Vanguard of Expansion Army Engineers in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1819-1879

1. Treaty with the Republic of Mexico, 2 February 1848, Art. V, 9 Stat. 926; Edward S. Wallace, The Great Reconnaissance, Soldiers, Artists, and Scientists on the Frontier 1848-1861 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1955), p. 26; Warren, Memoir, p. 84.

2. John D. Wade, "John Disturnell," Dictionary of American Biography, V (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1943), p. 319.

3. Ralph P. Bieber and Averam B. Bender, eds., Exploring Southwestern Trails 1846-1854 by Philip St. George Cooke, William Henry Chase Whiting, Francois Xavier Aubrey (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clarke, 1938), p. 310.

4. Colonel John J. Abert to Major William H. Emory, 29 May 1849, William H. Emory Papers, Yale University.

5. Emory to John B. Weller, 8 July 1849, Emory Papers; Secretary of the Interior, Report in Relation to the Operations of the Commission Appointed to Run and Mark the Boundary between the United Stat es and Mexico, 31st Cong., 1st sess., Executive Document 34, pt. 1, p. 31.

6. E. I. Edwards, ed., The Whipple Report: Journal of an Expedition from San Diego, California, to the Rio Grande, from Sept. 11 to Dec. 11, 1849, by A. W. Whipple (Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1961), pp. 71-72; Secretary of the Interior, Operations of the Boundary Commission, p. 33.

7. Edwards, ed., The Whipple Report, pp. 81-89.

8. Quoted in Edwards, ed., The Whipple Report, p. 12.

9. Whipple to Emory, 10 October 1849, Emory Papers.

10. Quoted in Secretary of the Interior, Operations of the Boundary Commission, p. 15.

11. Secretary of the Interior, Operations of the Boundary Commission, pp. 9, 11-12, 28; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 163-65, 168-69; Emory to Baron von Gerolt, 11 June 1854, Emory Papers; Benton, Thirty Years View, II, pp. 715-16.

12. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, p. 170.

13. William H. Emory, United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, Report of William H. Emory, Major First Cavalry and U. S. Commissioner, 34th Cong., 1st sess., House of Representatives Executive Document 135, Vol. I, p. 11.

14. Wallace, The Great Reconnaissance, pp. 12, 24, 26-28; James D. Graham, The Report of Lieutenant Colonel Graham on the Subject of the Boundary Line Between the United States and Mexico, 32d Cong., 1st sess., Executive Document 121, pp. 23-33.

15. Graham, The Boundary Line, pp. 24-26.

16. Graham, The Boundary Line, pp. 48, 144-46, 152-54.

17. Cong. Globe, 32d Cong., 1st sess., Vol. 21, Pt. 2, pp. 1660-61, and Appendix, pp. 797-807.

18. Secretary of the Interior A. H. H. Stuart to Emory, 15 September 1851, Emory Papers; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 178, 186-88, 193-94.

19. Emory to John Torrey, 16 September 1851, Emory Papers.

20. Emory to Joseph Henry, 13 October 1851, Emory Papers.

21. Emory to Colonel Abert, 1 May 1852, Emory Papers; Emory, United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, I, p. 12.

22. Emory to Secretary of State James S. Buchanan, [December] 1848, Emory Papers.

23. Emory, United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, I, p. 11.

24. Mauritz von Hipple to Emory, 15 May 1852, Emory Papers.

25. Charles Radziminski to Emory, 21 May 1852, Emory Papers.

26. Emory to Colonel Abert, 1 March 1852, and 30 September 1852, Emory Papers.

27. Emory, United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, I, p. 16; Emory to Colonel Abert, 10 January 1854, Emory Papers; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, p. 104.

28. For a comprehensive account of the agreement, see Paul Neff Garber, The Gadsden Treaty (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1959).

29. James W. Magoffin to Emory, 24 April 1853, and Emory to Colonel Abert, 11 August 1853, Emory Papers; Wallace, The Great Reconnaissance, pp. 28, 93.

30. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 194-96; Emory, United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, I, pp. 23-25; Emory to Secretary of the Interior Robert McClelland, 25 September 1855, Emory Papers.

31. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, p. 208.

32. Spencer F. Baird to Emory, 3 October 1851, 30 January 1852, 10 January 1853, 9 March and 10 June 1855, Spencer F. Baird Papers, Smithsonian Institution.

33. Baird to Emory, n. d. [1852], Baird Papers.

34. Unidentified newspaper clipping reporting meeting of American Association for the Advancement of Science, Cincinnati, July, 1851, Emory Papers.

35. John Torrey to Emory, 5 May 1852, Emory Papers.

36. George Engelmann to Emory, 7 September 1852, Emory Papers.

37. Joseph A. Ewan, Rocky Mountain Naturalists (Denver: University of Denver, 1950), pp. 34-35; A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government, A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1957), p. 94.

38. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, p. 208.

39. Marcus Baker, "Survey of the Northwestern Boundary of the United States 1857-1861," United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 174 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900), pp. 9, 13.

40. Baker, "Northwestern Boundary," pp. 15-16.

41. Baker, "Northwestern Boundary," pp. 17, 69-70, 76.

42. Baker, "Northwestern Boundary," pp. 61-62; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, p. 428.

43. George M. Wheeler, Report Upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, I (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899), p. 778; John E. Parsons, West on the 49th Parallel, Red River to the Rockies 1872-1876 (New York: William Morrow, 1963), pp. 19-20, 22, 58.

44. Parsons, West on the 49th Parallel, pp. 4, 38-39.

45. Parsons, West on the 49th Parallel, pp. 99, 109, 121, 156.

46. Parsons, West on the 49th Parallel, pp. 136, 139.