Vanguard of Expansion Army Engineers in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1819-1879

1. William B. Franklin, Report to Col. S. W. Kearny 1st Dragoons Commanding the Expedition to the South Pass of the Rocky Mts, November 5, 1845, Letters Received, Topographical Bureau, National Archives, Record Group 77; George E. Hyde, Spotted Tail's Folk, A History of the Brule Sioux (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961), p. 34.

2. Franklin, Report to Col. S. W. Kearny.

3. Franklin, Report to Col. S. W. Kearny.

4. Franklin, Report to Col. S. W. Kearny.

5. Franklin, Report to Col. S. W. Kearny.

6. James W. Abert, Report of an Expedition on the Upper Arkansas and through the Country of the Comanche Indians in the Fall of the Year 1845, 29th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Document 438, p. 8. Unless otherwise indicated, the following account of Abert's expedition is based on this report. Footnotes are provided only for portions quoted in the text.

7. James Abert, Expedition on the Upper Arkansas, p. 16.

8. Nancy Alpert Mower and Don Russell, eds., The Plains, Being No Less than a Collection of Veracious Memoranda Taken During the Expedition of Exploration in the Year 1845, From the Western Settlements of Missouri to the Mexican Border, and From Bent's Fort on the Arkansas to Fort Gibson, via South Fork of the Canadian, North Mexico and Northwestern Texas by Francois de Montaignes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972), pp. 82-83.

9. James Abert, Expedition on the Upper Arkansas, p. 19.

10. Ernest Wallace and E. Adamson Hoebel, The Comanches, Lords of the South Plains (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952), pp. 34, 47, 245, 258, 264, 290-92, 296; Rupert N. Richardson, The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1933), pp. 15, 26, 44; James Abert, Expedition on the Upper Arkansas, p. 2.

11. Warren, Memoir, p. 52; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 126-27.

12. James Abert, Expedition on the Upper Arkansas, pp. 74-75.

13. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 128-30; Charles F. Cary, "William Hemsley Emory," Dictionary of American Biography, III, pt. 1 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), pp. 153-54.

14. William H. Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California, 30th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Executive Document 7, p. 50. Unless otherwise indicated, the following account of Emory's expedition is based on this report. Footnotes are provided only for portions quoted in the text.

15. Emory to Colonel John J. Abert, 16 December 1846, Letters Received, Topographical Bureau.

16. Ross Calvin, ed., Lieutenant Emory Reports: A Reprint of Lieutenant W. H. Emory's Notes of a Military Reconnaissance (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1951), pp. 9-10; Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance, p. 77.

17. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, p. 142; Kenneth R. Stunkel, "Military Scientists in the American West," Army, 13 (May 1963), 56; John J. Abert, Report of the Chief, Topographical Engineers, 1847, 30th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Executive Document I, p. 657; Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance, p. 87.

18. Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance, p. 95.

19. Stephen Watts Kearny to the Adjutant General, 12 December 1846 and John M. Stanley to [ ? ], 19 January 1847, in George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, eds., Chronicles of the Gringos: The U.S. Army and the Mexican War, 1846-1848, Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Combatants (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968), pp. 156-57, 159; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 139-41; Edwin L. Sabin, Kit Carson Days 1809-1868, II (New York: The Press of the Pioneers, 1935), pp. 526, 530-31.

20. Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance, p. 113.

21. James W. Abert, Report of Lieut. J. W. Abert of his Examination of New Mexico in the Years 1846-'47, 30th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Executive Document 23, p. 3. Unless otherwise indicated, the following account of Abert's expedition is based on this report. Footnotes are provided only for portions quoted in the text.

22. James Abert, Examination of New Mexico, p. 6.

23. James Abert, Examination of New Mexico, p. 22.

24. Quoted in John Galvin, ed., Western America in 1846-1847: The Original Travel Diary of Lieutenant J. W. Abert who Mapped New Mexico for the United States Army (San Francisco: John Howell, 1966), p. 96.

25. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, p. 152; Edmund L. F. Hardcastle In Further Compliance with the Resolution of the Senate of August 3, 1848, Calling for a Map of the Valley of Mexico, by Lieutenants Smith and Hardcastle, 30th Cong., 2nd sess., Senate Executive Document 19, pp. 2-14.

26. George W. Hughes, Descriptive Memoir of the Country from Monclova to Cinegos, 15 November 1846, Letters Received, Topographical Bureau.

27. John J. Abert, Report of the Chief, Topographical Engineers, 1848, 30th Cong., 2nd sess., House of Representatives Executive Document I, pp. 324-25.