Vanguard of Expansion Army Engineers in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1819-1879

1. William H. Goetzmann, When the Eagle Screamed: The Romantic Horizon in American Diplomacy, 1800-1860 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1966), pp. 1-3.

2. Ray Allen Billington, The Far Western Frontier 1830-1860 (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), pp. 145-48; Norman A. Graebner, Empire on the Pacific: A Study in American Continental Expansion (New York: The Ronald Press, 1955), pp. 219-20.

3. Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963), pp. 37-38; Albert K. Weinberg, Manifest Destiny, A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1963), p. 360; Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Year's View, II (New York; Greenwood Press, 1968), p. 482.

4. Allan Nevins, Frémont, Pathmarker of the West, I, p. 56.

5. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, pp. 81-82, 86; John C. Frémont, Memoirs of My Life, I (Chicago: Belford, Clarke, & Company, 1883), p. 69; Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, p. 478.

6. Frémont, Memoirs of My Life, I, p. 70; Nevins, Frémont, Pathmarker of the West, I, p. 93.

7. Milo Milton Quaife, ed., Kit Carson's Autobiography (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, n.d.), pp. 65-66; Morgan Estergreen, Kit Carson, A Portrait in Courage (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), pp. 86-88.

8. Quaife, ed., Kit Carson's Autobiography, p. 66; Frémont, Memoirs of My Life, I, p. 74.

9. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, p. 90.

10. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, p. 91.

11. Erwin G. and Elizabeth K. Gudde, eds., Exploring with Frémont the Private Diaries of Charles Preuss, Cartographer for John C. Frémont on his First, Second and Fourth Expeditions to the Far West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958), p. 16.

12. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, p. 126.

13. E.W. Gilbert, The Exploration of Western America 1800-1850, An Historical Geography (New York: Copper Square Publishing, 1966), pp. 141, 143, 146, 149.

14. Nevins ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, p. 176.

15. Gudde and Gudde, eds., The Diaries of Charles Preuss, pp. 51-55.

16. Nevins Frémont, Pathmarker of the West, p. 184; Niles' Weekly Register, 65 (October 28, 1843), 138.

17. Frémont, Memoirs of My Life, I, pp. 164-65; Nevins, Frémont, Pathmarker of the West, I, p. 127.

18. Leroy R. Hafen and W. J. Ghent, Broken Hand, The Story of Thomas Fitzpatrick, Chief of the Mountain Men (Denver: The Old West Publishing Company, 1931), pp. 138-40; Gudde and Gudde, eds., The Diaries of Charles Preuss, p. xxi.

19. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, pp. 243-45.

20. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, p. 258.

21. Gudde and Gudde, eds., The Diaries of Charles Preuss, p. 98; Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, p. 298.

22. Nevins, Frémont, Pathmarker of the West, I, pp. 164-71.

23. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, p. 409.

24. Gloria Griffin Cline, Exploring the Great Basin (Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), pp. 214-16; Gilbert, The Exploration of Western America, pp. 171, 185.

25. John Caughey, ed., The Emigrant Guide to California by Joseph E. Ware (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1932), pp. xi, xiii-xiv, xxiii; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 84, 108; Nevins, Frémont, Pathmarker of the West, I, p. 301.

26. Carl I. Wheat, "Mapping the American West," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 64 (April 1954), 103.

27. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, I, pp. 205-06.

28. Frémont, Memoirs of My Life, I, p. 423-

29. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, p. 440.

30. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, pp. 446, 453.

31. Frémont remained an important and controversial figure for many years. A quarrel with Colonel Stephen W. Kearny over command of American troops in California led to his court-martial and resignation from the Army. In 1848 he led a privately financed exploration for a railroad route to the Pacific and then entered politics, first as senator from the new state of California, and later as the first presidential candidate of the Republican Party. After commanding Union troops in Missouri during the early days of the Civil War and angering President Lincoln by prematurely liberating slaves, Frémont turned to railroad promotion. Numerous unsuccessful ventures were followed by six years as governor of Arizona Territory and finally, in 1890, by a place on the Army's retired list with the rank of major general.

32. Nevins, Frémont, Pathmarker of the West, I, p. 85.