SEQUOIA Rules and Regulations 1920

CHECK LIST OF BIRDS OF SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS AND VICINITY.

[Compiled and identified by WALTER FRY, superintendent.]

Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds.

Family GAVIDAE. Loons.

Loon. Gavia immer. Rare Winter visitant.

Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers.

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE. Cormorants.

Farallon Cormorant. Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus. Rare winter resident.

Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers.

Family ANATIDAE. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

American Merganser. Mergus americanus. Winter visitant.

Red-breasted Merganser. Mergus serrator. Fall migrant.

Hooded Merganser. Lophodytes cucullatus. Winter visitant.

Mallard. Anas platyrhyncha. Common winter resident.

Green-winged Teal. Nettion carolinense. Winter resident.

Blue-winged Teal. Querquedula discors. Rare winter visitant.

Cinnamon Teal. Querquedula cyanoptera. Winter visitant.

Shoveller. Spatula clypeata. Common winter resident.

American Pintail. Dafila acuta tzitzihoa. Fall migrant.

Wood Duck. Aix sponsa. Rare winter visitant.

Canvasback. Marila valisineria. Winter visitant.

Ring-necked Duck. Marila collaris. Rare winter visitant.

Buffle-head. Charitnetta albeola. Rare winter visitant.

Snow Goose. Chen hyperborea hyperborea. Very rare winter visitant.

Canada Goose. Branta canadensis canadensis. Rare winter visitant.

Whistling Swan. Olor columbianus. Very rare winter visitant.

Order HERODIONES. Herons, Ibises, etc.

Family ARDEIDAE. Herons, Egrets, Bitterns.

American Bittern. Botaurus lentiginosus. Summer resident.

California Blue Heron. Ardea herodias hyperonca. Summer visitor.

Anthony Green Heron. Butorides virescens anthonyi. Rare summer resident.

Black-crowned Night Heron. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius. Rare spring migrant.

Order PALUDIOCLAE. Cranes, Rails, etc.

Family RALLIDAE. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.

Coot. Fulica americana. Summer resident.

Order LIMICOLAE. Shore Birds.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE. Avocets and Stilts.

Black-necked Stilt. Himantopus mexicanus. Spring migrant.

Family SCOLOPACIDAE. Snipes and Sandpipers.

Wilson Snipe. Gallinago delicatea Common winter visitant.

Least Sandpiper. Pisobia minutilla minutilla. Winter visitant.

Family CHARADRIIDAE. Plovers.

Killdeer. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus. Resident.

Mountain Plover. Podasocys montanus. Winter visitant.

Order GALLINAE. Grouse, Turkeys, Pheasants, Quail, etc.

Family TETRAONIDAE. Grouse.

Plumed Partridge (Commonly called mountain quail). Oreortyx picta plumifera. Resident; common at high elevations.

Valley Partridge (commonly called valley quail). Lophorty californica vallicola Abundant resident of the foothills.

Sierra Grouse. Dendragapus obscurus sierrae. Resident; plentiful at all high altitudes.

Order COLUMBAE. Pigeons.

Family COLUMBIDAE. Pigeons.

Band-tailed Pigeon. Chloroenas fasciata fasciata. Resident.

Western Mourning Dove. Zenaidura macroura marginella. Resident everywhere.

Order RAPTORES. Vultures, Eagles, Hawks, Owls, etc.

Family CATHARTIDAE. American Vultures.

California Vulture; California Condor. Gymnogyps californianus Resident; very rare.

Turkey Vulture. Cathartes aura septentrionalis Common resident.

Family FALCONIDAE. Hawks and Eagles.

White-tailed Kite. Elanus leucurus Resident at low elevations.

Sharp-shinned Hawk. Accipiter velox. Winter visitant.

Cooper Hawk. Accipiter cooperii. Resident.

Western Red-tail. Buteo borealis calurus. Resident.

Red-bellied Hawk. Buteo lineatus elegans. Rare resident.

Swainson Hawk. Buteo swainsoni. Rare spring visitant.

Ferruginous Rough-leg; Squirrel Hawk. Archibuteo ferrugineus. Rare migrant.

Golden Eagle. Aquila chrysaetos. Common resident.

Bald Eagle. Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus. Common resident.

Prairie Falcon. Hierofalco mexicanus. Rare winter visitant.

Pigeon Hawk. Tinnunculus columbarius columbarius. Common winter visitant.

Western Sparrow Hawk. Cerchneis sparveria phalaena. Common resident.

Family TYTONIDAE. Barn Owls.

Barn Owl. Tyto alba pratincola. Common resident of the foothills.

Family BUBONIDAE. Horned Owls.

Long-eared Owl. Asio wilsonianus. Rare resident.

Short-eared Owl. Asio flammeus flammeus. Rare winter visitant.

Spotted Owl. Strix occidentalis occidentalis. Rare resident.

Saw-whet Owl. Cryptoglaux acadica acadica. Resident in winter.

California Screech Owl. Otus asio bendirei. Very common resident.

Pacific Horned Owl. Bubo virginianus pacificus. Resident.

California Pygmy Owl. Glaucidium gnoma californicum. Very common resident.

Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc.

Family CUCULIDAE. Cuckoos.

Road-runner Geococcyx californianus. Common resident.

California Cuckoo. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis. Rare summer resident.

Family ALCEDINIDAE. Kingfishers.

Belted Kingfisher. Streptoceryle alcyon alcyon. Occasional summer resident.

Order PICI. Woodpeckers, etc.

Family PICIDAE. Woodpeckers.

Cabanis Woodpecker. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. Common resident.

Willow Woodpecker. Dryobates puebescens turati. Occasional summer resident.

Red-breasted Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus ruber ruber. Winter visitant.

California Woodpecker. Balanosphyra formicivora bairdi. Common resident.

Lewis woodpecker. Asyndesmus lewisi. Winter visitant.

Red-naped Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis. Rare winter visitant.

Red-shafted Flicker. Colaptes cafer collaris. Common resident.

Northern white-headed Woodpecker. Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus. Common resident in the middle elevations.

Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and Hummingbirds.

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE. Goatsuckers.

Dusky Poor-will. Phalaenoptilus nuttallii californicus. Common resident.

Family CHORDEILIDAE Nighthawks.

Pacific Nighthawk. Chordeiles minor hesperis. Occasional summer resident.

Family MICROPODIDAE. Swifts.

Black Swift. Nephoecetes niger borealis. Summer resident.

Vaux Swift. Chaetura vauxi. Migrant.

White-throated Swift. Aeronautes melanoleucus. Summer visitant.

Family TROCHILIDAE. Hummingbirds.

Black-chinned Hummingbird. Archilochus alexandri. Common summer visitant at lower elevations.

Anna Hummingbird. Calypte anna. Summer visitant.

Rufous Hummingbird. Selasphorus rufus. Abundant summer resident.

Calliope Hummingbird. Stellula calliope. Summer visitant.

Order PASSERES. Perching Birds.

Family TYRANNIDAE. Tyrant Flycatchers.

Arkansas Kingbird. Tyrannus verticals. Summer resident.

Ash-throated Flycatcher. Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens. Summer visitant.

Black Phoebe. Sayornis nigricans. Resident.

Olive-sided Flycatcher. Nuttallornis borealis. Summer visitant.

Western Wood Pewee. Myiochanes richardsonii richardsonii. Resident in summer.

Little Flycatcher. Empidonax traillii brewsteri. Summer resident.

Western Flycatcher. Empidonax difficilis difficilis. Summer resident.

Family ALAUDIDAE. Larks.

California Horned Lark. Otocoris alpestris actia. Resident at Barnafe Flats.

Family CORVIDAE. Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc.

Yellow-billed Magpie. Pica nuttallii Summer visitant.

California Jay. Aphelocoma california immanis. Common resident.

Western Raven. Corvus corax clarionensis. Common resident.

Western Crow. Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis. Common resident.

Clark Nutcracker. Nucifraga columbiana. Common resident.

Blue-fronted Jay. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis. Abundant resident of the higher elevations.

Family ICTERIDAE. Blackbirds Orioles, etc.

Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. Summer visitant.

Sass Diego Red-wing. Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis. Fall migrant.

Tricolored Blackbird. Agelaius tricolor. Common resident.

Bullock Oriole. Icterus bullockii bullockii. Summer resident

Brewer Blackbird. Euphagus cyanocephalus Resident.

Family FRINGILLIDAE. Finches, Sparrows, etc.

California Evening Grosbeak. Hesperiphona vespertina californica. Rare summer visitant.

California Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator californica. Resident

California Purple Finch. Curpodacus purpureus californicus. Common resident.

Cassin Purple Finch. Carpodacus cassinnii. Resident.

House Finch. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. Resident very plentiful.

Willow Goldfinch Astragalinus tristis salicamans. Rare resident at lower elevations.

Green-backed Goldfinch. Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus. Abundant resident.

Lawrence Goldfinch. Astragalinus lawrencii. Summer visitant.

Pine Siskin. Spinus pinus pinus. Resident.

English Sparrow. Passer domesticus hostilis. Resident.

Western Vesper Sparrow. Pooecetes gramineus confinis. Summer resident.

Nevada Savannah Sparrow. Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Fall migrant.

Western Lark Sparrow. Chondestes grammacus strigatus. Resident, very rare.

Gambel Sparrow. Zonotrichia gambelii. Winter visitant.

Western Chipping Sparrow. Spizella passerina arizonae. Rare resident.

Brewer Sparrow. Spizella breweri. Rare resident of foothills.

Thurber Junco. Junco oreganus thurberi. Summer resident.

Bell Sparrow. Amphispiza belli belli. Resident in foothills.

Modoc Song Sparrow. Melospiza melodia fisherella. Resident.

Lincoln Sparrow. Melospiza lincolnii lincolnii. Summer resident at high altitudes.

Thick-billed Sparrow. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha. Summer resident.

White-crowned Sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys. Common resident above the elevations of 8,000 feet.

Stephens Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca stephensi. Common resident between the elevations of 6,000 and 8 000 feet.

Sacramento Towhee. Pipilo maculatus falcinellus. Winter visitant.

Northern Brown Towhee. Pipilo crissalis carolae. Common resident.

Green-tailed Towhee. Oreospiza chlorura. Winter visitant.

Pacific Black-headed Grosbeak. Zamelodia melanocephala capitalis. Summer resident.

Lazuli Bunting. Passerina amoena. Common summer resident.

Family TANAGRIDAE. Tanagers.

Louisiana Tanager; Western Tanager. Piranga ludoviciana Summer visitant; leaves immediately after nesting period.

Family HIRUNDINIDAE. Swallows.

Western Martin. Progne subis hesperia. Summer visitant.

Barn Swallow. Hirundo rustica erythrogastris. Summer resident at the Marble Fork Bridge.

Tree Swallow. Iridoprocne bicolor. Abundant summer resident.

Violet-green Swallow. Tachycineta thalassina lepida. Common summer resident.

Bank Swallow. Riparia riparia riparia. Summer resident in Elk Park.

Rough-winged Swallow. Stelgidopteryx serripennis serripennis. Rare summer resident.

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE. Waxwings and Phainopeplas.

Cedar Waxwing. Bombycilla cedrorum. Irregular winter visitant.

Family LANIIDAE. Shrikes.

California Shrike. Lanius ludovicianus gambeli. Summer resident.

Family VIREONIDAE. Vireos.

Western Warbling Vireo. Vireosylva gilva swainsonii. Common summer visitant.

Cassin Vireo. Lanivireo solitarius cassinii. Abundant summer resident.

Family MNIOTILTIDAE. Wood Warblers.

Lutescent Warbler. Vermivora celata lutescens. Summer visitant.

Brewster Yellow Warbler. Dendroica aestiva brewsteri. Abundant summer resident.

Calaveras Warbler. Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis. Common summer resident between the elevations of 5,500 to 7,500 feet.

Audubon Warbler. Dendroica auduboni auduboni. Winter visitant; occasional summer resident.

Black-throated Gray Warbler. Dendroica nigrescens. Summer resident.

Townsend Warbler. Dendroica townsendi. Common migrant.

Hermit Warbler. Dendroica occidentalis. Migrant and probably summer resident.

Macgillivray Warbler. Oporornis tolmiei. Summer resident.

Pacific Yellow-throat. Geothlypis trichas arizela. Rare resident in Elk Park.

Long-tailed Chat. Icteria virens longicauda. Summer visitant along the streams.

Golden Pileolated Warbler. Wilsonia pusilla chryseola. Rare summer visitant along the streams of the foothills.

Family MOTACILLIDAE. Wagtails.

Pipit. Anthus spinoletta rubescens. Common winter visitant.

Family CINCLIDAE. Dippers.

Dipper; Northern Water Ouzel. Cinclus mexicanus unicolor. Common resident along the streams.

Family MIMIDAE. Thrashers, etc.

Western Mocking Bird. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus. Very rare summer visitant at low elevations.

California Thrasher. Toxostoma redivivum redivivum. Common resident.

Family TROGLODYTIDAE. Wrens.

Rock Wren. Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus. Resident in low elevations.

Dotted Canyon Wren. Cathertes mexicanus punctulatus. Common resident.

Parkman Wren. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii. Resident in foothills.

Family CERTHIDAE. Creepers.

Sierra Creeper. Certhia familaris zelotus. Resident at high elevations.

Family SITTIDAE. Nuthatches.

Slender-billed Nuthatch. Sitta carolinensis aculeata. Common resident.

Red-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta canadensis. Common summer resident in the elevations between 7,000 and 11,000 feet.

Family PARIDAE. Titmice.

Plain Titmouse. Baeolophus inornatus inornatus. Common resident.

Bailey Chickadee. Penthestes gambeli baileyae. Resident.

Short-tailed Mountain Chickadee. Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus. Summer resident and winter visitant above the elevation of 5,500 feet.

Pallid Wren-tit. Chamaea fasciata henshawi. Occasional winter visitant.

California Bush-tit. Psaltriparus minimus californicus. Common resident.

Family SYLVIIDAE. Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, etc.

Western Golden-crowned Kinglet. Regulus regulus olivaceus. Winter visitant.

Western Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Corthylio calendula cineraceus. Winter visitant.

Western Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea obscura. Rare resident.

Family TURDIDAE. Thrushes, Solitaires Bluebirds etc.

Townsend Solitaire Myadestes townsendii Winter visitant and occasional summer resident.

Russet-backed Thrush. Hylocichla ustulata ustulata. Spring and summer visitant.

Sierra Hermit Thrush Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis Occasional summer resident.

Western Robin. Planesticus migratorius propinquus. Resident; very plentiful everywhere.

San Pedro Bluebird. Sialia mexicana anabelae. Very rare summer resident.

Mountain Bluebird Sialia corrucoides. Summer resident at high elevation.

CHECK LIST OF MAMMALS.

[All species indicated with * inhabit both parks, otherwise Sequoia Park only.]

Order UNGULATA. Deer, Antelope, Cattle, Sheep, and Goats.

Family CERVIDAE Deer.

California Wapiti. Cervus nannodes Merriam. Twenty elk were transferred from Kern County, Cal., to the park in 1905, four of which died soon after arrival from their injuries sustained while in captivity. The elk were at first kept within fenced inclosure in a section of the park on the Middle Fork of the Kaweah River hut now roam in many other parts of the park and adjacent territory. Young have been born, and it is now estimated that there are from 40 to 50 head in the herd. The first calf elk was born in the park on March 9, 1906. Young are born from March to May; twins are infrequent.

California Mule Deer. *Odocoileus hemionus californicus. (Caton) Deer are very abundant in the parks; a conservative estimate of their number has been set at 3,000 within the Sequoia Park. They may be seen in all portions of the parks during summer season. Fawns are dropped during June and July. Twins and triplets are frequent.

Family BOVIDAE. Sheep.

Sierra Mountain Sheep. Ovis canadensis sierræ Grinnell. These sheep from the eastern slope of Mount Baxter have recently been described at a distinct species and there are still a number of them on the eastern slope of the Sierra. They are of unusual occurrence in the park, and were last seen September 10, 1918, on the north spur of Mount Silliman at an elevation of 11,200 feet. The lambing season is principally March and April, and records would indicate that only one lamb at a time is born.

Order RODENTIA Rodents or Gnawers.

Family SCIURIDÆ Squirrels.

Yellow-bellied Marmot *Marmota flaviventer sierrae (Audubon and Bachman) Very abundant throughout their range, and may be seen at all times during summer and autumn seasons. They live principally in crevices of rocks near glade or stream, and are most plentiful at Hockett and Sand Meadows. They are often called ground hog and woodchuck. They furnish much of the food for the lion, wolf, and lynx, and are often used as food by man.

Fisher's Ground Squirrel. *Citellus beecheyi fisheri (Merriam). Not plentiful throughout their range; Principally along road and trail thoroughfares near water. They are a serious pest to agriculture and spread contagion; and the State of California has enacted a law compelling their destruction, which is expected to lead to their final extermination.

Alpine Chipmunk Eutamias alpinus. (Merriam) Fairly abundant in the park and found most plentiful in the vicinity of Mount Silliman and Alta along the upper edge of timberline.

Sierra Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel. *Callospermophilus lateralis chrysodeirus (Merriam). Fairly abundant in the parks and a source of great pleasure to park visitors.

Sierra Nevada Chipmunk. *Eutamias frater (Allen). Very abundant in the parks.

Columbia Gray Squirrel. *Sciurus griseus griseus Ord. Very abundant.

Sierra Chickaree. *Sciurus douglasii albolimbatus Allen. Very abundant.

San Bernardino Chipmunk. *Eutamias speciosus speciousus (Merriam). Very abundant between the elevations of 6,000 and 11,000 feet.

Family APLODONTIIDÆ. Beaver.

California Mountain Beaver. Aplodontia rufa californica (Peters). Not abundant in the park, but are occasionally seen in the headwaters of the Marble Fork River and Clover Creek. They have never been seen below the 8,000-foot level.

Family PETAURISTIDÆ. Flying squirrel.

San Bernardino Flying Squirrel. *Glaucomys alpinus californicus. (Rhoads). Not abundant in the parks, and owing to their nocturnal habit are seldom seen by park visitors.

Sierra Nevada Flying Squirrel. *Glaucomys sabrinus laseivus (Bang). Fairly abundant between the elevations of 6,000 and 7,500 feet in the heavy forest belt.

Family MURIDÆ. Rats and Mice.

Common House Mouse. Mus musculus Linn. This mouse introduced from Europe inhabits the greater portion of the settlement in the valley west of the park, and has drifted into the park to a point at Rocky Gulch station, which is the only place at which it has been seen in the park.

California Mouse. Preomyscus californicus calofornicus (Gambel). Not abundant in the park; the inhabit principally the chemisal thickets of the foothills near the western park boundary.

Gambel Mouse. *Peromyscus namiculatus gambelii (Baird). Gambel mice are more plentiful than all other species.

Big-eared Mouse. *Peromyscus truei gilberti (Allen). Live principally in the brush thickets near the open forests. Not abundant.

Streator Brush Rat. *Neotoma fuscipes streatori Merriam. Very abundant throughout their range and menace to campers, as they will carry away foodstuff and small camp articles if given the opportunity.

Bushy-tailed Wood Rat. *Neotoma cinerea cinerea (Ord). Abundant between the elevations of 7,000 and 10,500 feet.

Intermediate Wood Rat. *Neotoma intermedia intermedia (Rhoads). Fairly abundant in the heavy forest belt between the elevations of 5,500 and 7,500 feet.

California Meadow Mouse. Microtus californicus californicus. (Pelae). Inhabits principally grassy localities, both wet and dry. Fairly abundant.

Cantakerous Meadow Mouse. *Microtus mordax mordax (Merriam). These mice are to be found about all the meadows throughout their range and are fairly abundant.

Family GEOMYIDÆ. Pocket Gophers.

Alpine Pocket Gopher. *Thomomys alpinus alpinus Merriam. Fairly abundant throughout their zones, but most plentiful near the streams and marsh places.

Fresno Pocket Gopher. *Thomomys angularis pascalis Merriam. Found in most places throughout their range, appearing most abundant where there is rich, loose soil, other than in marsh places. Never found above the elevation of 3,000 feet.

Yosemite Pocket Gopher. Thomomys alpinus awahnee (Merriam). Very abundant between the elevations of 8,500 to 12,000 feet around grassy meadows and where there is rich, loose soil.

Family HETEROMYIDÆ. Pocket Rats and Pocket Mice.

Allen Pocket Mouse. Perognathus californicus dispar Osgood. The only place in the park that the Allen pocket mouse has been seen is at Salt Spring on the Middle Fork of the Kaweah River, where it inhabits a grass meadow of wild oats.

Tulare Pocket Rat. Dipodomys merriami nitatoides Merriam. Of rare occurrence in the park, having been seen only in the vicinity just below the junction of Middle and Marble Forks of the Kaweah River, where they inhabit the open grass ridges.

Family ZAPODIDÆ. Jumping Mice.

Allen Jumping Mouse. *Zapus trinotatus alleni Elliot. Fairly abundant throughout their range, inhabiting principally the grassy meadows bordering the open forests.

Family ERETHIZONTIDÆ. American Porcupine.

Western Porcupine. Erethizon epixanthum epixanthum Brandt. Porcupines inhabit but few localities of the park, and have only been seen at Alta and Willow Meadows, where they are found living in the cliff crevices. Their workings are also visible at Putnam Canyon, where they have done harm to small coniferous timber by gnawing away the bark, the innermost portion of which is consumed as food. Young, usually two to four in number, are born from May to July, and but one litter is produced during a season.

Order LAGOMORPHA. Pikas, Hares, and Rabbits.

Family OCHOTONIDÆ. Pikas.

Mount Whitney Pika. Ochotona schisticeps albatus Grinnell. Found in various places throughout their range, living principally in the "rock slides" along the steep slopes, where they live in family groups. They are found most abundant in the vicinity of Mount Vandever, Alta, Silliman, Twin, and Evelyn Lakes, the latter mentioned being the lowest place of their occurrence in the park, at the elevation of 8,000 feet. Their breeding season extends over approximate period June 1 to August 15. Usually four or five young are produced at a time and but one litter during a season. They are often called little chief hares, conies, and starved rats. These little animals are a source of great pleasure to the scientist and park visitors.

Family LEPORIDÆ. Hares and Rabbits.

Sierra Prairie Hare. Lepus campestris sierrae Merriam. Not plentiful in the park, but may be seen during summer season in the vicinity of Alta Meadow, Granite Basin near the summit of Mount Vandever, and at Twin Peaks. They are commonly called "snowshoe rabbits."

California Hare, Jack Rabbit. Lepus californicus richardsonii (Bachman). This species of hare is abundant in the territory adjacent to the park to the west, in both foothill and valley, but is found within the park to the extent of about 2 miles along the Middle Fork of the Kaweah River, where they may be seen at all seasons during the year.

Bachman Brush Hare, "Cottontail." Sylvilagus bachmani bachmani (Waterhouse). Brush hare are very common in the park and may be seen at all times during the year throughout their range.

Shy Brush Hare, "Blue Rabbit." Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens (Allen). Fairly abundant throughout their range, living principally in the chemisal thickets, at which place they may be seen throughout the year.

Order CARNIVORA. Flesh-Eating Mammals.

Family URSIDÆ. Bears.

Black and Brown Bear. *Ursus americanus americanus Pallas. Found in all portions of the parks where food is plentiful. They are not ferocious, and under all ordinary circumstances will run away from presence of man. Their hibernating period usually dates from December to March, during which time young are born. The young are commonly two, occasionally four in number. Young of the same litter often vary in color from cinnamon brown, black, black with white breast. Their number is estimated at 700 in the Sequoia Park.

Family CANIDÆ. Dogs, Wolves, Foxes.

Mountain Coyote. *Canis lestes Merriam. Not abundant, and are seldom seen. They are found moat plentiful during summer in the vicinity of Alta and Hockett Meadows and Little Kern River. They come lower into the heavy forest belt during winter. Owing to their being a habitant of the extreme high elevations they do but little damage to domestic stock, their principal food being that of the deer, ground hog, rats, mice, etc. They raise their young usually three to seven in number during the month of June in rock crevices or in burrows dug by themselves.

Valley Coyote. *Canis ochropus Eschscholtz. Inhabit principally the valley and foothill region west of the parks, but during the summer season they frequent the higher elevations, going well into the transition zone, returning again in the autumn. Young, ranging from four to eight in number, are born during the month of May in burrows dug by the female. They are a serious pest to game, killing all kinds of small game and often the deer.

High Sierra Fox. *Vulpes necator Merriam. Not abundant in the parks, but are occasionally seen in the vicinity of Cahoon, Alta, and Willow Meadows. Several specimens have been trapped in the vicinity of Atwell Mill and Mineral King, east of the park.

California Gray Fox. *Urocyon californicus californicus (Mearns). Very abundant in the parks, but are most plentiful in the more brushy country below the coniferous belt, where they live near the openings.

Family FELIDÆ. Cats.

Pacific Coast Cougar. The Mountain Lion. *Felis oregonensis oregonensis Rafinesque. Not abundant in the parks, perhaps not exceeding half dozen individual animals at any one time. They are very wary and greatly avoid presence of man. They inhabit principally rough, broken country, raising their young (commonly two, sometimes three or four) in dense brush thickets or rock crevices. Being strong and powerful they prefer large game, such as deer, colts, hogs, etc. They were once abundant throughout the Sierra.

California Lynx. *Lynx ruffus californicus. Mearns. Fairly abundant throughout the parks, and may be expected in any portion thereof during summer season; but owing to deep snow in the higher elevations in winter they are forced down below the coniferous forest in the more brushy country. They prey on all the small animals and birds and frequently kill small fawns. They are not courageous, and under ordinary circumstances flee from presence of man, but will fight when crowded. Young, usually two in number, are born in April and May.

Family PROCYONIDÆ. Raccoons, etc.

California Ring-Tailed Cat. *Bassariscus astutus raptor (Baird). Fairly abundant throughout their range in the parks, but most plentiful in the territory below the coniferous forests. Their presence is often noted at Colony Mill, Rocky Gulch, Clough Cave, and Cedar Creek, where no doubt they seek mice that inhabit these places. Kittens, usually four in number, are born during the months of May and June and but one litter during a season is produced. They are easily tamed, often becoming pets. The animal is often called "civet cat," but the name is erroneous.

California Raccoon. Procyon psora psora (Gray). Not abundant throughout their range in the park, only appearing along branches of the Kaweah River, where they pass the day in hollow trees or crevices of rocks, doing most of their hunting for food at nighttime.

Family MUSTELIDÆ. Weasels, etc.

Western Badger. *Taxidea taxus neglecta (Mearns). Not common in the parks, and owing to their nocturnal habits are seldom seen. They are found in most localities along open ridges in the lower and around the meadows in the higher elevations, and seem most plentiful at Hockett and Sand Meadows. They live in burrows dug by themselves.

Sierra Nevada Wolverine. *Gulo luscus luteus Elliott. Rare, and seldom seen in the parks. They are most numerous in the vicinity of Mount Vandever, Silliman, and Alta. They are very voracious and eat anything in way of flesh that they can capture or find dead. They can not run fast enough to catch many animals, and obtain most of their food by opening the burrows of ether animals, their long claws and great strength enabling them to dig rapidly. Under ordinary circumstances they will not attack man, neither do they seem to fear him, and will fight viciously when captured. Little is known about the breeding habits of wolverine, but young are supposed to be born during the month of June and range from one to four in number.

Western Spotted Skunk. *Spiogale phenax phenax Merriam. Very abundant in the parks, and may be seen during all seasons of the year. They live about the ledges, dense brush thickets, and in burrows dug by themselves. They are principally crepascular and nocturnal in habit. They are bold, and have so much confidence in their means of offense and defense that they seldom run from anything.

California Skunk, *Mephitis occidentalis occidentalis Baird. Abundant in the parks and may be seen at all seasons of the year. They seem to have little choice of locality, and may be found any place where they can obtain food and shelter. They usually occupy hollow logs, piles of brush, or dig burrows for themselves They are self-reliant, old, and inquisitive. They do not fear man or beast. They are chiefly crepascular and nocturnal in habit.

Pacific Pine Marten. *Martes caurina caurina (Merriam) Abundant in the parks throughout the coniferous forest belts. They roam about at all seasons and are often seen in immediate vicinity of tourist camps during the summer.

Pacific Fisher. *Martes pennanti pacifica (Rhoads). Fairly abundant in the parks. They live principally near wet meadows and streams. Owing to their nocturnal habit they are seldom seen.

California Weasel. Mustela xanthogenys xanthogenys Gray. The only known place that California weasels inhabit in the park is at the junction of the Middle and Marble Forks of the Kaweah River. They are sometimes killed west of the park but are not plentiful.

Mountain Weasel. *Mustela arizonensis (Mearns). Generally distributed through out the parks, but common in few localities. They are most plentiful in the heavy forest belt in the vicinity of Giant Forest.

Little Mountain Weasel. Mustela muricus (Bangs). Fairly abundant between the elevations of 6,000 and 10,000 feet.

Order INSECTIVORA Moles and Shrews.

Family TALPIDÆ. Moles.

California Mole. *Scapanus latimanus latimanus (Bachman). Not abundant in the parks, but found in most places where the soil is loose and of good depth. They are entirely subterranean in habits. They eat no vegetable food. Their principal food is grubs and other larvae, insects, and earthworms.

Southern California Mole. *Scapanus latimanus occultus Grinnell and Swarth. Fairly abundant between the elevations of 4,000 and 10,500 feet.

Family SORICIDÆ. Shrews.

California Shrew. Sorex californicus californicus Merriam. Not abundant in the park. They are found most plentifully in the lower elevations, where they inhabit principally the open ridges in summer and the dense brush thickets in winter. They have never been found above the 3,000-foot level.

Sierra Nevada Shrew. Sorex amoenus Merriam. Not abundant in the park. They are found most plentifully in the vicinity of Little Kern River, Hockett, and Sand Meadows, where they inhabit wet meadows and places along the grassy banks of streams.

Monterey Shrew. *Sorex montereyensis Merriam. Not abundant in the parks. They inhabit principally the heavy forest belt, and have been seen no farther south than at Giant Forest.

Dusky Shrew. Sorex obscurus obscurus Merriam. Fairly abundant between the elevations of 8,000 to 11,000 feet.

Order CHIROPTERA Bats.

Family VESPERTILONIDÆ Bats.

Little California Bat. Myotis californicus californicus. (Audubon and Bachman). Not abundant in the park, but appear most plentiful during autumnal migration. They may be seen at twilight coming from crevices in rocks along the banks of the Middle Fork of the Kaweah River.

Western Red Bat. Nycteris borealis teliotis. (H. Allen). Have been seen only at Clough Cave and Marble Fork Bridge in Elk Park.

Hoary Bat. *Nycteris cincerea (Beauvois). Inhabit the more dense forests of the parks. They migrate from the parks during winter. They are not plentiful.