JOSHUA TREE
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An Anthropological Evaluation of William Keys' Desert Queen Ranch, Joshua Tree National Monument, California 		NPS Logo

REFERENCES CITED
Advisory Council for Historic Preservation
1974Procedures for the protection of historic and cultural properties. Code of Federal Regulations Title 36 Chap. VIII, Part 800.

Ainsworth, E. M.
1955Five acres of heaven. Limited publication by Col. E. B. Moore.
1962Grains of sand. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs.

Anderson, K.
1973Trip report, Joshua Tree National Monument, November 26-27. On file at Western Archeological Center, Tucson,

Anonymous
1919Bill Keys' wonderful desert ranch. Clipping from the Banning Record, found in Perkins Papers.

Anonymous
1946Yucca Village: Promotion and brief article, re. Yucca Valley. Desert Spotlight, April.

Anonymous
1957Copper on edge of Joshua Monument and iron in the monument now operating. California Mining Journal, May: In Perkins Papers.

Anonymous
1969Untitled article about the death of William Keys. Desert Journal, July 3.

Archer, F.
1926Monuments of the Gods. Touring Topics, December.

Aten, L.
1974Comments of R. Costales: Preparation of archeological inputs to environmental impact reports and environmental impact statements. In Proceedings of the cultural resources management conference, Denver, Colorado. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.

Bagley, F.
ca. 1974Taped interview of Frank Bagley by Reino Clark. On file at Joshua Tree National Monument.

Barnes, J. A.
1972Social networks. Module 26, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Inc., Reading.

Belden, B.
1959aCattlemen, mine operators give way to tourists. San Bernardino Sun-Telegram, May 24.
1959bDesert flora at its best beside old mine road. San Bernardino Sun-Telegram, May 17.
1959cDesert's wealth based on cattle and climate. San Bernardino Sun-Telegram.

Benito, C. and M. Benito
1974Interview of Mr. and Mrs. Benito by Cheryl Erickson. MS. on file at Twentynine Palms Branch, San Bernardino County Public Library.

Black D. M.
1975aDraft interpretive plan for Keys' Ranch. National Park Service, Joshua Tree National Monument.
1975bNotes on Keys' Ranch, based on conversation with Willis Keys, March 1975. On file at Joshua Tree National Monument.

Brown, J. (ed)
1971Approaches to the social dimensions of mortuary practices. Society for American Archeology, Memoir 25.

Brown, J. S.
1923The Salton Sea region, California: A geographic, geologic, and hyrologic reconnaissance, with a guide to desert watering places. USGS Water Supply Paper 497.

Bureau of Land Management
1975Draft notes for history planning units. Provided by H. E. Hanks, Bureau of Land Management, Riverside.

California Division of Mines
1894California State Minerologist's report.

Campbell, E. W. C.
1961The desert was home. Westernlore Press, Los Angeles.

Chapman, C.
1944Letter to Mrs. William Keys, re. Keys' property and claims within Joshua Tree National Monument. In Perkins Papers.

Chase, J. S.
1919California desert trails. Hougton Mifflin Co., Boston.

Clark, I.
1948Testimony, re. Keys-Bagley shooting. Desert Journal clippings. In Perkins Papers.

Cleland, R.
1941Cattle on a thousand hills: southern California 1850-1870. Huntington Library, San Marino.

Cole, J.
1938Report on field inspection trip by Superintendent Lawrence C. Merriam and Jr. Park Naturalist J. E. Cole of Joshua Tree National Monument, April 14-15, 1938. NPS-CCF Box 2259, National Archives, Washington.

Cook, F. (ed)
1974Legends of the hi-desert. The California Traveler Inc., Volcano.

Cooper, "Dr."
n.d.Frances Keys' obituary. Undated newspaper clipping. In Perkins Papers.

Delamare, H.
1912Desert lands of California. Travel, October.

Dudley, D.
n.d.The happy children reader. Blacke and Son Ltd., India.

Ellis, A.
1961Letter of Oct. 23 and an undated letter written to Mr. and Mrs. Keys, requesting information concerning the history of the area. In Perkins Papers.

Evans-Pritchard, E.
1969The Nuer. Oxford University Press, New York.

Firth, R.
1946Primitive Polynesian economics. Allen and Unwin, London.
1963We, the Tikopia: A sociological study of kinship in primitive Polynesia. Beacon Press, Boston.
1967Tikopia ritual and belief. Allen and Unwin, London.
1970Rank and religion in Tikopia. Allen and Unwin, London.

Fridley, J.
1947Frank Sabathe, pioneer desert miner. Desert Spotlight 2 (5).

Garry, P. K.
1966Parade supreme marshall. In Joshua Tree welcomes you to the 21st National Turtle Races. (Data for articles supplied by Pat Keys Garry).

Geertz, C.
1973The interpretation of culture: selected essays of Clifford Geertz. Basic Books, New York.

Goodenough, W.
1965Rethinking status and role. In The relevance of models in social anthropology, edited by M. Banton. Tavistock Publications, London.
1970Description and comparison in cultural anthropology. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago.

Goody, J. (ed)
1958The developmental cycle in domestic groups. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Gray, C.
1966Mines and mineral deposits of Riverside County, California. MS. on file in Joshua Tree National Monument Library.

Guthrey, S. E.
1937Report of Special Agent Guthrey, Department of the Interior, Division of Investigation. Confidential report to Director of Investigations, dated May 6, concerning mineral locations and grazing value of land, Joshua Tree National Monument. NPS-CCF Box 2259 Part 5, National Archives, Washington.

Hall, H.
1909General inspection report, October 22. Mission Indian File, National Archives, Washington.

Hall, M. C. and J. P. Barker
1975Background to the prehistory of the El Paso/Red Mountain desert region. Bureau of Land Management, Riverside District, Riverside.

Henderson, R.
1940Trail to 49 Palms. Desert Trail, December.

Hickman, P. P.
1974Historic resources appendix. In Archaeological element, environmental system, San Felipe Water District System by T. F. King and G. Berg. Environmental Science Associates, Redwood City.
1975Letter to Dr. K. Anderson, Western Archeological Center, National Park Service, re. historical/anthropological value of Keys' Ranch.
n.d.One hundred years of history in the California Desert: An archeological overview of historic archeological resources at Joshua Tree National Monument. Western Archeological Center, Tucson. In preparation; MS 1976.

Hickman, P. P. and T. F. King
1975Field notes on inspection of Keys' Ranch, January and July. On file at Western Archeological Center.

Historic Preservation Team
1975Keys' Desert Queen Ranch, Joshua Tree National Monument. MS on file at National Park Service, Western Regional Office and Joshua Tree National Monument.

Holland, R.
1971Form nominating Keys' Ranch to the National Register of Historic Places. On file at Joshua Tree National Monument.

Holmes, E. W. et al
1912History of Riverside County, California. Historic Record Co., Los Angeles.

Ingersoll, L. A.
1904Century annals of San Bernardino County: 1769-1904. L. A. Ingersoll, Los Angeles.

Jacobs, L.
1941Oasis boomtown. Westways, December.

Jahns, E. D.
1971Valuation—Keys' estate personal property. MS on file at Joshua Tree National Monument.

James, G. W.
1906Wonders of the Colorado Desert. Little, Brown and Co., Boston.

Jefferson, G.
1973Letter report on an archeological reconnaissance of Keys' Ranch. On file at Western Archeological Center, Tucson.

Johnston, P.
1934California's gardens of the gods. Westways, April.

Joshua Tree National Monument Lands Office
1909Map of monument area, showing cultural features. Lands Office, Joshua Tree National Monument.

Keys, F.
1946Letter to Randall Henderson of Desert Magazine, re. encroachment by rival cattlemen and Joshua Tree National Monument. In Perkins Papers.
1960Aug. 21 Letter to Azalea and Dr. Hoary, re. Gold Standard Mine. In Perkins Papers.
n.d.Newspaper clipping, reference and date not preserved, but ca. 1963 by context of article. In Perkins Papers.

Keys, G.
1962A brief sketch of the life of William Keys. Rockhounds Journal, September.

Keys, William
1935-37Log of the Wall Street Mill. Sheet found in Perkins Papers.
1941Letter of May 20 to Department of Interior Lands Office, re. mining properties within monument boundaries. In Perkins Papers.
1943Letter to Mrs. and Mr. Dudley, May 27. In Perkins Papers.
1959Interview of Wm. Keys by M. Perkins, re. Keys' knowledge of history of Desert Queen Mine, "3/18/59". In Perkins Papers.
1960Interview of Wm. Keys by M. Perkins, re. Keys' knowledge of history of Desert Queen Mine. In Perkins Papers.
ca. 1961Response to queries of Mrs. Ellis (see Ellis 1961 above).
1966aTaped interview with Wm. Keys by Joshua Tree National Monument staff, 12/9/66. On file at Joshua Tree National Monument.
1966bTaped interview with Wm. Keys by Joshua Tree National Monument staff, 12/16/66. On file at Joshua Tree National Monument.
1968Log of Wall Street Mill, August-September 1968. In Perkins Papers.
ca. 1968Handwritten comments (critical) on copy of article entitled "The Lost Treasure of Lost Horse Mine" (Desert, March 1968: 16-17): In Perkins Papers. Comments appear to be in Keys' handwriting and note from "Paulo" to M. Perkins elsewhere in Perkins Papers comments on how angry Keys was with the article.
1969Final message of pioneer Bill Keys. Desert Journal, July 10.

Keys, Willis
1975Interview of Willis Keys at Keys' Ranch, March 7-8, by D. M. Black and Reino Clark. Six sides of three cassettes; tapes referred to in text by number. On file at Joshua Tree National Monument.

King, S.
ca. 1955A History of Joshua Tree National Monument. MS on file at Joshua Tree National Monument.

King, T. F.
1975Fifty years of archeology in the California Desert: an archeological overview of Joshua Tree National Monument. Western Archeological Center Publications in Anthropology 2.

King, T. F. and G. Berg
1974Archeological element, environmental impact report, San Felipe Water District System. Environmental Sciences Association, Redwood City.

King, T. F. and P. P. Hickman
1973The southern Santa Clara Valley: A general plan for archaeology. A. E. Treganza Anthropology Museum, San Francisco.

Levy, B.
1969Lost Horse Mine historic structure report. MS on file at Joshua Tree National Monument.

Malone, D.
1975Interview of D. Malone by Cheryl Erickson. On file at Twentynine Palms Branch, San Bernardino County Public Library.

McDowell, L.
1975Letter to Herbert Rhodes, Director, California Department of Parks and Recreation, re. proposed partial compliance with the Procedures of the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation in the Keys' Ranch Bicentennial Interpretive Program. On file with California State Historic Preservation Officer.

Mendenhall, W. C.
1909Some desert watering places in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada. USGS Water Supply Paper 224.

Michels, M.
1974Diary of a homesteader. In Legends of the hi-desert, edited by F. Cook. The California Traveler Inc., Volcano. (Based on an interview of M. Michels by C. Erickson. On file at Twentynine Palms Branch, San Bernardino County Public Library.)

Miller, R. D.
1968Mines of the high desert. La Siesta Press, Glendale.

Mitchell, J. C.
1969Social networks in urban situations. Manchester University Press, Manchester.
1974Social networks. Annual Review of Anthropology 274-299.

Mitchell, R.
1974Exploring Joshua Tree: A guide to Joshua Tree National Monument. La Siesta Press, Glendale.

Moore, B.
1954Mohave Desert cut-off. Westways, March.

Morgan, B.
1971High grading at the Desert Queen. Told to National Park Service Staff 12/2/71. MS on file at Joshua Tree National Monument.

NPS-CCF
n.d.National Park Service Central Classified Files, National Archives, Washington. Referred to by box number in text if no author or title.

O'Neal, L. R.
1957A peculiar piece of desert: The story of California's Morongo Basin. Westernlore Press, Los Angeles.

Paxton, J.
1953My life on the Mohave. Vantage Press, New York.

Perkins, M.
1968A history of the Wall Street Mill site and the two-stamp mill, as told by William Keys. MS in Perkins Papers.

Perkins, M.
n.d.Drawing of floor plan of main ranch house at Keys' Ranch; rooms labeled, occupants of bedrooms identified. Initialed "MP". In Perkins Papers.
n.d. Notes on the Desert Queen Mine. In Perkins Papers.

Perkins Papers
n.d.The "Perkins Papers" are a collection of photographs, letters, personal notes, newspaper and magazine clippings (often undated or incompletely referenced). The Perkins and Keys families were friends, at least from the Depression on. Mike Perkins, son of Keys' friend, Dr. Perkins, lived often at the ranch between 1966 and 1968. He collected data on the history of the ranch and its environs. His papers were eventually turned over to the monument and are housed at the headquarters. Wherever possible, citations referring to this material have been made by author and date, with a note indicating that the material was found in the Perkins Papers. If no bibliographic data exist, I have used the quasi-citation, Perkins Papers, alone to direct future researchers to this compilation of data.

Pinkham, C.
n.d.History of the Lost Horse Mine. Mimeographed copy found in NPS-CCF, National Archives, Washington.

Polanyi, K.
1944The great transformation. Rhinehart and Co., New York.

Regional Director (NPS)
1942Memorandum, re. grazing permits at Joshua Tree National Monument. File 901-1, Part 1, NPS-CCF, Joshua Tree National Monument, National Archives, Washington.

Rogers, F. J.
1937Prospector tells of old Indian who directed him to hill of gold. Desert Trail, January.

Russell, M.
1946Old trails to 29 Palms. Desert Spotlight, December: 2-3.
n.d.The yesterdays of 29 Palms. MS for later book, on file in Joshua Tree National Monument Library.

Sahlins, M.
1958Social stratification in Polynesia. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
1965On the sociology of primitive exchange. In The relevance of models to social anthropology, edited by M. Banton. A.S.A. Monographs 1.

Saxe, A. A.
1970Social dimensions of mortuary practices. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan.

Schenck. W. E. and F. R. Givens
1952Joshua Tree National Monument handbook. MS on file in Joshua Tree National Monument Library.

Security First National Bank, Banning Branch
1967And it came into the pass. Security First National Bank, Banning.

Seeley, B.
1975Interview of B. Seeley by Cheryl Erickson and Harold Weight. On file at Twentynine Palms Branch, San Bernardino County Public Library.

Smith, S.
1973Taped interview of unnamed "old timer," 1/17/73. On file at Joshua Tree National Monument.

Spell, H.
1962The Twentynine Palms story (4th edition). On file at Twentynine Palms Branch, San Bernardino County Public Library. Mimeo.

Taylor, F.
1968The lost treasure of Lost Horse Mine. Desert, March.

True, C.
1909The Willie Boy chase and attendant circumstances. Letter of October 20 to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Mission Indian file, National Archives, Washington.

Vroman, H.
1953Lost Horse and found gold. Calico Print, November.

Walker, E. F.
1931Introduction. In An archeological survey of the Twentynine Palms region, by E. W. C. Campbell. Southwest Museum Papers 7.

Wanrow, E.
1973Geology and minerology. Joshua Tree Natural History Association, Twentynine Palms.

Weide, M.
1974Archaeological element of the California Desert study. Bureau of Land Management, Riverside District, Riverside.

Weide, M. and J. P. Barker
1974Background to the prehistory of the Yuha Desert region. Bureau of Land Management, Riverside District, Riverside.

Weight, L.
1964Cattle brands of the high desert early days. Desert Trail, September 30.

Weight, L.
1975Twentynine Palms Oasis: Heart of community since prehistory days. Desert Trail, February 16: A:7.

Whitten, N. E. and A. W. Wolfe
1973Network analysis. In Handbook of social and cultural anthropology, edited by J. Honigman. Rand McNally and Co., Chicago.

Wilheim, A.
1937Memo, re. grazing. In J. Cole's "Report on Field Inspection Trip...". NPS-CCF Box 2259, National Archives, Washington.

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Last Updated: 04-June-2007