Bandelier Administrative History

1. Hal Rothman, "Protected By A Gold Fence With Diamond Tips:" A Cultural History of the American National Monuments" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1985), pp. 87-115. See also Ronald F. Lee, The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Washington: National Park Service, 1971) for background on this question.

2. James D. Mankin report to Commissioner of the General Land Office Binger Hermann, December 4, 1899, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Pajarito, Record Group 79, National Archives.

3. The "Pajarito" name became characteristic of the park proposals that Hewett orchestrated.

4. Mankin to Hermann, March 3, 1900, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Pajarito, RG 79, NA.

5. Edgar L. Hewett to Hermann. October 26, 1900, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Pajarito, RG 79, NA.

6. John J. Cameron, "The Proposed Cliff Cities or Pajarito National Park," circa 1935, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, Los Alamos, New Mexico. Cameron's piece is the best summary of part attempts that is available.

7. Santa Fe New Mexican, March 2 and 4, 1902.

8. "The Pajarito Cliff Dwellers National Park," Santa Fe New Mexican, May 20, 1902.

9. Samuel P. Hayes, Conservation and the Gospel of Social Efficiency (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959) pp. 10- 22.

10. Cameron, "Proposed National Park," p. 4.

11. Rothman, "Protected By A Gold Fence," covers Baum's activities in great detail, pp. 35-75.

12. Clinton J. Crandall to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, May 22, 1903, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

13. Stephen J. Holsinger, "Report on the Proposed Pajarito National Park," 1904, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

14. House Public Lands Committee Hearing, January 11, 1905, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

15. Executive Order 80218, July 29, 1905; Edgar L. Hewett, "Anthropological Miscellania: Preserving Antiquities," American Anthropologist 7, (Fall 1905) 570.

16. Edgar L. Hewett, Excavations at Puye, 1907 and Excavations at Tyuonyi, 1908, (Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1909). See also the Edgar L. Hewett papers, Box 22, Museum of New Mexico History Library, for copies of his permits.

17. Harold Brook to Edgar L. Hewett, November 11, 1909, Museum of New Mexico History Library, Hewett papers, Box 22.

18. Alfred Runte, The National Parks: The American Experience, (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979) pp. 33-82 cover the idea of "scenic monumentalism."

19. Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger to GLO Commissioner Fred Dennett, December 8, 1909; Ballinger to Secretary of Agriculture James Mason, December 8, 1909; Mason to Ballinger, December 11, 1909; and Assistant Secretary of Interior Eric C. Finney memorandum, attached to Mason's December 11, 1909, letter, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

20. See Rothman, "Protected By A Gold Fence," pp. 107-111.

21. GLO Commissioner Fred Dennett to Secretary of the Smithsonian W.D. Walcott, October 19, 1910, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

22. Crandall to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, July 11, 1910, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

23. Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs F. H. Abbott to Secretary of the Interior, October 13, 1910; and Dennett to Walcott, October 19, 1910, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA. Abbott's letter quotes the exact phrases that Crandall's letter of July 11, 1910 attributes to Hewett.

24. Walcott to Dennett, October 26, 1910; and Dennett to Walcott, October 28, 1910, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

25. Cameron, "Proposed National Park," p. 18. See also Museum of New Mexico History Library, Thomas B. Catron papers, Box 222.

26. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Cato Sells to Secretary of the Interior, March 16, 1914, Proposed National Park File 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

27. Commissioner of the General Land Office Clay Tallman to Assistant Secretary of the Interior A. A. Jones, April 4, 1914, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

28. G.H. Van Stone to A. A. Jones, May 5, 1914, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

29. Hewett to Jones, April 3, 1914, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

30. Santa Fe Chamber of Commerce to Jones, April 4, April 11, May 9, 1914, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

31. Secretary of Agriculture D. F. Houston to Chairman, Senate Public Lands Committee, Henry C. Myers, April 29, 1914, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

32. William B. Douglas to New Mexico Representative Harvey B. Fergusson, May 9, 1914, Proposed National Park File 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

33. From the Albuquerque Morning Journal, June 9, 1914.

34. Tallman report to Secretary of the Interior, July 1, 1914, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

35. Assistant Secretary of the Interior Bo Sweeney to Myers, October 7, 1914, Proposed National Park file 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

36. Arthur C. Ringland, "Conserving Human and Natural Resources," oral interview by Amelia Fry (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, 1970), pp. 95-98. See also Arthur C. Ringland to Linwood E. Jackson, July 24, 1972, file H14, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

1. William B. Douglass in the Santa Fe New Mexican, February 7, 1915, Museum of New Mexico History Library, Edgar L. Hewett papers, scrapbook S-24.

2. Douglass in the New Mexican, December, 1915; and Harold L. Brook rebuttal, January, 1916, Edgar L. Hewett papers, Scrapbook S-24.

3. From the New Mexican, circa. February, 15, 1916, Hewett papers, Scrapbook S-24.

4. Edgar L. Hewett, "The Proposed National Park of the Cliff Cities," El Palacio, 3 (April, 1916), 37-55.

5. "Douglass has sizzling reply to opposition to National Park," Santa Fe New Mexican, April, 1916.

6. Governor W.E. Lindsey to Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane, November 21, 1917; Douglass to Lane, February 26, 1918; Commissioner of Indian Affairs Charles Burke to Joseph Cotter, January 25, 1919, Proposed National Park File 0-32, Cliff Cities, RG 79, NA.

7. Stephen T. Mather telegram, January 30, 1919, NA.

8. Horace M. Albright telegram, February 1, 1919, NA.

9. Herbert W. Gleason to Mather, June 15, 1919, NA.

10. Douglass to Albright, June 15, 1919, NA.

11. Gleason to Mather, June 15, 1919, NA.

12. Albright to Douglass, June 25, 1919, NA.

13. Douglass to Albright, July 4, 1919. See also New Mexican editorial, June 25, 1919, NA.

14. Mather to Gleason, August 9, 1919, NA.

15. Herbert W. Gleason Report to the Secretary of the Interior and the National Park Service, 1919, Bandelier National Monument Archives, Accession # 595, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

16. Arthur E. Demaray to Arno B. Cammerer, November 29, 1919, NA.

17. John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), 296-97.

18. Edgar L. Hewett to A. A. Jones, June 21, 1919, Edgar L. Hewett papers, Box 44. Santa Fe New Mexican December 12, 1921; New Mexican editorial, December 14, 1921, NA.

19. Commerer to Hewett, February 1, 1923, Hewett papers, Box 44.

20. Cammerer to Hewett, February 14, 1923, Hewett papers, Box 44.

21. Hewett to Robert S. Yard, August 4, 1923, NA.

22. By the late 1920s, the Forest Service began to realize that competition with the NPS would require that it develop a recreational policy. Elements in the USFS began to agitate for such a policy in the early 1920s, but it took until 1929 for the development of the L-20 regulations. As part of the counterattack, the USFS took to calling the approach of the NPS to land management "single-use," to differentiate it from its own broad-based development of commercial resources. Like many other Forest Service jabs at the NPS, this one fell well short of the mark. See Harold K. Steen, The United States Forest Service (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976) and Sally K. Fairfax and Samuel T. Dana, Forest and Range Policy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980).

23. Yard to John Oliver La Gorce, August 26, 1924, NA.

24. United States Forest Service, "Memorandum for the members of the coordinating committee on national parks and forests," attached to Acting Forester L. F. Kneipp to Mather, July 10, 1925, NA.

25. Dr. Jesse L. Nusbaum's confidential report to Director Mather, September 10, 1925, NA. Nusbaum wrote this nineteen-page indictment of the Forest Service immediately after the incident described. He was obviously distraught. No comparable USFS response to the meeting in Santa Fe exists.

26. During the First World War, Franklin K. Lane's feelings of patriotism inspired him to grant grazing leases in the Yosemite. The Sierra Club got wind of it and the project was promptly terminated. See Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 1970, p. 203. In National Parks such as Lassen Volcanic National Park, this type of multiple use was permitted. The precedent for grazing leases in the national monuments was established with the creation of the Mt. Olympus National Monument in 1909. See Shankland, Steve Mather, on Lassen, and Ise, Our National Park Policy, and the Mt. Olympus files in the National Archives, RG 79, Series 6, O-35, 12-5. The issue of allowing area residents to collect dead timber came up at Mukuntuweap (Zion) in 1914. The General Land Office at first forbade collection, but quickly reversed itself. Timber collecting was also allowed at Natural Bridges and at other remote national monuments where there was some chance that establishment of a monument deprived locals of their livelihood. National Archives, RG 79, Series 6, Zion (Mukuntuweap) and Natural Bridges file 12-5.

27. Nusbaum to Mather, September 10, 1925, NA.

28. Jesse L. Nusbaum to John Morrow, September 12, 1925, NA.

29. Nusbaum to Mather, September 10, 1925, NA.

30. Assistant Director Arno B. Cammerer memo for the files, December 3, 1925; Jesse L. Nusbaum to Horace M. Albright, March 20, 1928, National Archives, RG 79, Series 6, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5. The announcement appeared in the March 3, 1928, Santa Fe New Mexican, and Nusbaum attached a clipping of the article to his bitter and despondent letter.

31. Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Coordinating Commission on National Parks and Forests, December 8, 1925, NA.

32. Arthur Ringland to Edgar L. Hewett at San Diego, March 25, 1927, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, RG 79, NA.

33. Frank Pinkley to A.E. Demaray, "Report on the Bandelier National Monument," May 23, 1927, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, RG 79, NA.

34. Horace Albright to Stephen T. Mather, June 8, 1927, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, Rg 79, NA.

35. Edgar L. Hewett to Arno B. Cammerer, January 17, 1928; Stephen T. Mather to Edgar L. Hewett, January 24, 1928; Series 6, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, RG 79, NA.

36. Jesse L. Nusbaum, Roger W. Toll, and M. R. Tillotson. "The Bandelier National Monument and the Proposed Cliff Cities National Park," November 26, 1930, NA.

37. Arno B. Cammerer to Albright, December 3, 1930, NA.

38. Albright memo, January 2, 1931, NA.

39. Dr. Clark Wissler to Director, February 10, 1931, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, RG 79, NA.

40. Cammerer memo for the files, February 12, 1931, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, RG 79, NA .

41. Roger W. Toll to Director, December 3, 1931, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, RG 79, NA.

42. H.C Bryant memo for the files, February 26, 1931, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, RG 79, NA.

43. United States Forester Major R.Y. Stuart to Horace Albright, November 10, 1931, Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, RG 79, NA. During a two-year period , Albright and Stuart corresponded on the Bandelier issue. With Park Service assurance that it would remain a national monument, by early 1932, Stuart was more than glad to turn Bandelier over to the NPS.

44. Executive Proclamation 1991, February 25, 1932. See also U.S. Statutes At Large 47 Stat. 2503.

1. Horace M. Albright to Stephen T. Mather, March 3, 1928, Proposed Parks File O-32, Cliff Cities, Series 6, Record Group 79, NA.

2. H. C. Bryant memo to the Director, March 25, 1931, Proposed Parks File 0-32, Cliff Cities, Series 6, Record Group 79, NA.

3. Arthur E. Demaray memo to the Director, June 8, 1931, Proposed Parks File O-32, Cliff Cities, Series 6, Record Group 79, NA.

4. Jesse L. Nusbaum to Albright, March 18, 1932, Nusbaum's File, Bandelier National Monument Files, National Park Service Southwest Region Library, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

5. Regional Geologist Charles N. Gould, "Report on the Proposed Jemez Crater National Park," February 2, 1939, Bandelier National Monument Archives, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico. Citations from the Bandelier National Monument Library that follow will be designated "BAND."

6. Demaray memo to Acting Regional Director, April 29, 1939, Proposed Park File O-35, Jemez Crater, Series 7, National Park Service Records, Denver Federal Records Center.

7. Bandelier Legislation File 3, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

8. Regional Director Hugh M. Miller to Director Conrad L. Wirth, July 29, 1958, File L1417, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

9. Superintendent Paul Judge to Regional Director Hugh M. Miller, July 9, 1958, File L1417, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

10. The transfer was affected in Public Law 1006, 70 Stat. 1069, Section 8, Act of August 6, 1956

11. Ben Thompson, Chief of Recreation and Resource Planning, memo for the files, March 6, 1959, File L1417, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

12. National Park Service memo of meeting on June 25, 1959 with General Services Administration officials, File L1417, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

13. E. T. Scoyen memo to Regional Director, Region 3 (Southwest), July 29, 1959; and Judge to Regional Director, Region 3, August 4, 1959, File L1417, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

14. Judge to Regional Director, August 4, 1959, File L1417, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

15. Hugh Miller to Wirth, August 11, 1959, File L1417, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

16. Superintendent Paul Judge to Regional Director Hugh M. Miller, July 9, 1958, File L1417, BAndelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

17. George Von Der Lippe and Edward J. Widmer, "A Field Report on the Uncontrolled Use of the Otowi Section of Bandelier National Monument," March 4, 1960, Bandelier National Monument Files, National Park Service Southwest Region Library, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

18. William Bowen memo to Regional Director, April 6, 1960, File L1417, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

19. Judge to Miller, April 15, 1960, File L1417, BAND.

20. Paul Judge, Boundary Status Report, Bandelier National Monument, June 28, 1960, File L1417, BAND.

21. Leslie Arnberger memo to the Regional Director, July 18, 1960; Jerome Miller memo to the Regional Director, July 25, 1960; and George Kell memo to the Regional Director, July 26, 1960, File L1417, BAND.

22. Charlie Steen memo to the Regional Director, July 26, 1960, File L1417, BAND.

23. George Miller memo to the Regional Director, July 28, 1960, File L1417, BAND.

24. William Bowen to Regional Director Thomas J. Allen, August 3, 1960, File L1417, BAND.

25. Allen to Wirth, August 9, 1960, File L1417, BAND.

26. Judge to Allen, August 17, 1960, File L1417, BAND.

27. Arnberger memo for the files, May 31, 1961; and John J. Burke to Allen, June 21, 1961, File 417, BAND.

28. Allen to Wirth, March 6, 1962, File L1417, BAND.

29. Burke to Bandelier Superintendent Albert Henson, June 19, 1962, File L1417, BAND.

30. George W. Miller to Wirth, June 29, 1962, File L1417, BAND.

31. Wirth to Allen, June 2, 1961, File 6, Land Records, BAND.

32. Allen to Wirth, June 29, 1961, File 6, Land Records, Bandelier National Monument Library, BAND.

33. Ben Thompson to Wirth, July 19, 1961, File 6, Land Records, BAND.

34. "Texans Buy 100,000 Acre Jemez Tract," Santa Fe New Mexican, January 29,1963.

35. Untitled, Albuquerque Tribune, June 5, 1964.

36. John Adams to Regional Director, February 11, 1971, File L1419, Lands and Recreation Planning, BAND.

37. Author's interview with Bandelier Superintendent John D. Hunter, June 29, 1985.

38. Brewster Lindner to Pat Dunigan, May 3, 1973, File L1425, Baca Acquisition, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

39. Author's interview with Bandelier Chief Ranger Kevin McKibbin, June 28, 1985; interview with John D. Hunter, June 29, 1985.

40. Lindner, memo for the files, January 1, 1979, File L1425, Baca Acquisition, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

41. Marc Sagan to Regional Director, Southwest, May 22, 1979, L1425, Baca Acquisition, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

1. Arthur E. Demary to Jesse L. Nusbaum, January 18, 1932, Bandelier National Monument File 12-5, Series 7, RG 79, NA.

2. Frank Pinkley to Horace M. Albright, October 8, 1932, Bandelier National Monument File 12-5, Series 7, RG 79, NA.

3. Nusbaum to Albright, November 7, 1932, Bandelier National Monument File 12-5, Series 7, RG 79, NA.

4. Demaray to Nusbaum, November 18, 1932, Bandelier National Monument File 12-5, Series 7, RG 79, NA.

5. George Grant, "Report on the Bandelier National Monument," November 20, 1932, Bandelier National Monument File 12-5, Series 7, RG 79, NA.

6. Demary to Nusbaum, November 18, 1932, Bandelier National Monument File 12-5, Series 7, RG 79, NA.

7. Pinkley to Hunter Clarkson, May 23, 193, Bandelier National Monument File 12-5, Series 7, RG 79, NA.

8. Demaray to F. A. Kittredge, October 18, 1932, Bandelier National Monument File 12-5, Series 7, RG 79, NA.

9. Laura Soulliere Harrison and Randy Copeland, "Historic Structures Report: CCC Buildings, Bandelier National Monument," (Denver: National Park Service, 1984), pp. 22-55. See also Southwestern National Monument Monthly Report, December 1933, p. 19, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

10. Pinkley to Director Arno B. Cammerer, November 6, 1933, Bandelier National Monument File 600, Lands, Roads, Buildings and Trails Federal Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

11. Kittredge to Pinkley, September 11, 1934, Bandelier National Monument File 600, Lands, Roads, Buildings and Trails Federal Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

12. Ibid.

13. Pinkley to Field Headquarters, San Francisco, September 28, 1934, Bandelier National Monument File 600, Lands, Roads, Buildings and Trails Federal Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. See "CCC Work Accomplished Under Supervision of National Park Service [at Bandelier National Monument] from November, 1933, to June, 1939." Bandelier National Monument File 207, Administration: Reports, General, Federal Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

17. Ibid.

18. Chester A. Thomas memo to the Superintendent of the Southwestern National Monuments, February 8, 1943, File H14, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

19. Thomas memo to the Superintendent of the Southwestern National Monuments, February 18, 1934, H14, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

20. M. R. Tillotson memo to the Director, October 20, 1944, H14, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

21. Tillotson confidential memo to the Director, October 21, 1944, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

22. Fred W. Binnewies to the author, November 24, 1985.

23. See Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), pp. 150-210, for Wirth's own account of his achievements and philosophy as NPS Director.

24. 1953 Master Plan, Bandelier National Monument. Bandelier National Monument File D18, 1953 Master Plan, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

25. Paul Judge to Director Wirth, July 18, 1955. Bandelier National Monument File A9815, Bandelier National Monuemnt Library, New Mexico.

26. Robert Hall to Regional Director Hugh M. Miller, August 10, 1955, Bandelier National Monument File A9815, Bandelier National Monuemnt Library, New Mexico.

27. Jerome Miller, memo for the files of September 6, 1955; and K. M. Saunders undated memo for the files, circa September, 1955. Bandelier National Monument File A9815, Bandelier National Monuemnt Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

28. Hugh M. Miller to Director Wirth, September 7, 1955. Bandelier National Monument File A9815, Bandelier National Monuemnt Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

29. "Mission 66 For Bandelier National Monument," April 19, 1956, Bandelier National Monument File A9815, Bandelier National Monuemnt Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

30. Unsigned memo of March 3, 1960, from Regional Planning Office to Paul Judge, Bandelier National Monument File D18, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, and Regional Director to Director, November 20, 1958; Acting Director, NPS to Secretary of the Interior, October 21, 1963, L2419, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument. See also, "Anderson Introduces Bill to Obtain Two-Mile by One-Mile Chochiti Lake," The New Mexican, February 8, 1963, and "Bill Would Create Recreational Lake," LASL News, February 14, 1963.

31. Steve Schum, University of New Mexico Mountaineering Club to Linwood E. Jackson, Bandelier Superintendent, December 18, 1971; and Elizabeth A. Jackson to Superintendent Jackson, January 2, 1972, Bandelier National Monument File D18, Proposed Wilderness Hearing, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

32. Norman Bullard to Superintendent Jackson, January 15, 1972, Bandelier National Monument File D18, Proposed Wilderness Hearing, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

33. "Wilderness Recommendation," August, 1972, Bandelier National Monument File D18, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

1. Edgar L. Hewett, The Excavations at El Rito de Los Frijoles in 1909, Papers of the School of American Archeology 10 (Santa Fe: School of American Archeology, 1910). Hewett kept notes on his work although it took him almost thirty years to publish them.

2. "Frijoles and Otowi Chronology," undated, vertical file, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

3. Frank Pinkley aggressively pursued the acquisition and development of Bandelier as early as 1923. His efforts culminated in his inspection in 1927, described in detail in chapter 2 of this manuscript. By 1928, he began to work on a "wish-list" of programs for the monument. When the Park Service acquired the site, he simply put it into action. See Bandelier National Monument file 12-5, Series 6, Record Group 79, National Archives.

4. See the "Southwestern National Monuments Monthly Report," February, 1934, p. 8; and March, 1934, p. 24, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

5. "Frijoles and Otowi Chronology," undated, vertical file, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico. Many years after the fact, Hewett discussed the excavations in Frijoles Canyon in great detail in his The Pajarito Plateau and its Ancient People (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1938), pp. 87-94.

6. See Hal Rothman, "Forged By One Man's Will; Frank Pinkley and the Administration of the Southwestern National Monuments 1923-1932," The Public Historian, 8 (Spring 1986), pp. 83-100.

7. Robert Rose, "A Plan for a Museum at Bandelier National Monument," January 27, 1935, CCC Files, Job 24, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

8. Frank Pinkley, "Ruminations" column, "Southwestern National Monuments Monthly Report," August, 1936, pp. 158-159, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico. See also Ansel F. Hall to Arno B. Cammerer, September 18, 1936; and Hall telegram to Cammerer, October 10, 1936, Casa Grande file 12-5, Series 7, Record Group 79, National Archives.

9. Gordon R. Willey and Jeremy A. Sabloff, A History of American Archeology (London: Thames and Hudson, 1974), pp. 94-96, 118.

10. See the "Southwestern National Monuments Monthly Report," April and May, 1936, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

11. Laura Soulliere Harrison and Randy Copeland, "Historic Structures Report on the Bandelier National Monument," pp. 69-76, draft manuscript in Division of History, Southwest Regional Office, National Park Service in Santa Fe.

12. Robert P. Powers, "Draft Archeological Research Design For a Sample Inventory of Bandelier National Monument," draft manuscript in Division of Anthropology, Southwest Regional Office, NPS in Santa Fe, pp. 23-25.

13. Powers, "Draft Research Design," pp. 26-27. See also "Frijoles and Otowi Chronology," vertical file, Bandelier National Monument Library, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.

14. Fred W. Binnewies to the author, November 26, 1984.

15. Powers, "Draft Research Design," pp. 28-30.

16. Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers (Washington: Resources for the Future, 1984).

17. Powers, "Draft Research Design," pp. 28.

18. "Resources Management Plan, Bandelier National Monument," April, 1976, Southwest Regional Office Library, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

19. "The First Practical Application of the Subterrene," The Atom 10 (May 1973), pp. 1-4.

20. Dr. Milford R. Fletcher conversation with the author, August 21, 1986; Senior Archeologist Cal Cummings to Chief Anthropologist, WASO, January 24, 1986. Dr. Fletcher was kind enough to send the author a copy of this letter.

21. Dr. Fletcher conversation with the author, August 21, 1986.

22. Ibid.

23. John D. Lissoway, telephone interview, February 20, 1987.

24. Lissoway telephone interview. February 20, 1987; see also Harrison and Copeland, "Historic Structures."

25. Lissoway telephone interview, February 20, 1987.

1. Dr. Milford R. Fletcher, interview with the author, August 21, 1986.

2. Ronald Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, (Washington, Resources for the Future, 1984), pp. 93-99.

3. Fletcher interview, August 21, 1986.

4. Information on reactive natural resource responses at Bandelier is widely scattered. I will include a sampling of citations. Information about webworm control can be found in the "Southwestern National Monuments Monthly Report," May, June, and July, 1935, and June, 1936, in the Bandelier National Monument Library. The Bandelier Library contains reports on forestry under its "Y" heading, as well as much other information about natural resources under a variety of headings. The Denver Federal Records Center contains much information in this vein in its "Y" series reports under the Bandelier heading. Because the Park Service did not think of natural resource managament as a unified concept prior to the 1970s, the information is scattered under the most appropriate heading. Flooding can be found in water-related files, windstorms in natural disasters, and others usually in the most likely place.

5. John Lissoway, interview with the author, August 17, 1986, and telephone conversation with the author, February 17, 1987. See also Michael Wolfe, "The Wild Horse and Burro Issue, 1982," Environmental Review, 7 (Summer, 1983), pp. 179-92. Wolfe offers a summary of the impact of the Wild Horse and Burro Act on federal lands.

6. The Park Service commissioned a number of reports on the burro situation at Bandelier. These include John R. Morgart, "Burro Behavior and Population Dynamics," (M. A. Thesis. Arizona State University, 1978); Roland H. Wauer, "Feral Burro Control Program for Bandelier," and David Koehler, "Preliminary Reconnaissance Report-Feral Burro Ecological Impact Project." Of these authors, only Wauer was an employee of the agency. All the reports and a number of others are available in the Interpretation Library, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

7. Fletcher interview, August 21, 1986.

8. Lissoway telephone conversation, February 17, 1987; and Fletcher interview, August 21, 1986.

9. Superintendent John D. Hunter conversation with the author, June 29, 1985; Chief Ranger Kevin McKibbin, conversation with the author, June 30, 1985; Resource Manager John Lissoway conversation with the author, January 22, 1986; and Fletcher interview, August 21, 1986.

10. Ibid.

11. Lissoway conversation with the author, January 22 and February 18, 1986.

12. Hunter conversation with the author, June 29, 1985.

13. Lissoway conversation with the author, January 22 and February 18, 1986.

14. Fletcher interview, August 21, 1986; and Lissoway telephone conversation, February 20, 1987.

1. Superintendent John D. Hunter, quoted in J.W. Schomisch, "White Rock wants Bypass out of Town," The New Mexican, June 28, 1985.

2. Ronald Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, (Washington: Resources For the Future, 1984), pp. 225-28, 232-35.

3. "Girl Scout Camp will turn into Three Homes," Los Alamos Monitor, October 19, 1980.

4. Evelyn Vigil, "Camp Evergreen Sold to Local Partnership," Los Alamos Monitor, November 18, 1980; and Russell D. Butcher, NPCA Southwest Regional Representative to Hunter, October 25, 1980, L3215, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

5. Tom Lucke to "Roger," October 20, 1980; and Hunter memo for the files, December 30, 1980, L3215, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument. See also Charmian Schaller, "Evergreen Rezoning Bid Rekindles Conflict," Los Alamos Monitor, January 10, 1981.

6. Westgate Families, letter to the Editor, Los Alamos Monitor, January 25, 1980; and Clifton Swickard, letter to the Editor, Los Alamos Monitor, March 31, 1981.

7. The referendum became a headline issue in Los Alamos. For weeks preceding the referendum, it dominated the local newspaper. See the Los Alamos Monitor for the weeks preceding June 30, 1981.

8. John Lissoway, telephone conversation with the author, February 17, 1987.

9. Reconstructing the roads to the Pajarito Plateau required much historical legwork. The papers of L. Bradford Prince contain letters from Harry Buckman that describe his efforts. They are located at the New Mexico State Archive and Record Center in Santa Fe. A number of diaries that detail travel routes to the Pajarito Plateau exist. The best of these were written by Grace Spradling Ireland and Ida Patton Abbott, the wife of Judge A.J. Abbott. The Bandelier National Monument Library contains copies of both in its vertical file. The Los Alamos Historical Society possesses much information about the Ranch School and its roads under its "Los Alamos Ranch School" headings.

10. See Nusbaum's File, Southwestern Regional Library, for details. See also D. H. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours (Phoenix: Hunter Publishing, 1978) and Robert Athearn, The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1977). The Thomas book is of marginal value to scholars.

11. New Mexico State Highway Department, "Public Involvement Meetings: The Santa Fe-Los Alamos Corridor," copy in L7619, New Road, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

12. Hunter to Regional Director Robert Kerr, October 10, 1984, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

13. Draft of John Hunter's comments to the public involvement meeting in White Rock on June 27, 1985, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

14. Forest Supervisor Maynard T. Rost to Thomas Scanlon of H.W. Lochner Inc., June 14, 1985, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

15. Schomisch, "White Rock Wants Bypass."

16. James Metzger, Mountain Research West Inc. to Hunter, September 22, 1978, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

17. PNM-DOE, "Draft Preliminary Environmental Analysis," May 16, 1979.

18. Wayne Eckles, RNM to Regional Director John Cook, February 2, 1979, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

19. John Cook to Hunter, February 21, 1979, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

20. Ibid.

21. Wayne Cone to Ray Brechbill, DOE, March 30, 1979, L6719, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

22. Acting Director Ira J. Hutchinson to Cristobal Zamora, November 8, 1979, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

23. Jon Bowman, "LASL to Drill Deeper for 'Hotter' Well System," Los Alamos Monitor, March 6, 1979, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument; John Hunter interview with the author, November 10, 1986; and John Lissoway telephone conversation with the author, February 17, 1987.

24. PNM, "Ojo Line Extension Project Newsletter," August 3, 1985.

25. "Brief for Sotero Muniz on OLE Project," File L7621, Ojo Line extension, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

26. Thomas Ribe "A Proposed Powerline Jolts New Mexico," High Country News, March 31, 1986, p. 6; Thomas Ribe to the Editor, Los Alamos Monitor, November 8, 1985; and Hunter to Robert Kerr, October 31, 1985, L7621, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

27. PNM, "Ojo Line Extension Project Newsletter," December 4, 1985; Eldon G. Reyer, Associate Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, Southwest Region, to Vincent Little, Area Director, Albuquerque Office, Bureau of Indian Affairs, August 15, 1985; James Overbay, Acting Regional Forester, to Little, August 16, 1985; and Reyer to Little, January 17, 1986, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

28. Bureau of Indian Affairs, "Final Environmental Impact Statement: Proposed Ojo Line Extension," (Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1986); John D. Hunter interview with the author, November 10, 1986; and Craig Allen, telephone conversation with the author, February 6, 1987.

29. John D. Hunter to Harold Valencia, May 10, 1985; Hunter to Eloy Nunez, Chief, Project and Facility Management Branch, DOE, June 3, 1985, Hunter to Regional Director Robert Kerr, June 17, 1985; Valencia to Hunter, June 21, 1985; Hunter to Reyer, July 23, 1985, L7621, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

30. Hunter to Kerr, June 17, 1985, S34, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

31. Valencia to Kerr, September 5, 1985, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

32. Kerr to Valencia, October 22, 1985; and John Lissoway memo, September 18, 1985, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

33. Tom Ribe, "Weapons Research Harasses Monument," High Country News, November 11, 1985, p. 6; Tom Ribe "Bandelier Officials Worry About Noise from Lab Projects;" The New Mexican, November 10, 1985, p. B-6; editorial, "Bandelier No Place to Test Explosives," The New Mexican, November 14, 1985; and Hunter to Kerr, November 14, 1985, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

34. Valencia to Kerr, February 14, 1986; Russell D. Butcher to Hunter, March 3, 1986; Butcher to W.L. Thompson, LANL, March 3, 1986; and Janet E. Schmitt to Hunter, February 20, 1986, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

35. USDA Forest Service, "RARE II: A Quest for Balance in Public Lands" (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978); "RARE II: Questions and Answers," L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument. See also M. Rupert Cutler, "National Forests in the Balance," American Forests May 1978, and Western Wildlands: A Natural Resource Journal, 5 (Summer 1978), the entire issue of which was devoted to the RARE II question.

36. "New Mexico Wilderness Newsletter," July 1978, presented the objections to RARE II proposals in New Mexico. See also Denise Tessier, "Time for Decision Nears on State Wilderness Areas," Albuquerque Journal, August 13, 1978; and The Wilderness Report, September 1978, pp. 1-2; October 1978 p. 2; November 1978, and December 1978.

37. John Lissoway, telephone conversation with the author, February 20, 1987.

38. USDA Forest Service, "RARE II: Santa Fe National Forest," no publication information available.

39. John Hunter to Regional Director, July 31, 1978; and David S. Wright, Assistant Director to Regional Directors, July 10, 1978, copy in L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

40. David Crosson, "RARE II Results Final; 'An Acute Disappointment,'" High Country News, January 12, 1979.

41. John Hunter interview with the author, November 10, 1986; Hunter to Cristobal B. Zamora, Forest Supervisor, November 21, 1977, L3027, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

42. Hunter to Regional Director, December 14, 1977, L3029, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

43. Hunter to James L. Perry,Forest Supervisor, April 13, 1979, L3029, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

44. Overbay to Kerr, undated, L3029, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

45. Superintendent Albert Henson to Regional Director Daniel B. Beard, April 1, 1964; George Miller, Acting Regional Director, to Henson, April 21, 1964; Henson to Forest Supervisor Owen Lattimore, April 22, 1964; Beard to Lattimore, July 22, 1964; Beard to Director, July 23, 1964; and Forest Supervisor John M. Hall to Joe Cayou, February 1, 1971, L3027, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

46. Kerr to Overbay, April 2, 1981; Perry to District Ranger Fred Swetnam, April 29, 1981; Fred Swetnam, "Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact: Water Timber Sale," July 6, 1981, L3027, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

47. Dorothy Hoard to Laura Loomis, Boundary Projects Coordinator, NPCA, September 9, 1985; and Dorothy Hoard to Forest Supervisor Maynard T. Rost, February 15, 1986, L7619, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument.

48. John Hunter interview with the author, June 28, 1985. See also William deBuys, "Cochiti: The Dam That Got Away," Audubon Magazine, June 1977, pp. 121-23

49. Regional Director to Director, November 20, 1958, L30, Park Files, Bandelier National Monument; for the stories of Echo Park and Glen Canyon, see Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), pp. 202-19, 228-37.

50. Sandi Doughton-Evans, "Bandelier Canyons will be Flooded" Los Alamos Monitor, May 10, 1985; Nolan Hester, "Reservoir's Storage Rate to Double," Albuquerque Journal, May 14, 1985;

51. Iver Peterson, "Big Spring Runoff, New Water Battle," New York Times, June 13, 1985.

52. J.W. Schomisch, "River Threatening Indian Ruins," The New Mexican, May 17, 1985; and Sandi Doughton-Evans, "Bandelier Flooding to Affect Eagles," Los Alamos Monitor, May 22, 1985.

53. John Hunter and Kevin McKibbin, quoted in The New Mexican, June 17, 1985.

54. Sandi Doughton-Evans, "Protesters Speak Out On Flooding," Los Alamos Monitor, June 20, 1985; Mike Leary, "Fight Over Water Threatens a Park," The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 17, 1985; and "Water Threatens Bandelier Treasures," The Denver Post, June 23, 1985.