In Lake Superior's northwest corner sits a wilderness archipelago—a roadless land of wild creatures, unspoiled forests, refreshing lakes, and rugged, scenic shores—accessible only by boat or seaplane. Travel on and around the island is by seaplane, boat, or foot. There are 165 miles of foot trails, and the island boasts many inland lakes. For more seaworthy craft there is Lake Superior itself. Isle Royale exists as an island in many ways. It is an island of wilderness and home to wolves in a modern world. It is an island in time, a natural space where you live on natural cycles and experience the rhythms of light and dark. Days are measured by footsteps. Walking the island you are struck by its striated layout and its elongated patterns of forested rock and lakes that parallel its backbone, Greenstone Ridge.

The island, it seems, must have been forcibly combed from northeast to southwest. The island surface is the product of 10,000 years of natural sculpting, soil-building, and plant succession. Back then—not long ago by nature's time scale—the island appeared beneath glacial ice, rising as the lake level dropped. The island developed soil and was colonized by plants and animals. Its many inland lakes first formed in basins gouged out by glaciers and then began to shrink, as most lakes and ponds do. But beneath the ponds, forests, and thin soil covering rests a story told not in increments of centuries but in millions of years. The rocks' ridge-and-trough pattern predates even the formation of Lake Superior and its islands. This story begins some 1.2 billion years ago with a great rift in Earth's crust that may have extended from here southward to the Gulf of Mexico. As this series of cracks poured forth molten lava covering thousands of square miles, the land along the rift zone sank to form the Superior Basin, which has shaped all subsequent geological events in the region. The rock record of this cataclysm—the volcanics, sandstones, and conglomerates—forms Isle Royale's bedrock. Clues to the island's past abound. Smoothed, rounded, and grooved rock bears testimony to the crushing power of the last major glaciation. It ended here only a few thousand years ago. Small linear hills formed from glacial deposits are still visible in the southwestern portion of Isle Royale, where the last great glacier paused in its northeastern retreat.

On the Stoll Trail out toward Scoville Point you pass three small pits in the rock. These form another clue, a clue to the aboriginal peoples who mined copper on the island as much as 4,500 years ago. Isle Royale and Lake Superior-area copper was traded as far as New York, Illinois, and Indiana. The island's other abundant resources—fish, caribou, beaver, and other wildlife and plants and berries—attracted Native Americans for centuries. Typically, they came to the island from spring to fall and left before winter set in. Indian groups still used the island in the 1840s when treaties opened it for other miners and entrepreneurs.

Aquatic environments abound on and around the island. Some 80 percent of the park is underwater—shallow, warm-water ponds, streams, and rivers, and deep, cold, foreboding Lake Superior waters. Commercial fishing was a mainstay of island economic activity throughout historic times. It began before 1800, to feed the fur traders; since 1880 fishing has been a largely individual enterprise. The major economic species were lake trout, whitefish, and herring lurking in the wide range of water depths and bottom surfaces that characterize the Isle Royale archipelago. Most commercial fishing enterprises had closed by the mid-1900s. The historic Edisen Fishery and programs run by the National Park Service now preserve that world. Primarily because of the park's isolation, its waters continue to sustain healthy populations of native fish. Many visitors enjoy catching lake trout and northern pike in this wilderness setting. Anglers are encouraged to practice catch-and-release methods that help sustain the experience.

Isle Royale's animal life also expresses its island nature. In the recent past, both wolf and moose have come in search of better hunting and browsing grounds, as explained below. Other animals that you might expect are missing, although it is only 15 miles to the Canadian shores where they are found. But even those missing—black bear, white-tailed deer—somehow underscore the park's wild solitude. Isle Royale is an island of superlatives for its wilderness and beauty. Here is another superlative: Siskiwit Lake's Ryan Island is the largest island in the largest lake on the largest island in the largest freshwater lake in the world! You will find your own superlatives as you meet this island on its own terms: fishing, boating, paddling, hiking, backpacking, taking a guided interpretive walk or hike, or just relaxing.

Isle Royale National Park is one of over 390 parks in the National Park System. The National Park Service cares for these special places saved by the American people so that all may experience our heritage. To learn more about parks and National Park Service programs in America's communities, visit www.nps.gov.

People at Isle Royale

Long before Europeans saw Isle Royale, American Indians mined copper here. Using handheld beach cobbles they hammered out chunks of pure copper from the hard bedrock. Archeologists have excavated shallow mining pits, some dating back 4,500 years.

The French claimed the island in 1671. In 1783 it became a U.S. possession; it was identified as Chippewa Territory until 1843.

Modern copper mining took place off and on from the mid-1800s until 1899. During that era large areas were burned, the forest was logged, and settlements developed.

The late 1700s saw the advent of commercial fishing. The American Fur company used the ancient method of gill netting to take whitefish, lake trout, and siskiwit. This tradition has been handed down through the fishermen's families. Early in the 1900s Isle Royale became popular for summer homes, excursions, and as a wilderness retreat. Detroit journalist Albert Stoll sparked the fight for the national park, which was established in 1940.

Isle Royale's Wilderness World

Had you visited the island in 1900 you would not have seen wolves or moose. Instead you might have seen a lynx or a caribou—no longer seen today. The forest undergrowth would be thick with Canadian yew rather than thimbleberry. Since then coyotes have been exterminated by wolves; white-tailed deer were introduced but later disappeared. Sometime early in the 1900s moose immigrated to the island. They probably swam from the Canadian mainland. With abundant food and no predators, their population grew unhindered. By the early 1930s the moose had destroyed their own food supply and began to die in great numbers. A fire in 1936 burned browse over 25 percent of the island, and by 1937 the moose population had crashed. Because the fire stimulated growth of new browse, the moose population, still unchecked, began to grow, but it only crashed when food ran out again.

In the exceptionally cold winter of 1948-49 an ice bridge formed between Canada and the island, and a small pack of Eastern timber wolves crossed it to Isle Royale. Since then more packs, offshoots of the original pack, have established themselves on the island. The wolves are important to maintaining a healthy moose population on Isle Royale. Very young, very old, and sick or injured moose are the wolves' most likely prey. By culling the weak and the old, wolves contribute to the moose population's overall health. When the number of predators decreases, the number of prey increases—the dynamic cycle begins again.

Wolves are highly intelligent and social animals that form well-organized packs Every individual from the dominant pair to the weakest pup has a place in the pack hierarchy. Few wild animals can match the wolf's devotion to its young. In late spring the pregnant female digs a den and prepares it for the pups. Both before and after the pups are born, the pack remains close to the den, supplying food to the female. When the pups are able to leave the den they are cared for by all pack members. In lean years rates of wolf pack reproduction and survival may fall off dramatically, but they usually increase when the moose population begins to age, and these animals become easier prey for wolves.

For the past few decades the island's wolf and moose populations have fluctuated dramatically. The wolf population has ranged from 12 to 50 animals, with prolonged low populations in the late 1980s and early 1990s. We believe disease played a major role in the initial wolf population decline in the early 1980s, and have recently traced the mainland source that carried the disease to Isle Royale. Since this discovery, the park has taken the necessary regulatory measures to prevent further introduction of diseases to wildlife.

Negative impacts from inbreeding in the isolated wolf population have not yet been shown, but this remains an ongoing research interest. Technological advances now allow scientists to obtain genetic information from wolf scat, reducing the need to live-trap and handle an individual to acquire the same information. Genetic information from wolves on the island is important for assessing genetic diversity and deterioration, population size, extinction risk, and the impact of isolation on fragmented populations. This research helps to better understand and conserve wolf populations outside the park's boundary as well.

After rebounding from a population crash in the mid-l990s, the moose population today continues to decline. Winter conditions, winter ticks, hot summers, available browse, and wolf numbers are some of the variables affecting this population and, correspondingly, the wolf population. Continued long-term research offers insight into the predator/prey dynamics playing out on Isle Royale and the influence this relationship has on the island's ecosystem.

As a wilderness area, Isle Royale is far more than just a sanctuary for wolves and moose. As a national park it is also more than a pleasuring ground for people. The life of the island clearly suggests the dynamic interactions of its natural processes: moose are dependent upon wolves and beaver—wolves to control their numbers and beaver to provide dams and in turn the aquatic vegetation upon which moose feed. The beaver also serve as summer food for wolves, and beaver ponds eventually become meadows supporting a variety of smaller animals. The red fox eats hares that, left unchecked, would destroy the vegetation that supports the moose that support the wolves.

In such a dynamic system each of these species plays an important role. What is our part? We must work to assure that the natural processes are allowed to function naturally. We must observe but not manipulate them. In addition to being a national park, Isle Royale also has been designated a U.S. Biosphere Reserve. Ninety-nine percent of the park's land area is designated as wilderness, protected as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System This recognition and protection reaffirms the wisdom and importance of preserving Isle Royale National Park.

Exploring Isle Royale

(click for larger maps)

The park newspaper and brochures on recreational activities are available to help you plan your trip.

Fees For current fee information, contact the park staff or visit the park's website at www.nps.gov/isro.

Visitor Centers National Park Service visitor centers are at Houghton (mainland), Rock Harbor, and Windigo. Publications and maps are sold by the Isle Royale Natural History Association, www.irnha.org.

Weather For National Weather Service forecasts for Isle Royale, tune to WXK-73, broadcast on 162.400 MHz from Houghton or 162.475 MHz from Canada.

Getting to the Park The park is open April 16 through October. Public transportation from the mainland is by boat or seaplane only. Reservations are required. Weather and rough waters may delay departures to and from the island for a day or more at a time. Allow extra time and be flexible.

Houghton to Rock Harbor, June to mid-September, via the National Park Service ship Ranger III. For rates and schedules contact the park.

Houghton to Windigo or Rock Harbor, mid-May through mid-September, via seaplane. Contact Royale Air Service, Inc., P.O. Box 15184, Duluth, MN 55815; email: RoyaleAirService@aol.com.

Copper Harbor to Rock Harbor, mid-May to late September. Contact: Isle Royale Queen, Box 24, Copper Harbor, Ml 49918; www.isleroyale.com.

Grand Portage to Windigo, mid-June to mid-September, and Grand Portage to Rock Harbor via Windigo, early May through October. Contact: GPIR Transportation Line, Inc., P.O. Box 10529, White Bear Lake, MN 55110; www.isleroyaleboats.com. One boat circles Isle Royale with various pickup and drop-off points.

Customs Regulations U.S. citizens returning from Canada and Canadian visitors to the island must clear U.S. Customs. U.S. Customs and Immigrations officers usually are available during normal work hours at Windigo and Rock Harbor ranger stations.

Accommodations Lodge and housekeeping facilities are available at Rock Harbor. For reservations, rates, and information in summer, contact: Rock Harbor Lodge, P.O. Box 605, Houghton, MI 49931-0605. Off season contact: Isle Royale Resorts, P.O. Box 27, Mammoth Cave, KY.

For a Safe Visit The park has no medical services except basic first aid. Public telephones are available at Rock Harbor. • Pets are prohibited inside the park boundary, including those kept on boats. Park boundaries extend 4.5 miles into Lake Superior. Special conditions apply to guide dogs. Please contact the park for further information. • Mosquitoes, black flies, and gnats can be plentiful; be prepared. Carry protective clothing, a head net, and insect repellent. • Although there have been no reported cases of Hantavirus on Isle Royale, risk of contracting this disease can be minimized by following precautions discussed in the park's newspaper, The Greenstone. • Do not feed any wild animals. • Do not leave personal items, packs, or food unattended; foraging animals may carry off items. • Surface water is potentially contaminated with parasites and bacteria that chemical purification will not kill. Boil water for at least one minute or filter and purify; follow with chemical treatment.

Hiking Isle Royale has over 165 miles of trails and 244 campsites dispersed among 36 campgrounds. Cross-country off-trail hiking is rugged, through dense vegetation, bogs, and swamps. Hiking from one end of the island to the other can be arranged through commercial boat and plane operators.

Swimming and Scuba Diving Swim with caution! Lake Superior waters are extremely cold. Scuba divers must pre-register at a ranger station. Contact the park for information on dive charters.

Boating The marina at Rock Harbor Lodge is open late-May through early-September. Diesel fuel, gasoline, and oil can be bought at Rock Harbor; Windigo offers only gasoline and oil. Most park docks accommodate cruisers of moderate draft. Boat rentals and holding tank pumpout stations are located at both Rock Harbor and Windigo.

Boaters Notes The discharge of human waste or gray water into Lake Superior violates state and federal laws. Don't pollute! • Boaters should carry Lake chart 17976 "Isle Royale;" it can be purchased at the park. • Boaters crossing from the mainland to Isle Royale need an FM radio with sufficient power to reach shore. Channel 16 FM is monitored by Mott Island and Windigo ranger stations by day and by the U.S. Coast Guard 24 hours. • Boats less than 20 feet long should not cross Lake Superior from the Keweenaw Peninsula. Boats up to 20 feet long may be transported on the Ranger III. • Boaters must make every effort to avoid introducing exotic aquatic organisms like zebra mussels into Isle Royale waters; the ecological effects could be devastating.

Quiet/no-wake zones reduce noise and wake impacts from power boats. Operation of electronic and motorized devices such as stereos, televisions, radios tuned to commercial stations, and portable generators is not permitted except in developed and open-water motorized zones. Onboard generators may be used at docks in developed zones and at selected campgrounds, except during quiet hours.

Fishing In all Lake Superior waters a Michigan fishing license is required. No fishing license is required in inland lakes and streams. Only artificial lures are allowed. Special regulations apply for brook trout. Refer to the park newspaper for fishing regulations.

Camping: Leave No Trace Isle Royale is an unspoiled wilderness—because of its isolation and the thoughtfulness of its campers. Leave No Trace camping depends more on attitude and awareness than on rules and regulations. When camping or hiking on Isle Royale, please follow the principles below. For information on Leave No Trace camping, check the Leave No Trace website at www.lnt.org and the Isle Royale website at www.nps.gov/isro.

Permits are required for all overnight stays in the park. • Parties of over six persons must obtain advance reservations and are subject to special Group Regulations. No group camping or traveling together may consist of over 10 persons. • Campground quiet hours are from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. EDT. • Know your limitations; hikes of over six to eight miles a day are uncommon due to rough terrain. • Your gear should include waterproof hiking boots, warm clothing, foul-weather gear, first-aid kit, maps, a compass, tent, water filter, flashlight, campstove, fuel, waterproof matches, and extra food.

Stay on established trails and use designated campsites. Confine your activities to these durable locations to preserve the natural conditions in surrounding areas. • Use pit-toilets or bury feces at least 200 feet away from water, trails, and camps. • Pack out your litter and try to pick up litter that others leave. • Soaps, even if they're biodegradable, must not enter streams or lakes. • Leave rocks (including rocks and minerals found in Lake Superior), antlers, plants, cultural artifacts, and other objects of interest just as you find them. • Metal fire grates or fire rings are provided where campfires are allowed. Build small fires only, using only dead and down wood. Extinguish your campfire completely—and never leave a fire unattended.

Source: NPS Brochure (2007)

Establishment National Biosphere Reserve — 1980 Wilderness designation — October 20, 1976 Isle Royale National Park — April 3, 1940 (established) Isle Royale National Park — March 3, 1931 (authorized)

For More Information Please Visit The OFFICIAL NPS WEBSITE

A Comparison of Fish Communities from 32 Inland Lakes in Isle Royale National Park, 1929 and 1995-1997 Biological Sciences Report USGS/BRD/BSR-2000-0004 (Larry W. Kallemeyn, 2000)

A Guide to Repair and Maintenance of Historic Structures Within Isle Royale National Park Interim Guide (October 2010)

A Summary of the Archeology of Isle Royale, Michigan (Fred Dustin, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science Arts and Letters, Vol. XVI, 1932)

A Survey of the Lakes of Isle Royale, with an Account of the Fishes Occurring in Them (Walter Koelz, 1929)

Acoustic Amphibian Monitoring, 2019 Data Summary: Isle Royale National Park NPS Natural Resource Data Series NPS/GLKN/NRDS-2022-1377 (Gary S. Casper, Stefanie M. Nadeau and Thomas B. Parr, December 2022)

Acoustic Monitoring Report, Isle Royale National Park NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/NRR-2014/886 (Cecilia L. White, November 2014)

Acoustic Monitoring for Bats at Isle Royale National Park: Data Summary Report, 2015–2019 NPS Natural Resource Data Series NPS/GLKN/NRDS—2021/1321 (Katy R. Goodwin and Alan A. Kirschbaum, April 2021)

An Analysis of the Human Skeletal Remains from the Massee Rockshelter, Isle Royale National Park (Norman J. Sauer, )

An Ecological Survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior (Chas. C. Adams, 1909)

An Ecological Survey in Northern Michigan (Chas. C. Adams, 1906)

An Evaluation of the Inventory and Monitoring Program, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan Isle Royale National Park Resource Management Report 90-5 (December 1990)

Aquatic Studies in National Parks of the Upper Great Lakes States: Past Efforts and Future Directions NPS Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2005/334 (Brenda Moraska Lafrancois and Jay Glase, July 2005)

Archeological Inventory of Ghyllbank, and 1890s Copper Mining Settlement, Isle Royale National Park Midwest Archeological Center Technical Report No. 63 (Scott Stadler, 1999)

Arctic and Alpine Rare Plant Population Dynamics at Isle Royale National Park: Response to Changing Lake Levels NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/GLKN/NRR-2022/2350 (Suzanne Sanders, Jessica Kirschbaum and Sarah E. Johnson, February 2022)

Assessment of Air Quality and Air Pollutant Impacts in Isle Royale National Park and Voyageurs National Park (Deborah L. Swackhamer and Keri C. Hornbuckle, September 1, 2004)

Assessment of Natural Resource Conditions, Isle Royale National Park NPS Natural Resource Report NPS//NRPC/WRD/NRR-2010/237 (George J. Kraft, David J. Mechenich, Christine Mechenich, James E. Cook and Steven M. Seiler, September 2010)

Assessment of Wetland Communities at Isle Royale National Park NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GLKN/NRTR-2009/162 (Jim Meeker, Al Harris, Valena Hofman, Emmet Judziewicz and Janet Marr, January 2009)

Ballast Water Treatment System Evaluation for Small Vessels (March 22, 2011)

Bat Monitoring Protocol for the Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network — Version 1.0 (NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/GLKN/NRR-2020/2126 (Katy G. Goodwin, May 2020)

Beaver Studies: 1960 • Fall 1978 • Fall 1980 • 1982 • 1984 • 1986 (Philip C. Shelton)

Beaver, Wind, and Fire: Landscap Change On Isle Royale Resource Brief (2021)

Bedrock, soil, and lichen geochemistry from Isle Royale National Park, Michigan USGS Open-File Report 2003-276 (Laurel G. Woodruff, William F. Cannon, Connie L. Dicken, James P. Bennett and Suzanne W. Nicholson, 2003)

Bioaccumulative Contaminants in Aquatic Food Webs in Six National Park Units of the Western Great Lakes Region: 2008-2012 NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/GLKN/NRR-2016/1302 (James G. Wiener, Roger J. Haro, Kristofer R. Rolfhus, Mark B. Sandheinrich, Sean W. Bailey and Ried M. Northwick, September 2016)

Biogeochemistry of a Mature Boreal Ecosystem: Isle Royale National Park, Michigan (1998)

Biogeographic Patterns of Inland Lake Fish Communities at Isle Royale, Voyageurs, and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Park Units NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GLKN/NRTR—2014/893 (Owen Gorman, Larry Kallemey, and Ryan Maki, July 2014)

Biological Studies and Mapping of Shoreline Rock Pools in Three Lake Superior National Parks NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/MWRO/NRTR—2014/907 (Alexander T. Egan, Toben Lafrancois, Mark B. Edlund, Leonard C. Ferrington, Jr. and Jay Glase, September 2014)

Birds of Isle Royale in Lake Superior Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Special Scientific Report--Wildlife No. 94 (Laurits W. Krefting, Forrest B. Lee, Philip C. Shelton and Karl T. Gilbert, June 1966)

Breeding Bird Monitoring at Isle Royale National Park, Michigan: 1996-2008 NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GLKN/NRTR-2009/160 (Alexander T. Egan, January 2009)

Commercial Fishing on Isle Royale 1800-1967 (HTML edition) (Lawrence Rakestraw, 1968)

Cultural Landscapes Inventory: Barnum Island (2013)

Cultural Landscapes Inventory: Captain Kidd Island-McPherren Compound (2014)

Cultural Landscapes Inventory: Crystal Cove Megeath Compound (2013)

Cultural Landscapes Inventory: Edisen Fishery & Rock Harbor Lighthouse (1999)

Cultural Landscapes Inventory: Fisherman's Home (August 2014)

Cultural Landscapes Inventory: Holte Fishery/Wright Island (2013)

Cultural Landscapes Inventory: Tobin Harbor (2011)

Cultural Landscapes Inventory: Washington Island (1999)

Cultural Resources on Isle Royale National Park: An Historic Context (Philip V. Scarpino, September 2010)

Decarbonization Plan Summary: National Parks of Lake Superior (Energy Environmental Economics, Inc. and Willdan Energy Solutions, 2023)

Draft Environmental Impact Statement to Address the Presence of Wolves, Isle Royale National Park (December 2016)

Determining Critical Nitrogen Loads to Boreal Lake Ecosystems: The Response of Phytoplankton at Acadia and Isle Royale National Parks NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/ACAD/NRTR—2014/862 (Jasmine E. Saros, April 2014)

Ecological Studies of the Beaver, Moose, and Wolf in Isle Royale: Second Annual Report 1961-1962 (Philip C. Shelton, April 25, 1962)

Ecological Studies of Beavers, Wolves, and Moose in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan: Third Annual Report 1962-63 (Philip C. Shelton, January 20, 1964)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale Annual Reports

Status of the timber wolf in Isle Royale National Park: First Annual Report 1958-59 (L. David Mech, April 30, 1959)

Status of the timber wolf in Isle Royale National Park: Second Annual Report 1959-60 (L. David Mech, 1960)

Status of the timber wolf in Isle Royale National Park: Third Annual Report 1960-61 (L. David Mech, May 1, 1961)

Ecological Studies of Beavers, Wolves, and Moose in Isle Royale National Park: Second Annual Report 1961-62 (Philip C. Shelton, April 25, 1962

Ecological Studies of Beavers, Wolves, and Moose in Isle Royale National Park: Third Annual Report 1962-63 (Philip C. Shelton, January 20, 1964)

Ecology and Coactions of the Moose on Isle Royale: First Annual Report 1963-64 (Peter A. Jordan, May 30, 1964)

Studies of the Moose and Wolves of Isle Royale: Second Annual Report 1964-65 (Peter A. Jordan, May 17, 1965)

Studies of the Moose and Wolves of Isle Royale: Third Annual Report 1965-66 (Peter A. Jordan, July 1966)

Community Relationships and Population Dynamics of Terrestrial Mammals on Isle Royale, Lake Superior: First Annual Report 1966-67 (Wendel J. Johnson, Michael L. Wolfe, Jr. and Durward L. Allen, May 31, 1967)

Community Relationships and Population Dynamics of Terrestrial Mammals on Isle Royale, Lake Superior: Second Annual Report 1967-68 (Wendel J. Johnson, Michael L. Wolfe, Jr. and Durward L. Allen, May 31, 1968)

Community Relationships and Population Dynamics of Terrestrial Mammals on Isle Royale, Lake Superior: Third Annual Report 1968-69 (Wendel J. Johnson, Michael L. Wolfe, Jr. and Durward L. Allen, May 31, 1969)

Community Relationships and Population Dynamics of Terrestrial Mammals on Isle Royale, Lake Superior: Fourth Annual Report 1969-70 (Wendel J. Johnson, Michael L. Wolfe, Jr. and Durward L. Allen, June 5, 1970)

Ecological Studies of the Wolf on Isle Royale: First Annual Report 1970-71 (Rolf O. Peterson, James M. Dietz and Durward L. Allen, June 15, 1971)

Ecological Studies of the Wolf on Isle Royale: Second Annual Report 1971-1972 (Rolf O. Peterson and Durward L. Allen, April 30, 1972)

Ecological Studies of the Wolf on Isle Royale: Third Annual Report 1972-1973 (Rolf O. Peterson and Durward L. Allen, May 1, 1973)

Ecological Studies of the Wolf on Isle Royale: Fourth Annual Report 1973-1974 (Rolf O. Peterson and Durward L. Allen, April 30, 1974)

Ecological Studies of the Wolf on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1974-1975 (Rolf O. Peterson and Durward L. Allen, April 30, 1975)

Ecological Studies of the Wolf on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1975-1976 (Rolf O. Peterson and Durward L. Allen, April 30, 1976)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1976-1977 (Rolf O. Peterson and Joseph M. Scheidler, April 30, 1977)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1977-1978 (Rolf O. Peterson and Joseph M. Scheidler, April 30, 1978)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1978-1979 (Rolf O. Peterson, Joseph M. Scheidler and Philip C. Shelton, April 30, 1979)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1979-1980 (Rolf O. Peterson and Philip W. Stevens, April 30, 1980)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1980-1981 (Rolf O. Peterson, Philip W. Stephens and Philip C. Shelton, April 30, 1981)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1981-1982 (Rolf O. Peterson, Richard E. Page and Philip W. Stephens, April 30, 1982)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1982-1983 (Rolf O. Peterson and Philip C. Shelton, April 30, 1983)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1983-1984 (Rolf O. Peterson, May 15, 1984)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1984-1985 (Rolf O. Peterson, May 15, 1985)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1985-1986 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1986)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1986-1987 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1987)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1987-88 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1988)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1988-89 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1989)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1989-90 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1990)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1990-91 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1991)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1991-92 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1992)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1992-93 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1993)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1993-94 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1994)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1994-95 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1995)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1995-96 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1996)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1996-97 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1997)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1997-98 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1998)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1998-99 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1999)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 1999-00 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 2000)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2000-01 (Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, March 31, 2001)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2001-02 (Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, March 31, 2002)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2002-03 (Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, March 31, 2003)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2007-08 (John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 2008)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2008-09 (John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 2009)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2009-10 (John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson, March 11, 2010)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2010-11 (John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson, March 11, 2011)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2011-12 (John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson, March 6, 2012)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2012-13 (John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson, March 4, 2013)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2013-14 (John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson, April 23, 2014)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2014-15 (John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 205)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2015-16 (Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, April 8, 2016)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2016-17 (Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, March 31, 2017)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2017-2018 (Rolf O. Peterson, John A. Vucetich and Sarah R. Hoy, April 30, 2018)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2018-2019 (Sarah R. Hoy, Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, March 31, 2019)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2019-2020 (Sarah R. Hoy, Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, April 2020)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2020-2021 (John A. Vucetich, Rolf O. Peterson and Sarah R. Hoy, March 2021)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2021-2022 (Sarah R. Hoy, Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, April 2022)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2022-2023 (Sarah R. Hoy, Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, April 2023)

Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale: Annual Report 2023-2024 (Sarah R. Hoy, Rolf O. Peterson and John A. Vucetich, April 2024)

EIS and Wilderness Stewardship Plan Newsletter (July 2023)

Environmental Impact Statement to Address the Presence of Wolves, Isle Royale National Park (March 2018)

Estimates of Abundance and Predation — The Population Ecology of Beaver in Isle Royale National Park (©Mark C. Romanski, 2010)

Final General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Isle Royale National Park (September 1998)

Fire Management Plan, Isle Royale National Park (2004)

Fishes of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, Michigan (Carl L. Hubbs and Karl F. Lagler, extract from Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, Vol. 33, 1949)

Forest Health Monitoring a Isle Royale National Park: 2019 Field Season NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/GLKN/NRR-2022/2474 (Suzanne Sanders and Jessica Kirschbaum, October 2022 )

Foundation Document, Isle Royale National Park, Keweenaw County, Michigan (January 2016)

Foundation Document Overview, Isle Royale National Park, Keweenaw County, Michigan (January 2016)

Geologic Map of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan (February 2024)

Geologic Resource Evaluation Report, Isle Royale National Park NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR-2008/037 (T.L. Thornberry-Ehrlich, June 2008)

Glacial and Postglacial Geologic History of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan (HTML edition) USGS Professional Paper 754-A (N. King Huber, 1973)

Great Lakes Junior Ranger Activity Book (Date Unknown; for reference purposes only)

Ground water for public water supply at Windigo, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan USGS Open-File Report 82-567 (N.G. Grannemann and F.R. Twenter, 1982)

Historic Mining on Isle Royale (Lawrence Rakestraw, 1965)

Historic Structures at Isle Royale National Park: Historic Contexts and Associated Property Types (Kathryn E. Franks and Arnold R. Alanen, January 1999)

Historical and Projected Climate Change and Ecological Change at Isley Royale National Park (Patrick Gonzalez, November 5, 2012)

Implementation of a Long-term Vegetation Monitoring Program at Isle Royale National Park: 2012 Revision NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GLKN/NRTR-2012/633 (Suzanne Sanders and Jessica Grochowski, October 2012)

Inventory of Nearshore Fish Population Densities and Community Structures at Apostle Islands National Lakeshore and Isle Royale National Park NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GLKN/NRTR-2009/163 (Owen T. Gorman and Seth A. Moore, February 2009)

Isle Royale Wolf-Moose Ecology: Summer Report, 1984 (Rolf O. Peterson, Kenneth L. Risenhover and Richard E. Page, December 1984)

Isle Royale Wolves and National Park Management (Rolf O. Peterson and John M. Morehead, Date Unknown)

Junior Ranger Field Journal, Isle Royale National Park (2017; for reference purposes only)

Landbird Population Trends at Isle Royale National Park, Michigan: 1996-2012 NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GLKN/NRTR-2013/692 (Alexander T. Egan and Theodore J. Gostomski, February 2013)

Landsat-based Monitoring of Landscape Dynamics at Isle Royale National Park: 2003-2008 NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GLKN/NRTR-2012/535 (Alan A. Kirschbaum and Ulf B. Gafvert, February 2012)

Landsat-based Monitoring of Landscape Dynamics at Isle Royale National Park: 1995-2017 NPS Natural Resource Data Series NPS/GLKN/NRDS-2021/1324 (Alan A. Kirschbaum, April 2021)

Long-Range Interpretive Plan, Isle Royale National Park (2000)

Management Implications of Wolf-Moose Research, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan (Rolf O. Peterson, April 4, 1977)

Modeling the Effects of Past Climate Change on Lakes in Isle Royale and Voyageurs National Parks NPS Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GLKN/NRTR—2014/909 (Mark B. Edlund, James E. Almendinger, Daniel R. Engstrom, Xing Fang, Joan Elias and Ulf Gafvert, September 2014)

Monitoring Water Quality of Inland Lakes, Great Lakes Network, 2009 and 2010: Data Summary Report NPS Natural Resources Data Series NPS/GLKN/NRDS-2011/163 (Joan E. Elias and Richard A. Damstra, May 2011)

Monitoring Water Quality of Inland Lakes, Great Lakes Network, 2011: Data Summary Report NPS Natural Resources Data Series NPS/GLKN/NRDS-2012/363 (Joan E. Elias and Richard A. Damstra, September 2012)

Monitoring Water Quality of Inland Lakes, Great Lakes Network, 2012: Data Summary Report NPS Natural Resources Data Series NPS/GLKN/NRDS-2014/629 (Richard A. Damstra, David Vander Meulen and Joan Elias, March 2014)

National Register of Historic Places Nomination Forms

Algoma (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

America (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

Chester A. Congdon (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

Cumberland (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

Edisen Fishery (Jane A. McLuckie, April 1976)

Emperor (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

George M. Cox (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

Glenlyon (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

Henry Chisholm (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

Ishpeming Fire Tower (Deborah E. Harvey, March 1, 2020)

Isle Royale National Park Fire Towers (Deborah E. Harvey, March 1, 2020)

Johns Hotel (Timothy Cochrane, Elizabeth Amber, Karen Whitehair and Carl Swenson, December 1, 1992, revised April 28, 1996)

Kamloops (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

Minong Mine Historic District (James A. McLuckie, May 1976)

Monarch (Toni Carrell, September 1983)

New Feldtmann Fire Tower (Deborah E. Harvey, May 30, 2020)

Ojibway Fire Tower (Deborah E. Harvey, May 9, 2020)

Rock Harbor Lighthouse (Jane A. McLuckie, April 1976)

Natural Resource Management, Isle Royale National Park (1991)

Nonwilderness Cultural Resources Management Plan / Environmental Assessment, Isle Royale National Park (August 2019)

Park Newspaper (The Greenstone): 2003 • 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 • 2010 • 2011 • 2012 • 2013 • 2014 • 2015 • 2016 • 2017 • 2018 • 2019 • 2020 • 2021 • 2022 • 2023 • 2024

Poster: Canada Lynx Restoration at Isle Royale National Park: A Feasibility Study (Date Unknown)

Poster: History of an Ancient and Remote Wilderness Archipelago: "a great island national park" (Date Unknown)

Poster: Island Biogeography at Play on Isle Royale (Date Unknown)

Poster: Mammals on Isle Royale - Historical Context (Date Unknown)

Poster: Policy Conundrums, Disparate Voices and the Wolves of Isle Royale (Date Unknown)

Poster: Species Introduction/Population Dynamics (Date Unknown)

Preliminary Report of a Mosquito Survey, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan (Leslie D. Beadle, December 1961)

Preservation of Wilderness on Isle Royale (Adolph Murie, undated)

Provide Assistance to Isle Royale National Park in the Monitoring of Wolf and Moose Populations During the Winter of 1987 (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1987)

Rock Harbor Guest House: Historic Structure Report, Isle Royale National Park (Seven Generations Architecture + Engineering, October 13, 2023)

Soil Survey of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan (2012)

Songbird Monitoring in the Great Lakes Network Parks: 2014-2018 NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/GLKN/NRR-2021/2217 (Samuel G. Roberts, Zachary S. Ladin, Elizabeth L. Tymkiw, W. Gregory Shriver and Ted Gostomski, January 2021)

Submerged Cultural Resources Study, Isle Royale National Park Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Papers No. 8 (Daniel J. Lenihan, ed., 1987)

The Beaver of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan: First Annual Report 1960 (Philip C. Shelton, March 1961)

The Canada Lynx, (Lynx canadensis) of Isle Royale: over-harvest, climate change, and the extirpation of an island population (Daniel S. Licht, Ron A. Moen, D. Paul Brown, Mark C. Romanski and Robert A. Gitzen, extract from The Canadian Field-Naturalist, Vol. 129 No. 2, 2015, ©The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club)

The Copper Harbor Conglomerate (Middle Keweenawan) on Isle Royale, Michigan, and its Regional Implications USGS Professional Paper 754—B (R.G. Wolff and N. King Huber, 1973)

The Geologic Story of Isle Royale National Park U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1309 (N. King Huber, 1975)

The Geologic Story of Isle Royale National Park (HTML edition) (N. King Huber, 1975; rev. ed. 1983)

The Isle Royal Folkefiskerisamfunn: An Ethnohistory of the Scandinavian Folk Fisherman of Isle Royal National Park (Rebecca S. Toupal, Richard W. Stoffle and M. Nieves Zedeño, January 22, 2002)

The Life of Isle Royale (HTML edition) Natural History Series (Napier Shelton, 1975)

The Moose of Isle Royale University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications No. 25 (Adolph Murie, July 7, 1934)

The Portage Lake Volcanics (Middle Keweenawan) on Isle Royale, Michigan USGS Professional Paper 754—C (N. King Huber, 1973)

The Wolves of Isle Royale Fauna of the National Parks of the United States Series 7 (L. David Mech, 1966)

Topographic Map: Isle Royale National Park, MI Scale: 1:62,500 (USGS, 1993)

Using Climate Change Scenarios to Explore Management at Isle Royale National Park: January 2013 Workshop Report NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/CCRP/NRR-2013/714 (Nicholas Fisichelli, Cat Hawkins Hoffman, Leigh Welling, Laura Briley and Richard Rood, September 2013)

Wilderness Stewardship Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Statement (June 2023)

Wilderness Stewardship Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Statement — Volume II: Appendices (July 2023)

Windigo Development Concept Plan/Environmental Assessment, Isle Royale National Park (July 2018)

Wolf Ecology and Prey Relationships on Isle Royale (HTML edition) Scientific Monograph Series No. 11 (Rolf O. Peterson, 1977)

Wolf-Moose Monitoring Program: 1984, Isle Royale National Park (Rolf O. Peterson, March 31, 1984)

Wolf Population Dynamics and Prey Age Structure in Isle Royale National Park (Rolf O. Peterson, Richard E. Page and John A. Vucetich, 1994)

Wolves Approach Extinction on Isle Royale: A Biological and Policy Conundrum (Rolf O. Peterson and Robert J. Krumenaker, extract from The George Wright Forum, v6 n1, 1989)

Wolves and the Isle Royale Environment: Restoring an Island Ecosystem 2018-2020 (Mark C. Romanski, Elizabeth K. Orning, Kenneth F. Kellner, Dean E. Beyer, Jr., Kristin E. Brzeski, John Hart, Donald H. Lonsway, Jr., Ashley A.D. McLaren, Seth A. Moore, Brent R. Patterson, Lynette R. Potvin, Michelle L. Verant, Tiffany M. Wolf and Jerrold L. Belant, 2020)

Woodland Caribou Restoration at Isle Royale National Park: A Feasibility Study NPS Technical Report NPS/NSIRO/NRTR-96-03 (Jean Fitts Cochrane, 1996)

Isle Royale National Park

Return of the Wolves: Lessons from the Wilderness (National Parks of Lake Superior Foundation, January 18, 2022, Duration: 39:42)