals, WHSA File A6423, Box 7, Denver NARA; Press Release, David V. Petticord, Acting WHSA Superintendent, March 3, 1971, NPS, WHSA Files, SWR Library, Santa Fe.

⁶Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 171.

⁷"A Master Plan for Trinity National Historic Site, New Mexico," March 1970, NPS, WHSA Files, SWR Library.

⁸Jack Turney interview, June 30, 1993.

⁹Schneider-Hector, White Sands, 158-60, 163.

¹⁰Ibid., 64-65, 167-68, 175; Jack Turney interview, June 30, 1993.

¹¹Ann Webster Smith, Director, Office of Compliance, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Washington, DC, to George Brazier, Deputy for Installations and Housing, Department of the Army, February 5,1974, Lands and Recreation 1972-1986 File, NPS, SWR History Files, Division of History, Santa Fe; Memorandum of Carl E. Walker, Acting SWR Director, to WHSA Superintendent, May 22, 1974, H3417 Trinity Site History 1970s File, HF, WHSA Library.

¹²Memorandum of Albert H. Schroeder, SWR Interpretive Specialist, to the SWR Assistant Director, Operations, May 18, 1972, K-Interpretation and Information (WSNM) 1972-1982 File, SWR History Files.

¹³Memorandum of William E. Brown, Chief, SWR Division of History, to SWR Assistant Director, Cooperative Activities, February 13, 1973; Richard W. Sellars, "Comments on the White Sands National Monument Resource Management Plan," May 23, 1974; David W. King, New Mexico State Planning Officer, to Joseph C. Rumburg, Jr., SWR Director, May 21, 1974, D18 Development and Maintenance (WHSA) 1973-1986 File, SWR History Files; Memorandum of Robert Utley to the Assistant NPS Director, Park Management, April 19, 1973, Lands and Recreation 1973-1986 File, SWR History Files.

¹⁴Memorandum of James A. Thomson, WHSA Superintendent, May 24, 1974, RG79, NPS, New Mexico, Atomic Bomb Monument File, A3815-a, 1974-1976, WHSA, Box 2 of 6, Denver NARA.

¹⁵Memorandum of Thomson to the SWR Director, July 12, 1974; Thomson to T. Destry Jarvis, Administrative Assistant, National Parks and Conservation Association, April 20, 1975, RG79, NPS, New Mexico, White Sands, File L34, 1974-1976, WHSA, Box 4 of 6; Memorandum of Jonathan Bickley, Santa Fe, to Howard A. Rubin, Director, New Mexico Motion Picture Industry Commission, September 30, 1975; Rubin to Rumburg, October 14, 1975; Memorandum of Thomson to SWR Director, October 22, 1975; Peggy Setter, Watson Junior High School, Colorado Springs, CO, to U.S. Senator Gary Hart, May 7,1976; Theodore R. Thompson, Deputy SWR Director, to U.S. Senator Joseph M. Montoya, June 16, 1976; Monte E. Fitch, Acting SWR Director, to Hart, June 25, 1976, RG79, NPS, New Mexico, Atomic Bomb Monument, File A3615-b, 1974-1976, WHSA, Box 1 of 6, Denver NARA.

¹⁶News Release No. 313, Dave McNully, WSMR Information Office, September 18, 1975; Speech, "Trinity Site Dedication as National Historic Landmark," October 4, 1975, H3417 Trinity Site History 1970s File; Master Special Use Agreement, Cecil D. Andrus, Secretary of the Interior, and Clifford A. Alexander, Secretary of the Army, April 29, 1977, L30 Land Use WSMR Army File, Historical Files, WHSA Library.

¹⁷Final Master Plan, White Sands National Monument, March 1976, NPS, SWR History Files.

¹⁸Interview with Donald Harper, June 30, 1993, Alamogordo, NM, ; Runte, National Parks, 259-60.

¹⁹Runte, National Parks, 262, 264.

²⁰"Preliminary Draft Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment for White Sands National Monument," December 198 1, NPS, SWR History Files; Memorandum of Thomas W. Lucke, Acting Associate SWR Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, to WHSA Superintendent, July 2, 1980, D18 WHSA 1973-1986 File, SWR History Files.

²¹Memorandum of Melody Webb, Chief, SWR Division of History, to WHSA Superintendent, October 6, 1981; Memorandum of Jack Neckells, Acting SWR Director, to the NPS Director, September 15, 1983, D18 WHSA 1969-1982 Files, NPS, SWR History Files; Memorandum of Roger J. Siglin, Acting Associate SWR Director, Park Operations, to the WHSA Superintendent, November 19, 1981, L1425 Acquisition of Land Holdings (Dog Canyon) File, Historical Files, WHSA Library.

²²Lucke to WHSA Superintendent, July 2, 1980.

²³McDougall Heavens and the Earth, 431, 434, 436, 438; Welsh, "Servants of the Golden Dream," Chapter 9.

²⁴Don Harper interview, June 30, 1993.

²⁵Ibid.; Colonel Robert G. Ferrari, USACE, Director, Facilities Engineering, WSMR, to Harper, September 29, 1983, H3417 Trinity Site 1980s File, Historical Files, WHSA Library; Memorandum of Harper to the Deputy SWR Director, October 3, 1983, Lands and Recreation 1972-1986 File, NPS, SWR History Files.

²⁶Don Harper interview, June 30, 1993; Eldon G. Reyer, Associate SWR Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, to MG Hemphill, U.S. Readiness Command, McDill AFB, FL, November 9,1984; Reyer to Dr. C. Calmbacher, USARRED/AFEW-MS, Fort McPherson, FL, January 18, 1985, Lands and Recreation 1972-1986 File, NPS, SWR History Files.

²⁷LTC David S. Barber, Chief, Test Engineering Division, WSMR, to George Thorsen/Tony Crosby, NPS, Denver Service Center (DSC)-TCE, June 8, 1987, H3417 Trinity Site History 1980s File, HF, WHSA Library; Memorandum of Richard Geiser, SWR Section of Research and Preservation Planning, to Associate SWR Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, April 29, 1987; Memorandum of Barry Sulam, Chief, SWR Division of Conservation, to Associate SWR Director, Planning and Resources Management, February 28, 1989, A-Administrative WHSA 1957-1987 File, NPS, SWR History Files.

²⁸Don Harper interview, June 30, 1993; Dennis Ditmanson interview, WHSA, July 1,1993.

²⁹Interview with Jerry Yarbrough, Superintendent, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Texas, July 7, 1994.

³⁰Memorandum of Ditmanson to the SWR Director, December 17, 1991, D18 WHSA 1973-1986 File, NPS, SWR History Files.

³¹Ibid.

³²Ibid.; "Visitor Services Project, White Sands National Monument," Dwight L. Madison, Editor, Report 29, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Idaho, January 1991, WHSA Library.

³³Dennis Ditmanson interview, July 1, 1993, July 29, 1994.