PIPE SPRING Cultures at a Crossroads: An Administrative History

¹ Although the word "pioneer" has long been used when describing the exploration and settlement activities of Euroamericans, the author has refrained from using the term in this report, except in quotations. "Pioneer" is defined in one dictionary as "one who ventures into unknown or unclaimed territory to settle." Contemporary historians, anthropologists, and Native Americans argue that the Americas were neither unknown nor uninhabited, and that the use of this term perpetuates a myth and is offensive to some. For this reason, the author has chosen to use the less culturally-laden word, "settler."

² From this point on in the history, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is referred to as the "Church," and its followers as "Latter-day Saints" or "Mormons." Today, the Church frowns on the use of the term "Mormon" being used to describe either its followers or the Church, and requests that the term be used only in the context of the Book of Mormon. Both the Church and its followers, however, have for generations been referred to as "Mormon," much as the members of the Religious Society of Friends are called (and call each other) "Quakers." In both cases, what once was a somewhat pejorative nickname has become — to most, anyway - acceptable.

³ The official name of the Tribe is "The Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians." Past documentation, however, indicates a variety of names has been used in official reports and correspondence: Kaibab Indians, Kaibab-Paiute (hyphenated), and more recently, the Kaibab Paiute. The latter is used throughout this document.

⁴ William J. Hunt, Jr., "Archeological Study of Historic Structures HS-2 and HS-3, Pipe Springs National Monument, Arizona. (National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, May 1, 1991): 2.

⁵ For additional information, see Gregory L. Fox, "The Pipe Spring Archeological Survey: A Section 110 Planning Project, Pipe Spring National Monument, Mohave County, Arizona" (Tucson: Western Archeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, 1994).

⁶ Richard W. Stoffle, Diane E. Austin, David B. Halmo, Arthur M. Phillips III, Ethnographic Overview and Assessment: Zion National Park, Utah and Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona, Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and Southern Paiute Consortium, Pipe Spring, AZ. Draft, July, 1995.

⁷ Martha C. Knack, "Interethnic Competition at Kaibab During the Early Twentieth Century," Ethnohistory 40:2 (Spring 1993): 214-215.

⁸ Stoffle et al., Ethnographic Overview and Assessment, 19-20.

⁹ Richard W. Stoffle and Michael J. Evans. Kaibab Paiute History, The Early Years, Vol. 23:2 (1976): 2-3. Reprinted by the Kaibab Paiute Tribe from an article published in Ethnohistory, this study was originally called, "Resource Competition and Population Change: A Kaibab Paiute Ethnohistorical Case."

¹⁰ For more information on this important expedition, see David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven: Yale, 1992).

¹¹ For additional information, see Angus M. Woodbury, History of Southern Utah and Its Parks, Utah State Historical Society, Vol. XII, Nos. 3-4 (July-October, 1944): 123-125.

¹² Warren L. d'Azevedo, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. II, Great Basin (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1986): 368-396.

¹³ The Spanish were not alone in their practice of slavery; various forms of slavery were practiced all over the New World.

¹⁴ Workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Utah (WPA): Utah, A Guide to the State (Hasting House, NY, 1941): 41.

¹⁵ Such feelings were expressed during oral history interviews conducted by Park Service staff with a number of tribal members during the summer of 1997.

¹⁶ For additional information on the Old Spanish Trail, see Leroy R. Hafen, Old Spanish Trail: Santa Fe to Los Angeles, with Extracts from Contemporary Records and Including Diaries of Antonio Armijo and Orville Pratt (Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1954); C. Gregory Crampton and Steven K. Madsen, In Search of the Spanish Trail: Santa Fe to Los Angeles, 1829-1848. (Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1994); and John W. Robinson, "Traders, Travelers, and Horsethieves on the Old Spanish Trail," Overland Journal Vol. 15, No. 2, Summer 1997.

¹⁷ Stoffle and Evans, Kaibab Paiute History, 6.

¹⁸ One of the first to enter the Salt Lake Valley was Erastus Snow, who arrived in advance of Brigham Young on July 21, 1847. Snow would later figure prominently in southern Utah history.

¹⁹ For more information on Mormon colonization of the area, see Charles S. Peterson's, "Settlement on the Little Colorado, 1873-1900." Ph.D. diss., University of Utah. Microfiche, 1967 (Denver Public Library, Western History Collection); and C. Gregory Crampton's "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah and in Adjacent Parts of Arizona and Nevada, 1851-1900" (National Park Service, 1965; Denver Service Center Library).

²⁰ d'Azevedo, ed., 386.

²¹ Charles S. Peterson, Utah, A History (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1977): 43. The "inner cordon" colonies were those established closest to Salt Lake City, mostly between 1847-1857.

²² Stoffle and Evans describe a number of "adaptive strategies" by the Kaibab Paiute in response to Euroamerican occupation of their territory. One strategy used to regain access to their appropriated resources was conversion to the Mormon religion (Kaibab Paiute History, 17).

²³ According to Charles S. Peterson, the location of this Utah mission was south of Cedar City to Santa Clara, extending to Las Vegas, including Harmony and New Harmony; for a time it may have also included Washington, Utah (Peterson's handwritten comments on draft manuscript, January 1999).

²⁴ Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia (Salt Lake City, Utah: Andrew Jenson History Co., 1920): 569-570.

²⁵ Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958): 167-168.

²⁶ For a thorough overview of the Utah War, see Arrington, 170-194.

²⁷ House Executive Doc. No. 2, 35th Congr., 1st sess., 21; cited in Arrington, 171.

²⁸ One of the documents Buchanan used to justify his concerns was a disgruntled letter from a mail contractor displaced by Young's express company, W. M. F. Magraw. Magraw was one of the first to benefit by the cancellation of the mail contract with the B.Y. Express Company; he was also a principal supply contractor for the Utah Expedition (Arrington, 174).

²⁹ Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 569.

³⁰ Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 570.

³¹ Leroy R. and Ann W. Hafen, editors. The Utah Expedition, 1857-1858: A Documentary Account of the United States Military Movement under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, and The Resistance by Brigham Young and the Mormon Nauvoo Legion. (Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1982): 183.

³² Arrington, 175-176.

³³ Mormons use the term "gentile" to refer to non-Mormons.

³⁴ Peterson, Utah, A History, 97. For more information, see Juanita Brooks, The Mountain Meadows Massacre (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1950; second edition, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1962).

³⁵ Arrington, 177.

³⁶ The migration of Mormons from Nauvoo to the Great Salt Lake Valley is referred to as the "Exodus," the name of the Old Testament book that tells of the Israelites' flight from their Egyptian oppressors.

³⁷ C. Gregory Crampton, "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah and in Adjacent Parts of Arizona and Nevada, 1851-1900" (National Park Service, 1965): 94. Crampton lists the names of the 11 men accompanying Hamblin on the expedition.

³⁸ Woodbury: 164.

³⁹ According to some reports the Salt Lake Valley had been a no-man's land avoided by both Ute and Shosoni (Peterson, Utah, A History, 41).

⁴⁰ Warren A. Beck and Ynez D. Haase. Historical Atlas of the American West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989: 39. The authors do not state if these figures include all races.

⁴¹ Zorro Bradley, "The Whitmore-McIntyre Dugout, Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," unpublished report, 1959: 6. See also, C. Gregory Crampton's "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah," pp.117-125. Black Hawk was one of the principal Ute leaders. He is not to be confused with the Sauk and Fox leader Black Hawk, who joined Shawnee leader Tecumseh's alliance of Indian tribes with the British to fight the United States government during the War of 1812. The author was advised by Charles S. Peterson that University of Utah Press will be publishing a definitive history of the Black Hawk Indian War in the fall of 1999 (title not provided).

⁴² Arrington, 229.

⁴³ Woodbury, 168.

⁴⁴ d'Azevedo, ed., 387.

⁴⁵ One could argue a certain amount of wisdom in the proclivity of the Paiute to form alliances and live in proximity to Mormon settlements. In doing so, they were less susceptible to Navajo raiders. They also could appeal to Mormon charity in hard times. Moreover, where other Indians fought against the Militia and/or U.S. Army and lost, most were removed from the very areas they fought hardest to protect. The Kaibab Paiute, on the other hand, have retained a small part of their original territory.

⁴⁶ For information about the role of mission "calls" in Mormon settlement, see Charles S. Peterson's Take Up Your Mission — Mormon Colonizing Along the Little Colorado River, 1870-1900 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1973). "Mission calls were extended by the authority of church leaders and received full validity by public announcement and popular ratification." (Peterson, 42)

⁴⁷ Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, Martha A. Sandweiss: The Oxford History of the American West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994): 293.

⁴⁸ For more information about events leading up to and immediately after the creation of Bosque Redondo, see Josephy, 350-358.

⁴⁹ Chiricahua Apache leader Geronimo refused to surrender until 1886. Subtler forms of resistance were manifest during the Ghost Dance years of 1880 and 1890, participated in by some Southern Paiute.

⁵⁰ Peterson, Utah, A History, 139.

⁵¹ Dee Brown, Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee, An Indian History of the American West. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970): 33.

⁵² Some dissident Paiute allied with the Navajo in defense of their territory, report Stoffle and Evans (Kaibab Paiute History, 13) but the majority sided with whites (Woodbury, 169). One source says that Paiute, "often abetted by Navajo, began hostilities in southern Utah" with a horse stealing raid on the settlement of Kanab in December 1865 (Bradley, 3). The alliance of most with the Mormons provided a measure of self-protection against the far more numerous and powerful Navajo, while sparing them from warring with the Mormons and U.S. Army.

⁵³ Dan L. Thrapp, Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography, Vol. III. (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1988): 1169.

⁵⁴ James H. McClintock, Mormon Settlement in Arizona — A Record of Peaceful Conquest of the Desert (Phoenix: 1921): 79.

⁵⁵ Woodbury, 177. Woodbury writes that there was one other incident during the winter of 1873-1874 that threatened the peace, involving the shooting by whites of three Navajo in Grass Valley. Hamblin was able to convince the angry Navajo that the killers were non-Mormons and further conflict was averted.

⁵⁶ C. Gregory Crampton, Land of Living Rock, The Grand Canyon and the High Plateaus: Arizona, Utah, Nevada. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972): 143.

⁵⁷ Peterson, Take Up Your Mission: 68-90. The most western of the two roads, pioneered by Jacob Hamblin, headed south from St. George to cross the Colorado River at Pearce's Ferry. Another version of this route followed a more southwesterly route from St. George, crossing at Stone's Ferry. These two wagon trails intersected at various points, finally becoming a single route that headed east toward the Little Colorado. This was called Stone's and Pearce's route. A second route, know as the San Juan Route, traversed the southeastern part of Utah and was promoted for a time by Erastus Snow as the best route to Arizona.

⁵⁸ Ibid., 146.

⁵⁹ A Bureau of Land Management archeologist, Rick Malcomson, worked off and on for 13- 14 years on a draft National Register nomination for portions of the trail that crossed BLM land in Arizona and Utah. The most current draft dates to 1992 and has been reviewed by both Arizona and Utah Historic Preservation Offices. Malcomson retired in 1992. The Arizona State Historic Preservation Office is currently negotiating with the Arizona Strip District Office of the Bureau of Land Management in St. George for an archeologist do some final ground truthing before finalizing the nomination.

⁶⁰ Arrington, 5.

⁶¹ Cited in Peterson, Utah, A History, 42.

⁶² Peterson, Utah, A History, 41.

⁶³ Such views of cultural superiority and a sense of religious duty to "save" native peoples is, of course, not unlike that held by many European and Euroamerican colonists of earlier periods and in other parts of the continent. The highly organized, Church-sponsored manner in which these views were implemented, however, serves to distinguish Mormon colonizing from most earlier (as well as later) colonizing efforts, particularly those made by mainstream Protestants. One could argue, however, that the role of the Catholic Church during Spanish exploration and settlement during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries was quite similar to the role played by the 19th century Mormon Church and its followers.

⁶⁴ Peterson, Utah, A History, 36.

⁶⁵ Recorded under the heading, "Pipe Springs, or Home of the Pahutes [sic], or the Indians." This is a subsection of "The Pipe Spring Story," Edwin D. Woolley-Erastus Snow Collection (Woolley/Snow Family Collection), MSS1403, Harold B. Lee Library, Special Collections, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. It is uncertain which Woolley family member prepared the transcript, but it was most likely either Bert or Dilworth Woolley, sons of Edwin D. Woolley, Jr.

⁶⁶ Ibid.

⁶⁷ Ibid.

⁶⁸ According to a personal communication from Park Service Ethnographer David E. Ruppert, the view of many native groups in the desert west as "lowly" or "backward" was commonly held by Euroamericans. Late 19th century thought regarding social evolution relied on a scale of "progress" from savage and barbarian (not exhibiting the material wealth of Europeans) to civilized (epitomized by the English gentleman). There was a tendency for white observers to place these desert dwellers on the bottom of this scale. Such a crude scale of "progress" is totally rejected today.

⁶⁹ The ecological impacts to the Kaibab Paiute by the presence and activities of Mormon settlers are discussed in Stoffle's and Evans' Kaibab Paiute History and the Ethnographic Overview and Assessment prepared by Stoffle et al.

⁷⁰ Stoffle and Evans, Kaibab Paiute History, 8-9.

⁷¹ Woodbury, 22.

⁷² Jacob Hamblin, Nov. 1, 1880. Slightly different excerpts from this letter are cited in Stoffle and Evans, p. 15, and in Robert H. Keller and Michael F. Turek, American Indians and National Parks (Tucson, AZ, University of Arizona Press, 1998): 70-71.

⁷³ Stoffle and Evans, Kaibab Paiute History, 13. See pp. 13-16 for the effects on the Kaibab Paiute resulting from the settlers' appropriation of resources.

⁷⁴ For a summary of Pipe Spring ownership, see Appendix I.

⁷⁵ Woodbury, 166. In A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks, Woodbury states that W. B. Maxwell established a ranch at Short Creek "some time prior to 1863" and that James M. Whitmore located ranches at Pipe Springs and Moccasin not long after. This in conflict with reports by C. Leonard Heaton and others that Maxwell, not Whitmore, first settled Moccasin in 1865. No other source linking Whitmore to Moccasin was found.

⁷⁶ Actually, there are one or more lesser springs at each location, thus these places were often referred to as "Pipe Springs" and "Moccasin Springs." The main spring at each of these respective sites, however, is called "Pipe Spring" or "Moccasin Spring."

⁷⁷ Kate B. Carter, Our Pioneer Heritage (Salt Lake City, Utah: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1958): 54.

⁷⁸ Book A, Records of Washington County, Utah Territory. Located in the Washington County Recorder's Office in St. George, Utah. See supporting document No. 5 in Geerdes' report, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring: A Legal and Historical Brief " (unpublished manuscript, January 1, 1970). See also pp. 11-12.

⁷⁹ Documentation indicates that the Whitmore family continued to reside in St. George, thus the dugout was most likely used only as temporary shelter for him and/or McIntyre. A record of Whitmore's developments is contained in a May 28, 1865 report by President Snow and party to the area. (PISP vertical files)

⁸⁰ Leonard Heaton, "Historical [sic] and Facts Pertaining to Pipe Spring National Monument," p. 6. Lloyd Sandberg (p. 6) also reported McIntyre was a brother-in-law; Woodward (p. 8) and Jenson (p. 659) call him Whitmore's "herder;" Carter (p. 202) refers to McIntyre as "a hired man;" Bradley (p. 3) reports various writers also refer to McIntyre as son-in-law, brother-in-law, and stepson. See also reference to Mrs. McIntyre later in this chapter.

⁸¹ Peter Gottfredson, Indian Depradations In Utah, (Salt Lake City, 1919): 179-160. Cited in Woodward's, "Brief Historical Sketch of Pipe Springs, Arizona," 8.

⁸² C. Leonard Heaton, "Historical [sic] and Facts Pertaining to Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," ca. 1946, 6-C (monument archives).

⁸³ Flora Snow Woolley wrote that the son left in the dugout was eight years old ("History of the Pipe Springs Monument" November 9, 1934, Edwin D. Woolley and Erastus Snow Family Collection, MSS 1403, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT). Historian Arthur Woodward said the name of the son left in the dugout wasn't found in historical accounts but the only son of an appropriate age was James Jr., age eleven ("A Brief Historical Sketch of Pipe Springs, Arizona" June 1, 1941).

⁸⁴ C. Gregory Crampton wrote that men of the Iron County Militia were responsible for locating the bodies of Whitmore and McIntyre and capturing and killing the Paiute. Crampton, "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah," 125.

⁸⁵ "Memorandum made by Charles Ellis Johnson in July 1914." Church Archives, MS 7941. This memo incorrectly identifies Andrus as "Jim Andrews." The misspelling "Androus" has also been seen.

⁸⁶ According to Flora Snow Woolley, the bodies were found four miles southeast of the dugout. F. S. Woolley, op. cit.

⁸⁷ Angus Woodbury reported the story differently in A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks. He wrote that the first two Paiute taken captive were questioned and tortured, and that the Militia made a surprise dawn raid upon the camp, killing two Paiute and capturing five. These captives were also tortured before they consented to taking the Mormons to the bodies of Whitmore and McIntyre. The captives claimed innocence, but clothing of the dead men was in their possession and thus considered proof of guilt. Perhaps to avoid the unpleasantness of shooting men face-to-face, the Indians were turned loose and were shot as they attempted to run. This version of the story, like that of Andrus, suggests that nine Paiute were killed (Woodbury, p. 168). Unfortunately, Woodbury did not cite the source for his account. Arizona State Historian James McClintock also reported nine Indians were killed "in a short engagement" (p. 72). Several other accounts say that seven Paiute men were killed. In yet another reference to the incident, recorded by Dilworth Woolley, a man named Ruben Dodge reported that "Jim Andrus' posse caught the Indians, permitted them to run the gauntlet, killed all but one boy who Jim raised." ("Dilworth on Pipe Springs, from his orange notebook," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.) Finally, Alonzo Winsor, son of A. P. Winsor, "was under the impression that 13 Indians were killed," reported Leonard Heaton in his "Early History of Pipe Spring," Southwestern Monuments Report Supplement, April 1936: 304. An lengthy article could be written just about the plethora of stories associated with the Whitmore-McIntyre slayings and subsequent retaliatory killings of Paiute.

⁸⁸ Crampton, "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah," 126.

⁸⁹ C. Leonard Heaton, "Historical [sic] and Facts Pertaining to Pipe Spring National Monument" (unpublished, undated manuscript, probably 1949). This report contains numerous versions of the Whitmore-McIntyre story. Heaton reported that Hamblin later learned of the Paiute men's innocence during his visits to "Navajo Indian Country." Robert W. Olsen, Jr., reported that a Paiute told Hamblin in 1869 that three of his tribe led the Navajo to Whitmore's sheep, and at least one accompanied them back across the Colorado River ("Pipe Spring," 1965).

⁹⁰ Winsor's son, Alonzo, recounted the story of how this happened to Leonard Heaton in 1936. It is cited in Bradley, 7-8.

⁹¹ Crampton, "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah," 126.

⁹² Henry P. Walker and Don Bufkin, Historical Atlas of Arizona. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979): 35.

⁹³ Raymond J. Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring: A Legal and Historical Brief " (unpublished manuscript, January 1, 1970): 11-14.

⁹⁴ For additional information about the Andrus expedition, see C. Gregory Crampton's "Military Reconnaissance in Southern Utah, 1866." Utah Historical Quarterly, 32 (Spring, 1964).

⁹⁵ James G. Bleak, "Annals of the Southern Utah Mission," p. 303, History Department of the Church. Cited in A. Berle Clemensen, Historic Structure Report - History Data Section, Pipe Spring National Monument (Denver, CO: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, 1980, unpublished draft): 1-2.

⁹⁶ Deseret News Salt Lake City, March 1, 1869; cited in Clemensen, 2.

⁹⁷ John R. Young to Erastus Snow, August 15, 1869; cited in Clemensen, 2.

⁹⁸ The location of the site of this shed in unknown.

⁹⁹ Jacob Hamblin and John R. Young to George A. Smith, September 12, 1869, "Journal History," September 12, 1869. Cited in Clemensen, 2.

¹⁰⁰ A number of reasons have been given as to why the fort was sited in such a manner as to control the primary water source at Pipe Spring. Most often, sources indicate it was to ensure a stable water supply for the fort's occupants and the Church's tithed cattle herds. One source, published in Arizona, A State Guide in 1941, was unique in that it stated the fort "was constructed over the springs to prevent Indians from poisoning the settlement's water supply." No source was cited for this information and while it was stated as fact, it is likely based on rumor. (Workers of the Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Arizona, Arizona, A State Guide, New York, NY: Hastings House, 1941: 283.)

¹⁰¹ John W. Powell, Major Powell's Trip to Grand Canyon, Scribner's Monthly, October 1875, 663. Cited in Lloyd S. Sandberg's unpublished report, "Pipe Spring National Monument," 1957: 5.

¹⁰² In a September 24, 1943, memorandum from Acting Chief Historian Charles W. Porter III to A. E. Demaray, Porter references some early names of Pipe Spring, including "Yellow Rock Spring": "John W. Powell… in his journal for September 13, 1870, remarked that he camped at a 'great spring, known to the Indians as Yellow Rock Spring, but to the Mormons as Pipe Spring' where 'the Mormons design to build a fort another year, as an outpost for protection against the Indians.'" (J. W. Powell, Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, Pennsylvania, 1895: 297-298).

¹⁰³ Born Mary Elizabeth Carter, she married Whitmore in 1852. The couple had six children.

¹⁰⁴ This verbal agreement was recorded in the Winsor Company's Ledger B, after the company's January 1873 organization.

¹⁰⁵ Andrew Jenson's Manuscript History, Historian's Office, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (no date given); cited in Lloyd Sandberg, "Pipe Spring National Monument," unpublished manuscript, 1957, 16-18. The excerpt from Jenson's manuscript reads very much like the company's minutes, thus they have been quoted as such.

¹⁰⁶ Andrew Jenson, Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, UT, Deseret News Publishing Co., 1941): p. 659. Jenson wrote the company organized "with a capital stock of $500,000." This is consistent with excerpts from Andrew Jensen's Manuscript History copied by Lloyd Sandberg, op. cit. Robert J. Olsen, Jr., and David Lavender have incorrectly reported the amount of authorized capital stock was $50,000.

¹⁰⁷ The Church subscribed to $10,000; Brigham Young, Sr., to $2,350, A. P. Winsor to $3,000, Alexander F. MacDonald, $1,000. Five men held the remaining stock.

¹⁰⁸ Jenson's manuscript, cited in Sandberg, 17. Church Historian Andrew Jenson wrote that "a one-third interest in Moccasin Springs was purchased at the suggestion of Pres. Young and was later paid for by the company named." Encyclopedic History, 659.

¹⁰⁹ Sandberg, 18.

¹¹⁰ Ibid.

¹¹¹ It is believed that the verbal agreement, bill of sale, and Winsor Company meeting minutes are the only records of the transaction, as no record of the title of transfer could be located during a search of county records by Geerdes in 1969.

¹¹² Mary Bywater Cross, Quilts and Women of the Mormon Migrations. Nashville, Tennessee: Rutledge Hill Press, 1996: 126-127.

¹¹³ Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 29.

¹¹⁴ This information comes from a quote from Pearson H. Corbett's Jacob Hamblin, cited in Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 29. Corbett's book may say more about who "Mrs. McIntyre" was.

¹¹⁵ Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 570.

¹¹⁶ Edwin D. Woolley, Jr., "The Pipe Spring Story," Chapter VI: 28, Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.

¹¹⁷ A. Wm. Lund, letter to George A. Smith, February 11, 1942.

¹¹⁸ A "stake" is made of up three or more "wards," the latter being comparable to a local congregation, parish, or single church. Kanab Stake was organized in 1877. The reference to Joseph W. Young being nephew to Brigham Young is in Arrington, 207.

¹¹⁹ Joseph W. Young, letter to Horace S. Eldredge, October 16, 1870. Cited in Woodward, 19.

¹²⁰ "Memoirs of Joseph R. Young, Utah Pioneer of 1847, written by Himself, Salt Lake City, 1920"; cited in Woodward, 20.

¹²¹ "Extracts from Letter by Walter F. Winsor Pertinent to the Pipe Spring Story" under "Material on Pipe Springs Furnished by Mr. L. M. Winsor...," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.

¹²² Clemensen, 6. Clemensen reports on the same page that there were two lime kilns "just below the hill on which the west stone house was located." The ruins of only one kiln have been found in this location. C. Gregory Crampton wrote that nearly all of the million board feet of lumber used in the construction of the St. George Temple came from Mt. Trumbull, located about 60 miles southeast of St. George (Crampton, "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah," 160).

¹²³ Berle Clemensen speculates that the size was reduced because of the small size of the work force; this may certainly also have been a factor.

¹²⁴ Clemensen, 11.

¹²⁵ Dilworth Woolley wrote to his brother, H. E. Woolley, on August 21, 1943, correcting the Park Service booklet being used at Pipe Spring, which said the north building was erected directly over the spring. Woolley wrote that the spring was located about 15 feet outside the building. Numerous other sources, including Anson P. Winsor's son, L. M. Winsor, contradict him.

¹²⁶ See Clemensen, op. cit., and David Lavender's The History of Arizona's Pipe Spring National Monument.

¹²⁷ Crampton, "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah," 171-172. A news article in the Arizona Daily Star states that the telegraph line was used as the telephone line until 1937 ("Pipe Spring Monument Is a Complete Museum," Denver Service Center Library, undated, ca. 1940). For information on the 1965 reconstruction of the historic telegraph line within monument boundaries, see Part X.

¹²⁸ "Material on Pipe Springs furnished by Mr. L. M. Winsor, December 16, 1960." Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit. Some historical documentation spells the name "Windsor Castle."

¹²⁹ Ibid.

¹³⁰ "Material on Pipe Springs Furnished by Mr. L. M. Winsor, December 16, 1960," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.

¹³¹ "Dilworth [Woolley] on Pipe Springs," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.

¹³² Stoffle et al., Ethnographic Overview and Assessment, 21. This period is referred to by the authors as "Lost Times" for the Kaibab Paiute, dating from 1870 to 1900.

¹³³ Between 1850 and 1900, more than 90,000 came from abroad "to strengthen Zion's union and redeem its wastelands" (Peterson, Utah, A History, 36). All were presumably Mormon converts.

¹³⁴ Clemensen, 14. See also, "Anson Perry Winsor," St. George Stake H.P. Quo. Record, #15649, page 272, which states: "I, Anson Perry Winsor… in 1869 was called to settle and build up Pipe Springs, and remained there until called by President Young to labor in the Temple of St. George in September 1876." The date given for when Winsor left Pipe Spring varies somewhat, according to source. One author states that Winsor left Pipe Spring in 1875 (Carter, 153). Another source says he was called to St. George in 1877, perhaps because the Temple was not dedicated until 1877 (Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 570). September 1876 appears to be correct, given that Winsor's son had to fill in for a brief time prior to the arrival of Pulsipher in January 1877. Anson P. Winsor lived to be 99 years old.

¹³⁵ Edwin D. Woolley, Jr., "The Pipe Spring Story," Chapter VI: 5. Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit. This information is taken from Charles Pulsipher's autobiography, quoted by Woolley.

¹³⁶ Clemensen, 14. This date is consistent with an excerpt from Pulsipher's autobiography, quoted in Woolley, which says when the St. George Temple was completed on January 1, 1877, Pulsipher received a telegram from Brigham Young commanding him to come to St. George. He arrived there the next day, where Young directed him to leave immediately for "Winsor Ranch" to take over operations there.

¹³⁷ "The Pulsipher Family Comes to Pipe Spring," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit. According to genealogical and family records, the first wife was Ann Beers. No children are recorded of that marriage. There is no mention of her living at Pipe Spring in Clemensen, who mentions the other two wives (p. 15). At the same time Brigham Young directed Pulsipher to oversee the ranch at Pipe Spring, he told him to get a young wife and raise more family, his other four children by Sariah being nearly grown. He married Julia on December 13, 1877, and had 12 more children with her.

¹³⁸ Crampton, "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah," 55.

¹³⁹ Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 18.

¹⁴⁰ Arrington, 356. Arrington wrote an article for Pacific Historical Review, Vol. XXII (1952), "The Settlement of the Brigham Young Estate, 1877-1879," which would most likely list the date of final settlement.

¹⁴¹ Edwin D. Woolley, Jr., reports that Pulsipher was at the ranch until the winter of 1880, thus it appears he did not leave Pipe Spring until sometime after Emett's arrival. "The Pipe Spring Story," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit. In an unpublished biographical sketch, Pulsipher wrote that he "labored there three years..."

¹⁴² Gurnsey and Harriet Brown were Flora Snow Woolley's uncle and aunt. F. S. Woolley, "History of the Pipe Springs Monument," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit. Elizabeth Woolley Jenson wrote that Brown purchased the ranch lease in 1881 (Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 56).

¹⁴³ Sometime during his tenure at Pipe Spring (1961-1966), Park Historian Robert Olsen borrowed the original drawing from Ena Spendlove of Kanab to have it photographed. The drawing had been passed down in her family. Its whereabouts today are unknown to the author.

¹⁴⁴ Edwin D. Woolley, Jr. (1845-1920), had a half-brother named Edwin Gordon Woolley (1845-1930). Both were sons of Edwin Dilworth Woolley, Sr., (1807-1881) whose first wife was Mary Wickersham Woolley, mother of Edwin D. Woolley. Woolley, Sr.'s second (plural) wife was Louisa Chaplin Gordon, mother of Edwin G. Woolley. When Louisa died in Nauvoo, Illinois in 1849, the child was sent to Massachusetts to be raised by Louisa's mother. Meanwhile, Woolley left with his other family and the Saints to Salt Lake City. After settling in Utah, the father returned to get five-year-old Edwin G. and took him to live with his family in Utah. Edwin D., just three months older than Edwin G., were "raised together more like twins than as ordinary brothers," said a family account. The two half-brothers later married the Bentley sisters.

¹⁴⁵ Flora was 29 years old when she went to Pipe Spring. E. D. Woolley, Jr.'s first wife in Kanab was Emma Geneva Bentley, sister to Mary Lavinia Bentley, who married E. G. Woolley. For additional detail on Woolley's Kanab property, see letter from H. E. Woolley to Dilworth Woolley, August 15, 1943, attached to memorandum from A. E. Demaray to Newton Drury, September 15, 1943.

¹⁴⁶ Clemensen, 22.

¹⁴⁷ On the quitclaim deed from Seegmiller to B. F. Saunders, the name is spelled "McFarland." This is a typographical error. Reference is made to the McFarlane survey by Dilworth Woolley in his letter to his brother, H. E. Woolley, dated August 21, 1943 (appended to A. E. Demaray's letter to Newton B. Drury, September 15, 1943). Dilworth was present when the survey lines were run.

¹⁴⁸ Bill of Sale from Benjamin and Tacy Saunders to Bulloch and Jones, signed and dated March 8, 1898. It is not known what circumstances are connected to the reduction of James M. Whitmore's 160-acre tract to the 140 purchased by the Winsor Castle Stock Growing Company or how the property was reduced another 100 acres by the time of the 1886 McFarlane survey. One possibility is that the Church either sold part of the land or transferred it to the United Order of Orderville prior to the survey.

¹⁴⁹ Ken Verdoia and Richard Frimage, Utah: The Struggle for Statehood. (Salt Lake City, Utah. University of Utah Press, 1996): 129-131.

¹⁵⁰ Arrington, 356-359.

¹⁵¹ Launched in the fall of 1849, the Perpetual Emigrating Fund was incorporated as the Perpetual Emigrating Company in September 1850 "to promote, facilitate, and accomplish the emigration of the poor" to the Great Basin. Earnings from California Gold Rush returnees provided the initial financial base. Brigham Young served as president of the company until his death (Arrington, 77-78).

¹⁵² Arrington, 361.

¹⁵³ Arrington, 359.

¹⁵⁴ During "the Raid," polygamous husbands sought to find locations for their families in out-of-the way places unlikely to be visited by federal deputies (Arrington, 383).

¹⁵⁵ "In Two Worlds - The Recollections of Florence Snow Woolley" (as dictated to her daughter, Elizabeth Woolley Jenson; undated, unpublished manuscript in monument's vertical files): 62; and "Pipe Springs Becomes a Sanctuary/Place of Refuge," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit. The latter contains a vivid description of the raiding period.

¹⁵⁶ Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 19.

¹⁵⁷ See Clemensen, 22-24.

¹⁵⁸ "Notes from Correspondence of Dilworth and Bert [Woolley] on Pipe Springs," states that Erastus Snow and Edwin D. Woolley, Jr., conferred on site prior to making the changes to the building. Woolley/Snow Family Collection.

¹⁵⁹ Dilworth Woolley also wrote of the changes and how they came about in his letter to his brother H. E. Woolley, August 21, 1943 (attached to a memorandum from A. E. Demaray to Newton Drury, dated September 15, 1943). He recalled it being a topic of conversation between his father Edwin D. Woolley, Jr., his grandfather Erastus Snow, and unnamed "others."

¹⁶⁰ Flora Snow Woolley, op. cit.

¹⁶¹ Dilworth Woolley, letter to H. E. Woolley, September 4, 1943 (attached to a memorandum from A. E. Demaray to Newton Drury, dated September 15, 1943).

¹⁶² Unsigned letter dated April 14, 1916. In Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.

¹⁶³ The site of these watering holes can still be discerned when the area is compared to a historic photograph in the monument's collection that shows cattle watering there. The old watering holes straddle the monument's west boundary and Kaibab Indian Reservation land.

¹⁶⁴ Ibid. Reference to the popular name "Woolley's lambing ground" found in the chapter "Pipe Spring Becomes a Sanctuary/Place of Refuge" in "The Pipe Spring Story," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.

¹⁶⁵ Jenson, Encyclopedic History, 659.

¹⁶⁶ "Telegraph and Telephone," in "The Pipe Spring Story," Woolley/Snow Family Collection.

¹⁶⁷ Leonard Heaton, file memorandum, August 13, 1938.

¹⁶⁸ McClintock, 99.

¹⁶⁹ From 1870 until 1895, the Church successfully concealed its ownership of the Pipe Spring ranch to prevent its confiscation by the federal government under the antipolygamy laws discussed earlier. The Edmunds-Tucker Act of 1887 made the hiding of Church holdings even more imperative, thus the lack of physical evidence recording transfer of Pipe Spring property during this era may have been the result of deliberate intent by Church officials.

¹⁷⁰ Arrington, 364.

¹⁷¹ The kinship tie to Brigham Young is cited in Arrington, 283.

¹⁷² Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 60. See also Clemensen, 27.

¹⁷³ Geerdes' interviews with a number of people who knew of Seegmiller's and Woolley's management of the Church's herds suggest that Seegmiller was not alone in his underhanded dealings, and that Woolley too had similar shortcomings. While Seegmiller was fired, Woolley was only admonished by Anthony W. Ivins, the two men's supervisor.

¹⁷⁴ Historian Charles S. Peterson suggested to the author that J. W. Young may have masterminded Seegmiller's filing on Pipe Spring with Valentine scrip. Seegmiller was Young's foreman for the Arizona Land and Cattle Company. For additional information see Earle R. Forrest's Arizona's Dark and Bloody Ground and Peterson's Take Up Your Mission: Mormon Colonizing Along the Little Colorado River (Peterson's handwritten comments on draft manuscript, January 1999).

¹⁷⁵ Copy of Act, Forty-second Congress, Sess. III, Chapt. 89, 92-95, 1872.

¹⁷⁶ Geerdes researched the Valentine scrip matter in 1969 in connection with researching the history of Pipe Spring ownership. Geerdes states that Seegmiller's application to the Prescott Land Office was denied because the land had not yet been surveyed. Had one been made, he wrote, it would have revealed the Pipe Spring property already had a long history of use and development (Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 39). The author has not located documents supporting two of Geerdes' conclusions: 1) that Seegmiller's application was denied, and 2) that Valentine scrip could only be filed on surveyed land.

¹⁷⁷ This is speculation on Geerdes' part, but he provides some strong evidence for his conclusion. There was so much Mormon subterfuge during this period (in attempts to hide Church assets) that it is often impossible to ascertain some people's motives for acquiring - or attempting to acquire - Church property.

¹⁷⁸ Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 43.

¹⁷⁹ Ken Chamberlain, letter to A. D. Findlay, June 19, 1985.

¹⁸⁰ Flora Snow Woolley, op. cit.

¹⁸¹ Arrington, 378.

¹⁸² B. F. Saunders was born in Missouri, September 1847. In Heart Throbs of the West, p. 210, Saunders was credited with bringing the most up-to-date cattle breeds to Utah's Dixie. He lived in Salt Lake City at the time of his death on July 26, 1909.

¹⁸³ Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 49.

¹⁸⁴ Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 63. Geerdes was convinced through his extensive research that there existed a "gentlemen's" agreement between B. F. Saunders and Church officials by which Saunders was treated well in return for protecting the Church's interests.

¹⁸⁵ Douglas D. Alder and Karl F. Brooks, A History of Washington County, From Isolation to Destination. (Salt Lake City, Utah Historical Society, 1996): 98.

¹⁸⁶ Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 51.

¹⁸⁷ Geerdes spells this two ways, "Parashont" and "Parashant."

¹⁸⁸ "Kaibab" operations are believed to refer to a ranch at V.T. Park on the Kaibab Plateau. Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 49.

¹⁸⁹ Geerdes reviewed the Company's papers at the Church Historian's Library in Salt Lake City and stated that records from these years are not available.

¹⁹⁰ Minutes of the final October 1, 1895, meeting of the Board of Directors, Canaan Cooperative Stock Company. Reported in Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 52.

¹⁹¹ Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 62-63.

¹⁹² Church Legal Office, Salt Lake City; cited in Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 62.

¹⁹³ The name "Bulloch" has been incorrectly spelled in a number of publications, including Lavender's booklet and Clemensen's report. The correct spelling has been taken from copies of original documents signed by David Bulloch.

¹⁹⁴ David Dunn Bulloch, letter to his wife Sarah Ann, December 1, 1895. Attached to Geerdes' report, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring."

¹⁹⁵ Bulloch and Jones sold and conveyed the Pipe Spring tract to the Pipe Springs Cattle Company, "a Corporation of the State of Utah, with its principal office in Salt Lake City for $5,000. Bulloch and Jones were two of the Company's four directors, all of whom had close ties to the Church.

¹⁹⁶ For additional information, see typed memo filed under date of August 29, 1946.

¹⁹⁷ The total cost for 1,200 head would be $27,000. The Company owed the Deseret National Bank of Salt Lake City $19,000 as mortgage on the herd; the sale to Findlay was to pay off that debt.

¹⁹⁸ The total value of 3,000 sheep would be $6,750.

¹⁹⁹ This copy of the contract used in research for this report was unsigned.

²⁰⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, July 23, 1934.

²⁰¹ List of quitclaim deeds pertaining to Pipe Spring, located in the Mohave County Recorder's Office, Kingman, Arizona. Cited in Geerdes, "The Ownership of Pipe Spring," 66. In all quitclaim deeds the grantors are both husband and wife; but for brevity's sake, the author used only the husband's name in the narrative; both are included in the summary ownership chronology, Appendix I.

²⁰² No description has been found that gives the location of the "Findlay Lower Reservoir."

²⁰³ Another report states, "The name Moccasin was derived, it is said, from a moccasin snake which was left at the spring by the Indians in an effort to frighten away the whites." Vincent W. Vandiver, "Report on Pipe Springs National Monument," January 1937: 7.

²⁰⁴ McClintock, 97-98.

²⁰⁵ Crampton, "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah," 125. Leonard Heaton wrote that William B. Maxwell made the first claim at Moccasin in 1865, but this is later than the date given by James H. McClintock and C. Gregory Crampton. (C. Leonard Heaton, "A Brief History of the Town of Moccasin, Arizona," undated). Also, "Arizona Strip Town Peopled by One Family," newspaper article published ca. 1940, echoes the 1865 date but probably used Heaton as their source.

²⁰⁶ Crampton cites Andrew Jenson's Encyclopedic History (1941) as his source for information on the early settlement of Moccasin (Jenson, pp. 522-523). In C. Leonard Heaton's "A Brief History of the Town of Moccasin, Arizona," Heaton reported that Maxwell sold the Moccasin ranch soon after acquiring it to "an unknown man" who built a cabin and lived there about eight years.

²⁰⁷ Southern Paiute periodic use and occupation of the site was part of a pattern of regular use and occupation. Although a specific site was not occupied year round, the larger region of use was permanently occupied.

²⁰⁸ Emma Carroll Seegmiller, "Voices from Within - The Story of the United Order," unpublished manuscript (MS 1000, Folder 1), Church Library and Archives, Salt Lake City, UT.

²⁰⁹ It may seem peculiar to "gentiles" that at the beginning of the 20th century Mormons and Paiute were praying for a U.S. President who had been dead since December 14, 1799. Praying for the conversion of souls of deceased non-Mormons was and still is an important part of Church practice. This is one of the reasons for the Mormons' intense interest in genealogy.

²¹⁰ "Dilworth on Pipe Springs, from his orange notebook," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit. This information is taken from a statement made by Silas Smith Young to Dilworth Woolley on March 3, 1944.

²¹¹ This part of the history is recorded in a sworn affidavit taken January 18, 1921, and signed by Charles C. Heaton, Edward Carroll, Henry Blackburn, Henry W. Esplin and Jonathan Heaton, per C. C. Heaton. The affidavit is attached to a petition requesting that certain lands be withdrawn from the Kaibab Indian Reservation. Both are under filed cover letter of March 16, 1921, from John H. Page & Co. to Senator Carl Hayden (Hayden Papers, ASU, Tempe, AZ).

²¹² Emma Carroll Seegmiller, op. cit.

²¹³ Woodbury, 183-184.

²¹⁴ Mark A. Pendleton, "The Orderville United Order of Zion." Utah Historical Quarterly, 3:141-159 (1939). Cited in Stoffle and Evans, Kaibab Paiute History, 14.

²¹⁵ Leonard Arrington, "Orderville Utah: A Pioneer Mormon Experiment in Economic Organization." Utah State Agricultural College Monograph, Series Vol. 2, No. 2. (1954). Cited in Stoffle and Evans, Kaibab Paiute History, 14.

²¹⁶ Leonard Heaton, letter to Mrs. J. Rowe Groesbeck, May 23, 1961.

²¹⁷ See Chubbuck's quote under the section, "The Federal Government's Response: Creation of the Kaibab Indian Reservation." It is highly characteristic of the times that the Church bought the one-third water rights from its own company, the Canaan Cooperative Cattle Company. Also, a news article published ca. 1940 ("Arizona Strip Town Peopled by One Family") states, "One-third of the water was granted the Paiutes by the church in the early eighties..." Other researchers — Lavender, and Stoffle and Evans - reported that the one-third flow of Moccasin Spring was given to the Indians "in the early 1900s," p. 34, or "probably just before 1907," p. 18, respectively. They wrote that the Church prevailed upon the Heatons to give up this share of water. Both are incorrect. The Church appears to have held one-third water rights to Moccasin since the early 1870s. In a 1938 history of the reservation located in BIA files, Phoenix, Arizona, it states the Church established a mission at Moccasin Springs in 1875. ("Reservation — Kaibab: History of Reservation;" see BIA, Phoenix records file.)

²¹⁸ C. Leonard Heaton, "A Brief History of the Town of Moccasin, Arizona," op. cit. A later description of the Paiute community at Moccasin states the size of the farm plot was "about 12 acres."

²¹⁹ WPA, Utah Guide, 343.

²²⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Mrs. J. Groesbeck, May 23, 1961.

²²¹ Woodbury, 184.

²²² Arrington, 337. See also Woodbury, 183-184.

²²³ The petition requesting withdrawal of lands from the Kaibab Indian Reservation states that Jonathan Heaton had settled upon a part of these lands, purchased with improvements from a prior settler for $5,000 in 1875. (The exact location of the lands purchased by Heaton is not described.)

²²⁴ C. Leonard Heaton, "A Brief History of the Town of Moccasin, Arizona," op. cit. Heaton says Jonathan bought out his brother in 1893. He does not give the date the property came into the five brothers' hands, but this is reported in a newspaper article, "Arizona Strip Town Peopled by One Family."

²²⁵ Jonathan Heaton's first wife was Clarissa Amy Hoyt, whom he married on September 27, 1875. The couple had 15 children and maintained a home in Alton, Utah. He married Lucy Elizabeth Carroll on December 6, 1878. They lived in Moccasin, Arizona, and had 11 children.

²²⁶ C. Leonard Heaton, "A Brief History of the Town of Moccasin, Arizona," op. cit. Heaton's words are ironic given that when Mormons fled their new settlements in the area during the Navajo uprisings of the late 1860s, the Paiute had been entrusted to watch over Mormon gardens and fields.

²²⁷ Ibid.

²²⁸ The number of acres irrigated is cited in a letter from Assistant Secretary F. M. Goodwin to Attorney Samuel Herrick, July 5, 1921. The quote is from the March 1921 petition filed by residents of Moccasin requesting withdrawal of certain lands from the reservation.

²²⁹ "Arizona Strip Town Peopled By One Family," unidentified newspaper article, ca. 1940.

²³⁰ D. B. Morgan, letter to Senator Carl Hayden, March 16, 1921.

²³¹ While one newspaper report states only that his sons were given land, the fact that two sons-in-law also lived in Moccasin (last names Johnson and Brown), suggests that land was also given to two daughters.

²³² Ibid. Also in "Moccasin: One Family Town," Christian Science Monitor, February or March, 1941. National Park Service, Denver Service Center Library.

²³³ James A. Brown, "Report of Special Agent for Kaibab Indians, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the year 1903" (pp.329-330). Bureau of Indian Affairs, Phoenix, Arizona, Arizona v. California case exhibits file, ca. 1953. The Kaibab Agency was then based in Kanab, Utah.

²³⁴ Knack, 217. Smoot made his request in a letter of December 1, 1905.

²³⁵ Woodbury, 193.

²³⁶ Knack, 216.

²³⁷ Woodbury, 192.

²³⁸ Knack, 216-217.

²³⁹ An excellent resource for additional information about this period is Knack, op. cit.

²⁴⁰ File memorandum, Office of Indian Affairs, dated December 30, 1910, signature indecipherable.

²⁴¹ Cited in letter from Assistant Secretary F. M. Goodwin to Attorney Samuel Herrick, July 5, 1921. (A copy of Chubbuck's report has not been located.) This suggests one possible motive for the Church giving the Kaibab Paiute land and water at Moccasin Ranch, but it may not be the only one, given that the Indians were there first.

²⁴² Acting Commissioner A. F. Larrabey, letter to Secretary of the Interior, October 8, 1907.

²⁴³ Cited in letter from First Assistant Secretary James R. Garfield to Senator Reed Smoot, October 1908.

²⁴⁴ Ibid.

²⁴⁵ Cited by F. M. Goodwin, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, to Attorney Samuel Herrick, July 5, 1921.

²⁴⁶ When Churchill met with the "chief " of the San Juan Paiute at Willow Spring, about 12 miles from Tuba City, the Indian "insisted that all the Piutes [sic] needed from the Government was to be let alone." Their main fear was that they might be relocated to another location.

²⁴⁷ Ibid.

²⁴⁸ Ibid.

²⁴⁹ Their share of the water provided 1/6 of a second foot, according to the BIA's "History of [Kaibab] Reservation," 1938.

²⁵⁰ R. A. Ballinger, letter to Reed Smoot, Dec. 15, 1909. No copy of the petition has been located.

²⁵¹ Peter Iverson, "When Indians Became Cowboys," Montana, The Magazine of Western History," Winter 1995: 18-19.

²⁵² H. C. Means, report to W. H. Code, July 12, 1911.

²⁵³ Ibid., 5.

²⁵⁴ Ibid.

²⁵⁵ It might be possible to track down the informant's name by finding out who was the Kanab Stake President about 1911.

²⁵⁶ This "unknown man" may be the man Maxwell sold his claim to.

²⁵⁷ This report conflicts with other documentation that states the Church owned the 1/3 water rights prior to the United Order becoming involved at Moccasin. It is typical of a number of documents of this and later periods which attempt to trace the history of how the Indians obtained their rights to land and water at Moccasin.

²⁵⁸ Lorenzo D. Creel, report dated October 28, 1911. Cited in letter from Assistant Commissioner E. B. Meritt to E. A. Farrow, July 13, 1918. The date of the interview is unreported in Meritt's letter to Farrow.

²⁵⁹ G. A. Gutches, Letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, October 23, 1912. Cited in Knack, 225.

²⁶⁰ R. A. Ward, letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 5, 1912.

²⁶¹ Ibid., 3.

²⁶² Ibid., 4.

²⁶³ Ibid., 5.

²⁶⁴ C. F. Hauke, letter to Secretary of the Interior, May 1, 1912.

²⁶⁵ C. F. Hauke, letters to Secretary of the Interior, dated March 19 and 20, June 18, and July 16, 1913. The grazing fee for cattle in 1916 ranged from 75 cents to one dollar per head.

²⁶⁶ Copies of Executive Orders of June 11, 1913, July 17, 1917, and October 22, 1918; from BIA Office, St. George, Utah. File "Kaibab Realty: Cadastral Survey/Resurvey of Boundary."

²⁶⁷ F. H. Abbott, letter to Secretary of the Interior, July 2, 1913.

²⁶⁸ Ibid., 3.

²⁶⁹ The Department's withdrawal was later repeated when President Wilson issued Executive Order No. 2979 on October 22, 1918, revoking Executive Order No. 1786 of 1913 and restoring the public lands of Township 41, range 2 west, to settlement, location, sale and entry. It is unclear why Order No. 2979 was required or issued. Perhaps the earlier Departmental order was considered insufficient after the 1917 establishment of the permanent reservation.

²⁷⁰ A. A. Jones, letter to Clay Tallman, July 10, 1914.

²⁷¹ A. A. Jones, letter to Mulford Winsor, July 16, 1914.

²⁷² There was not enough housing provided at the Kaibab village for all the Kaibab Paiute in the area, so some had to live in nearby white communities.

²⁷³ Henry W. Dietz, "Report on Water Supply of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Arizona." November 1914: 2-3.

²⁷⁴ Ibid., 3-4.

²⁷⁵ Ibid., 12.

²⁷⁶ Ibid., 13.

²⁷⁷ The Kaibab Indian Reservation installed and maintained a fence around Moccasin Spring to keep animals away from the source of their water. Occasionally, animals (such as geese) would get into the enclosure and pollute the water supply. This was a serious concern of Dr. Farrow's in the early 1920s.

²⁷⁸ Ibid., 6.

²⁷⁹ Clay Tallman, letter to Secretary of the Interior, July 9, 1917. Lavender says that this did not affect private ownership of the Pipe Spring land.

²⁸⁰ Cato Sells, letter to Secretary Lane, June 16, 1917.

²⁸¹ Grazing leases document that cattlemen paid the Tribe 50 cents per head in 1913, 75 cents per head in 1916, and one dollar per head in 1917 for grazing privileges.

²⁸² Cato Sells, op. cit.

²⁸³ Ibid.

²⁸⁴ E. A. Farrow, letter to Jonathan Heaton, April 26, 1918.

²⁸⁵ Jonathan Heaton, letter to E. A. Farrow, May 6, 1918.

²⁸⁶ E. B. Meritt, letter to E. A. Farrow, July 13, 1918.

²⁸⁷ Ibid.

²⁸⁸ E. A. Farrow, letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, August 23, 1918.

²⁸⁹ E. B. Meritt, letter to E. A. Farrow, October 16, 1918. The copy made of this letter is extremely poor (too light) and portions are impossible to read.

²⁹⁰ E. A. Farrow, letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 27, 1919.

²⁹¹ E. A. Farrow, letter to Recorder of Mohave County, April 14, 1919.

²⁹² E. A. Farrow, letter to Arizona's Secretary of State, September 16, 1919.

²⁹³ E. A. Farrow, letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, January 18, 1921.

²⁹⁴ E. A. Farrow, letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, February 2, 1921.

²⁹⁵ Ibid.

²⁹⁶ This should not be interpreted as only a personal conflict however, for Farrow's arrival in November 1918 also immediately preceded the end of World War I and the beginning of an economic depression in the 1920s, which undoubtedly heightened competition for resources.

²⁹⁷ See Knack, 219-220. Historic correspondence reviewed by this author indicates that the total amount of land the Heaton's fought for was 3,000 acres plus the three 160- acre homesteads. Knack's summary implies that a total of 3,000 acres was claimed.

²⁹⁸ Charles C. Heaton, letter to Mr. John H. Page & Co., March 11, 1921 (Hayden Papers, ASU, Tempe, AZ).

²⁹⁹ "Reservation — Kaibab; Project — Kaibab" History of the Reservation, prepared in 1938. (BIA files, Branch of Water Resources, Phoenix, AZ).

³⁰⁰ D. B. Morgan of John H. Page & Co., letter to Senator Carl Hayden, September 22, 1922. (Hayden Papers, ASU, Tempe, AZ).

³⁰¹ Francis M. Goodwin, to Samuel Herrick, July 5, 1921. This correspondence refers to 3,000 acres as the aggregate amount the family filed on, which was over and above the 3 Heaton homestead claims. While several other documents use the 3,000-acre figure to describe the fenced lands, many documents - especially those later prepared by the Office of Indian Affairs - state the amount of fenced land was 4,000 acres. Some of Farrow's correspondence state 3,600 acres were fenced. Not knowing which of these figures is correct, the author has quoted all documents as they are written. In a letter dated September 13, 1922, from First Assistant Secretary E. C. Finney to Senator Carl Hayden, the 4,000 acre figure is used, for example (Hayden Papers, ASU, Tempe, AZ). It is used again in a November 24, 1922, letter from Commissioner Burke to the Secretary of the Interior.

³⁰² Charles H. Burke, letter to Secretary Fall, November 24, 1922. (Letter contains list of correspondence pertaining to the Heaton family and land disputes.) Also, F. M. Goodwin, letter to Samuel Herrick, July 5, 1921.

³⁰³ See Knack, 224-225.

³⁰⁴ See the oral history interview with Kaibab Paiute elder Lita Segmiller, born in 1925. Segmiller recalled "He was a man that stood up for the Indian people.... He saw to it that they got what was coming to them.... He was a good man." (Oral History Collection, Pipe Spring National Monument, Vol. III, p. G-20, draft version).

³⁰⁵ John W. Atwater, Inspector. "Inspection Report, Kaibab Agency and Schools," August 24-30, 1922.

³⁰⁶ Ibid.

³⁰⁷ Unidentified official, report to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Dec. 28, 1922. The last page of this report was not copied at the BIA archives in Ft. Duchesne, Utah, so the official's name is unknown.

³⁰⁸ Atwater, "Inspection Report."

³⁰⁹ Ibid.

³¹⁰ d'Azevedo, 389. Knack also reports the effects of the drought of the "Dust Bowl" era on local cattlemen: "Nearly all small ranchers went out of business until, by 1935, only the Heatons remained," she wrote (Knack, 225).

³¹¹ This was reported by Leonard Heaton in a January 5, 1934, letter to Frank Pinkley when the skeleton of Colvin's horse was discovered in the tunnel of tunnel spring. Heaton said Colvin lived at the fort from 1908-1914. This, along with photographs of the fort taken in 1908 by Charles C. Heaton, suggests that the Heatons may have taken possession prior to the formal sale of the property.

³¹² "Notes on Pipe Springs from Autobiography of W. S. Rust," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.

³¹³ Ibid.

³¹⁴ "Maida Rust Judd, Her Story," Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit. Written by her sister Mrs. E. A. Madsen of Sandy, Utah.

³¹⁵ Commissioner of the General Land Office, letter to Register and Receiver, Phoenix, Arizona, April 10, 1920 (Hayden Papers, ASU, Tempe, AZ). Although this letter is unsigned and without letterhead, other documentation (C. A. Engle, letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, May 15, 1924) confirms its origin and the exact date of rejection.

³¹⁶ John H. Page and Company, Public Land Specialists, Phoenix, Arizona.

³¹⁷ John H. Page to Charles C. Heaton, April 8, 1921.

³¹⁸ E. C. Finney's "Decision on Appeal from the General Land Office [etc.], June 6, 1921." Cited in Knack, 228.

³¹⁹ John H. Page, letter to Sen. Carl Hayden, August 25, 1921 (Hayden Papers, ASU, Tempe, AZ).

³²⁰ Senator Carl Hayden's secretary, letter to John H. Page, August 29, 1921 (Hayden Papers, ASU, Tempe, AZ).

³²¹ The letter was written on June 21, 1921, but no copy has been located.

³²² Senator Carl Hayden, letter to John H. Page, October 17, 1921 (Hayden Papers, ASU, Tempe, AZ).

³²³ This is noteworthy as another railroad company, this time the Union Pacific, would later play a key role promoting the creation of southern Utah and northern Arizona parks and monuments during the 1920s.

³²⁴ Barry Mackintosh, The National Parks: Shaping the System (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1991): 11-12.

³²⁵ Ibid., 14.

³²⁶ Paul Herman Buck, The Evolution of the National Park System of the United States. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946): 40.

³²⁷ John Ise, The National Park Service: 1916-1959. (New York: Arno Press, 1979): 186.

³²⁸ Albright and Mather were by no means the first pushing for the passage of the Organic Act. Early conservationists, Frederick Law Olmsted, the American Civic Association, the Sierra Club, and the General Federation of Women's Clubs were among the major supporters of the Act.

³²⁹ Albright left Washington, D.C., in June 1919 to become Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park; he held that post until January 1929. During the last two and one-half years at Yellowstone, he also served as Mather's Assistant Director in the field.

³³⁰ Alfred Runte, Trains of Discovery — Western Railroads and National Parks (Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart, Inc., 1990): 42.

³³¹ Lary M. Dilsaver, "Secretary Lane's Letter on National Park Management," in American's National Park System, The Critical Documents. (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1994): 51. Horace Albright is the actual author of this letter.

³³² Albright served in the position of director from January 12, 1929, to August 9, 1933.

³³³ Although a natural feature, Scott's Bluff National Monument at Gering, Nebraska, was the first historical monument established under the Park Service, proclaimed on December 12, 1919. This massive promontory was a landmark on the Oregon Trail.

³³⁴ Ise, 194. Cites Shankland's Steven Mather of the National Parks. Mather made his fortune in borax prior to his appointment as Park Service director.

³³⁵ Ise, 197.

³³⁶ Woodbury, 193.

³³⁷ Ibid.

³³⁸ Throughout the agrarian West, 1919 marked the onset of drought, the discontinuance of wartime spending, the elimination of wartime price supports, and the failure of overseas and domestic markets. Utah stock cows that sold for up to $70 a head in 1917 sold for $20 a head in 1920. Wool dropped from 60 cents per pound to less than 20 cents per pound. By the time the stock market crashed in October 1929, the total value of Utah livestock had plummeted to $22 million, down from $47 million in 1918 (Leonard J. Arrington, Utah's Audacious Stockman: Charlie Redd. Logan and Provo: Utah State University Press and the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies, 1995: 105-106).

³³⁹ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, for fiscal year ending June 30, 1920: 38. It is unknown if Mather attended the conference and dedication or made his comments from elsewhere. While it is doubtful there is a connection, it is worth noting that the date August 26, 1920, is the same date that Heaton sold one-third interest in Pipe Spring water to some cattlemen of Kane, Washington, and Iron counties.

³⁴⁰ Ibid., 39.

³⁴¹ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1923: 28.

³⁴² Ise, 242. Ise reported that he traveled this road in 1922 and recalled that he " nearly lost the trail at one point. Occasionally a tourist would get lost in the desert at this time and a few deaths were recorded."

³⁴³ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, for fiscal year ending June 30,1923: 9.

³⁴⁴ See Figures 16-18 in Clemensen's report, photos of the fort taken by Mather, now in the National Archives.

³⁴⁵ Clemensen, 31.

³⁴⁶ Keller and Turek, 71. Authors cite letter from Stephen T. Mather to C. Burke, June 6, 1921.

³⁴⁷ George W. P. Hunt served as U.S. minister to Siam 1920-1921, so was not the governor at this time. He was elected Arizona's governor for seven nonconsecutive terms between 1912-1932.

³⁴⁸ Clemensen, 31. See also Robert H. Keller's interview with Leonard and Edna Heaton, November 8, 1991. Leonard Heaton mistakenly reported this visit took place in 1922.

³⁴⁹ Robert H. Keller, interview with Leonard and Edna Heaton, November 8, 1991. The misspelling of Randall Jones as "Maranda" Jones has been corrected in this report.

³⁵⁰ At some point during the early 1920s, Jones became a representative of Union Pacific's parks department. No documentation has been located to indicate when this came about. In the Dudes are Always Right, the Utah Parks Company in Zion National Park, 1923-1972 (unpublished manuscript, 1980: 123). Dena S. Markoff includes a photograph of Randall Jones, noting that he was an early booster of Zion National Park, long-time photographer for Utah Parks Company, and also played an important role in finalizing plans for the Zion-Mt. Carmel Tunnel.

³⁵¹ Stephen T. Mather, letter to George A. Smith, January 18, 1922. Cited in Clemensen, 31.

³⁵² Described by George H. Smith, in a letter to Carl R. Gray, October 24, 1923.

³⁵³ George H. Smith, letter to Carl R. Gray, October 24, 1923 (Smith was the UP's attorney).

³⁵⁴ Utah Historian Charles S. Peterson informed the author that by 1912 Utah Governor William Spry was a full-fledged advocate of roads; his successor, Simon Bamberger (1916-1920), was less enthusiastic about "roads to rocks" but continued Spry's initiative.

³⁵⁵ Unsigned letter report, October 22, 1921.

³⁵⁶ Stephen T. Mather, letter to D. S. Spencer, November 28, 1921.

³⁵⁷ Horace M. Albright, letter to Stephen T. Mather, December 17, 1921.

³⁵⁸ "Minutes of the Governor's Committee on National Park Development in Utah" and attached memoranda, December 19, 1921.

³⁵⁹ "National Park Association in Utah Proposed," Deseret News, December 19, 1921.

³⁶⁰ "Highway System to Link Utah Parks Proposed," Deseret News, December 20, 1921.

³⁶¹ Ibid.

³⁶² "Zion Park and Cedar Breaks May be United," Deseret News, December 20, 1921.

³⁶³ Woodbury, 201.

³⁶⁴ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1924: 16.

³⁶⁵ "Southern Utah Counties Seek Primary Road," Deseret News, December 20, 1921.

³⁶⁶ Alfred Runte, "Pragmatic Alliance — Western Railroads and the National Parks, "(National Parks & Conservation Magazine (April 1974). In this article, Runte states that this awareness emerged after preservationists lost the 1908 battle to save Yosemite's Hetch Hetchy Valley.

³⁶⁷ Runte, 17.

³⁶⁸ Maury Klein, Union Pacific — The Rebirth, 1894-1969 (New York: Doubleday, 1990): 259.

³⁶⁹ Ibid.

³⁷⁰ Klein, 263.

³⁷¹ Ibid.

³⁷² Klein, 262.

³⁷³ Klein, 264

³⁷⁴ D. S. Spencer, "Zion - Our Newest National Park - And Other Southern Utah Scenic Attractions," The Union Pacific Magazine (January 1922): 31-32.

³⁷⁵ Ibid.

³⁷⁶ Ibid.

³⁷⁷ J. T. Hammond, Jr., memorandum to Utah Parks Company, November 28, 1923. It is uncertain if Hammond is using Oldroyd's correct title. Utah Historian Charles S. Peterson suggested to the author that Oldroyd may have instead held the chairmanship of the State Land Board.

³⁷⁸ Stephen T. Mather, letter to Charles B. Petty, April 13, 1922.

³⁷⁹ Stephen T. Mather, letter to W. W. Seegmiller, April 13, 1922.

³⁸⁰ Woodbury, 203.

³⁸¹ "Utah Construction Program of UP Involves $5,000,000," The Union Pacific Magazine, (November, 1922): 15.

³⁸² "Southern Utah Soon to See Development," Salt Lake Tribune, March 12, 1923.

³⁸³ In Mather's 1924 Report of the Director of the National Park Service, he states that the hotel was placed in operation in 1924.

³⁸⁴ "UP Officials Head New Corporation to Develop State," Deseret News, March 29, 1923.

³⁸⁵ "Offer Is Made For Bryce Land," Salt Lake Tribune, May 5, 1923.

³⁸⁶ The application was for purchase of "the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 36, township 36 south, range 4 west, Salt Lake meridian." (Salt Lake Tribune, May 5, 1923)

³⁸⁷ "C. of C. Disapproves U.P. Land Purchase," Deseret Evening News, May 14, 1923.

³⁸⁸ "Coast Seeks Delta Trade" Salt Lake Tribune, May 21, 1923. Charles S. Peterson informed the author that the main UP line went through Delta; the spur line was constructed to Fillmore, about 25-30 miles east of Delta. (Peterson's handwritten comments on draft manuscript, January 1999.)

³⁸⁹ "U.P. Has Big Utah Program," Salt Lake Tribune, May 23, 1923.

³⁹⁰ "Mabey Relates Facts of Trip," Salt Lake Tribune, May 24, 1923. The Lincoln Highway was a route that crossed into northern Utah, from Wyoming toward Ogden. This incident is typical of political infighting that occurred when different regions were competing for road dollars.

³⁹¹ Ibid.

³⁹² "Club Favors Sale of 40 acres at Bryce Canyon," Deseret News, May 25, 1923.

³⁹³ "Hotels to be Finished Soon," Salt Lake Tribune, May 28, 1923.

³⁹⁴ Randall L. Jones, letter to H. M. Adams, November 10, 1923.

³⁹⁵ Randall L. Jones, letter to H. M. Adams, December 19, 1923.

³⁹⁶ Randall L. Jones, letter to H. M. Adams, December 10, 1923.

³⁹⁷ Carl R. Gray, telegram to George H. Smith, November 22, 1923.

³⁹⁸ George H. Smith, "Memorandum of Facts, Utah Park Development," November 26, 1923.

³⁹⁹ Heber J. Grant, letter to Stephen T. Mather, May 12, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 32.

⁴⁰⁰ Heber J. Grant, letter to Stephen T. Mather, May 12, 1923. Cited in "A Brief Report on Pipe Spring National Monument As Reflected by the Early Files of That Area," 1943. (This report is filed under cover letter of October 22, 1943.)

⁴⁰¹ Stephen T. Mather, letter to Heber J. Grant, May 21, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 32.

⁴⁰² Stephen T. Mather, letter to Lafayette Hanchett, May 21, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 32.

⁴⁰³ Lafayette Hanchett, June 8, 1923. Cited in "A Brief Report on Pipe Spring National Monument As Reflected by the Early Files of That Area," 1943. It is unknown if Hanchett's letter was addressed to Mather or President Grant. (This report is filed under cover letter of October 22, 1943.)

⁴⁰⁴ A. E. Demaray, memorandum to Stephen T. Mather, May 23, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 33.

⁴⁰⁵ Charles H. Burke, memorandum to Hubert Work, May 28, 1923.

⁴⁰⁶ William Spry, memorandum to Arno B. Cammerer, May 23, 1923.

⁴⁰⁷ Knack, 228. Knack cites E. C. Finney's Decision on Appeal from the General Land Office, Re: Valentine Scrip Location, Phoenix 04907-K, June 6, 1921.

⁴⁰⁸ Stephen T. Mather, memorandum to Hubert Work, May 29, 1923.

⁴⁰⁹ Hubert Work, memorandum to President Warren G. Harding, May 29, 1923.

⁴¹⁰ Proclamation No. 1663, May 31, 1923.

⁴¹¹ In 1980, National Park Service Historian Berle Clemensen pieced together events that immediately followed the monument's establishment. Some of the information in this part of the history is drawn from his Historic Structure Report, History Data Section, Pipe Spring National Monument with supporting primary documentation referenced. Where primary documentation was available for this period, it was cross-referenced with Clemensen's history.

⁴¹² B. L. Vipond, memorandum to E. B. Meritt, June 7, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 33.

⁴¹³ A. E. Demaray, letter to Heber J. Grant, July 30, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 34.

⁴¹⁴ This is part of quote, cited in Part I of this report, taken from Dilsaver, 51.

⁴¹⁵ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, for fiscal year ending June 30, 1923: 14-15.

⁴¹⁶ Ibid., 45.

⁴¹⁷ National Park Service, Branch of History, "A Brief Report on Pipe Spring National Monument as Reflected by the Early Files of That Area," October 22, 1943 (attached to memorandum from Hillory A. Tolson to A. E. Demaray, October 22, 1943).

⁴¹⁸ Given the Arizona Strip's close historical and cultural ties to Utah, it is almost easy to forget that Pipe Spring fell under the political jurisdiction of Arizona. Attempts by the researcher to locate newspaper articles published about Pipe Spring in the Mohave Miner, local newspaper of Kingman, Arizona (the Mohave County seat), at the time of the monument's establishment were unsuccessful. It is possible that a search of Phoenix's Arizona Republic might turn up an article related to the event, or that Governor Hunt's official papers might contain some correspondence on the matter.

The vast majority of National Park Service records related to Pipe Spring, however, document that Mather was in much closer contact with Church and state officials in Utah on the matter than with those in Arizona. While Senator Hayden was very involved in trying to help Charles C. Heaton protect his ownership rights to Pipe Spring, a search of his official papers disclosed no correspondence related to the establishment of the monument. This is an area that could use some additional research.

⁴¹⁹ Roger W. Toll, letter to Arno B. Cammerer, November 8, 1932.

⁴²⁰ While it is not known for certain if Mather was aware of its plans, the company hardly kept it a secret, having written about their plans in their company magazine in January 1922, referenced earlier in this report.

⁴²¹ Knack, 225. Knack reports that nearly all the small ranchers went out of business until, by 1935, only the Heatons remained.

⁴²² Thomas C. Parker, letter to Director Horace Albright, June 6, 1933. The record of the discussion between Heaton and Demaray is referenced in the July 30, 1923, letter from Demaray to Grant.

⁴²³ While Albright correctly identifies some of the primary contributors toward Pipe Spring's purchase, he neglects to recognize the private citizens who made contributions. The Heatons, of course, also made a considerable contribution.

⁴²⁴ One source states that school sections could not be sold in less than a 40-acre tract, so it appears that Utah sold UP 40 acres with the "deal" that UP would then give back 19 of those acres to the state (land that comprised the canyon's rim). Thus one finds some news articles reporting that 40 acres were sold and others saying that 21 acres were sold. Both are in a sense correct, but it's important to know that UP did not end up with 40 acres.

⁴²⁵ "State Agrees to Sell Bryce Canyon Land to Railroad for Hotel Site," Deseret News, June 4, 1923, and "State to Keep Title to Land," Salt Lake Tribune, June 5, 1923. The first article contains the terms of the state's counterproposal.

⁴²⁶ The article goes on to describe that the two men were to travel from Salt Lake City to Lund, Cedar City, to Zion National Park, Pipe Spring National Monument, the North Rim, then north to Kanab, Bryce Canyon, Richfield and east to Hanksville, "pack train to the natural bridges," Bluff, and finally to Mesa Verde.

⁴²⁷ "Scenic Utah to be Viewed," Salt Lake Tribune, June 4, 1923.

⁴²⁸ Ibid.

⁴²⁹ "Governor Back From Road Trip," Salt Lake Tribune, June 4, 1923.

⁴³⁰ "State Officials Leave to View Park Hotel Site," Deseret News, June 1, 1923.

⁴³¹ Ibid. Colonel Samuel C. Lancaster worked for the Oregon Highway Dept. when the Columbia River Highway was built 1913-1922. See also Linda Flint McClelland, Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916-1942 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office 1993): 103. McClelland writes that this highway "established the state of the art for building scenic roads in mountainous areas." and that it would greatly influence the construction of park roads in the 1930s.

⁴³² "Bryce is Made U.S. Monument," Salt Lake Tribune, June 30, 1923.

⁴³³ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1924: 15.

⁴³⁴ Union Pacific advertising brochure, "President Harding and Zion National Park," undated; probably 1924.

⁴³⁵ "Bryce is Made U.S. Monument," Salt Lake Tribune, June 30, 1923.

⁴³⁶ Ise, 243. The author does not give the exact date.

⁴³⁷ "Hotel Begun at Zion Park," Salt Lake Tribune, June 30, 1923.

⁴³⁸ "State Offer for Bryce Land Sale Accepted by U.P.," Deseret Evening News, July 2, 1923.

⁴³⁹ "Bryce Hotel Now Assured," Salt Lake Tribune, July 3, 1923.

⁴⁴⁰ Bill of Sale, Union Pacific Archives. Syrett had built a small hotel and a number of tourist cabins at Bryce Canyon since 1919 on land he obtained from Utah under a grazing lease. While his lease expired in 1922 and was not renewed by the state, he did not abandon his improvements until the Utah Parks Company purchased them.

⁴⁴¹ B. J. Finch, "Report on Investigation of Routes in Southern Utah," undated and unsigned; investigation made June 19-23, 1923 (F. P. Farquhar Papers, Bancroft Library).

⁴⁴² Ibid.

⁴⁴³ "Southern Utah Soon to See Development, " Salt Lake Tribune, March 12, 1923. The Tribune refers to this section of road as part of the "Salt Lake-Grand Canyon highway" and indicates the improvement work was carried out in 1923.

⁴⁴⁴ Finch, "Report on Investigation of Routes in Southern Utah."

⁴⁴⁵ Ibid.

⁴⁴⁶ Ibid.

⁴⁴⁷ "Road Commissioners Favor Shorter Road, Zion Park to Bryce Canyon," Salt Lake Tribune, June 26, 1923.

⁴⁴⁸ This was reported in Woodbury, 206.

⁴⁴⁹ Francis P. Farquhar, letter to Jonathan Heaton, August 25, 1923 (F. P. Farquhar Papers, Bancroft Library).

⁴⁵⁰ Jonathan Heaton, note to Francis P. Farquhar, August 31, 1923 (F. P. Farquhar Papers, Bancroft Library).

⁴⁵¹ Francis P. Farquhar, letter to Charles Smith, July 4, 1947.

⁴⁵² In Keller's 1991 interview with Leonard Heaton, he was told that the Heaton brothers sold one-third of the water to the cattlemen, which included 15 or 20 different men.

⁴⁵³ Francis P. Farquhar. "Director Stephen T Mather and Party, Schedule of Trip to Zion National Park, North Rim, Bryce Canyon, and Cedar City, September 3 to 14, 1923" (F. P. Farquhar Papers, Bancroft Library).

⁴⁵⁴ Ibid. From Pipe Spring, Mather's party traveled back via the Kaibab Forest to the North Rim. On September 9 they parted company with Daniel Hull (who set out for El Tovar), heading north from Grand Canyon to Kanab. This time they did not make the detour to Pipe Spring, having concluded their business there on September 7. That evening in Kanab's Rust Highway Hotel, Mather, Harris, and Farquhar made remarks at a meeting of the Young People's Mutual Improvement Association, after which the Honorable James W. Good presented an oration, "Come, come, ye Saints," and "Utah, Star of the West." En route to Bryce Canyon the following day, the party briefly visited with the bishops of Mt. Carmel, Orderville, and Glendale (Sorenson, Carroll, and Hopkins, respectively). On September 10 and 11 Mather's party toured Bryce Canyon and Cedar Breaks, then returned to Cedar City by night train. The next day they attended "Old Home Celebration" and the official dedication of the Union Pacific's spur line to Cedar City. Mather took part in the ceremonies, which were held in the tabernacle, presided over by Randall L. Jones. An entire morning of oratory followed, presented by a host of local and state dignitaries; as well as Union Pacific officials from Los Angeles. Mather and Good also addressed those assembled. A belated train arrived at two o'clock. More speeches ensued, including one by Senator Reed Smoot. Finally, the Harding memorial golden rail was laid. Farquhar, probably worn quite thin at the end of nine long, hot days of auto touring and a day of speeches, wryly listed the VIPs in attendance: "President Heber J. Grant, President Ivins, Governor Charles R. Mabey, Vice-president Adams of the Union Pacific, Dan S. Spencer, District Forester R. H. Rutledge, President H. W. Lunt, General Sherman, Mr. Lancaster, Carl McStay; not to mention Dusty Rhodes and Goodrich Mudd." As he wound down his log of the day's events, Farquhar humorously remarked that the "Big wind from the orators brought on rain."

⁴⁵⁵ Francis P. Farquhar, letter to Amy Heaton, October 16, 1923 (F. P. Farquhar Papers, Bancroft Library). Myrtle White was Pipe Spring caretaker John White's wife.

⁴⁵⁶ President Grant had informed Mather in May 1923 that Heaton would sell the property for $5,000, as stated earlier in this report.

⁴⁵⁷ For a discussion of the economic and religious tensions between the idealistic Latter-day Saint settlers and Indians on Utah's southern frontier, see Charles S. Peterson's Take up Your Mission: Mormon Colonizing Along the Little Colorado River (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1973).

⁴⁵⁸ Stephen T. Mather, letter to Ole Bowman, December 10, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 35

⁴⁵⁹ Ole Bowman, letter to Stephen T. Mather, December 20, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 35.

⁴⁶⁰ Charles C. Heaton, letter to Heber J. Grant, December 18, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 36.

⁴⁶¹ Stephen T. Mather, telegram to Heber J. Grant, January 4, 1924. Cited in Clemensen, 36.

⁴⁶² Stephen T. Mather, letter to Charles C. Heaton, February 11, 1924.

⁴⁶³ There is no copy of this letter on file; it is referenced in Mather's letter of March 13 and in Clemensen, 36.

⁴⁶⁴ The documentation that describes what the adjustment consisted of has not been located. Fall's adjustment is referred to by Keller and Turek, 73, with no citation or detail given. It apparently excluded the Pipe Spring tract given that Heaton was asking for a new public water reserve to be established.

⁴⁶⁵ Stephen T. Mather to Charles Burke, March 13, 1924. Cited in Clemensen, 37.

⁴⁶⁶ In a later report, Engle writes this section of land was known as "Pasture 2." C. A. Engle, report to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, May 14, 1924. Engle is not saying Farrow had developed tunnel spring, only that he had improved Pasture 2.

⁴⁶⁷ This date is inconsistent with the date of August 26, 1920, given by Charles C. Heaton at the September 7, 1923, Pipe Spring meeting when terms of agreement for sale were made with Mather.

⁴⁶⁸ C. A. Engle, letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, May 13, 1924.

⁴⁶⁹ Ibid.

⁴⁷⁰ The first coincidence (if it indeed was one) has already been mentioned: that the date of E. C. Finney's denial of Heaton's application and the date that Stephen T. Mather wrote to Commissioner Burke about his interest in making Pipe Spring a national monument were the same - June 6, 1921.

⁴⁷¹ C.A. Engle, letter to Commisioner of Indian Affairs, May 14, 1924.

⁴⁷² Stephen T. Mather, letter to Charles C. Heaton, May 25, 1924.

⁴⁷³ Frank Pinkley, letter report to Stephen T. Mather, June 13, 1924.

⁴⁷⁴ Ibid.

⁴⁷⁵ Memorandum of Agreement, June 9, 1924.

⁴⁷⁶ These names were listed in a rider to the water rights record for tunnel spring. Findlay's name was misspelled "Finlay" in this list, Bulloch was misspelled "Bullock," and Lehi was misspelled "Lehigh." That record was taken from a undated, hand-written note in the NPS Water Rights Division files for Pipe Spring. The latter indicated that the Sorenson ownership passed to Leonard Heaton some time prior to May 1937. These names are also included in the Robert H. Rose report, September 19, 1933.

⁴⁷⁷ Frank Pinkley, letter report to Stephen T. Mather, June 13, 1924.

⁴⁷⁸ Arno B. Cammerer, letter to Frank Pinkley, June 20, 1924 (text cited in full).

⁴⁷⁹ Francis M. Goodwin, letter to Attorney General, June 25, 1924

⁴⁸⁰ Knack, 221.

⁴⁸¹ Stephen T. Mather, letter to Charles C. Heaton, July 2, 1924.

⁴⁸² Stephen T. Mather, letter to Hubert Work, October 15, 1924.

⁴⁸³ Hubert Work, letter to Stephen T. Mather, October 23, 1924.

⁴⁸⁴ Keller, 8.

⁴⁸⁵ It is not known when or how he came by this information.

⁴⁸⁶ Heber S. Grant, letter to Leonard Heaton, October 10, 1933.

⁴⁸⁷ One might be safe in assuming that McIntyre and Whitmore were related to the two men slain in 1865 at Pipe Spring; what interest the other small donors had the monument's establishment, or who they were, is unknown to the author.

⁴⁸⁸ Robert A. Burns, letter to Jonathan Heaton, May 7, 1926.

⁴⁸⁹ Stephen T. Mather, letter to Charles C. Heaton, March 13, 1924.

⁴⁹⁰ Ibid.

⁴⁹¹ John White to Stephen Mather, November 16, 1923; Stephen Mather to Charles C. Heaton, November 24, 1923; Stephen Mather to Charles C. Heaton, February 11, 1924; Frank Pinkley to Stephen Mather, June 28, 1924; A. E. Demaray to Frank Pinkley, July 9, 1924. All cited in Clemensen, 38-39.

⁴⁹² Stephen T. Mather, letter to Carl Gray, October 9, 1923 (F. P. Farquhar Papers, Bancroft Library).

⁴⁹³ "Mather Details Possibilities of Southern Utah Attractions," Salt Lake Tribune, December 9, 1924.

⁴⁹⁴ The story of the Rockville cutoff is long and very involved. Mather played a critical role in getting it constructed. For details, see 1924 correspondence from Union Pacific archives.

⁴⁹⁵ "Southwest Circle Tour Roads and Bridges," U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Government Printing Office, 1994.

⁴⁹⁶ "Highways in Harmony: Southwest Circle Tour Roads and Bridge," U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Government Printing Office, 1994.

⁴⁹⁷ The Virgin River Bridge was still under construction at the end of 1924.

⁴⁹⁸ Stephen T. Mather, telegram to D. S. Spencer, April 29, 1924. Attached to D. S. Spencer report to H. M. Adams, May 1, 1924.

⁴⁹⁹ Randall Jones, letter to H. M. Adams, July 14, 1924.

⁵⁰⁰ "2 Zion Park Road Connections Are to be Improved," Deseret News, July 18, 1924. See also "Parks Committee Assures Finances for Road Programs," Deseret News, July 18, 1924.

⁵⁰¹ "$200,000 Will Be Spent in 1925 in Advertising Southern Utah Wonders," Salt Lake Tribune, November 25, 1924.

⁵⁰² Ibid. Union Pacific must have purchased these in 1924, as they offered their first circle tour that year.

⁵⁰³ "Mather Details Possibilities of Southern Utah Attractions," Salt Lake Tribune, December 9, 1924. No reference is made in this article to Pipe Spring National Monument, which printed only excerpts of Mather's annual report.

⁵⁰⁴ Report of the Secretary of the Interior, fiscal year 1928: 5.

⁵⁰⁵ Ise, 243.

⁵⁰⁶ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1930: 174, 177.

⁵⁰⁷ Ibid., 173.

⁵⁰⁸ Most tourism began there after the Santa Fe Railroad built a spur line to Williams, Arizona in 1901 and constructed the El Tovar Hotel in 1904.

⁵⁰⁹ W. W. Wylie first established Wylie camps in Yellowstone National Park. "Wylie Way" camps were later established at Zion and the North Rim of the Grand Canyon and operated by permit through 1922. These camps were the forerunners of the later lodge system.

⁵¹⁰ The word "stage" was used to denote rail travel during the 1920s. In the case of travel in southern Utah and northern Arizona, travel was a combination of rail (to Cedar City) and motor coach (bus) travel.

⁵¹¹ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1924: 43.

⁵¹² Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1925: 127.

⁵¹³ "Notes of C. Leonard Heaton on Pipe Springs National Monument" [Heaton Journal] January 1928. Heaton began to keep a monthly journal in early 1928, which became almost a daily journal beginning in February. He continued this only through May 1928. (He did send monthly reports to Pinkley, however, and Pinkley then excerpted portions of Heaton's remarks for his own monthly reports to the director.) Heaton did not resume his journal keeping until October 1935. From that point on, he maintained a daily journal until his retirement in September 1964.

⁵¹⁴ Heaton Journal, February 1928.

⁵¹⁵ Heaton Journal, May 23, 1928.

⁵¹⁶ The monument has also in its collection film footage of the men at Pipe Spring that day (Andrea Bornemeier, review comment to Kathleen L. McKoy, July 1999).

⁵¹⁷ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1929: 50, 159. Most of the southwestern national monuments have only estimated visitation figures reported in the annual reports.

⁵¹⁸ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1930: 78.

⁵¹⁹ The road was also designated State Highway 40 at some point.

⁵²⁰ Linda Flint McClelland, Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916-1942. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1993.

⁵²¹ Heaton reported Coolidge was 510 driving miles from Pipe Spring in the 1930s.

⁵²² Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1923: 82.

⁵²³ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1929: 155.

⁵²⁴ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1926: 153.

⁵²⁵ As mentioned in Part II, Charles C. Heaton unofficially oversaw White's activities.

⁵²⁶ Frank Pinkley, monthly report to Stephen Mather, August 1, 1925. Cited in Clemensen, 41.

⁵²⁷ Stephen T. Mather to Frank Pinkley, September 8, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 38. It is unknown if he followed Mather's advice, but no documentation has been located that indicates restoration funds were ever received from the State of Arizona.

⁵²⁸ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, November 5, 1923. Cited in Clemensen, 38. It is not known is meant by "provide experience with local materials and labor." Perhaps Pinkly wanted local workmen to gain experience on the secondary buildings prior to employing them on any fort restoration work. (Original report unavailable.)

⁵²⁹ Attached to an October 22, 1943, memorandum to Associate Director Arthur B. Demaray, is a report on early monument files which notes the following of Pinkley's role in the restoration of the monument's historic buildings: "Mr. Pinkley's advice appears to have been sound, but the restoration work went forward without any qualified historical or architectural supervision."

⁵³⁰ "Questions on History of Pipe Spring Answered by Dilworth Woolley," cited in Clemensen, 61.

⁵³¹ Clemensen, 61.

⁵³² Clemensen, 40.

⁵³³ Heaton Journal, February 8, 1961.

⁵³⁴ Grant Heaton reported that Leonard attended his last years of high school in St. George and believed he graduated but did not mention any college. Interview by Kathleen L. McKoy, September 27, 1997. A letter from Paul R. Franke to Hugh Miller dated July 18, 1955, states that Heaton attended several years of college at Brigham Young University.

⁵³⁵ Leonard Heaton, letter to Mrs. J. Groesbeck, May 23, 1961; reference to having worked in 1925 and to the horse "Snake" in Heaton Journal, February 8, 1961. No documentation has been found that suggests any prior "deal" was made to hire Heaton when the government acquired the property from his father, Charles C. Heaton. If there had been such an understanding, the Park Service would not have needed White to stay on as long as he did.

⁵³⁶ He did not get the title of Custodian until 1932.

⁵³⁷ "In 1926 February 8, I came to Pipe Spring to look after the monument for the National Park Service, for the privilege of operating a service station and lunch counter. This I did for four years." Leonard Heaton, letter to Mrs. J. Groesbeck, May 23, 1961. (In the 1991 Keller interview, Heaton reported he operated the store "for about five years.")

⁵³⁸ Frank Pinkley, letter report to Stephen T. Mather, May 3, 1926.

⁵³⁹ Grant Heaton, interview by Kathleen L. McKoy, September 27, 1997.

⁵⁴⁰ A handwritten note on the accompanying memo to Acting Director Arno B. Cammerer stated "No permit issued to Leonard Heaton in 1932. H.H."

⁵⁴¹ Grant Heaton, interview by Gaylan Hoyt, August 8, 1998.

⁵⁴² Commenting on a draft of this manuscript, Utah Historian Charles S. Peterson pointed out that local ranchers, traders, and tour guides were frequently necessary points of access to remote areas of the Four Corners region. At Hubbell Trading Post, John Lorenzo Hubble and his son Lorenzo played a role similar to the role of the Heatons at Pipe Spring; so did Zeke Johnson, caretaker at Natural Bridges National Monument (Charles S. Peterson, review comments, attached to letter to Superintendent John Hiscock, January 28, 1999).

⁵⁴³ Bob Keller, "Interview Between Dr. Bob Keller and Leonard and Edna Heaton, Pipe Spring National Monument, Moccasin, Arizona," November 8, 1991: 4.

⁵⁴⁴ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1929.

⁵⁴⁵ Keller, 12.

⁵⁴⁶ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1926: 154.

⁵⁴⁷ Frank Pinkley, letter report to Stephen T. Mather, October 1, 1926.

⁵⁴⁸ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Stephen T. Mather, March 1, 1928. See letter for more detail on work involved.

⁵⁴⁹ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, March 1, 1927. Cited in Clemensen, 46.

⁵⁵⁰ For details see Clemensen, 43-44.

⁵⁵¹ This site is also spelled "Bull Rush Wash" in old reports and correspondence.

⁵⁵² Clemensen, 51. Clemensen does not cite his source for this information.

⁵⁵³ Leonard Heaton, interview by Berle Clemensen, January 24, 1980. Cited in Clemensen, 51.

⁵⁵⁴ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, February 24, 1936.

⁵⁵⁵ Keller, 18-19.

⁵⁵⁶ Other documentation suggests the Heatons lived only on the second floor of the upper house in the first years.

⁵⁵⁷ Grant Heaton, interview by Kathleen L. McKoy, September 27, 1997.

⁵⁵⁸ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Horace M. Albright, March 10, 1930.

⁵⁵⁹ Leonard Heaton, quoted by M. O. Evanstad, letter report to Horace M. Albright, November 13, 1930.

⁵⁶⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, July 31, 1933.

⁵⁶¹ Southwestern Monument Monthly Report, for January, March, May 1928. Also Leonard Heaton's Journals for 1928: February 21, 23; March 11, 21, 27; April 23.

⁵⁶² Clemensen states the work was completed by March, but Heaton's reports for this period indicate otherwise (see endnote 44).

⁵⁶³ Clemensen, 53.

⁵⁶⁴ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Stephen T. Mather, June 1, 1928.

⁵⁶⁵ Frank Pinkley, letter report to Stephen T. Mather, September 5, 1928.

⁵⁶⁶ Frank Pinkley, memorandum to Stephen T. Mather, August 14, 1926; Leonard Heaton to Frank Pinkley, September 12, 1926; Leonard Heaton to Frank Pinkley, April 29, 1927; interview of Leonard Heaton by Berle Clemensen, January 24, 1980. All cited in Clemensen, 53.

⁵⁶⁷ Clemensen, 58.

⁵⁶⁸ Harry Langley, letter to Charles E. Peterson, March 21, 1930. Langley describes Ruestch as "a native who has not only visited the Monument but has lived there" (Harry Langley, letter to Charles E. Peterson, March 21, 1930). It is unknown under what conditions Ruetsch "lived" at Pipe Spring; perhaps he was a caretaker at one time for a prior owner.

⁵⁶⁹ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report Horace M. Albright, September 5, 1929.

⁵⁷⁰ Three years later, Frank Pinkley wrote in a May 7, 1935, letter to Director Arno B. Cammerer that Heaton's position at that time was "Laborer, Grade 4," annual salary, $1,200.

⁵⁷¹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, December 22, 1932.

⁵⁷² The Heaton children were born in the following order: Kezia Maxine, June 16, 1927; Charles Clawson, November 20, 1928; Dear R., July 29, 1930; Leonard P., August 12, 1932; Lowell H., April 9, 1934; Sherwin, November 10, 1936; Gary A., August 14, 1939; Olive, November 21, 1942; Claren Robertson, June 24, 1944; and Millicent, May 20, 1947 (genealogical data provided by monument staff).

⁵⁷³ Leonard Heaton, letter to Mrs. J. Groesbeck, May 23, 1961.

⁵⁷⁴ Ibid.

⁵⁷⁵ Heaton Journal, September 29, 1941.

⁵⁷⁶ Southwestern Monument Monthly Report, December 1932.

⁵⁷⁷ Ibid.

⁵⁷⁸ Ibid.

⁵⁷⁹ Birds mentioned in Leonard Heaton's journal include the Green-tailed Towhee, Gambel quail, Nevada savanna sparrow, English song sparrows, robin, meadowlark, killdeer, crow, seagull, red-breasted nuthatches, long-tailed Chat, Clark nutcracker, junco, Canyon wren, Gambel sparrow, black birds, finches, shrike, sage thrasher, spotted robin, Western Vesper sparrow, flycatcher, kingfisher, Burid sparrow, Deseret sparrow hawk, horn finches, "Scarpner," woodpeckers, golden eagles, red-shafted flicker, vermilion flycatcher.

⁵⁸⁰ Reptiles notes are the Stephegers blue-bellied lizard, tiger lizard, blow snake, king snake, spotted night snake, Kingmakers, and the ever-present rattlesnake.

⁵⁸¹ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley in letter report to Horace M. Albright, August 5, 1931. Heaton reported that the rattlesnakes particularly liked the west cabin that summer.

⁵⁸² Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley in letter report to Horace M. Albright, June 6, 1932.

⁵⁸³ The store is shown on a number of maps, including NM/PS-4933, dated December 1933, and NM/PS-4941, dated April 1936. Both identify the building as "stone store building." Leonard Heaton also shows it in a 1932 hand-sketched map, identified as "house."

⁵⁸⁴ In a 1961 letter Heaton reported he operated the store for four years. Leonard Heaton, letter to Mrs. J. Groesbeck, May 23, 1961.

⁵⁸⁵ According to Grant Heaton, Maggie Heaton (wife of Charles C. Heaton) also owned and operated a small store in Moccasin, which still stands.

⁵⁸⁶ Grant Heaton, interview by Kathleen L. McKoy, September 27, 1997.

⁵⁸⁷ Keller, 1.

⁵⁸⁸ Warren Mayo, interview by David E. Ruppert and Kathleen L. McKoy, March 25, 1997.

⁵⁸⁹ Lita Segmiller, interview by David E. Ruppert and Kathleen L. McKoy, March 25, 1997.

⁵⁹⁰ Ibid.

⁵⁹¹ Ibid.

⁵⁹² Ibid.

⁵⁹³ Ibid.

⁵⁹⁴ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley in letter report to Horace M. Albright, September 4, 1930.

⁵⁹⁵ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley in letter report to Horace M. Albright, November 5, 1931.

⁵⁹⁶ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley in letter report to Horace M. Albright, August 1932.

⁵⁹⁷ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley in letter report to Horace M. Albright, October 1, 1932.

⁵⁹⁸ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, October 24, 1933. It is not known where roundups were held this year or in later ones. The year had been very dry resulting in poor grazing conditions. Most of the cattlemen planned to sell most of their stock that fall, figuring on significant losses if the winter brought snow. (Heaton's monthly report for September 1933.)

⁵⁹⁹ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley in letter report to Horace M. Albright, December 2, 1931.

⁶⁰⁰ The Mutual Improvement Association (MIA) was a Church-sponsored group for girls and young women divided by age: the youngest were the Beehive Girls (ages 12-13), the MIA Maids (ages 14-15), and the Gleaner Girls (16 and older), now referred to as the Laurels. (LaVina Heaton, oral communication to Debra Judd, August 1999.)

⁶⁰¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, July 26, 1933.

⁶⁰² Heaton Journal, April 17, 1949. On Easter Sunday, had "about 20 cars & 70 or more people out to picnic..." One of the visitors was Mrs. Elvira Winsor Jahovac, great great granddaughter of Bishop A. P. Winsor.

⁶⁰³ Heaton Journal, May 17, 1941.

⁶⁰⁴ Leonard Heaton, "Guide for Lecture to Visitors," undated, ca. 1945. The campground at that time was located southeast of the fort, below the road that passed through the monument. That would have put the Heaton brothers' pond approximately in the location used today as a vegetable garden.

⁶⁰⁵ Ibid., 4.

⁶⁰⁶ Ibid.

⁶⁰⁷ Grant Heaton, interview by Kathleen L. McKoy, September 27, 1997.

⁶⁰⁸ Heaton, "Guide for Lecture to Visitors," 4.

⁶⁰⁹ Ibid.

⁶¹⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, January 7, 1932. Horace Albright didn't particularly care for all these chickens running around the monument; he requested that Heaton keep them away from the fort.

⁶¹¹ Leonard Heaton wrote to Frank Pinkley on June 19, 1931, "...will spend the next 4 weeks catching fawn." According to Grant Heaton, Leonard captured fawn then raised them for a time before selling them to the Forest Service. (This was common practice in Fredonia at the time, monument staff informed the author.) Frequently a few of the captured fawn would die before Heaton could sell them.

⁶¹² Many of these landscape features are shown on sketch map of the monument prepared in 1932 by Leonard Heaton. That map is included in Part IV of this report.

⁶¹³ Clemensen, 42.

⁶¹⁴ Frank Pinkley, letter report to Stephen T. Mather January 1, 1928: "[Heaton] has been working on the road west of the monument which goes to Zion National Park. Some money is being expended on this road ...as it is one of the weakest links in the chain of roads north of the Grand Canyon."

⁶¹⁵ Using a historic photograph in the monument's collection, Landscape Architect Peggy Froeschauer Nelson identified the original location of the watering holes during a 1997 Cultural Landscape Inventory of the fort's landscape.

⁶¹⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, April 1, 1928. The location of the new stock watering holes has yet to be determined.

⁶¹⁷ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Stephen T. Mather, September 5, 1928.

⁶¹⁸ Leonard Heaton, quoted by M. O. Evenstad, letter report Horace M. Albright, August 6, 1929.

⁶¹⁹ Leonard Heaton, quoted by M. O. Evenstad, letter report Horace M. Albright, July 10, 1929.

⁶²⁰ The earliest camping areas are not shown on any maps located to date.

⁶²¹ When Park Service official Harry Langley made the first proposal to construct a formal campground at PISP in late 1933, this was the general area he suggested be used. His report will be referenced later.

⁶²² Leonard Heaton, quoted by M. O. Evenstad, letter report Horace M. Albright, August 6, 1929.

⁶²³ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Director, December 3, 1929.

⁶²⁴ Leonard Heaton, letter report to Frank Pinkley, May 26, 1932.

⁶²⁵ Since all of the published tours in 1929 going from southern Utah to the North Rim state that tours were to travel the Zion-Mt. Carmel Highway, and the tour season began June 1, it suggests that the road may have been opened to UP travel prior to its official opening.

⁶²⁶ Klein, 267.

⁶²⁷ Leonard Heaton kept a journal for part of 1928, then did not resume keeping it until October 1935.

⁶²⁸ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Horace M. Albright, February 10, 1930.

⁶²⁹ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Horace M. Albright, March 10, 1930.

⁶³⁰ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Horace M. Albright, April 10, 1930.

⁶³¹ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Horace M. Albright, July 16, 1930.

⁶³² Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley, letter report to Horace M. Albright, August 13, 1930.

⁶³³ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley in letter report to Horace M. Albright, July 6, 1932.

⁶³⁴ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1930: 180.

⁶³⁵ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, for fiscal years ending 1931 and 1932: 114 and 88, respectively.

⁶³⁶ Ibid., 173.

⁶³⁷ "A New Highway...Through a Mountain!" Union Pacific Archives, Utah Parks Company collection.

⁶³⁸ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1930: 78.

⁶³⁹ National Park Service. "Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks, Utah," 1930.

⁶⁴⁰ Leonard Heaton, quoted by Frank Pinkley in letter report to Horace M. Albright, October 1, 1932.

⁶⁴¹ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1923: 20.

⁶⁴² Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 30, 1929: 156.

⁶⁴³ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, for fiscal year ending June 30, 1926: 7.

⁶⁴⁴ During the early 1930s, Park Service officials responding to media inquiries about Pipe Spring often referred them to Heaton for detailed information. Thus, newspaper or magazine articles also repeated the history as the monument's caretaker then told it.

⁶⁴⁵ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 25, 1935.

⁶⁴⁶ Note believed to have been attached to letter from Frank Pinkley to A. E. Demaray, January 22, 1931. (Rest of letter missing.)

⁶⁴⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 24, 1933.

⁶⁴⁸ In a letter dated January 10, 1941, Heaton reported uncovering a double burial while digging trenches for the sewer system. In this case, he placed the bones back in the trench, covered them up and notified Superintendent Miller at Southwestern National Monuments.

⁶⁴⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, May 24, 1933.

⁶⁵⁰ Grant Heaton, interview by Kathleen L. McKoy, September 27, 1997.

⁶⁵¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 25, 1935.

⁶⁵² Grant Heaton, interview by Kathleen L. McKoy, September 27, 1997.

⁶⁵³ Southwestern Monument Monthly Report, June 1933.

⁶⁵⁴ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 24, 1933.

⁶⁵⁵ Leonard Heaton, cited in George A. Moskey, letter to Leonard Heaton, July 29, 1933.

⁶⁵⁶ Ibid.

⁶⁵⁷ Lafayette Hanchett, letter to John D. Giles, December 10, 1930; and E. T. Scoyen, letter to Horace M. Albright, December 28, 1930.

⁶⁵⁸ Horace M. Albright, letter to E. T. Scoyen, January 5, 1931.

⁶⁵⁹ Frank Pinkley, letter to Horace M. Albright, January 22, 1931.

⁶⁶⁰ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, March 1933.

⁶⁶¹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, June 19, 1931. It appears that the reason for Charles C. Heaton's trip was to confer with officials on the water crisis at Pipe Spring (see Part IV).

⁶⁶² George Albert Smith, letter to Arno B. Cammerer, August 10, 1933. (Smith was also one of the Church's Council of Twelve; he succeeded Heber J. Grant as Church President in 1945.)

⁶⁶³ The original text proposed for the plaque contained another sentence added at this point: "The Washington County Militia recovered the bodies and seven Indians were killed." It is unknown why the association had this statement omitted from the marker when it was cast.

⁶⁶⁴ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, September 7, 1933.

⁶⁶⁵ Leonard Heaton. "Historical [sic] and Facts Pertaining to Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," 4-5.

⁶⁶⁶ Leonard Heaton, "Some Early History of Pipe Spring National Monument," Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report Supplement, April 1936: 300.

⁶⁶⁷ See Part II of this report for information regarding this agreement.

⁶⁶⁸ Edgar A. Farrow, letter to Charles H. Burke, January 7, 1925.

⁶⁶⁹ A discussion of Engle's report is included in Part II.

⁶⁷⁰ The district's Supervising Engineer, L. M. Holt, stated in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs of February 20, 1934, that "it has not been definitely determined whether the many dry years have reduced the flow of the Springs, or whether the development of water above may have reduced their flow." Thus, the 10-year drought could have been to blame for the decrease in spring flow rather than the Heatons' activities.

⁶⁷¹ Edgar A. Farrow, letter to Charles H. Burke, January 29, 1925.

⁶⁷² Ibid. Although Charles Heaton was the legal owner of this property, it is apparent from this conversation that Jonathan Heaton was still in large part in control of what went on in Moccasin.

⁶⁷³ The white population of Moccasin in 1921 was 39; by the early 1940s it had reached 63. The Indian population remained larger than the white population, increasing from 73 in 1906 to 94 in 1926.

⁶⁷⁴ Edgar A. Farrow, letter to Charles H. Burke, January 27, 1926.

⁶⁷⁵ E. B. Meritt, letter to Edgar A. Farrow, February 26, 1926.

⁶⁷⁶ Charles S. Peterson noted that Leo A. Snow made the original recommendation that later led to the establishment of Mukuntuweap National Monument (later, Zion National Park) after his General Land Office survey of the area (Peterson's handwritten comments on draft manuscript, January 1999).

⁶⁷⁷ Leo A. Snow, letter report to Edgar A. Farrow, September 1, 1926.

⁶⁷⁸ Ibid.

⁶⁷⁹ Ibid.

⁶⁸⁰ C. A. Engle, letter to E. A Farrow, November 2, 1926.

⁶⁸¹ Henry W. Dietz, "Report on Water Supply of the Kaibab Reservation, Arizona," November 1914: 6.

⁶⁸² For information about these other controversial areas see Martha C. Knack, "Interethnic Competition at Kaibab during the early Twentieth Century."

⁶⁸³ It appears from correspondence during this period that at least in the early 1930s, a Mr. Hanrion was in charge of overseeing day-to-day operations at the reservation.

⁶⁸⁴ This visit is reported in American Indians & National Parks, Robert H. Keller and Michael F. Turek, (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998): 77.

⁶⁸⁵ Ibid.

⁶⁸⁶ T. N. Neske to Charles H. Burke, August 15, 1928. Cited in Keller and Turek, 77.

⁶⁸⁷ Collier was a vigorous and unrelenting critic of the prevailing belief that Indians should be assimilated into the "superior" white society. For additional information on John Collier's remarkable role as reformer, see Lawrence C. Kelly's "John Collier and the Indian New Deal: An Assessment," in Jane F. Smith and Robert M. Kvasnicka, eds. Indian-White Relations, A Persistent Paradox (Washington D.C.: Howard University Press, 1976): 227-241.

⁶⁸⁸ E. B. Meritt, letter to Secretary of the Interior, August 24, 1926. Other sources indicate the Indians' cooperative cattle business was fairly successful during this period.

⁶⁸⁹ See Parts I and II of this report for references to these three reports and full citations.

⁶⁹⁰ Holt was based in Salt Lake City and in charge of District 2 since 1931.

⁶⁹¹ J. Henry Scattergood, letter to Horace M. Albright, August 30, 1929. A copy of Holt's report has not been located.

⁶⁹² Arno B. Cammerer, letter to Charles J. Rhoads, September 12, 1929.

⁶⁹³ Charles J. Rhoads, letter to Horace M. Albright, September 30, 1929.

⁶⁹⁴ Frank Pinkley, letter to Horace M. Albright, October 10, 1929.

⁶⁹⁵ Ibid.

⁶⁹⁶ Ibid.

⁶⁹⁷ By time-division, Pinkley meant arranging for the monument to use the whole spring output during the day, "when we have visitors," and letting the Indian Service use it from night until morning, "when we can best spare it."

⁶⁹⁸ It is uncertain if the correct spelling is Sorenson or Sornson, which is the way Leonard Heaton spelled it. The former spelling was used as Ben Sorenson was a member of the cattlemen's association that watered stock at Pipe Spring.

⁶⁹⁹ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, April 23, 1931.

⁷⁰⁰ In this account, it is stated that the Heatons had 3,000 acres of reservation land enclosed by their fences, as opposed to the 4,000 acres referenced in other reports. All of this land had been enclosed while the land was still public domain, i.e., prior to 1907. Rhoads states that the 3,000 acres included the three homestead claims of Charles, Lucy, and Fred Heaton for which patents were issued. This also is a discrepancy with other documentation.

⁷⁰¹ Charles J. Rhoads, letter to the Secretary of the Interior, April 15, 1931.

⁷⁰² This event is fully chronicled in Part II.

⁷⁰³ Charles J. Rhoads, letter to the Secretary of the Interior, April 15, 1931. No Park Service records of this meeting have been located.

⁷⁰⁴ George C. Coggins, Public Natural Resources Law. (New York: Clark Boardman Company, Ltd., 1990): 4-41. See also Charles J. Meyers, Water Resource Management — A Coursebook in Law and Public Policy. (Mineola, NY: The Foundation Press, Inc. 1980): 201-205.

⁷⁰⁵ E. C. Finney, letter to Secretary of the Interior, May 6, 1931.

⁷⁰⁶ Charles J. Rhoads, letter to Edgar A. Farrow, May 21, 1931.

⁷⁰⁷ Frank Pinkley, letter to Thomas Vint, May 18, 1931.

⁷⁰⁸ Frank Pinkley, letter to Horace M. Albright, June 18, 1931.

⁷⁰⁹ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, June 20, 1931.

⁷¹⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, June 10, 1931.

⁷¹¹ Later documentation shows that Heaton's visit was successful in that he gained the support in his cause of George A. Smith, second in power to Heber J. Grant. There may be other reasons he went to Salt Lake City other than to seek out Smith's support. Although more research would need to be conducted to substantiate this, this researcher has the impression that most of the money privately raised to purchase Pipe Spring came not from local ranchers at all, but from men with Salt Lake City — and probably Church — connections. It was because southern Utah ranchers did not contribute to the fund that Charles Heaton had to come up with the extra $500.

⁷¹² Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, January 7, 1932.

⁷¹³ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, January 14, 1932.

⁷¹⁴ Chief Clerk, letter to Frank Pinkley, February 9, 1933. Later correspondence indicates this position was Grade 4.

⁷¹⁵ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, May 26, 1932.

⁷¹⁶ The information from this point forward in this paragraph and the following one is taken from Knack, 230-232.

⁷¹⁷ Charles J. Rhoads, letter to Carl Hayden, October 20, 1932. Cited in Knack.

⁷¹⁸ B. S. Garber, letter to Horace M. Albright, August 26, 1932.

⁷¹⁹ Arno B. Cammerer, letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, August 30, 1932.

⁷²⁰ Arno B. Cammerer, letters to Frank Pinkley and to Leonard Heaton, both August 30, 1932.

⁷²¹ A copy of Smith's letter has not been located. It is referenced in a letter from Reed Smoot to George A. Smith, October 26, 1932.

⁷²² Charles J. Rhoads, letter to Senator Smoot, October 25, 1932. (No copy of Smoot's letter has been located, but Rhoads references his letter of October 4.)

⁷²³ Ibid.

⁷²⁴ Reed Smoot, letter to George A. Smith, October 26, 1932.

⁷²⁵ George A. Smith, letter to Charles C. Heaton, November 21, 1932.

⁷²⁶ Leonard Heaton, letter to Horace M. Albright, October 7, 1932.

⁷²⁷ Ibid.

⁷²⁸ Horace M. Albright, letter to Leonard Heaton, October 25, 1932.

⁷²⁹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Horace M. Albright, November 7, 1932.

⁷³⁰ Ibid.

⁷³¹ Ibid.

⁷³² Arno B. Cammerer, letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, December 8, 1932.

⁷³³ Ibid.

⁷³⁴ J. Henry Scattergood, letter to Horace M. Albright, December 27, 1932.

⁷³⁵ Ibid. In her article describing this period and Scattergood's letter, Martha C. Knack states that the monument's landscaping activities ca. 1932 (just after Finney's 1931 decision) included adding a campground and two additional reservoirs (Knack: 229-230). This is untrue. No additional reservoirs were constructed after the 1926 meadow ponds. The new campground was not sited until the fall of 1933 (it was constructed in 1934). Heaton did not begin planting trees in that area until the winter of 1933-1934.

⁷³⁶ Ibid.

⁷³⁷ Ise, 442.

⁷³⁸ Arno B. Cammerer, letter to Leonard Heaton, January 4, 1933.

⁷³⁹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, January 11, 1933.

⁷⁴⁰ Ibid.

⁷⁴¹ Ibid.

⁷⁴² Ibid. One can only speculate, given the racism of the times, what Heaton meant by this statement. Within the context of this letter, he appears to be suggesting that something dark and sinister is behind the Indian Service's attempts to get water for the Indians.

⁷⁴³ Ibid.

⁷⁴⁴ Ibid.

⁷⁴⁵ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, January 11, 1933 (second letter).

⁷⁴⁶ Charles J. Rhoads, letter to Horace M. Albright, February 13, 1933.

⁷⁴⁷ Horace M. Albright, telegram to Leonard Heaton, February 24, 1933.

⁷⁴⁸ Leonard Heaton, letter to Edgar A. Farrow, February 24, 1933.

⁷⁴⁹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, February 24, 1933. In fact, the meadow was not there when the monument was created; it grew up after the meadow ponds were constructed in 1926 and 1927.

⁷⁵⁰ Ibid.

⁷⁵¹ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, March 11, 1933.

⁷⁵² Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, March 24, 1933.

⁷⁵³ Ibid.

⁷⁵⁴ Leonard Heaton, letter to Edgar A. Farrow, March 29, 1933.

⁷⁵⁵ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, March 29, 1933.

⁷⁵⁶ Charles J. Rhoads, letter to Edgar A. Farrow, April 3, 1933.

⁷⁵⁷ Referenced in John Collier, letter to Horace M. Albright, May 9, 1933. There was a signature line provided for the Park Service Director on the original letter but the copy obtained as part of the author's research does not have the Director's signature.

⁷⁵⁸ In one report Heaton says they started work on April 5; in another letter he states they started on April 4.

⁷⁵⁹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, April 7, 1933.

⁷⁶⁰ Edgar A. Farrow, letter to Charles J. Rhoads, April 19, 1933.

⁷⁶¹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Horace M. Albright, April 22, 1933.

⁷⁶² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, April 25, 1933.

⁷⁶³ Frank Pinkley, letter to Horace M. Albright, April 12, 1933.

⁷⁶⁴ Ibid.

⁷⁶⁵ Horace M. Albright, letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, April 27, 1933.

⁷⁶⁶ John Collier, memorandum to Horace M. Albright, May 9, 1933.

⁷⁶⁷ Ibid.

⁷⁶⁸ Keller and Turek, 79.

⁷⁶⁹ Heber J. Meeks, Lee J. Esplin, Fred C. Heaton, Gilbert G. Heaton; letter to William King, May 15, 1933. Cited in Knack.

⁷⁷⁰ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, April 24, 1933.

⁷⁷¹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Horace M. Albright, May 26, 1933.

⁷⁷² Arno B. Cammerer, letter to Leonard Heaton, May 26, 1933.

⁷⁷³ Ibid.

⁷⁷⁴ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, June 1933.

⁷⁷⁵ It is unknown who this official was. Heaton spelled the name "Linzie" while Farrow spelled the name "Lenzie." The latter spelling was used.

⁷⁷⁶ Leonard Heaton, letter to Bob Rose, December 25, 1933.

⁷⁷⁷ Thomas C. Parker, letter to Horace M. Albright, June 6, 1933.

⁷⁷⁸ Ibid.

⁷⁷⁹ Ibid..

⁷⁸⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Edgar A. Farrow, June 5, 1933. Heaton makes no mention of the stockmen's water, thus it is presumed he is referring only to the water source that supplied the fort ponds.

⁷⁸¹ Edgar A. Farrow, letter to Leonard Heaton, June 24, 1933.

⁷⁸² Leonard Heaton, letter to Horace M. Albright, June 26, 1933.

⁷⁸³ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, July 31, 1933.

⁷⁸⁴ Langley's official title at Grand Canyon was Assistant Architect, but he was a Landscape Architect who worked for Chief Landscape Architect Thomas C. Vint's Landscape Division, San Francisco.

⁷⁸⁵ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, August 5, 1933.

⁷⁸⁶ Thomas C. Parker, letter to F. A. Kittredge, August 11, 1933.

⁷⁸⁷ Leonard Heaton, letter to Horace M. Albright, August 16, 1933.

⁷⁸⁸ Ibid.

⁷⁸⁹ Ibid.

⁷⁹⁰ A. E. Demaray, letter to Frank Pinkley, August 31, 1933.

⁷⁹¹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Bob Rose, December 25, 1933. Heaton requests a copy of Parker's June 2 report in this letter, which he had never received a copy of. It is not known if it was ever sent to him.

⁷⁹² Harry Langley, letter to T. C. Vint, August 31, 1933.

⁷⁹³ Frank Pinkley, letter to Arno B. Cammerer, September 7, 1933.

⁷⁹⁴ Ibid.

⁷⁹⁵ Ibid., 3.

⁷⁹⁶ Ibid., 4.

⁷⁹⁷ Ibid., 4-5.

⁷⁹⁸ Ibid., 5.

⁷⁹⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 25, 1933.

⁸⁰⁰ Harry Langley, memorandum to T. C. Vint, undated, assumed to be September 1933.

⁸⁰¹ Ibid.

⁸⁰² Ibid.

⁸⁰³ Rose pointed out this figure was very close to that obtained in September 1929 by the Indian Irrigation Service's Supervising Engineer, 33.56 gallons per minute.

⁸⁰⁴ Robert H. Rose, "Report of Water Resources and Administrative Problems at the Pipe Spring National Monument," September 19, 1933.

⁸⁰⁵ A. van V. Dunn, letter to Joseph E. Taylor, April 9, 1937.

⁸⁰⁶ Ibid., 17.

⁸⁰⁷ Ibid., 29.

⁸⁰⁸ Ibid., 17-18. The names of the cattlemen were listed in Part II of this history. There was only one discrepancy. Rose spelled John Schmutz "John Schonitz." "Schmutz" is probably the correct spelling, as it is the name of a ranching family common on the Arizona Strip, according to Charles S. Peterson. (Peterson's handwritten comments on draft manuscript, January 1999.)

⁸⁰⁹ Ibid., 19.

⁸¹⁰ Ibid., 36.

⁸¹¹ Ibid., 33.

⁸¹² It appears from both the tone of the report and some of the information contained in it that Rose was relying to a considerable extent on Leonard Heaton for some of his "facts." Heaton, of course, had his own bias, just as Edgar A. Farrow had.

⁸¹³ Ibid., 53.

⁸¹⁴ Ibid., 54.

⁸¹⁵ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 24, 1933.

⁸¹⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 24, 1933.

⁸¹⁷ Ibid.

⁸¹⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, November 23, 1933.

⁸¹⁹ Pinkley had not sent a copy to Supt. Patraw or Asst. Supt. Parker at Zion, either, by October 19. It is possible that Pinkley discussed Rose's recommendations with the Washington office by telephone, but there is no record of it.

⁸²⁰ John Collier, letter to the Secretary of the Interior, October 13, 1933.

⁸²¹ Oscar L. Chapman, "Regulations for the Division of the Waters of Pipe Springs," November 2, 1933.

⁸²² Solving the water problem through interdepartmental compromise is reminiscent of how the legality of Charles C. Heaton's ownership of Pipe Spring had been circumvented by establishment of the monument.

⁸²³ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 24, 1933.

⁸²⁴ A. E. Demaray, letter to Frank Pinkley, October 28, 1933.

⁸²⁵ Ibid.

⁸²⁶ F. A. Kittredge, letter to Arno B. Cammerer, November 15, 1933.

⁸²⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 24, 1933.

⁸²⁸ He reports that the stockmen had received no word either about the regulations.

⁸²⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, November 20, 1933.

⁸³⁰ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, November 1930.

⁸³¹ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, August 1932.

⁸³² Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, September 1932.

⁸³³ The name was officially changed in January 1937.

⁸³⁴ Richard B. Morris, Encyclopedia of American History. New York: Harper & Row, 1982.

⁸³⁵ John C. Paige, The Civilian Conservation Corps and The National Park Service, 1933- 1942 — An Administrative History. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1985. See also Isabelle F. Story, The National Parks and Emergency Conservation, Washington: GPO, 1933.

⁸³⁶ Ibid.

⁸³⁷ In various documentation of the period, the camp was also referred to as "DG-44-A" and "G-44-A."

⁸³⁸ Leonard Heaton, letter to National Park Service, Washington, D.C., March 30, 1933. There is no other correspondence on the matter of public works projects at Pipe Spring until November 1933.

⁸³⁹ Stan Cohen, The Tree Army, A Pictorial History of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942. Missoula: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1980: 91-92.

⁸⁴⁰ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 25, 1933.

⁸⁴¹ The Federal Emergency Relief Act was passed on May 12, 1933. The Public Works Administration was established June 16, 1933 under the National Industrial Recovery Act.

⁸⁴² F. A. Kittredge, letter to Leonard Heaton, November 15, 1933.

⁸⁴³ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, December 4, 1933.

⁸⁴⁴ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, December 15, 1933.

⁸⁴⁵ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, December 1933.

⁸⁴⁶ Ibid.

⁸⁴⁷ Originally NM/PS-3000, by 1935 the plans were designated NM/PS-3004.

⁸⁴⁸ A rather poor copy of these plans is attached to Langley's report of December 20, 1933.

⁸⁴⁹ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, December 1933.

⁸⁵⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, January 5, 1934. This suggests that the Heatons took possession prior to the transfer of title, which was early January 1909.

⁸⁵¹ Ibid.

⁸⁵² F. A. Kittredge, letter to A. E. Cowell, January 9, 1934.

⁸⁵³ Leonard Heaton, report on CWA work to Washington office, April 20, 1934.

⁸⁵⁴ At this time Thomas C. Vint was Chief Architect, Washington office, although he was a landscape architect by training and previous position. He was Chief Landscape Architect from 1927-1933, San Francisco.

⁸⁵⁵ Harry Langley, letter to T. C. Vint, February 7, 1934.

⁸⁵⁶ A. B. Cammerer, letter to T. C. Vint, January 31, 1934.

⁸⁵⁷ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, January 19, 1934.

⁸⁵⁸ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, January 24, 1934.

⁸⁵⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, March 26, 1934.

⁸⁶⁰ Leonard Heaton, report to State Administrator, Civil Works Program, undated (ca. March 27, 1934.)

⁸⁶¹ A. E. Cowell, Final Report on Civil Works Program, April 29, 1934.

⁸⁶² A. E. Cowell, letter to William G. Carnes, April 28, 1934.

⁸⁶³ Leonard Heaton, letter to Hugh M. Miller, June 8, 1934. After Frank Pinkley, Hugh M. Miller was next in command at Southwestern National Monuments. His exact title is unknown.

⁸⁶⁴ He asked the Heatons if they could show there was a need by visitors for these services; apparently, they could not.

⁸⁶⁵ Frank Pinkley to Carnes, April 18, 1935: Pinkley mentions that Heaton "was in the office the other day and tells us that the store building shown on the plot plan has been removed." When Heaton learned that a CCC camps was to be established at the monument during the summer of 1935, he asked Pinkley if the store/gas station could be rebuilt at the monument. Pinkley denied the request.

⁸⁶⁶ Grant Heaton, interview by Gaylan Hoyt, August 8, 1998.

⁸⁶⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, April 23, 1934.

⁸⁶⁸ L. M. Holt, letter to John Collier, February 6, 1934.

⁸⁶⁹ No further correspondence was located on the matter.

⁸⁷⁰ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, April 23, 1934.

⁸⁷¹ Heaton variously refers to Hall in later reports using the wrong first initials. Cowell reported the meeting took place on May 3; Heaton reported it was May 5.

⁸⁷² A. E. Cowell, "Report on Spring Flow, Pipe Springs National Monument, May, 1934."

⁸⁷³ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, May 25, 1934.

⁸⁷⁴ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, May 23, 1934.

⁸⁷⁵ It is presumed that Heaton continued his time-sharing method of allotting water to the Indian Service until the weir plate was installed in April 1935.

⁸⁷⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 25, 1934.

⁸⁷⁷ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, May 24, 1937.

⁸⁷⁸ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, August 3, 1934.

⁸⁷⁹ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, August 9, 1934.

⁸⁸⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, August 13, 1934.

⁸⁸¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 24, 1934.

⁸⁸² Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, August 25, 1934.

⁸⁸³ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, October 11, 1934.

⁸⁸⁴ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, October 8, 1934. It is unknown how he planned to water the garden, or if the meadow pond was still dry.

⁸⁸⁵ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 24, 1934. The cedars and pines were not planted until the following March. Twenty-five cedars and 14 pines were planted on the southeast quarter of the monument. Heaton's efforts to replant native vegetation on the monument were directed by Langley and other Park Service officials.

⁸⁸⁶ Heaton states in his journal that Parven Church was an Indian stockman. (July 12, 1940) (Note: Heaton frequently misspelled Church's first name.) In 1942, Heaton says he is the local agent for the Indian Service (February 4, 1942). It is uncertain what official role he played.

⁸⁸⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, November 23, 1934.

⁸⁸⁸ Chairman, Board of Supervisors of Mohave County, letter to Frank Pinkley, October 8, 1934.

⁸⁸⁹ Park Service brochures stated the distance to Fredonia was 18 miles. Heaton refers to the distance as 15 miles.

⁸⁹⁰ The final version is NM/PS-4940, dated January 1935.

⁸⁹¹ For construction details, see A. E. Cowell's "Report for Period Ending April 3, 1935."

⁸⁹² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, April 24, 1935.

⁸⁹³ Cowell later reported the weir plate was "rectangular, with end contraction, cut from sheet brass."

⁸⁹⁴ These were drawing NM/PS-3004. The final plans, NM/PS 2025-B, were issued in early 1942.

⁸⁹⁵ Leonard Heaton, letter to David H. Madson, April 26, 1935.

⁸⁹⁶ Ibid.

⁸⁹⁷ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, April 26, 1935.

⁸⁹⁸ Hillory A. Tolson, letter to Frank Pinkley, May 16, 1935.

⁸⁹⁹ A. E. Cowell, letter to F. A. Kittredge, May 4, 1935.

⁹⁰⁰ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, May 24, 1935.

⁹⁰¹ A. D. Ryan, radiogram to A. B. Cammerer, June 10, 1935.

⁹⁰² Heaton reported in September 1934: "There is a lot of talk and meetings being held here about the Taylor (Bill) and how it will affect the industry. There are two main groups of people. One wants to Strip for just Arizona residents, and all other stockmen will have to move out regardless of their holdings; and the other is to give every man his right to the grazing in proportion to his holdings." Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 24, 1934.

⁹⁰³ The Grazing Service merged into a new Bureau of Land Management in 1946.

⁹⁰⁴ Cohen, 92.

⁹⁰⁵ Ibid. See also Robert Fechner, Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1936 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1936): 42-43.

⁹⁰⁶ Workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Arizona. Arizona, A State Guide. New York: Hasting House: 80.

⁹⁰⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, July 25, 1935.

⁹⁰⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 25, 1935. Two years later, Heaton wrote that he moved his family to Moccasin so they would not be exposed "to the rough element that always goes with a camp of men" (letter of October 29, 1937).

⁹⁰⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, February 24, 1936.

⁹¹⁰ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 26, 1935.

⁹¹¹ Ibid.

⁹¹² Water Agreement, August 15, 1935. PISP archives.

⁹¹³ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 26, 1935.

⁹¹⁴ Hillory A. Tolson, letter to Frank Pinkley, October 22, 1935.

⁹¹⁵ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 27, 1935. Another source says they were sent to Pinto, Utah.

⁹¹⁶ Pinkley later wrote, "the diaries were instituted primarily as a measure of protection for the employees..." Frank Pinkley to Leonard Heaton, May 14, 1938.

⁹¹⁷ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, October 18, 1935.

⁹¹⁸ Company 2557 came into being on October 29, 1935, with the redesignation of Company 1979.

⁹¹⁹ The officers, advisers, and instructors changed frequently during the four years the CCC camp was at Pipe Spring. No attempt has been made to identify all of them. The names of most are included the J. C. Reddoch's annual camp reports, but reports are available only for 1936, 1938, and 1939 as Reddoch was unable to reach the camp in 1937 due to snow-covered roads.

⁹²⁰ W. H. Wirt, "Report to Chief Forester on Emergency Conservation Work at Pipe Springs National Monument," December 10, 1935. The camp's enrollees were designated "Junior" to distinguish them from Veteran enrollees.

⁹²¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, November 23, 1935.

⁹²² The flagstone came from a quarry several miles away.

⁹²³ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 25, 1935.

⁹²⁴ Ibid.

⁹²⁵ W. H. Wirt's "Report to Chief Forester on Emergency Conservation Work at Pipe Spring National Monument," December 10, 1935.

⁹²⁶ O. T. Hagen, letter to Leonard Heaton, December 8, 1935.

⁹²⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 25, 1935.

⁹²⁸ Hugh M. Miller, telegram to Leonard Heaton, February 24, 1936.

⁹²⁹ Heaton Journal, February 28, 1936.

⁹³⁰ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, February 24, 1936.

⁹³¹ ECW Camp Report for Company 2557, DG-44, March 9, 1936.

⁹³² J. D. Erskine, monthly report, March 22, 1936.

⁹³³ Heaton Journal, March 22, 1936.

⁹³⁴ Heaton Journal, March 24, 1936.

⁹³⁵ Heaton Journal, March 27, 1936.

⁹³⁶ Heaton Journal, May 15, 1936.

⁹³⁷ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, August 31, 1936.

⁹³⁸ Heaton Journal, April 30, 1936.

⁹³⁹ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, May 15, 1936.

⁹⁴⁰ Heaton Journal, March 30, 1936.

⁹⁴¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, April 24, 1936.

⁹⁴² Heaton Journal, April 23, 1936. Shirey's first name is unknown.

⁹⁴³ J. D. Walkup, letters to Senator Carl Hayden and Hugh M. Miller, April 22, 1936.

⁹⁴⁴ Frank Pinkley, letter to J. D. Walkup, April 25, 1936.

⁹⁴⁵ Hillory A. Tolson, letter to Carl Hayden, undated (response to Hayden letter of April 27, 1936).

⁹⁴⁶ Heaton Journal, May 14, 1936.

⁹⁴⁷ David H. Madson, letter to Frank Pinkley, October 6, 1936.

⁹⁴⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 22, 1936.

⁹⁴⁹ Heaton had trouble with the boys stealing parts from the Park Service's truck in order to patch up another automobile to drive to town in.

⁹⁵⁰ Jack L. Harden, letter to Kathleen L. McKoy, August 11, 1999.

⁹⁵¹ Heaton Journal, June 6, 1936.

⁹⁵² Heaton Journal, July 25 and 27, 1936.

⁹⁵³ Frank Pinkley, letter to Alfred C. Kuehl, August 1, 1936.

⁹⁵⁴ George L. Collins, letter to Division of Grazing, September 1, 1936.

⁹⁵⁵ Alfred C. Kuehl, report to Thomas C. Vint, November 1936.

⁹⁵⁶ Hugh M. Miller, letter to George L. Collins, December 11, 1936.

⁹⁵⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 22, 1936.

⁹⁵⁸ Heaton Journal, November 28, 1936. Heaton estimated the number to be 3,000 to 4,000 fish.

⁹⁵⁹ Keller and Turek suggest the filing resulted from an area drought in 1936, which created additional demand on Pipe Spring water by cattlemen, the Wildlife Service, and a number of local families. While Heaton reports the drought, no documentation has been seen by the author of this report that links the drought to Pinkley's desire to file.

⁹⁶⁰ Joseph E. Taylor, letter to Arno B. Cammerer, December 19, 1936.

⁹⁶¹ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, May 19, 1937.

⁹⁶² To this request Heaton stated the deed had either been sent by his father to Heber J. Grant or Lafayette Hanchett, and did not know what had happened to it after that point. Pinkley was finally able to obtain a copy at the County Record Office in Kingman.

⁹⁶³ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, May 24, 1937.

⁹⁶⁴ Heaton said that the only change in the list of "owners" of the cattlemen's one-third share of water was that he, Leonard Heaton, had acquired B. P. Sorenson's interest.

⁹⁶⁵ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, May 24, 1937.

⁹⁶⁶ Joseph E. Taylor, letter to Frank Pinkley, June 3, 1937.

⁹⁶⁷ George A. Moskey, letter to Joseph E. Taylor, January 27, 1937.

⁹⁶⁸ Edwin T. Stewart, letter to Albert L. Johnson, February 1, 1937.

⁹⁶⁹ Arno B. Cammerer, letter to Joseph E. Taylor, February 11, 1937.

⁹⁷⁰ William Zimmerman, Jr., letter to Arno B. Cammerer, March 12, 1937.

⁹⁷¹ A. E. Demaray, letter to Joseph E. Taylor, March 26, 1937.

⁹⁷² Joseph E. Taylor, letter to Arno B. Cammerer, April 7, 1937.

⁹⁷³ See A. van V. Dunn, letter to Joseph E. Taylor, April 9, 1937.

⁹⁷⁴ Frank Pinkley, letter to Albert L. Johnson, May 19, 1937. In a later letter (June 9, 1937) from Leonard Heaton to Frank Pinkley, Heaton stated that on occasion — when he was not irrigating the monument during winter months — spring water flowed down a sandy wash about 1.5 miles to the south, but did not leave the reservation.

⁹⁷⁵ A. E. Demaray, letter to Joseph E. Taylor, May 21, 1937.

⁹⁷⁶ Ibid.

⁹⁷⁷ Joseph E. Taylor, letter to Frank Pinkley, June 3, 1937.

⁹⁷⁸ Vincent W. Vandiver, "Report on Pipe Springs National Monument, Mohave County, Arizona," January 1937. This report contains numerous photographs of the immediate and surrounding landscape.

⁹⁷⁹ Landscape Architect Alfred C. Kuehl approved planting grass in the areas Heaton suggested. Rather than the Bermuda that Heaton wanted to plant, Kuehl recommended Muhly grass and Arizona fescue, which were more cold resistant (Alfred C. Kuehl, letter to Hugh M. Miller, March 6, 1937).

⁹⁸⁰ Heaton always referred to these were "poplar" logs. Kuehl called them cottonwood. Photographs of the trough, drinking fountain, and tables are attached to job completion reports of January 1938.

⁹⁸¹ Heaton Journal, April 16, 1937.

⁹⁸² Heaton Journal, May 27, 1937.

⁹⁸³ Heaton Journal, June 13, 1937.

⁹⁸⁴ Heaton Journal, June 1, 1937.

⁹⁸⁵ Heaton Journal, July 15, 1937.

⁹⁸⁶ Heaton Journal, December 27, 1937; Heaton's monthly report, January 23, 1938.

⁹⁸⁷ Heaton Journal, July 24, 1937.

⁹⁸⁸ Heaton Journal, August 11, 1937.

⁹⁸⁹ Alfred C. Kuehl, monthly narrative report, August 20-September 20, 1937.

⁹⁹⁰ This suggests native seed had been gathered for reseeding portions of the monument.

⁹⁹¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 22, 1937.

⁹⁹² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 22, 1937.

⁹⁹³ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, November 22, 1937.

⁹⁹⁴ Heaton Journal, October 18, 1937.

⁹⁹⁵ Alfred C. Kuehl, monthly reports, September 20-October 20, 1937, and October 20- November 24, 1937.

⁹⁹⁶ Leonard Heaton states it was 6 x 7 feet; Kuehl reports it was 6 x 6 feet.

⁹⁹⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 22, 1937.

⁹⁹⁸ Frank Pinkley, letter to Acting Regional Director, September 9, 1937.

⁹⁹⁹ Herbert Maier, letter to Arno B. Cammerer, September 15, 1937.

¹⁰⁰⁰ Herbert Maier, letter to Nute H. Epps, November 22, 1937.

¹⁰⁰¹ Leonard Heaton, letter to H. B. Hommon, October 29, 1937.

¹⁰⁰² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 30, 1938. It is believed the drinking fountain was located on the south side of the ponds, just east of the steps. This report states the fountain, trough, and table were completed in January 1938, but this conflicts with earlier reports from Heaton.

¹⁰⁰³ Heaton's reports indicate that this number reflects actual visitors who were registered or contacted at the fort. There is a possibility that visitation figures for other years include vehicles and parties simply driving past the monument.

¹⁰⁰⁴ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, January 23, 1938.

¹⁰⁰⁵ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, February 23, 1938.

¹⁰⁰⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, May 24, 1938.

¹⁰⁰⁷ Preliminary Study for Custodian's Residence, NM/PS-2025.

¹⁰⁰⁸ This is probably Lorenzo Brown who was nicknamed "Ren." He may be related to Heaton by marriage, for there was Brown family in Moccasin.

¹⁰⁰⁹ Alfred C. Kuehl, Field Report, August 8, 1938.

¹⁰¹⁰ A September 5, 1938, memo from Frank Pinkley to Leonard Heaton says that 700 linear feet of ditches were authorized for removal.

¹⁰¹¹ Carl A. Wickerham, memorandum to District Commander, August 23, 1938.

¹⁰¹² Keith K. Tatom, letter to Frank Pinkley, August 30, 1938.

¹⁰¹³ Frank Pinkley, letter to Commander Officer, Fort Douglas District, September 5, 1938.

¹⁰¹⁴ Heaton Journal, September 15, 1938.

¹⁰¹⁵ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Frank Pinkley, September 24, 1938.

¹⁰¹⁶ Ibid.

¹⁰¹⁷ J. H. Tovrea, Concrete Culvert Proposal, October 11, 1938.

¹⁰¹⁸ Heaton Journal, November 17, 1938.

¹⁰¹⁹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, October 14, 1938; and monthly report, December 23, 1938; Heaton Journal, November 20, 1940.

¹⁰²⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, November 25, 1938.

¹⁰²¹ Ibid.

¹⁰²² Ibid.

¹⁰²³ W. H. McDougall, memorandum to Frank Pinkley, January 3, 1939. See Part VI for later developments regarding the fort ponds and fish.

¹⁰²⁴ The birds came from the Papago-Saguaro Park station of the Arizona Game and Fish Department.

¹⁰²⁵ Natt N. Dodge, memorandum to Frank Pinkley, December 12, 1938.

¹⁰²⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly reports, for January 23, 1939, and February 22, 1939.

¹⁰²⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 31, 1947.

¹⁰²⁸ Natt N. Dodge, memorandum to Frank Pinkley, December 12, 1938.

¹⁰²⁹ Ibid.

¹⁰³⁰ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 23, 1938.

¹⁰³¹ Heaton Journal, January 2, 1939.

¹⁰³² Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, February 4, 1939.

¹⁰³³ Leonard Heaton, letter to Frank Pinkley, March 4, 1939.

¹⁰³⁴ Heaton Journal, March 29, 1940. "The children found some more pots and some human bones in the land knoll about the same place they found the pottery last year. I had digging stopped and brought the pots to the monument, all were broken.... Made a report of the find to H.Q. and Nusbaum."

¹⁰³⁵ Heaton Journal, December 3, 1938.

¹⁰³⁶ On October 24, 1940 Heaton reported "two small Indian pots that were found at Moccasin 2 years ago" were stolen from his display at the monument (Heaton Journal). It is not known how much of the collection is still retained at Pipe Spring.

¹⁰³⁷ Jesse Nusbaum, letter to Leonard Heaton, April 11, 1941.

¹⁰³⁸ Leonard Heaton, culvert completion report, June 9, 1939.

¹⁰³⁹ Alfred C. Kuehl, field report, April 23, 1939.

¹⁰⁴⁰ Ibid.

¹⁰⁴¹ Frank Pinkley, memorandum to Acting Regional Director, May 11, 1939.

¹⁰⁴² Leonard Heaton, completion report, January 20, 1941.

¹⁰⁴³ See "Western Camping Fireplace," PG 3062-A, March 25, 1935 (map files, 1930s).

¹⁰⁴⁴ Date of completion, May 31, 1939; report filed March 13, 1940.

¹⁰⁴⁵ Frank Pinkley, letter to J. C. Roak, February 13, 1940.

¹⁰⁴⁶ J. C. Roak, letter to Hugh M. Miller, March 14, 1940.

¹⁰⁴⁷ Heaton Journal, January 24, 1940. "Took Mrs. Heaton through some of the CCC buildings.... She liked the educational building as it is finished off better and in a better location than any of the others."

¹⁰⁴⁸ Leonard Heaton, letter to Hugh M. Miller, May 25, 1940.

¹⁰⁴⁹ A floor plan of the residence, as remodeled by Heaton in 1941, can be found attached to a letter to Hugh M. Miller from Leonard Heaton, January 13, 1942.

¹⁰⁵⁰ Heaton Journal, October 8-9, 1940.

¹⁰⁵¹ Hugh M. Miller, letter to Leonard Heaton, October 24, 1940.

¹⁰⁵² Headquarters, Southwestern Monuments, "Justification to Accompany Preliminary Estimates for Fiscal Year 1942." April 12, 1940. The fort is referred to in the plural since there are technically two buildings, the upper and lower buildings.

¹⁰⁵³ Research on the fort's original shingles was conducted in 1940. See Hugh M. Miller letter to Minor R. Tillotson, December 16, 1940.

¹⁰⁵⁴ Headquarters, Southwestern Monuments, "Justification to Accompany Preliminary Estimates for Fiscal Year 1942." April 12, 1940.

¹⁰⁵⁵ Heaton Journal, February 14, 1940.

¹⁰⁵⁶ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, April 1940.

¹⁰⁵⁷ Heaton Journal, May 1, 1940.

¹⁰⁵⁸ Edwin C. Alberts, memorandum to Frank Pinkley, April 19, 1940. McClung and Lovelady were the men who made the measurements. Their first names are unknown.

¹⁰⁵⁹ Historic American Buildings Survey, No. Ariz-18, approved November 7, 1940.

¹⁰⁶⁰ Heaton Journal, May 9, 1940.

¹⁰⁶¹ Heaton Journal, May 22, 1940.

¹⁰⁶² Heaton Journal, July 1, 1940.

¹⁰⁶³ This was Camp DG-173. In documentation during this period it is variously referred to as being 3, 3.5, or 4 miles south of Pipe Spring. As the most common distance cited is 4 miles, that distance was used.

¹⁰⁶⁴ See CCC, Eight Corps Area, Camp Property Disposal List, April 24, 1940; Bernard L. Douglas, letter to Regional Grazier, August 16, 1940.

¹⁰⁶⁵ Heaton Journal, October 2, 1940.

¹⁰⁶⁶ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Reports, September 1940.

¹⁰⁶⁷ A later entry in Heaton's journal suggests the men may have been Grant and Sterling Heaton, his brothers.

¹⁰⁶⁸ Dale S. King, letter to Leonard Heaton, July 16, 1940. The analysis report included the statement, "The plaster contains no gypsum, whereas present day plaster does."

¹⁰⁶⁹ Lyle E. Bennett, Field Report, August 14, 1940.

¹⁰⁷⁰ Heaton Journal, August 21, 1940.

¹⁰⁷¹ Drury had actually been offered the job of director in 1933, but had declined it.

¹⁰⁷² Ise, 442.

¹⁰⁷³ J. C. Roak, letter to Hugh M. Miller, July 25, 1940.

¹⁰⁷⁴ Heaton Journal, November 8, 1940.

¹⁰⁷⁵ For details about the condition of the fort, see Charles. A. Richey's "Report of Inspection, Pipe Springs National Monument," November 8, 1940.

¹⁰⁷⁶ Heaton installed a floor in the cellar in late August 1942.

¹⁰⁷⁷ Program of work, under cover letter of June 18, 1940, H. C. Fortier to A. L. Wathen.

¹⁰⁷⁸ The project (ECW Job 22) was completed by mid-January. See Heaton's report of January 20, 1941, for details of the entire project. The 1946 Master Plan Outline describes the system as consisting of "580 feet of 6" sewer line and a 2,500 gallon septic tank."

¹⁰⁷⁹ A detailed account of this discovery is in Heaton's Journal, January 9-10, 1941.

¹⁰⁸⁰ Leonard Heaton, letter to Superintendent's Office, January 10, 1941.

¹⁰⁸¹ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, March 1941.

¹⁰⁸² See George W. Norgard, "Field Report," April 3, 1941, for details.

¹⁰⁸³ Charles A. Richey, "Report of Inspection, Pipe Spring National Monument," April 19, 1941.

¹⁰⁸⁴ Ibid.

¹⁰⁸⁵ Clifford K. Heaton, Owen Johnson, Wesley McAllister, and one unidentified man were the primary local workers.

¹⁰⁸⁶ For details, see Alfred C. Kuehl, "Field Report," April 19 and May 1, 1941.

¹⁰⁸⁷ For details on all of May's work, see daily entries in Heaton Journal, May 1941.

¹⁰⁸⁸ Heaton Journal, May 12, 1941.

¹⁰⁸⁹ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, April 1941. Other references to roof repairs in Heaton's Journal, various dates, May 1941.

¹⁰⁹⁰ Heaton Journal, May 31, 1941.

¹⁰⁹¹ For details see George W. Norgard's Field Report, June 14, 1941.

¹⁰⁹² Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, July, 1941.

¹⁰⁹³ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, August, 1941.

¹⁰⁹⁴ Hugh M. Miller, letter to Leonard Heaton, May 8, 1941.

¹⁰⁹⁵ When Heaton cleaned out meadow pond in May 1944, he noticed rocks lining it were becoming loose. He wrote in his journal, "I wonder if the Park Service could furnish 1 or 2 tons of cement to cover the bottom and up the sides 3 or 4 feet. Sure would make it a good swimming hole"(May 3, 1944). Perhaps he hoped Zion's Superintendent Charles J. Smith wouldn't share Hugh M. Miller's stand on not having a swimming pool at the monument.

¹⁰⁹⁶ Apparently, Tillotson had broached this idea with Hugh M. Miller a year earlier, so the idea was not entirely new to Miller.

¹⁰⁹⁷ Paul R. Frank, memorandum to the Minor R. Tillotson, September 3, 1941.

¹⁰⁹⁸ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to the Minor R. Tillotson, September 5, 1941.

¹⁰⁹⁹ Newton B. Drury, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, September 16, 1941.

¹¹⁰⁰ Hugh M. Miller, "Report of Inspection," September 29, 1941.

¹¹⁰¹ Final plans NM/PS 2025-B are referenced in Part VI.

¹¹⁰² Leonard Heaton, letter to Charles A. Richey, December 16, 1941; the plan for the custodian's residence was NM/PS-2025-B.

¹¹⁰³ Alfred C. Kuehl, "Report to the Chief Architect on Pipe Springs [sic] National Monument," November 1936. The cottonwood trees referred to are the grove south of the ponds. While these were once thought to have been planted during the years Camp DG-44 was at Pipe Spring (Nelson and McKoy, 1997 Cultural Landscape Inventory), it has since been documented by such references as this one that cottonwood trees were at that location long before the camp's arrival. A number of officers of DG-44 and Forest Service staff set up their quarters beneath these trees.

¹¹⁰⁴ Ibid. See also Alfred C. Kuehl, letter to George L. Collins, November 13, 1936.

¹¹⁰⁵ Frank Pinkley, letter to Alfred C. Kuehl, November 17, 1936.

¹¹⁰⁶ W. J. Ward, "Report of Reconnaissance for Proposed Fredonia-Toroweap Approach Road to Grand Canyon National Monument [sic]" June 10, 1937.

¹¹⁰⁷ Charles A. Richey, monthly narrative report, July 1937.

¹¹⁰⁸ A. E. Demaray, letter to Senator Carl Hayden, November 22, 1937. See also Hillory A. Tolson, letter to Carl Hayden, July 31, 1946. This later letter references the 1937 road survey.

¹¹⁰⁹ Carl Hayden, letter to Elmer C. Coker, February 8, 1938.

¹¹¹⁰ This engineer's name is unknown but it was neither Conway nor Pratt.

¹¹¹¹ Hugh M. Miller, telegram to Minor R. Tillotson, March 2, 1940.

¹¹¹² Jesse L. Nusbaum, "Report on Archeological Investigations of Indian Service 'Short Creek to Zion' Road Location across a Western, or Late Pueblo II Mound, on the Kaibab Indian Reservation, immediately southward of Pipe Springs National Monument," September 1940 (filed under cover letter to the Director, September 13, 1940). Nusbaum's suggests that Naranjo joined him "at the last moment" as one of his oldest friends. (Note: Heaton misspells this name as "Nirango.")

¹¹¹³ It is uncertain what year the fenced stock drive was constructed. It may have been one of the activities carried out by the CWA in association with their relocation of the old monument road in the early 1930s.

¹¹¹⁴ Jesse L. Nusbaum, "Report on Archeological Investigations of Indian Service 'Short Creek to Zion' Road Location across a Western, or Late Pueblo II Mound, on the Kaibab Indian Reservation, immediately southward of Pipe Springs National Monument," September 1940.

¹¹¹⁵ Ibid.

¹¹¹⁶ Leonard Heaton, letter to Hugh M. Miller, August 28, 1940.

¹¹¹⁷ Albert H. Good, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, September 30, 1940.

¹¹¹⁸ Milo F. Christiansen, memorandum to Newton Drury, October 24, 1940.

¹¹¹⁹ It is possible that the regional office made its decision based on the information sent them in August by Heaton, that the Indian Service did not intend to build a road past the monument. This wasn't officially acknowledged to Park Service officials, however, until a year later.

¹¹²⁰ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, October 1940.

¹¹²¹ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, August, 1941. Heaton reported that the two CCC camps furnishing Indian Service labor on the road were to be moved out for the winter of 1940-1941, but it is uncertain if this happened. Heaton did say that the roadwork was originally to take 60 days, but was still in progress six months later (Leonard Heaton, monthly report, March 1942).

¹¹²² Alfred C. Kuehl, "Field Report," April 19 and May 1, 1941. It is unknown if Dr. Farrow was still superintendent, but he probably was not, both because he resided in Cedar City during his last years in that position and because he opposed the Park Service's preferred road location.

¹¹²³ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Region III, May 14, 1941.

¹¹²⁴ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, August 29, 1941.

¹¹²⁵ Jesse Nusbaum, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, June 12, 1941.

¹¹²⁶ Thomas C. Vint, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, October 21, 1941.

¹¹²⁷ Heaton Journal, May 12, 1937. Heaton's journals indicate that whenever he was on leave but still in the area (e.g., Moccasin), he would often stop by the monument to check on how his "substitute" was doing. He always reported things going well.

¹¹²⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, November 22, 1939.

¹¹²⁹ Also referenced as "Pipe Spring National Monument: A Few Historical Facts."

¹¹³⁰ Vandiver stated that he obtained his data on the history of the fort and Moccasin from Heaton.

¹¹³¹ Region III was established August 1, 1937, covering the Southwest states. The name was changed to Southwest Region in 1962.

¹¹³² Frank Pinkley, letter to Acting Regional Director, November 3, 1937.

¹¹³³ Frank Pinkley, letter to Leonard Heaton, December 18, 1937.

¹¹³⁴ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 22, 1936.

¹¹³⁵ "Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," March 1938. Although the author is not identified, the text has the "flavor" of being written by Leonard Heaton.

¹¹³⁶ Ibid.

¹¹³⁷ H. E. Rothrock, letter to Frank Pinkley, August 13, 1938. No mention is made of the fact that American Indians were drawn to the springs long before the Latter-day Saint settlers.

¹¹³⁸ Heaton Journal, May 23, 1938.

¹¹³⁹ For some unknown reason, Rothrock did not submit a written report for the May trip until August 13, nearly 3 months later. While Rothrock's report states the monument visit took place on May 21, Leonard Heaton's journal recorded it on May 23; Al Kuehl's Field Report also dates the visit as May 23.

¹¹⁴⁰ The geologist, a Mr. Hawkins, was to be assisted by Al Kuehl.

¹¹⁴¹ Dale S. King, memorandum to Frank Pinkley, August 25, 1938.

¹¹⁴² Charles N. Gould, "Report on Proposed Wayside Shrine at Pipe Spring National Monument," Report No. 188, Inspected September 27, 1938.

¹¹⁴³ H. E. Rothrock, memorandum to Leonard Heaton, July 28, 1939.

¹¹⁴⁴ Natt N. Dodge, memorandum to Frank Pinkley, December 12, 1938.

¹¹⁴⁵ H. E. Rothrock, "Report on Pipe Springs National Monument," June 1939.

¹¹⁴⁶ Ibid.

¹¹⁴⁷ Mrs. Shields was the wife of the blacksmith at Grand Canyon National Park. She was said to have been "very active" in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Charles A. Richey, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, February 6, 1942).

¹¹⁴⁸ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, December 23, 1940.

¹¹⁴⁹ Minor R. Tillotson, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, January 10, 1941.

¹¹⁵⁰ "Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," W. H. Kistler Stationery Co., Denver, CO, July 1941. A copy of this leaflet was located in the Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.

¹¹⁵¹ Subsequent correspondence suggests that Neasham "overlooked" Church data when he prepared the monument's first published leaflet. On February 9, 1942, Regional Archeologist Jesse Nusbaum sent Church official George A. Smith a copy of the leaflet and asked for Church data "on the naming of the site, the time of arrival of Bishop Winsor, the date of completion of the buildings, and any other suggestions that you would like to have considered in a future replication of this leaflet." Smith complied with Nusbaum's request with a return letter dated February 11, 1942.

¹¹⁵² Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Newton Drury, May 1, 1941.

¹¹⁵³ Ibid.

¹¹⁵⁴ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Dorr G. Yeager, May 28, 1941.

¹¹⁵⁵ Arthur Woodward, "Brief Historical Sketch of Pipe Springs, Arizona," June 1941; 1.

¹¹⁵⁶ Ibid., 26.

¹¹⁵⁷ Ibid.

¹¹⁵⁸ Ibid., 27-28.

¹¹⁵⁹ Ibid., 29.

¹¹⁶⁰ Dorr G. Yeager, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, June 19, 1941.

¹¹⁶¹ Leonard Heaton, letter to Hugh M. Miller, June 19, 1941.

¹¹⁶² Hugh M. Miller, letter to Leonard Heaton, June 27, 1941.

¹¹⁶³ Leonard Heaton, letter to Hugh M. Miller, July 20, 1941.

¹¹⁶⁴ Russell K. Grater, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, August 19, 1941.

¹¹⁶⁵ Charles A. Richey, memorandum to Russell L. Mahan, November 21, 1941.

¹¹⁶⁶ Ise, 447-448. The author drew on John Ise's, The National Park Service: 1916-1959 (cited in an earlier chapter) for information in these first introductory paragraphs.

¹¹⁶⁷ The work of the Civilian Public Service camps was primarily conservation-oriented.

¹¹⁶⁸ Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1942. Cited in Ise, 449.

¹¹⁶⁹ Some plasterwork was done in the fort rooms on ceilings and walls during the war years. Heaton reported repairs to the fort's rock floor in the south wing in his monthly report for April 1944. He put a new roof on the residence in May 1944. This is about the sum of building work unless otherwise noted in this chapter. Historical architects may want to refer to descriptive information in "Major Repair and Rehabilitation Program" sheets (submitted under cover memorandum of August 12, 1944) which list building and other needs for repairs and work.

¹¹⁷⁰ Grant Heaton reported that Dean Heaton is the only child of Leonard and Edna Heaton still living in the immediate area. He now resides in Fredonia.

¹¹⁷¹ Bennett and Yeager visited on August 29, 1944; Cornell visited with Vint on May 31, 1945.

¹¹⁷² Heaton Journal, August 29, 1944.

¹¹⁷³ Heaton Journal, January 17, 1942.

¹¹⁷⁴ Hugh Miller, memorandum to Hillory A. Tolson, January 9, 1942.

¹¹⁷⁵ Heaton Journal, January 24, 1942.

¹¹⁷⁶ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, February 1942.

¹¹⁷⁷ In March 1942 Southwestern Monuments forwarded its files and plans to Zion. A list of plans and drawings sent is attached to a memorandum from Charles A. Richey to Paul R. Franke, March 10, 1942. It is unknown if Zion later sent these to Pipe Spring or if they remain in Zion's collection.

¹¹⁷⁸ Zion National Park oversaw Bryce Canyon National Park from 1928 to 1953.

¹¹⁷⁹ The topics reported on are weather conditions, inspections, maintenance, lectures/guide service, increase/decrease in travel, visitors (VIPs), wildlife protection and fish cultural activities, accidents, and visits by U.S. Armed forces. In addition to sending in this official monthly report to Zion, Heaton submitted a copy of his daily journal entries for the month. In June 1944 Assistant Superintendent Dorr G. Yeager asked Heaton to discontinue sending his monthly diary, but advised him to continue keeping his journal.

¹¹⁸⁰ Heaton Journal, February 1, 1944.

¹¹⁸¹ The acting director approved the design in January 1942. A copy of these plans (NM/PS 2025-B) are attached to a memorandum to Heaton from Walter S. Harwood, February 3, 1942. They include a locational map. (Apparently, earlier plans for two residences had been abandoned.) Working drawings for the residence were finalized in early 1943.

¹¹⁸² Heaton's journal indicates he made at least one trip to Zion a month, usually to pick up supplies.

¹¹⁸³ Heaton appears to have only occasionally attended these classes, probably because of the long distance he would have had to travel.

¹¹⁸⁴ Heaton Journal, March 23, 1942.

¹¹⁸⁵ Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 1942.

¹¹⁸⁶ This was not the only way in which park units "contributed" to the war effort, however. On December 16, 1941, the Secretary of the Interior called on all bureaus of the Department of the Interior for "full mobilization of the Nation's natural resources for war..." In fiscal year 1942, 125 permits were issued by the Department to the War and Navy Departments and war agencies to make use of National Park Service lands, buildings, and facilities (Report of the Director of the National Park Service, fiscal year ending June 1942).

¹¹⁸⁷ Heaton refers to this some times as the Gunnery Training Station and other times the "Air Base." The official title of the base and branch of military it was associated with is unknown to the author.

¹¹⁸⁸ Heaton Journal, April 9, 1942.

¹¹⁸⁹ Heaton Journal, May 28, 1942.

¹¹⁹⁰ The raising of Hereford cattle provided the Tribe's primary source of non-governmental income during these years.

¹¹⁹¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 2, 1943.

¹¹⁹² Such acts of kindness were not limited to the war years, but were reported both prior to and after the war.

¹¹⁹³ Heaton Journal, June 2, 1942.

¹¹⁹⁴ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 1, 1944.

¹¹⁹⁵ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 2, 1943. Heaton reported these "pesty animals" climbed to the tops of black locust trees to eat the tender growing shoots, doing considerable damage to the monument's trees.

¹¹⁹⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 1, 1945. "It look like we might lose all this specie of trees," he wrote.

¹¹⁹⁷ Heaton Journal, May 23, 1944. Heaton also used poison wheat in the fort to try to exterminate rats and mice.

¹¹⁹⁸ Heaton Journal, July 11, 1945: "Had 6 Indian children down for a swim today."

¹¹⁹⁹ Heaton Journal, June 26, 1942.

¹²⁰⁰ On July 22 Heaton excavated outside the west cabin's west wall in preparation for new concrete footings. On the 29th he wrote in his journal, "...the west end of the south wall [of the west cabin] looks a lot better since I pulled it back in line."

¹²⁰¹ John E. Kell, memorandum to Harvey Cornell, October 5, 1942.

¹²⁰² Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, December 23, 1942.

¹²⁰³ Ibid.

¹²⁰⁴ Ibid.

¹²⁰⁵ Minor R. Tillotson, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, January 2, 1943.

¹²⁰⁶ Ibid.

¹²⁰⁷ Herbert E. Kahler, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, January 20, 1943.

¹²⁰⁸ Harvey Cornell, memorandum to Newton Drury, January 1, 1943.

¹²⁰⁹ Heaton's surgery was related to chronic appendicitis and a hernia. Edna would have her own turn with surgery at year's end. In mid-December 1943, Heaton took a few days annual leave to take Edna to St. George for a planned operation (an ovarian cyst and an appendix were removed). When he went to St. George to pick her up from her hospital stay, a blood clot was discovered and she had to stay several more days. He finally was able to bring her home from the hospital on New Year's Eve.

¹²¹⁰ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, November 16, 1942.

¹²¹¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 2, 1942.

¹²¹² Lauritzen, Jonreed, "Pipe Spring, A Monument to Pioneers," Arizona Highways, February 1943.

¹²¹³ In July and October 1944, the Utah State Historical Society published Angus M. Woodbury's "A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks." Published in two separate issues of the Utah Historical Quarterly, these articles provided one of the most comprehensive and scholarly histories available at the time concerning Mormon colonization of southern Utah and the northernmost region of Arizona, particularly Kane County, where Kanab was located. Woodbury, a professor at the University of Utah, grew up in St. George and descended from Mormon settlers.

¹²¹⁴ Heaton Journal, June 29, 1943.

¹²¹⁵ Drawings NM/PS 2029A and 2029B. The final version, 2029C, is dated March 31, 1945.

¹²¹⁶ Dorr G. Yeager, memorandum to Charles J. Smith, September 20, 1943.

¹²¹⁷ Heaton Journal, January 29, 1944.

¹²¹⁸ Heaton Journal, April 13, 1944.

¹²¹⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 1, 1944. (Heaton also mentions this in his journal.) The crew was to be made up of Kaibab Paiute and Moccasin men. The outcome of this effort it is unknown to the author.

¹²²⁰ Heaton Journal, July 31, 1944.

¹²²¹ In his monthly report for September 1945, Heaton reported "a good crop of wheat and spuds" was expected from the Alton farm.

¹²²² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 1, 1945.

¹²²³ How common this type of arrangement was in other monuments during the period is unknown.

¹²²⁴ Heaton Journal, July 12, 1945. This history may be Heaton's "Historical [sic] and Facts Pertaining to Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona." Although undated, it appears to have been completed in 1949. (See Part VII.)

¹²²⁵ Heaton Journal, August and October 1946.

¹²²⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 1, 1942. By comparison, visitation in November 1941 was 47.

¹²²⁷ While Drury's original directive has not been located, a response from Heaton is on file. See Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, December 1, 1942. It seems that the directive had to do with park units that had public roads passing through them, thus would not have affected all units in the same manner.

¹²²⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, March 31, 1943.

¹²²⁹ Dorr G. Yeager, memorandum to Leonard Heaton, August 17, 1943.

¹²³⁰ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 1, 1943. The travel figures reported for the monument are taken from Report of the Director of the National Park Service. These vary slightly at times from the figures reported by Heaton, but not by a significant amount.

¹²³¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 1, 1945.

¹²³² Heaton Journal, January 19, 1943.

¹²³³ Heaton Journal, February 18, 1943. "ECW" refers to the Emergency Conservation Work program.

¹²³⁴ Heaton Journal, December 21, 1943.

¹²³⁵ Heaton Journal, January 12, 1944.

¹²³⁶ Heaton Journal, December 18, 1945.

¹²³⁷ Heaton Journal, September 16, 1943.

¹²³⁸ Heaton Journal, November 5, 1943. On April 11, 1944, Heaton wrote in his journal, "Planted the lawn on the south and east of the residence building today." On May 17, 1944, he wrote, "...am having some tough luck getting the lawn to grow. Too much sand blown onto the young grass."

¹²³⁹ Heaton Journal, February 12, 1943.

¹²⁴⁰ Charles J. Smith, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, January 13, 1944. Heaton reported to Smith that such flash floods occurred at least every two or three years in the area. Overflow of the drainage ditch was caused by wood and other debris lodging against the center support of the bridge that spanned the ditch.

¹²⁴¹ Heaton Journal, August 29, 1943.

¹²⁴² Heaton Journal, January 29, 1945.

¹²⁴³ Heaton Journal, January 15, 1943.

¹²⁴⁴ Heaton Journal, December 3, 1942.

¹²⁴⁵ See Part III.

¹²⁴⁶ For details see later section, "Interpretation - the War Years."

¹²⁴⁷ For details about how this collection was acquired, see Heaton's monthly reports for April and May 1945.

¹²⁴⁸ Heaton Journal, April 17, 1942.

¹²⁴⁹ Heaton Journal, April 25, 1942.

¹²⁵⁰ Heaton Journal, April 15, 1942.

¹²⁵¹ Heaton Journal, August 13, 1943.

¹²⁵² Heaton Journal, April 4, 1944.

¹²⁵³ Heaton Journal, July 21, 1944.

¹²⁵⁴ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 1, 1945.

¹²⁵⁵ Heaton Journal, May 6, 1944.

¹²⁵⁶ Leonard Heaton, letter to Dorr G. Yeager, September 25, 1944.

¹²⁵⁷ Heaton seems to have gone to this extra effort when a group of boy scouts or Beehive Girls had an overnight outing at the monument, not for the average visitor.

¹²⁵⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 1, 1945. See also Heaton's Journal, May 21, 1945.

¹²⁵⁹ Heaton Journal, May 21, 1945. Warren Mayo is still living on the reservation. F. (Francella?) Jake may be Tim Rogers' mother and Elouise Drye was Benn Pikyavit's mother. Charlie Chassis was Glendora Homer's great grandfather and would have been an adult in 1945.

¹²⁶⁰ The original request came from the Chicago office; which branch or division is uncertain, but the question about taxes suggests it may have been Lands.

¹²⁶¹ Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Dorr G. Yeager, August 18, 1943. Zion misplaced the first letter and had to ask Heaton to resend it, which he did on September 15, 1943.

¹²⁶² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 2, 1943.

¹²⁶³ Hillory A. Tolson, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, July 15, 1943.

¹²⁶⁴ Hillory A. Tolson, memorandum to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, October 7, 1943.

¹²⁶⁵ Hillory A. Tolson, memorandum to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, December 20, 1943.

¹²⁶⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, May 1, 1945.

¹²⁶⁷ On October 13, 1943, Heaton wrote in his journal, "Will see Mr. Church of the [Kaibab] Indian Reservation about getting 12 or 15 loads of gravel to put on roads."

¹²⁶⁸ Heaton Journal, October 20, 1943.

¹²⁶⁹ Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Hugh Miller, April 6, 1942.

¹²⁷⁰ It should be remembered that Heaton held firm to his conviction that the Indian Service had no legal right to Pipe Spring water and that he maintained the position that the Park Service's one-third share was insufficient to meet the monument's needs. Unfortunately, he took it upon himself to "right" the wrong he felt had been inflicted on the monument by the Indian Service.

¹²⁷¹ No documentation has been located that indicates if or when Heaton's system of distribution was abandoned. A May 23, 1956, letter from Leonard Heaton to the Chief of Lands indicates at least the family's domestic supply was coming from the old Army connection and therefore did not pass through the division weir.

¹²⁷² Heaton Journal, March 4, 1942.

¹²⁷³ Heaton Journal, March 18, 1942.

¹²⁷⁴ Heaton Journal, March 28, 1942.

¹²⁷⁵ No additional information is available to the author on how this ruling came about.

¹²⁷⁶ A. van V. Dunn, memorandum to Attorney Albert L. Johnson, February 6, 1943.

¹²⁷⁷ As mentioned in Dunn's memorandum (cited above), this law took effect in 1919. Demaray's letter of May 21, 1937, is referenced in Part V.

¹²⁷⁸ Albert L. Johnson, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, March 4, 1943.

¹²⁷⁹ Charles A. Richey, memorandum to the Water Rights Section, March 10, 1945.

¹²⁸⁰ Paul R. Franke, memorandum for Regional Director, March 20, 1943.

¹²⁸¹ Ibid.

¹²⁸² The Rose report was discussed in Part IV.

¹²⁸³ The author lacks the legal background to analyze Dunn's analysis or to provide much additional commentary. It is recommended that those interested in establishing a legal case of any sort refer to original documents referenced in this administrative history.

¹²⁸⁴ A. van V. Dunn, memorandum to Albert L. Johnson, April 22, 1943: 1.

¹²⁸⁵ Ibid.

¹²⁸⁶ The 1907 withdrawal refers to use being for the "Kaibab and other Indians."

¹²⁸⁷ A. van V. Dunn, memorandum to Albert L. Johnson, April 22, 1943: 2.

¹²⁸⁸ Ibid.

¹²⁸⁹ Ibid., 3.

¹²⁹⁰ Ibid.

¹²⁹¹ See Part II for details on the 1924 agreement and Part IV for detail on the 1933 agreement.

¹²⁹² A. van V. Dunn, memorandum to Albert L. Johnson, April 22, 1943: 4.

¹²⁹³ Ibid. Dunn makes an error in stating "the ponds at the monument were built about 1863 and water has been used and dissipated ever since." While there were most likely dirt reservoirs at Pipe Spring from an early date, the stone-lined ponds were constructed in the late 19th century during the Woolley family's residency at the site.

¹²⁹⁴ Ibid., 4-5. Dunn cites Sec. 75-101 and Sec. 75-140 of the 1939 water code.

¹²⁹⁵ Ibid., 6. The allowable quota was 21,439 gallons per day (gpd) for each party. The Park Service's deficit was 49 gpd; the stockmen's deficit was 145 gpd; the Indian Service's surplus was 6,122 gpd. Later on Dunn states that the stockmen "have a nominally fully used third of the spring flow...but may in reality have an unused surplus like the Indians." (p. 7) Dunn does not provide the names of the 10 families west of the monument provided water by the Park Service, but these are not the stockmen's families. Their "water demand" was listed as 310 gallons per day (gpd). By comparison, Heaton's family used 200 gpd.

¹²⁹⁶ Ibid., 7.

¹²⁹⁷ Ibid., 6. The majority of stock Dunn calculated for were categorized as "transient." He allowed only for two head of livestock for Heaton. The families west of the monument were referred to by Heaton in a letter to Frank Pinkley dated May 24, 1937: "Then we have some 11 families living west of us that come to the Monument for water which I presume is used for domestic purposes, or maybe to water a milk cow or a horse." Apparently this occurred only during the summer months.

¹²⁹⁸ In a later letter to Minor R. Tillotson, Dunn wrote, "I also feel that the Park Service could use more of the total flow than its third without detriment to the others.... I gather that the custodian would like to do so." A. van V. Dunn, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, May 31, 1943.

¹²⁹⁹ A. van V. Dunn, memorandum to Albert L. Johnson, April 22, 1943: 7.

¹³⁰⁰ Ibid., 8.

¹³⁰¹ No indication of why he doubted this is given.

¹³⁰² A. van V. Dunn, memorandum to Albert L. Johnson, April 22, 1943: 8.

¹³⁰³ Ibid.

¹³⁰⁴ Albert L. Johnson, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, April 30, 1943.

¹³⁰⁵ Ibid. See the Johnson memorandum for details.

¹³⁰⁶ Ibid.

¹³⁰⁷ Hillory A. Tolson, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, May 22, 1943.

¹³⁰⁸ Heaton Journal, November 5, 1945.

¹³⁰⁹ Charles A. Richey, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, February 6, 1942.

¹³¹⁰ Ibid., 2.

¹³¹¹ Charles A. Richey, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, April 7, 1942.

¹³¹² Jesse L. Nusbaum, letter to George Albert Smith, February 9, 1942.

¹³¹³ George Albert Smith, letter to Jesse L. Nusbaum, February 11, 1942, with attachment: A. Wm. Lund, letter to George A. Smith, February 11, 1942. The Church provided no information regarding the origin of the Pipe Spring name. The accuracy of the Pipe Spring naming story was still being called into question in 1943, even as it was repeated in the 1943 edition of the monument's leaflet (see Charles W. Porter III, memorandum to Miss Story, July 1, 1943).

¹³¹⁴ Milton J. McColm, memorandum to Newton B. Drury, October 20, 1942.

¹³¹⁵ Heaton Journal, September 22, 1943. See also Erik K. Reed, letter to Charles J. Smith, October 7, 1949.

¹³¹⁶ Dorr G. Yeager, memorandum to Charles J. Smith, September 20, 1943.

¹³¹⁷ Ibid.

¹³¹⁸ Ibid.

¹³¹⁹ Ibid.

¹³²⁰ See "Monument Administration" section.

¹³²¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 1, 1943.

¹³²² This correspondence is attached to a memorandum from A. E. Demaray to Newton Drury, dated September 15, 1943. Not all of it is accurate, however. For example, Dilworth Woolley believed — citing secondary sources - that the Dominguez and Escalante expedition was the first to visit Pipe Spring, not Jacob Hamblin's party.

¹³²³ Dilworth Woolley, letters to H. E. Woolley, August 21, 1943, and September 4, 1943; attached to a memorandum from A. E. Demaray to Newton Drury, dated September 15, 1943.

¹³²⁴ Leonard Heaton, letter to Dilworth Woolley, January 14, 1944.

¹³²⁵ Firewood was obtained for a time from Crofts Sawmill, location unknown. Later it was obtained from Fredonia's Whiting Brothers Sawmill, which opened in 1951.

¹³²⁶ Heaton Journal, August 13 and 14, 1948.

¹³²⁷ Heaton Journal, May 17, 1947: "Started on the new change of work week today, running from Saturday morning to Wednesday evening."

¹³²⁸ Heaton Journal, June 23, 1946: "Have decided not to make the change in my work week on account of my church work Sunday afternoon. Will have to keep some member of the family on the place every day when possible as there are too many people coming out to see the place to go off and leave it."

¹³²⁹ Heaton Journal, November 4, 1946. After a particularly long wait in lines at the Alton mine he wrote, "We sure do suffer with the cold in that old fort truck without a good floor mat or heater," he wrote. He bought coal from the Atherly Brothers coal mine. The company changed hands in March 1948.

¹³³⁰ Heaton Journal, May 13, 1946.

¹³³¹ There is some indication that Fredonia obtained power from Kanab, but was not technically served by REA. Residents there were still pushing for an REA project in the early 1950s, along with other small communities of the Arizona Strip.

¹³³² Heaton Journal, September 27, 1946.

¹³³³ Heaton Journal, July 3, 1949.

¹³³⁴ Heaton Journal, May 11, 1949: "Took a phone message up to the Indian village to Warren Mayo;" November 24, 1949: "Took an urgent message to Kenneth Rink at Cane Beds at noon."

¹³³⁵ DDT is an abbreviation for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.

¹³³⁶ Heaton Journal, October 2, 1946.

¹³³⁷ Heaton Journal, May 1, 1947.

¹³³⁸ Heaton Journal, May 3, 1947. Heaton did not report the outcome of the hunt.

¹³³⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 31, 1947.

¹³⁴⁰ Heaton Journal, August 19, 1947: "Had a roundup of rats within the fort that have made the place their home and [are] doing a lot of damage. Caught one."

¹³⁴¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 31, 1950.

¹³⁴² It is uncertain to the author why this date was picked for the celebration as the day officially set aside to commemorate the event is "Pioneer Day," July 24.

¹³⁴³ Heaton Journal, June 8, 1947.

¹³⁴⁴ The flowers were to represent beadwork on the moccasin.

¹³⁴⁵ Heaton Journal, June 12, 1947.

¹³⁴⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 30, 1947.

¹³⁴⁷ Heaton Journal, July 15, 1947. The word "paint" could be a typo in the transcript of the journal.

¹³⁴⁸ Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Charles J. Smith, April 4, 1949.

¹³⁴⁹ Ibid.

¹³⁵⁰ Heaton Journal, March 30, 1950.

¹³⁵¹ Heaton Journal, July 20, 1949. The transcript of the Heaton Journal says the men were looking 6 miles south of the monument but all other later references say the area was 6 miles north. The identity of these two men is unknown to the author, or when dinosaur tracks were first reported in the region.

¹³⁵² Heaton Journal, October 24, 1949.

¹³⁵³ Heaton Journal, July 7, 1950.

¹³⁵⁴ Leonard Heaton, letter to Newton Drury, December 18, 1945.

¹³⁵⁵ Ibid.

¹³⁵⁶ Heaton Journal, May 24, 1947.

¹³⁵⁷ Heaton Journal, July 22, 1947. The purpose of the men's visit is unknown, but seems to have included a discussion of the monument road relocation.

¹³⁵⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 31, 1947. By 1954 the flock was 150 strong (monthly report, September 1, 1954).

¹³⁵⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 31, 1950.

¹³⁶⁰ The monument truck appears to have been the Heatons' only form of transportation, other than that provided by horses.

¹³⁶¹ Heaton Journal, April 29, 1948.

¹³⁶² Heaton Journal, September 15, 1948.

¹³⁶³ Heaton Journal, May 15, 1948.

¹³⁶⁴ Heaton Journal, June 14, 1948.

¹³⁶⁵ Heaton Journal, July 16, 1948.

¹³⁶⁶ Heaton Journal, July 14, 1948.

¹³⁶⁷ Heaton Journal, September 22, 1948.

¹³⁶⁸ Heaton Journal, August 2, 1948. These figures conflict with Heaton's fort "window count" of April 17, 1941, when he wrote that there were 152 small window panes to wash in the fort.

¹³⁶⁹ Heaton Journal, entries for October 3-8, 1948.

¹³⁷⁰ Heaton Journal, October 21, 1948.

¹³⁷¹ Heaton Journal, February 7, 1949.

¹³⁷² Heaton Journal, February 11, 1949.

¹³⁷³ Heaton Journal, April 17, 1949.

¹³⁷⁴ Heaton Journal, April 22, 1949.

¹³⁷⁵ Heaton Journal, April 25, 1949.

¹³⁷⁶ Heaton Journal, September 30, 1949. Another source says visitation for the year was 1,290. "Travel Statistics from 1926 to 1953, inclusive," Pipe Spring National Monument Master Plan, April 22, 1954.

¹³⁷⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, May 1946.

¹³⁷⁸ Heaton Journal, October 5, 1949.

¹³⁷⁹ Heaton Journal, May 28, 1950.

¹³⁸⁰ Heaton Journal, October 27, 1949.

¹³⁸¹ Heaton Journal, September 7, 1950.

¹³⁸² Heaton Journal, August 16, 1952.

¹³⁸³ Heaton Journal, February 9, 1950.

¹³⁸⁴ A "status" employee is one who had completed the probationary period under the career-conditional employment system. It is also known as an employee with competitive status.

¹³⁸⁵ Heaton Journal, August 29, 1950.

¹³⁸⁶ Heaton Journal, December 21, 1949.

¹³⁸⁷ Heaton Journal, February 15, 1950.

¹³⁸⁸ Heaton Journal, March 1, 1950.

¹³⁸⁹ Charles J. Smith, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, April 3, 1950.

¹³⁹⁰ Heaton Journal June 14 and 15, 1956.

¹³⁹¹ Heaton Journal, April 29, 1950.

¹³⁹² Dudley Hamblin was the son of Jacob Hamblin.

¹³⁹³ Ibid.

¹³⁹⁴ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, May 1, 1950.

¹³⁹⁵ Heaton Journal, May 21, 1950.

¹³⁹⁶ Heaton Journal, June 9, 1950.

¹³⁹⁷ Heaton Journal, June 26, 1950.

¹³⁹⁸ Heaton Journal, August 9, 1950.

¹³⁹⁹ This list is attached to a letter from Heaton to Patraw, July 7, 1950.

¹⁴⁰⁰ "Travel Statistics from 1926 to 1953, inclusive," Pipe Spring National Monument Master Plan, April 22, 1954.

¹⁴⁰¹ The visitation for April alone was 1,047, thanks to the barbecue.

¹⁴⁰² Heaton Journal, May 25, 1946.

¹⁴⁰³ Heaton Journal, May 27, 1949.

¹⁴⁰⁴ Heaton's notes, titled "August 29, 1946." Monair claimed to have helped finish building the fort ponds, trading wine to Jonathan Heaton in Moccasin for a barrel of carp for the ponds. (Other reports suggest the ponds were constructed during the Woolley period.)

¹⁴⁰⁵ Heaton Journal, September 18, 1949.

¹⁴⁰⁶ Heaton Journal, April 9, 1950. Winsor "told me that the east cabin was built for his father and family. The open room between the two rooms was the blacksmith shop. West cabin was for the [stone] masons, Elijah and Elisha Averett, and other workmen. He drove the oxen that hauled the rock from the hillside to the fort." If Winsor was 86 in 1950, that would have made him only about 6 years old at the time the fort was constructed, which seems too young to have been driving oxen down the stone boat trail.

¹⁴⁰⁷ The legend of how Pipe Spring got its name is cited in Lavender, 41. It should be noted that during this period the Branch of History questioned the source of this story and recommended further study be made of the legend. "When the true origin of a place name is not known, popular imagination usually invents just such a story as this to explain it," wrote one of Drury's associates on November 27, 1946.

¹⁴⁰⁸ Heaton Journal, December 12, 1948.

¹⁴⁰⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 1, 1946.

¹⁴¹⁰ Heaton Journal, January 7, 1947.

¹⁴¹¹ Heaton Journal, May 12, 1948.

¹⁴¹² Heaton Journal, May 26, 1947.

¹⁴¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴¹⁴ Heaton Journal, August 6, 1949. Heaton doesn't specify which pond Dean dove into, but it is presumed it was the meadow pond as this one was preferred for swimming.

¹⁴¹⁵ Heaton Journal, May 20, 1947.

¹⁴¹⁶ Heaton Journal, June 3, 1947.

¹⁴¹⁷ Heaton Journal, January 22, 1948. No mention was made of the cause of Bulletts' death.

¹⁴¹⁸ Heaton Journal, April 29, 1947: "Cleaned out the head of pipe leading the water into the spring room of the fort. Found it backed up with tree roots. Took about 3 hours to dig it out and cover it back over. Just in front of the west door, north building." He had to do more work along these lines in January 1947.

¹⁴¹⁹ Heaton Journal, November 26, 1947.

¹⁴²⁰ Heaton Journal, December 3, 1947. For more details on this project, see Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Charles J. Smith, December 9, 1947.

¹⁴²¹ Heaton Journal, December 4, 1947.

¹⁴²² Heaton later reported that in addition to hot linseed oil, the preservative used to treat the joists and underside of flooring was 10 parts diesel and one part penta.

¹⁴²³ For details, see Heaton's journal entries for January-April, 1948.

¹⁴²⁴ See "Pipe Spring National Monument Repairs to Historic Buildings, 1942-1948," monument archives.

¹⁴²⁵ It is not known what source Heaton relied on to determine what the original gates looked like. Mrs. Min Adams described the original gates to Heaton in a June 1, 1949, interview, but this interview took place just after he had constructed the new gates.

¹⁴²⁶ Heaton says he ran out of square nails while assembling the west gates. It is uncertain if he obtained more before assembling the east gates.

¹⁴²⁷ Heaton Journal, June 8, 1949.

¹⁴²⁸ Heaton Journal, June 13, 1949.

¹⁴²⁹ Charles J. Smith, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, April 3, 1950; Heaton Journal, July 11, 1950.

¹⁴³⁰ For additional project details see "Report on Rehabilitation."

¹⁴³¹ Heaton Journal, September 19, 1950.

¹⁴³² Heaton Journal, November 19, 1950.

¹⁴³³ Heaton Journal, November 25, 1946.

¹⁴³⁴ Charles J. Smith, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, April 3, 1950.

¹⁴³⁵ For details see Heaton's journal entries for May and June 1949. See also "Report of Rehabilitation, West Cabin."

¹⁴³⁶ Heaton Journal, March 5, 1946.

¹⁴³⁷ "Schedule of Appraised Values of Quarters," October 22, 1946. Under cover letter of December 19, 1946. This report includes a floor plan.

¹⁴³⁸ Ibid.

¹⁴³⁹ Heaton Journal, July 21, 1947.

¹⁴⁴⁰ Heaton Journal, August 24, 1949.

¹⁴⁴¹ There is a reference to the kerosene fridge in Heaton's Journal, January 8, 1954, so the family must have had both kinds at different times.

¹⁴⁴² Charles J. Smith, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, July 13, 1950.

¹⁴⁴³ Heaton Journal, May 22, 1946.

¹⁴⁴⁴ Heaton Journal, August 8, 1946.

¹⁴⁴⁵ Heaton Journal, July 6, 1947.

¹⁴⁴⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, July 30, 1948.

¹⁴⁴⁷ Heaton Journal, May 23, 1949.

¹⁴⁴⁸ In fact, clogged lines were so common no attempt has been made to describe them all; cleaning the lines was practically a routine maintenance task for Heaton.

¹⁴⁴⁹ Heaton Journal, June 4, 1948.

¹⁴⁵⁰ Heaton Journal, August 24, 1948: "Cleaned out the roots clogging the water from running through the fort. Found tree roots growing up the 2" pipe from the lower end."

¹⁴⁵¹ Heaton Journal, January 12, 1948.

¹⁴⁵² Heaton Journal, August 11, 1950.

¹⁴⁵³ Leonard Heaton, letter to Charles J. Smith, August 12, 1950.

¹⁴⁵⁴ Paul L. Balch, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, August 21, 1947.

¹⁴⁵⁵ Paul L. Balch, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, June 21, 1948.

¹⁴⁵⁶ According to Heaton's journal, Grater also returned with Natt Dodge in September 26, 1946, and took pictures. Illustration no. 90 of the residence (attributed to Grater) was thus probably taken either on June 26 or September 26, 1946.

¹⁴⁵⁷ Other information on the stones is contained in a letter from Leonard Heaton to Lynn B. Johnston, August 15, 1955. See also Heaton Journal, entries for September 19 and October 19, 1946.

¹⁴⁵⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 1, 1946: "Mr. Foote of Kanab informed me the other day that he had located the half of the old grinder from the first grist mill to be erected in Long Valley about 1880 and I could come get it any time I wanted it. With this and the [other] half Mr. Black has would make the set complete. These grinders are made of volcanic rock from Dixie County. Hand worked. About 3 foot across, 18 inches thick. Was turned by water power."

¹⁴⁵⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 2, 1946. Heaton wrote in his journal the previous November 18, 1946: "Made a blockade in the doorway of the two rooms of the west cabin so that I can put the Bishop Hopkins collection in for display and lock it up."

¹⁴⁶⁰ Heaton Journal, May 18, 1947.

¹⁴⁶¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, March 1, 1948.

¹⁴⁶² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, May 1, 1950.

¹⁴⁶³ For details, see Heaton's monthly report for October 31, 1950.

¹⁴⁶⁴ Heaton Journal, July 12, 1945.

¹⁴⁶⁵ Heaton Journal, July 27, 1946.

¹⁴⁶⁶ Heaton probably meant to title it either "History and Facts Pertaining to Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona, or "Historical Facts Pertaining to Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona." The report has neither date nor author on it, but it is unmistakably Leonard Heaton's writing. The first paragraph gives the date away, for it says the history contains "some of the stories and observations that has [sic] come to my attention the past twenty-three years." Heaton was appointed custodian in 1926, thus 23 years later would date the report to 1949. This is consistent with his references to writing the history made in his journal during the years 1945-1949. (It is currently archived at the monument in a General History file dated "1936-1938.")

¹⁴⁶⁷ As mentioned earlier, Reed never visited Pipe Spring until May 1948.

¹⁴⁶⁸ Charles S. Smith, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, December 30, 1946. This memorandum contains much useful documentation that Smith cites as evidence to support his argument.

¹⁴⁶⁹ Ibid.

¹⁴⁷⁰ Erik K. Reed, memorandum to Charles J. Smith, January 10, 1949. See also Erik K. Reed, letter to H. E. Bolton, June 2, 1948; Erik K. Reed, memorandum to Newton Drury, July 20, 1949.

¹⁴⁷¹ Erik K. Reed, memorandum to Charles J. Smith, June 20, 1946.

¹⁴⁷² Kahler suggested that Heaton research Deseret News files and Church records in Salt Lake City, and that he contact Juanita Brooks and review James C. Black's journals, both in St. George.

¹⁴⁷³ Heaton Journal, June 1, 1949. See also "An Interview with Mrs. Min Adams, Kanab, Utah, June 1, 1949," in monument archives. Adams reported that her husband succeeded another caretaker, Max McArthur. Both men were unable to tolerate being ordered about by the women living at the fort.

¹⁴⁷⁴ Heaton Journal, April 19, 1946.

¹⁴⁷⁵ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 2, 1946.

¹⁴⁷⁶ Heaton Journal, November 24, 1946.

¹⁴⁷⁷ Charles J. Smith, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, August 1, 1947.

¹⁴⁷⁸ Ibid.

¹⁴⁷⁹ Forrest R. Stone, letter to E. T. Scoyen, August 15, 1947.

¹⁴⁸⁰ E. T. Scoyen, memorandum to Charles J. Smith, August 19, 1947.

¹⁴⁸¹ Heaton Journal, September 21, 1947.

¹⁴⁸² Charles J. Smith, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, January 16, 1948.

¹⁴⁸³ Heaton Journal, February 18, 1949.

¹⁴⁸⁴ Heaton Journal, February 20, 1949.

¹⁴⁸⁵ Heaton Journal, May 9, 1949.

¹⁴⁸⁶ Heaton Journal, March 2, 1950. This was presumably the barbecue that was held at the monument, reported on earlier in this chapter.

¹⁴⁸⁷ Heaton Journal, March 14, 1950.

¹⁴⁸⁸ Heaton Journal, May 23, 1950.

¹⁴⁸⁹ This report, like his "History and Facts Pertaining to Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," bears neither Heaton's name nor a date, but is obviously his writing style. The date has been estimated by the author by analyzing references within the text, such as the reference to Bishop Hopkins tools, most of which were not acquired by Heaton for the monument's collection until May 1945. Heaton reported in July 1948 that he was busy writing up "the historic notes" he had obtained from "old settlers as they visited the monument in the past" (Leonard Heaton, monthly report, July 1948).

¹⁴⁹⁰ This story is first recounted, in an abbreviated form, in Heaton's "Notes Taken in An Interview with Alonzo Winsor," March 1936.

¹⁴⁹¹ Author's note: I suspect that as long as Heaton was overseeing the monument, interpretation followed along the lines of what he wrote in his "Guide for Lecture to Visitors." In other words, no matter what story the Park Service wanted told, Heaton was in charge of what was said on the guided tour and for many years had considerable control over exhibit text as well.

¹⁴⁹² For additional information, see Kenneth R. Philp, John Collier's Crusade for Indian Reform, 1920-1954 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1977) and his article, "Termination: A Legacy of the Indian New Deal," Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 14 (April 1983).

¹⁴⁹³ Morris, Encyclopedia of American History, 645.

¹⁴⁹⁴ Carole Gallagher, American Ground Zero, The Secret Nuclear War. New York: Random House, 1993. Photojournalist Gallagher served from 1983 through 1992 as the director of the Nuclear Towns Documentary Project (sponsored from 1985-1990 by the Utah State Historical Society).

¹⁴⁹⁵ "Ground Zero Under Study As Potential Tourist Stop," Denver Post, October 17, 1999.

¹⁴⁹⁶ For details on the outcome of this and other litigation related to atomic testing, see Gallagher, American Ground Zero, xvii-xix.

¹⁴⁹⁷ Heaton Journal, January 27, 1951.

¹⁴⁹⁸ Heaton Journal, January 28, 1951. In a number of his transcribed entries, Heaton capitalizes "Atomic Bomb" or "Atomic" which hints at the possible awe, respect, and/or fear attached to the weapon by Heaton at the time. It is uncertain if the transcriptionist consistently preserved this convention.

¹⁴⁹⁹ Heaton may have kept a personal journal aside from the one he kept for the monument. If so, some of his feelings may be revealed in that record.

¹⁵⁰⁰ Cathy A. Gilbert and Kathleen L. McKoy, Cultural Landscape Report: Fruita Rural Historic District, Capitol Reef National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Intermountain Region, 1997. Uranium mining ended in the park in 1956.

¹⁵⁰¹ Heaton Journal, September 6, 1952.

¹⁵⁰² See Heaton's journal entries for June 20, July 10, August 30 and 31, September 9 and 4, 1954.

¹⁵⁰³ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, July 3, 1954.

¹⁵⁰⁴ Heaton Journal, August 30, 1954.

¹⁵⁰⁵ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 1, 1954.

¹⁵⁰⁶ Heaton Journal, September 4, 1954.

¹⁵⁰⁷ Heaton Journal, October 14, 1954. See also Heaton's monthly report, November 2, 1954.

¹⁵⁰⁸ Heaton Journal, October 18, 1954.

¹⁵⁰⁹ Heaton Journal, January 12, 1954.

¹⁵¹⁰ Heaton Journal, February 1, 1951.

¹⁵¹¹ Charles J. Smith, monthly report, April 10, 1951.

¹⁵¹² Heaton does not report in his journal where the machine was located but in Charles J. Smith's report to the director for March 1951, he states it was not on the monument.

¹⁵¹³ Heaton Journal, March 29, 1951. Heaton incorrectly refers to the compound as "silver iodine."

¹⁵¹⁴ Heaton Journal, August 10, 1951.

¹⁵¹⁵ Earlier correspondence indicates the monument received "the old 50 watt radio that was at the Zion park office." Charles J. Smith, memorandum to Tillotson, December 13, 1950.

¹⁵¹⁶ Heaton Journal, May 28, 1951. See also Heaton's monthly report to Charles J. Smith, June 1, 1951.

¹⁵¹⁷ This building is also referred to as the "stable/garage." It was built about 1929 by Heaton, used as a barn and hay shed until about 1938 when it was converted by Heaton into a combination barn, garage, and utility building.

¹⁵¹⁸ Both children were under seven years of age, a later report stated.

¹⁵¹⁹ A report of the fire is attached to a memorandum from Hugh M. Miller to Charles J. Smith, dated July 20, 1951. See also "Individual Fire Report" attached to memorandum from Charles J. Smith to Minor R. Tillotson, August 7, 1951. The latter report includes photographs of the scene.

¹⁵²⁰ Heaton Journal, January 17, 1957.

¹⁵²¹ Heaton was appointed temporary chairman of this association in April 1953.

¹⁵²² S. T. Carlson, memorandum to Acting Regional Director, August 28, 1951.

¹⁵²³ Heaton Journal, July 9, 1951. Heaton reference to his girl getting hurt concerns a power mower accident involving Olive, described later under the "Accidents, Deaths, and Heaton Family Matters" section. This happened about one month earlier.

¹⁵²⁴ Heaton Journal, July 9, 1952.

¹⁵²⁵ Heaton Journal, July 10-11, 1952.

¹⁵²⁶ Heaton Journal, April 4-5, 1953.

¹⁵²⁷ Heaton Journal, April 24, 1953.

¹⁵²⁸ Heaton Journal, July 27, 1952.

¹⁵²⁹ Heaton Journal, August 20, 1952.

¹⁵³⁰ Heaton Journal September 24, 1952.

¹⁵³¹ Heaton Journal, July 30, 1952.

¹⁵³² Heaton Journal, February 2, 1955: "Got home about 8:30 p.m. with a sick headache. Just too much tobacco smoke for me."

¹⁵³³ Heaton Journal, August 14, 1953.

¹⁵³⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵³⁵ The company's name, "GarKane," was named after Garfield and Kane counties.

¹⁵³⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, March 3, 1953.

¹⁵³⁷ Heaton Journal, April 1, 1953.

¹⁵³⁸ References in the early 1960s to the pump refer to is as a McCulloch make. It was purchased in Salt Lake City.

¹⁵³⁹ Zion National Park staff meeting minutes, October 14, 1953.

¹⁵⁴⁰ Heaton Journal, June 23, 1953.

¹⁵⁴¹ Heaton Journal, June 30, 1953.

¹⁵⁴² Zion staff meeting minutes, July 29, 1953.

¹⁵⁴³ Heaton Journal, August 14, 1953.

¹⁵⁴⁴ It appears that this was the first reprinting since 1941. Neither 1941 nor 1954 leaflets stated camping facilities were available, only picnicking facilities.

¹⁵⁴⁵ The Church does not sanction polygamy, nor has it since the Woodruff "manifesto" of 1890. The Church excommunicates members practicing it. See Part I for additional history. It is still practiced, however, by a small group of Mormon fundamentalists who refuse to accept official Church policy on the matter.

¹⁵⁴⁶ For additional information on the Short Creek raid, see Martha Sonntag Bradley, Kidnapped From That Land — the Government Raids on the Short Creek Polygamists, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1993; and Roman Malach's Short Creek-Colorado City on the Arizona Strip, Mohave County Board of Supervisors, Kingman, Arizona, 1982.

¹⁵⁴⁷ Heaton Journal, July 26, 1953.

¹⁵⁴⁸ Heaton Journal, July 27-28, 1953.

¹⁵⁴⁹ Heaton Journal, August 1, 1953.

¹⁵⁵⁰ Bradley states that Short Creek wives and children were taken after the raid to Phoenix and placed under state and county welfare jurisdiction; the children were made wards of the state (Bradley, 153).

¹⁵⁵¹ This did not end Arizona's crackdown on Short Creek polygamists, however. Utah took even stronger legal action against polygamists during this period. See the case of Black v. State, Bradley, pp. 160-181.

¹⁵⁵² Archeologist Laird Naylor, past resident of Colorado City, wrote to the author on August 23, 1999, "I have never heard the rationale for the [name] change overtly stated…. However, I think it is clear that they wanted to escape the stigma associated with the 1953 raid by the State of Arizona." Naylor later informed the author that he's seen "colloquial references" in the news media that there are about 40,000 practicing polygamists in the Intermountain West today.

¹⁵⁵³ Westways, Volume 45, No. 8, August 1953.

¹⁵⁵⁴ Heaton Journal, August 28, 1953. This suggests Heaton wasn't a source of Ransom's information.

¹⁵⁵⁵ Heaton Journal, January 15, 1954. No details have been found on the proposed change.

¹⁵⁵⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, February 1, 1955.

¹⁵⁵⁷ Kelly Heaton suffered from a heart problem.

¹⁵⁵⁸ Sherwin also filled in during Heaton's absences in 1955.

¹⁵⁵⁹ Heaton Journal, September 3, 1954.

¹⁵⁶⁰ In Heaton's monthly report for August 1955, he reported the film was called "Pioneer Scout."

¹⁵⁶¹ Heaton Journal, August 25, 1955. "Kock" might be a transcription error as "Koch" is a more common spelling.

¹⁵⁶² Heaton Journal, August 26, 1955.

¹⁵⁶³ Heaton Journal, May 4, 1955.

¹⁵⁶⁴ John M. Davis, letter to Sherwin Heaton, June 17, 1955.

¹⁵⁶⁵ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Chester A. Thomas, June 28, 1955.

¹⁵⁶⁶ Chester A. Thomas, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, July 12, 1955. Sherwin Heaton actually resided in Moccasin at the time.

¹⁵⁶⁷ Ibid.

¹⁵⁶⁸ Leonard Heaton's brother, Grant Heaton, said that Leonard injured his right hand in a farming accident while he was unloading hay off a wagon into the barn hayloft, using a system of ropes and pulleys. Grant stated that he still had the use of his hand after the accident (personal communications to Gaylan Hoyt and Kathleen L. McKoy, late 1998 and early 1999, respectively).

¹⁵⁶⁹ Paul R. Franke, letter to Hugh M. Miller, July 18, 1955.

¹⁵⁷⁰ Hugh M. Miller, draft memorandum to Charles J. Franke, July 26, 1955 (not sent).

¹⁵⁷¹ Ibid.

¹⁵⁷² Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Charles J. Franke, July 26, 1955.

¹⁵⁷³ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to files, September 13, 1955.

¹⁵⁷⁴ Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, July 17, 1956.

¹⁵⁷⁵ Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, October 14, 1955.

¹⁵⁷⁶ See Appendix VI, "Visitation." In the Annual Report of Information and Interpretive Services, monument visitor contact for 1955 is reported to be 2,341. The cause for the discrepancy is unknown. The higher figure is from Heaton's monthly report for December 1955.

¹⁵⁷⁷ Heaton Journal, March 24-25, 1951.

¹⁵⁷⁸ Heaton's journal says "80," but his monthly report for August 1951 says there were 90 girls.

¹⁵⁷⁹ Heaton Journal, June 2, 1951. See also Heaton's monthly report, July 2, 1951.

¹⁵⁸⁰ Heaton Journal, May 15, 1954.

¹⁵⁸¹ Heaton Journal, September 9-11, 1954.

¹⁵⁸² Heaton Journal, July 30-31, 1955.

¹⁵⁸³ Heaton Journal, September 3, 1955.

¹⁵⁸⁴ Heaton Journal, March 17, 1951.

¹⁵⁸⁵ For details, see Heaton's journal entries from late April to mid-June 1951. (Heaton's journal states he began work on April 24, but his final report states May 3.) See also "Report for Rehabilitation" July 9, 1951.

¹⁵⁸⁶ For more detail, see Heaton's journal entries, February 7-14, 1952. Heaton's descriptions are a bit confusing as on one occasion he calls the balusters "railings."

¹⁵⁸⁷ Heaton Journal, March 26, 1952.

¹⁵⁸⁸ Heaton Journal, June 23, 1953. Heaton obtained the log from an area sawmill about March 1953.

¹⁵⁸⁹ Heaton Journal, July 18, 1953. See also Project Completion Report, Historic Fort Rehabilitation, August 28, 1953.

¹⁵⁹⁰ Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Minor R. Tillotson, March 10, 1953.

¹⁵⁹¹ Leonard Heaton, "Walk and Trail Improvement Program, 1951." This proposal appears to call for all the walkways in the monument to be blacktopped.

¹⁵⁹² Heaton does not give their names.

¹⁵⁹³ Heaton Journal, December 7, 1954.

¹⁵⁹⁴ Heaton Journal, January 15, 1955.

¹⁵⁹⁵ Heaton Journal, January 1, 1953.

¹⁵⁹⁶ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 30, 1952. See also Project Completion Report, ca. April 1953.

¹⁵⁹⁷ Natt N. Dodge, memorandum to Hugh Miller, May 8, 1953.

¹⁵⁹⁸ Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, May 26, 1953. This description is notable because the exact location of early stone quarries used during the fort's construction is undocumented. Heaton mentions two distinct areas were used.

¹⁵⁹⁹ Heaton Journal, August 30, 1953.

¹⁶⁰⁰ Heaton Journal, October 3, 1953.

¹⁶⁰¹ Heaton Journal, August 24, 1954.

¹⁶⁰² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 2, 1954.

¹⁶⁰³ Heaton Journal, August 31, 1955.

¹⁶⁰⁴ Paul R. Franke, monthly report, January 11, 1956.

¹⁶⁰⁵ Heaton Journal, July 3, 1955.

¹⁶⁰⁶ Heaton Journal, September 13, 1954.

¹⁶⁰⁷ Heaton Journal, November 14, 1955.

¹⁶⁰⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, October 3, 1954. See also Heaton's journal entries for September 12 and 13, 1954.

¹⁶⁰⁹ Heaton Journal, March 1, 1952.

¹⁶¹⁰ There is some correspondence regarding conservation of this painting on March 25 and 26, 1959.

¹⁶¹¹ Heaton Journal, February 1, 1955.

¹⁶¹² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 2, 1955.

¹⁶¹³ Heaton Journal, May 23, 1955.

¹⁶¹⁴ Heaton Journal, May 21, 1950.

¹⁶¹⁵ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, July 2, 1951.

¹⁶¹⁶ Heaton Journal, October 22, 1951.

¹⁶¹⁷ Heaton Journal, May 6, 1953.

¹⁶¹⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, May 1955.

¹⁶¹⁹ For more information on this case, see Charles J. Meyers and A. Dan Tarlock, Water Resource Management, A Coursebook in Law and Public Policy. New York: The Foundation Press, Inc. 1980: 205-209.

¹⁶²⁰ See report files in the administrative history manuscript collection for a copy of this report.

¹⁶²¹ "Factual Data in Support of Claims for Indians and Indian Tribes to Uses of Water in the Lower Basin of the Colorado River in the States and Arizona and California," Vol. XVIII, Kaibab Reservation. December 1954.

¹⁶²² Ibid., 2.

¹⁶²³ Ibid., 3.

¹⁶²⁴ This map is missing a small portion from the center; BIA staff in Phoenix, Arizona, copied it.

¹⁶²⁵ Heaton Journal, March 12, 1951.

¹⁶²⁶ Phone interview, Kathleen L. McKoy with Grant Heaton, September 3, 1998. Grant Heaton reported that Olive is now living in Texas.

¹⁶²⁷ Heaton Journal, June 9, 1951. See also Heaton's monthly report, July 2, 1951.

¹⁶²⁸ Heaton Journal, April 3, 1953.

¹⁶²⁹ Heaton Journal, October 27, 1951.

¹⁶³⁰ Heaton Journal, March 19, 1952.

¹⁶³¹ Heaton Journal, June 14, 1955.

¹⁶³² Leonard Heaton, monthly report to Charles J. Smith, June 1, 1951.

¹⁶³³ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 30, 1952. She married Wells Lindquist Brady.

¹⁶³⁴ Heaton Journal, May 18, 1957.

¹⁶³⁵ At times, the Mohave County road crews maintained the entire road from Fredonia to Short Creek, which appears to have been the case between October and December 1953.

¹⁶³⁶ Heaton Journal, May 2, 1951.

¹⁶³⁷ Heaton Journal, January 19, 1952.

¹⁶³⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, April 30, 1952.

¹⁶³⁹ Heaton Journal, June 17, 1952.

¹⁶⁴⁰ Heaton Journal, September 6, 1952.

¹⁶⁴¹ Heaton Journal, September 13, 1952; see also Heaton's monthly report, September 30, 1952.

¹⁶⁴² Zion staff meeting minutes, November 5, 1952.

¹⁶⁴³ House Joint Memorial No. 2; Arizona's First Regular Session, Twenty-first Legislature; attached to cover letter, Governor Howard Pyle to National Park Service, March 25, 1953.

¹⁶⁴⁴ Ibid.

¹⁶⁴⁵ Heaton Journal, March 4, 1953.

¹⁶⁴⁶ Conrad L. Wirth, letter to Governor Howard Pyle, April 10, 1953.

¹⁶⁴⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, June 4, 1955.

¹⁶⁴⁸ Conrad L. Wirth, Annual Report to the Secretary of the Interior, fiscal year ending June 30, 1956.

¹⁶⁴⁹ Chris Goetze, memorandum to Kathleen L. McKoy, June 14, 1999.

¹⁶⁵⁰ David H. Canfield, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, April 23, 1956.

¹⁶⁵¹ Ibid.

¹⁶⁵² In a later reference to Little, Heaton spells his first name "Louran."

¹⁶⁵³ The children were Sharon, Curtis, and Susan, ages 8, 6, and 3, respectively.

¹⁶⁵⁴ Heaton Journal, June 8, 1956.

¹⁶⁵⁵ Sandberg's 21-page narrative history of Pipe Spring drew on both primary and secondary source materials. The report is entitled, "Pipe Spring National Monument." Historical handbooks were a series of handbooks that described the historical and archeological areas in the National Park System. Additional research was done by Sandberg's successor, James C. McKown. It was finally published in 1966, with McKown and Robert M. Utley listed as authors.

¹⁶⁵⁶ Heaton Journal, August 30, 1956.

¹⁶⁵⁷ Heaton Journal, August 1, 1956.

¹⁶⁵⁸ Heaton Journal, August 17, 1956.

¹⁶⁵⁹ Heaton Journal, August 24, 1956. The dog was the Heaton's pet. It was a small dog, recalled James C. McKown in 1999.

¹⁶⁶⁰ Heaton Journal, September 5, 1956.

¹⁶⁶¹ Heaton Journal, October 3, 1956.

¹⁶⁶² Heaton Journal, October 8-21, 1956.

¹⁶⁶³ Heaton Journal, March 7, 1957.

¹⁶⁶⁴ Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, April 11, 1956.

¹⁶⁶⁵ Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Chief, Western Office of Design and Construction (WODC), March 7, 1958. Heaton made no mention of his son finding remains neither during the work nor in his monthly report. This information only surfaced in Franke's memo referenced above when he asked that the master plan's base map indicate "large prehistoric burial ground on the SW section of the monument. Some dozen skeletons or parts thereof have been uncovered there, particularly when we removed the old corral and stock sheds. Mr. Heaton advises that there are no doubt several hundred burials in the area indicated." A later handwritten note on a memo of July 30, 1964, written by Hugh Bozarth, stated Heaton told him he had dug up skeletons in this area as a child while digging underground play houses.

¹⁶⁶⁶ Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire, Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985): 274.

¹⁶⁶⁷ Later, work population shifted to Page, Arizona, which reduced travel to the monument.

¹⁶⁶⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, March 1, 1957.

¹⁶⁶⁹ Heaton Journal, May 17, 1957.

¹⁶⁷⁰ Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, June 6, 1957; see also Heaton's journal entry for May 30, 1957.

¹⁶⁷¹ Heaton Journal, June 1, 1957.

¹⁶⁷² Heaton Journal, July 10, 1957.

¹⁶⁷³ The Sandbergs still live in Hurricane. For the remainder of his career, Lloyd combined teaching school with working as a seasonal interpretive ranger at Zion National Park.

¹⁶⁷⁴ Heaton Journal, November 7-8, 1957.

¹⁶⁷⁵ Erik K. Reed, letter to Arthur Woodward, January 18, 1957; see also Arthur Woodward, letter to Erik K. Reed, November 1, 1957.

¹⁶⁷⁶ Charlie R. Steen, memorandum to Erik K. Reed, December 6, 1957.

¹⁶⁷⁷ Charlie R. Steen, memorandum to Erik K. Reed, December 12, 1957.

¹⁶⁷⁸ In a later August 30, 1958, memorandum written by Hugh M. Miller, it was stated that McKown took the historian position because history had been his major in school and because he wanted to attain experience applicable to park ranger standards. His real goal was to get into the Park Service protection force. The position at Pipe Spring was a GS-5 Park Historian.

¹⁶⁷⁹ Franke informed Heaton at the February 5 staff meeting that he wanted McKown to work at Zion for three months, which Heaton apparently was unhappy about. Franke had said he would let McKown come earlier to Pipe Spring if the weather was good (i.e., visitation increased).

¹⁶⁸⁰ Heaton Journal, March 9, 1958.

¹⁶⁸¹ Heaton Journal, March 25, 1958.

¹⁶⁸² Heaton Journal, April 26, 1958.

¹⁶⁸³ Heaton does not record how long this took, but it appears to have been only a matter of four or five days.

¹⁶⁸⁴ Benn Pikyavit, personal communication, September 1998. (Pikyavit is a Kaibab Paiute employed as seasonal guide for the monument.)

¹⁶⁸⁵ Heaton Journal, May 12, 1958.

¹⁶⁸⁶ Apparently, the old CCC log tables were not disposed of at the time, for Heaton references the need to replace them in January 1961.

¹⁶⁸⁷ James C. McKown, telephone interview by Kathleen L. McKoy, September 27, 1999.

¹⁶⁸⁸ Ibid.

¹⁶⁸⁹ Ibid.

¹⁶⁹⁰ James C. McKown, letter to Kathleen L McKoy, September 9, 1999.

¹⁶⁹¹ Heaton Journal, June 5, 1958.

¹⁶⁹² Heaton Journal, July 26, 1958. He does not say what he did with the pots; presumably they went into the museum's collection.

¹⁶⁹³ Heaton Journal, July 26, 1958.

¹⁶⁹⁴ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Conrad L. Wirth, August 30, 1958.

¹⁶⁹⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶⁹⁶ Heaton Journal, October 1, 1958.

¹⁶⁹⁷ Heaton had previously asked permission for his mother, Maggie Heaton, to arrange the furnishings in the fort.

¹⁶⁹⁸ Charlie R. Steen, memorandum to Erik K. Reed, March 3, 1959.

¹⁶⁹⁹ Sandberg was hired in June to scout around and buy more furnishings.

¹⁷⁰⁰ Heaton Journal, January 29, 1959.

¹⁷⁰¹ On May 7, 1959 Heaton wrote in his journal that the office trailer "is in very bad shape and should never have been brought over here."

¹⁷⁰² Heaton Journal, July 21, 1959. The transcription of Heaton's journal suggests the men actually heard the fort walls "cracking" at the time of the earthquake!

¹⁷⁰³ H. L. Bill, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, August 14, 1959.

¹⁷⁰⁴ It is uncertain if this was the outside trough or the one in the spring room.

¹⁷⁰⁵ Heaton Journal, September 4, 1959.

¹⁷⁰⁶ See Zorro A. Bradley's 30-page report for details, "The Whitmore-McIntyre Dugout, Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," 1959.

¹⁷⁰⁷ Erik K. Reed, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, October 1, 1959.

¹⁷⁰⁸ Udall forwarded the letter to the Washington office, which in turn passed it on to the regional office for consideration on September 18, 1961. No other correspondence is available regarding this request.

¹⁷⁰⁹ Robert M. Utley, memorandum to Erik K. Reed, October 2, 1959.

¹⁷¹⁰ Ibid.

¹⁷¹¹ It is unknown if Franke transferred or resigned, but most likely the latter. Heaton wrote that Franke and his wife moved to Santa Fe.

¹⁷¹² Heaton Journal, August 24, 1960.

¹⁷¹³ Heaton Journal, September 19, 1960.

¹⁷¹⁴ Attendance at the affair wasn't reported.

¹⁷¹⁵ Charlie R. Steen, memorandum to Erik K. Reed, June 30, 1960.

¹⁷¹⁶ Heaton Journal, November 11, 1959.

¹⁷¹⁷ McKown worked as an inner-canyon ranger at Grand Canyon until April 1962, then moved to Montana where he worked for 35 more seasons as a seasonal ranger at Yellowstone National Park. For additional information see letter from McKown to McKoy, September 9, 1999; and transcribed telephone interview with McKown by McKoy, September 27, 1999.

¹⁷¹⁸ Heaton Journal, June 29, 1960.

¹⁷¹⁹ James C. McKown, letter to Kathleen L. McKoy, September 9, 1999.

¹⁷²⁰ Heaton Journal, August 22, 1960.

¹⁷²¹ Heaton Journal, September 7, 1960.

¹⁷²² Max P. Peterson, Annual Report of Information and Interpretation, 1960.

¹⁷²³ Heaton Journal, December 31, 1960.

¹⁷²⁴ Heaton Journal, February 8, 1961. Heaton states no one had lived in the fort since 1938, but his family actually moved out in 1936.

¹⁷²⁵ It is never stated whether the Tribe purchased it or private individuals from the reservation. He references the requests in his journal on January 26, 1961, and wrote, "[They] will get it for almost nothing."

¹⁷²⁶ There is a photograph of one of the sections on a flat-bed truck being moved off the monument ( PISP, neg. 154). This building may yet be standing in Kaibab Village.

¹⁷²⁷ Heaton Journal, May 6, 1961.

¹⁷²⁸ This tank lay around the monument for about three years before Zion made arrangements for the Tribe to take it in August 1962. Another fuel tank associated with the old power house was sent to Zion.

¹⁷²⁹ Heaton Journal, August 18, 1961.

¹⁷³⁰ Heaton Journal, August 20, 1961.

¹⁷³¹ Heaton Journal, July 8, 1961.

¹⁷³² Later events suggest the couple may have been having marital troubles at the time of Olsen's hiring, although these may also have occurred as a result of the separation.

¹⁷³³ Either during or just prior to January 1962, Olsen had a search made of National Archives photos taken during the Powell Survey, but none could be found that related to Pipe Spring. He also researched photos in the Denver Public Library, Western Collection. For details, see Olsen's monthly report, January 31, 1962.

¹⁷³⁴ Olsen wrote and published an article, "Early Cultures of the Southwest," in California Archeological Bulletin of the California State Archeological Society, January 1963 (No. 1).

¹⁷³⁵ Heaton Journal, October 21, 1960. See also August 30, 1961, reference to monument needing a maintenance man with skills with tools, plastering, painting, and carpentry.

¹⁷³⁶ 1961 Annual Report on Information and Interpretation.

¹⁷³⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, December 3, 1961.

¹⁷³⁸ Heaton Journal, January 4, 1962.

¹⁷³⁹ Ray Mose, as recorded by Leonard Heaton in his journal, February 27, 1962.

¹⁷⁴⁰ Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Francis R. Oberhansley, March 30, 1962. A map showing the location of the east cabin corrals is attached to a memorandum from Oberhansley to the regional director, April 3, 1962.

¹⁷⁴¹ Thomas J. Allen, memorandum to Francis R. Oberhansley, April 10, 1962.

¹⁷⁴² Robert W. Olsen, Jr., monthly report, June 1, 1962.

¹⁷⁴³ Robert W. Olsen, Jr., monthly report, October 2, 1962.

¹⁷⁴⁴ Franklin G. Smith, memorandum to George C. Miller, August 1, 1962. This memorandum also includes recommendations regarding two looms in the monument's collection.

¹⁷⁴⁵ Robert M. Utley, memorandum to George C. Miller, October 4, 1962.

¹⁷⁴⁶ Ibid.

¹⁷⁴⁷ Robert W. Olsen, Jr., monthly report, June 30, 1962.

¹⁷⁴⁸ It is possible this condition was related to the earlier back trouble that he reported having. He mentioned later that the operation was on the veins in his legs and that it improved his condition.

¹⁷⁴⁹ See Robert W. Olsen, Jr., combined monthly report for December 1962 and January 1963 for research information on the authenticity of the name's origin.

¹⁷⁵⁰ Heaton Journal, June 19, 1963.

¹⁷⁵¹ Heaton Journal, August 11, 1963.

¹⁷⁵² Heaton Journal, August 24, 1963.

¹⁷⁵³ Heaton Journal, September 14, 1963.

¹⁷⁵⁴ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 2, 1963.

¹⁷⁵⁵ The caretaker position was abolished about October 1968 so that the incumbent could be promoted to tour guide, subject to furlough.

¹⁷⁵⁶ Heaton Journal, January 9, 1957.

¹⁷⁵⁷ Heaton Journal, February 28, 1959.

¹⁷⁵⁸ On one occasion, Heaton refers to Burr as the "manager" for GarKane Power Company.

¹⁷⁵⁹ Heaton Journal, May 8, 1958.

¹⁷⁶⁰ Heaton Journal, August 11, 1958.

¹⁷⁶¹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 30, 1959.

¹⁷⁶² Heaton Journal, October 26, 1959.

¹⁷⁶³ Heaton's journal says power reached Moccasin on April 7, but his monthly report says power was turned on in the new line from Boulder on April 8.

¹⁷⁶⁴ All Establishment Day events during this period are noted under the "Monument Administration" section.

¹⁷⁶⁵ Heaton Journal, April 9, 1956.

¹⁷⁶⁶ Heaton Journal, April 21, 1957.

¹⁷⁶⁷ Heaton Journal, April 6, 1958.

¹⁷⁶⁸ Heaton Journal May 4, 1958.

¹⁷⁶⁹ Ibid.

¹⁷⁷⁰ Heaton Journal, March 24, 1959. The information regarding McIntyre conflicts with other sources.

¹⁷⁷¹ Heaton Journal, April 13, 1957.

¹⁷⁷² Robert W. Olsen, Jr., Annual Report on Information and Interpretation, 1963.

¹⁷⁷³ This may be contained in the Woolley/Snow Family Collection, op. cit.

¹⁷⁷⁴ Robert W. Olsen, Jr., monthly report, September 30, 1962. Heaton incorrectly reports the date as September 3 in his journal.

¹⁷⁷⁵ The engineer's first name is unknown.

¹⁷⁷⁶ Heaton Journal, December 13, 1956.

¹⁷⁷⁷ Heaton Journal, February 7, 1957.

¹⁷⁷⁸ Heaton Journal, various entries, January 1959.

¹⁷⁷⁹ Charlie R. Steen, memorandum to Regional Chief, Division of Interpretation, March 3, 1959. Additional description of work done is contained in Heaton's monthly narrative reports.

¹⁷⁸⁰ For details, see "Completion Report for Rehabilitation of Fort and Cabins Project," July 25, 1961.

¹⁷⁸¹ Heaton Journal, March 7-8, 1957.

¹⁷⁸² Robert W. Olsen, Jr., file memo, January 25, 1964. See memo for detail; includes a sketch map that also shows location of several old ponds west of the fort.

¹⁷⁸³ Its location is shown on a utilities sketch map attached to memorandum of July 5, 1957, from Heaton to Franke.

¹⁷⁸⁴ Leonard Heaton, "Completion Report of Construction Project," signed by Paul R. Franke, August 15, 1957. The concrete comfort station was removed some time after the completion of the visitor center in 1973.

¹⁷⁸⁵ Heaton reported in his journal on March 20, 1957: "Planted several varieties of cactus and four trees around the comfort station. Want to plant some grass later on."

¹⁷⁸⁶ It should be mentioned that originally a two-story duplex was planned for the residences. That was opposed by the regional office and by Heaton, as was the concept of a one-story duplex. In November 1958 Zion officials proposed that yet a third residence be added to the master plan to house a permanent maintenance man.

¹⁷⁸⁷ Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, November 4, 1958.

¹⁷⁸⁸ Doty is well-known for the Mission 66 visitor centers he designed for the Park Service, but as it turned out he would not design Pipe Spring's.

¹⁷⁸⁹ H. L. Bill, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, August 14, 1959.

¹⁷⁹⁰ See Heaton's monthly reports for July-December 1959. For the most detail, see Narrative Report, Contract No. 14-10-345-7, attached to Individual Building Data form, buildings 6 and 7; see also project completion report.

¹⁷⁹¹ For details, see "Completion Report, Entrance, Residence and Utility Roads," final approval February 8, 1961.

¹⁷⁹² The wooden part of this sign was probably the one made in Zion and delivered to the park in 1956. Heaton never reported its installation. The stone part of the entrance sign was made in 1961.

¹⁷⁹³ This sign is now located just west of the visitor center.

¹⁷⁹⁴ Miles E. Smith, "Limited Examination, Field Records, and Property," Pipe Spring National Monument, February 28, 1962.

¹⁷⁹⁵ For design of collection box, see P. E. Smith, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, February 24, 1959.

¹⁷⁹⁶ Drawing NM/PS-3109 is in the 1950s map file compiled for this project.

¹⁷⁹⁷ P. E. Smith, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, March 4, 1959.

¹⁷⁹⁸ Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Chief, WODC, March 13, 1959.

¹⁷⁹⁹ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, March 25, 1959.

¹⁸⁰⁰ P. E. Smith, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, April 15, 1959.

¹⁸⁰¹ Heaton Journal, August 10, 1959.

¹⁸⁰² Leonard Heaton, monthly report, November 30, 1960.

¹⁸⁰³ In November the bottom of the ponds was dug out to try to reduce the murkiness of the water so visitors could better see the fish.

¹⁸⁰⁴ Heaton reported in his journal several earthquake tremors were felt at Pipe Spring on February 15, 1962, but did not associate these with changes in the spring flow.

¹⁸⁰⁵ Heaton Journal, August 6, 1958. It is uncertain what magazine the article was in. Heaton refers to it as a vacation magazine; the Westways printed an article mentioning the swimming pool in August 1953.

¹⁸⁰⁶ Heaton Journal, July 29, 1963.

¹⁸⁰⁷ Heaton Journal, March 5, 1956. Heaton reported that he caught a bobcat in a trap set in Heart Canyon. The bobcat had killed one of the white ducks the previous day.

¹⁸⁰⁸ Hugh H. Bozarth, monthly report, December 1963.

¹⁸⁰⁹ Heaton Journal, August 24, 1956.

¹⁸¹⁰ Leonard Heaton, "Completion Report for Rehabilitation of Fort and Cabins Project," July 25, 1961. (Heaton's monthly report says this work was completed March 27.) See also Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Chief, WODC, February 11, 1959, and Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, February 12, 1959, as well as Heaton's monthly narrative reports. For design of collection box, see P. E. Smith, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, February 24, 1959.

¹⁸¹¹ Heaton Journal, April 10, 1961.

¹⁸¹² Heaton Journal, November 6, 1960.

¹⁸¹³ See Heaton's journal entry of September 1, 1958, for list of items.

¹⁸¹⁴ Heaton Journal, January 15, 1959.

¹⁸¹⁵ See Heaton's 1961 journal entries for specific references to acquisitions.

¹⁸¹⁶ See Heaton's journal entry for September 4, 1961, and monthly report for September 1961. Other donations were made in 1962 (see Olsen's monthly report for June 1962).

¹⁸¹⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, January 31, 1963.

¹⁸¹⁸ Heaton Journal, April 18, 1956. See also entry of April 20, 1958.

¹⁸¹⁹ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 2, 1956.

¹⁸²⁰ The inquiry letter has not been located, only Heaton's response.

¹⁸²¹ Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Chief of Lands, May 23, 1956. Heaton's report was not sent directly to the Chief of Lands, but was edited and retyped by Zion officials. When they transcribed this statement and sent it to the regional office it stated, "No meters are used at Pipe Springs. The water is taken directly from the spring and no restrictions are made to its use." (Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, June 4, 1956) With regard to Heaton's domestic water supply, see also attachments to Heaton memorandum to Paul R. Franke, July 5, 1957.

¹⁸²² "Answers for the National Park Service to Interrogatories Addressed to the United States by the California Defendants in Arizona v. California," May 29, 1956.

¹⁸²³ Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, October 1, 1956 (under cover letter of October 11, 1956, Chester A. Thomas to Regional Director). The original questions were posed by Chief of Lands David Canfield and sent by A. van V. Dunn in a memorandum of August 29, 1956 (not located).

¹⁸²⁴ In a somewhat contradictory statement, Heaton also reported that before the monument was established, the water at Pipe Spring flowed south into the meadow area and then into a sandy area below it. While this area extended one to three miles south, Heaton thought the spring flow would not have exceeded more than one-half mile beyond the meadow at any time.

¹⁸²⁵ A. van V. Dunn, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, April 24, 1957. An index to the docket is attached to Dunn's memorandum.

¹⁸²⁶ Donald E. Lee, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, April 3, 1958.

¹⁸²⁷ John E. Kell, memorandum to Chief, WODC, March 18, 1959.

¹⁸²⁸ A. van V. Dunn, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, March 20, 1959.

¹⁸²⁹ Correspondence files for 1960-1963 contain little, compared to prior years.

¹⁸³⁰ John C. Dibbern, letter to Herman E. O'Harra, April 21, 1961.

¹⁸³¹ John C. Dibbern, letter to Herman E. O'Harra, November 23, 1961.

¹⁸³² Heaton Journal, May 26, 1956. No details are given. Heaton refers to the boy as "Maxine" but, according to tribal members, that was not the boy's correct name.

¹⁸³³ Heaton Journal, April 23, 1959. First name is not given.

¹⁸³⁴ Heaton Journal, March 17, 1957.

¹⁸³⁵ Heaton Journal, July 30, 1958.

¹⁸³⁶ Heaton Journal, entries for September 22, 24, and October 7, 1960.

¹⁸³⁷ Heaton Journal, December 13, 1960.

¹⁸³⁸ Heaton Journal, May 4, 1961.

¹⁸³⁹ Heaton Journal, July 5, 1962.

¹⁸⁴⁰ Andrea Bornemeier, memorandum to Kathleen L. McKoy, June 11, 1999.

¹⁸⁴¹ Heaton Journal, September 8, 1962. The girls were unnamed.

¹⁸⁴² Beginning in 1952, there were widespread field tests of use of gamma globulin during polio epidemics in Utah, Texas, and Iowa, but the tests showed only short-term protection. A vaccine prepared by Dr. Jonas E. Salk was used in the largest medical field test in history on 1,830,000 school children ca. 1953-1954; results were reported in April 1955, disclosing active immunity was provided by the Salk vaccine for at least six months with more permanent protection by use of booster injections.

¹⁸⁴³ Morris, Encyclopedia of American History, 814.

¹⁸⁴⁴ It appears the marriage was "sealed" in St. George on June 8, 1957, as Heaton reports the same son was married in St. George, Utah, on this date.

¹⁸⁴⁵ One reference states "a son and daughter" and states they were graduating from Tempe College. Staff meeting minutes say the graduation was for a son. The college is presumably Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona.

¹⁸⁴⁶ Heaton Journal, June 20, 1956.

¹⁸⁴⁷ Heaton Journal, June 23, 1956.

¹⁸⁴⁸ Heaton Journal, May 6, 1957.

¹⁸⁴⁹ Heaton Journal, February 8, 1958.

¹⁸⁵⁰ Heaton Journal, January 29, 1960.

¹⁸⁵¹ Heaton Journal, March 7, 1956. "Oiled" roads were graveled, as opposed to dirt or bituminous-paved roads.

¹⁸⁵² Heaton Journal, March 24, 1956.

¹⁸⁵³ David H. Canfield, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, April 23, 1956.

¹⁸⁵⁴ Chester A. Thomas, monthly report to Conrad L. Wirth, May 2, 1956.

¹⁸⁵⁵ Heaton Journal, June 23, 1956.

¹⁸⁵⁶ Heaton Journal, July 2, 1956.

¹⁸⁵⁷ Heaton Journal, July 14, 1956.

¹⁸⁵⁸ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, August 2, 1956.

¹⁸⁵⁹ Heaton Journal, August 23, 1956.

¹⁸⁶⁰ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Conrad L. Wirth, August 27, 1956.

¹⁸⁶¹ J. Edward Amschel, memorandum to Conrad L. Wirth, October 2, 1956.

¹⁸⁶² Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Hugh M. Miller, November 23, 1956.

¹⁸⁶³ Ibid.

¹⁸⁶⁴ Heaton Journal, May 2, 1957.

¹⁸⁶⁵ Heaton Journal, July 21, 1957.

¹⁸⁶⁶ Heaton Journal, August 7, 1957.

¹⁸⁶⁷ Leonard Heaton, monthly report, September 30, 1957.

¹⁸⁶⁸ Heaton Journal, October 1, 1957.

¹⁸⁶⁹ Heaton Journal, February 17, 1958.

¹⁸⁷⁰ Heaton Journal, February 24-25, 1958.

¹⁸⁷¹ Heaton Journal, March 4, 1958.

¹⁸⁷² Paul R. Franke, memorandum to Chief, WODC, March 7, 1958.

¹⁸⁷³ Thomas C. Vint, memorandum to Chief, WODC, June 16, 1958.

¹⁸⁷⁴ Hugh M. Miller, memorandum to Chief of Operations, June 25, 1958.

¹⁸⁷⁵ Paul R. Franke, letter to Superintendent, Kaibab Indian Reservation, June 27, 1958. It is not known who the official was at Ft. Duchesne at this time.

¹⁸⁷⁶ Paul R. Franke, letter to Superintendent, Hopi Indian Reservation, July 3, 1958. It is unclear to the author why both superintendents at Ft. Duchesne and Keams Canyon were notified about the matter.

¹⁸⁷⁷ David H. Canfield, memorandum to the Hugh M. Miller, July 31, 1958.

¹⁸⁷⁸ A map was not attached to the archived letter. The transmittal letter to the Hopi Indian Reservation is dated September 10, 1958; none has been located to the Kaibab Indian Reservation, but it is presumed one was sent out about the same time.

¹⁸⁷⁹ H. E. O'Harra, letter to Paul R. Franke, September 17, 1958.

¹⁸⁸⁰ David H. Canfield, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, October 7, 1958.

¹⁸⁸¹ Heaton Journal, January 24, 1959.

¹⁸⁸² Leonard Heaton, memorandum to Paul R. Franke, February 12, 1959 (filed under cover memorandum of February 17, 1959).

¹⁸⁸³ Heaton Journal, October 12, 1961. See also Zion staff meeting minutes, February 7, 1962.

¹⁸⁸⁴ Possibly to avoid future problems, the State was not content with the Tribe's earlier granting of right-of-way for the road to cross the reservation, but wanted to own the land outright.

¹⁸⁸⁵ It is important to emphasize that what is often referred to as protecting the "historic setting" of Pipe Spring in the 1960s was not so much maintaining any existing historic integrity but was an attempt to return conditions to what they were believed to have been like in the 1870s. It was thus an attempt to reconstruct a historic landscape. This was discussed in the Cultural Landscape Inventory of the monument's landscape, conducted in 1997 by Peggy Froeschauer Nelson and Kathleen L. McKoy.

¹⁸⁸⁶ Raymond J. Geerdes, memorandum to Frank F. Kowski, December 29, 1969.

¹⁸⁸⁷ Karl T. Gilbert, memorandum to Frank F. Kowski, July 22, 1970.

¹⁸⁸⁸ Morris, Encyclopedia of American History, 645.

¹⁸⁸⁹ The correspondence files for the 1960s are very slim for reasons unknown.

¹⁸⁹⁰ Historian's monthly report, July 1966.

¹⁸⁹¹ Historian's monthly report, September 1964.

¹⁸⁹² Management Assistant's monthly report, April 1964. A later interview with Grant Heaton revealed that the four poles west of the fort were not historic, but had been replaced with new poles in 1959.

¹⁸⁹³ According to monument staff, the telegraph pole located near the lime kiln site was struck by lightning in the early 1990s and was replaced. The remaining poles are the ones placed in 1965.

¹⁸⁹⁴ In his monthly report, August 1965, Olsen reported that William H. Hamblin's grandson, Albert Hamblin, visited the monument and stated that his grandfather was poisoned to death in Pioche, Nevada in 1872, before he could testify in court to the ownership of a mine.

¹⁸⁹⁵ A sketch map dated "3/5/64" was made at that time showing the main pipelines. See map in 1964 correspondence files.

¹⁸⁹⁶ Bozarth refers to his samples as "drinking water," suggesting that the samples were taken from the collection box rather than from the fort ponds.

¹⁸⁹⁷ Management Assistant's monthly report, March 1965.

¹⁸⁹⁸ This work was part of routine maintenance during the 1960s. The tree crew pruned the trees again in 1969.

¹⁸⁹⁹ Management Assistant's monthly report, June 1965.

¹⁹⁰⁰ While no evidence of the road can be discerned east of the fort, one can still see evidence of the road west of the fort as well as for some distance outside the monument boundary, heading southwest. This is believed to be the trace of the old Kaibab Wagon Road as well as old monument road.

¹⁹⁰¹ Management Assistant's monthly report, July 1967.

¹⁹⁰² James C. McKown, telephone interview by Kathleen L. McKoy, September 27, 1999.

¹⁹⁰³ It is unknown why Swearingen did not reference Arthur Woodward's 1959 "Details for Furnishing House Museum at Pipe Spring National Monument," unless she considered it inadequate.

¹⁹⁰⁴ Jean R. Swearingen, memorandum to Daniel B. Beard, July 14, 1967. Report entitled "Pipe Spring National Monument," appended to cover memo.

¹⁹⁰⁵ Bozarth presumably attended as well, but does not say so in his monthly report for August.

¹⁹⁰⁶ Management Assistant's monthly report, May 1967.

¹⁹⁰⁷ Carole Gallagher, American Ground Zero, The Secret Nuclear War: xxix.

¹⁹⁰⁸ The Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials published by the U.S. Department of the Interior (1991) incorrectly states that Bozarth remained at Pipe Spring until September 1970.

¹⁹⁰⁹ Acting Management Assistant's monthly report, September 1967. Later references indicate that management wanted to add to the earlier reconstructed corral.

¹⁹¹⁰ See later sketch map showing native grass restoration areas. The area Bolander planted in is presumed to be that labeled "Project II," located northeast of the fort.

¹⁹¹¹ The location of the temporary contact station is shown on Drawing 321/80001, "Water System," June 25, 1969.

¹⁹¹² The monument was designated Sitka National Historical Park on October 18, 1972. By coincidence, the current superintendent at Pipe Spring National Monument, John W. Hiscock, worked in the Alaska Regional Office from 1989-1994, just prior to his transfer to Pipe Spring.

¹⁹¹³ That May, Park Naturalist Barbara Lund (Zion) identified 49 different bird species in the monument, including the broadwing hawk, considered rare for the area.

¹⁹¹⁴ Raymond J. Geerdes, letter to Jack Peters, March 7, 1969. Geerdes' title at the Sitka site is unknown. He may have been appointed acting superintendent; he is not listed as one of its superintendents in the Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials. He writes in this letter that he was "in charge" of the Alaska site.

¹⁹¹⁵ Youths had to be out of school for at least three months before they could qualify under this program and their families had to meet an income criteria.

¹⁹¹⁶ Raymond J. Geerdes, memorandum to Joe Montoya, Andrew Sandaval, Jack Peters, July 14, 1969.

¹⁹¹⁷ It appears that Geerdes had to find unused NYC "slots" in other communities and ask to use these in order to take on Paiute enrollees, thus it was more difficult to hire them.

¹⁹¹⁸ Raymond J. Geerdes, memorandum to Karl T. Gilbert, June 21, 1968. Geerdes reported that the Tribe had only four eligible enrollees, two of whom worked at the monument.

¹⁹¹⁹ Raymond J. Geerdes, memorandum to Karl T. Gilbert, February 28, 1969. This memorandum is a summary of area contacts with local Paiute and Navajo.

¹⁹²⁰ Raymond J. Geerdes, letter to Tony Gabaldon, June 10, 1969. Four VISTA volunteers worked in the Moccasin area, but not directly for the monument. The particular letter references controversy in the Fredonia community about the VISTA workers, but does not provide details. Geerdes had high praise for their work.

¹⁹²¹ Tait was first hired under the Youth Conservation Corps (YCC) program; he later also worked under the NYC program.

¹⁹²² Karl T. Gilbert, memorandum to Frank F. Kowski, June 27, 1968.

¹⁹²³ Frank F. Kowski, memorandum to Karl T. Gilbert, July 18, 1968.

¹⁹²⁴ Paul C. Heaton, letter to Clarence Newman, undated (ca. late August 1968). Handwritten notes by Raymond J. Geerdes from May and June listed one other name, but it is uncertain if he worked that summer (Stanley Brewer, a Paiute boy). Steve Tait also worked at the monument that summer.

¹⁹²⁵ Raymond J. Geerdes, memorandum to Karl T. Gilbert, August 6, 1968.