Technical Report
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A History of Native Elk in Mount Rainier National Park REFERENCES CITED Albright, G.L. 1921. Official Explorations for Pacific Railroads. University of California Press. Berkeley. Allen, G.F. 1907. Report of Acting Superintendent, Mount Rainier National Park. ______. 1913. Report of Superintendent, Mount Rainier National Park. ______. 1914. Report of Superintendent, Mount Rainier National Park. ______. 1916. Forests of Mount Rainier National Park. Dept. of Interior. Washington. Alston, A. 1937. letter to Frank Brockman, September 15. Collection of Aubrey Haines. Bagley, C. 1915. Journal of Occurrences at Nisqually House, 1833. Washington Historical Quarterly 6:179-197; 264-278. 7:59-75; 144-167. ______. 1924. The Acquisition and Pioneering of Old Oregon. Argus Print. Seattle. ______. 1982. In the BeginningPioneer Reminiscences. Ye Galleon Press. Fairfield, Washington. Bailey, V. 1897a. specimen collection list, July 12, 1897 - July 29, 1897. 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The Brackenridge Journal for the Oregon Country. ed. O.B. Sperlin. Washington State Historical Society. Tacoma. Bradley, W.P. 1982. History, Ecology, and Management of an Introduced Wapiti Population in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Washington. Bradley, W.P., and Driver, C.H. 1981. Elk Ecology and Management Perspectives at Mount Rainier National Park. National Park Service C.P.S.U. University of Washington. Brooks, W. 1905. Camping in Paradise. Mazama 2:267-268. Brown, A.L. 1920. Ascent of Mount Rainier by the Ingraham Glacier. Mountaineer 13(1):49-50. Cantwell, G. 1919. field notes. Washington. Mount Rainier Region. July 5 to Oct. 7, 1919. U.S.D.A. Bureau of Biological Survey. Smithsonian Archives. Chittenden, H. 1902. The American Fur Trade of the Far West. Francis P. Harper. New York. Chittenden, H., and Richardson, A.T., eds. 1904. Life, Letters and Travels of Father PierreJean de Smet, S.J., 1801-1873. Francis P. Harper. New York. Clevenger, W.R. 1938. The Appalachian Mountaineers in the Upper Cowlitz Region. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 29(2): 115-134. Colby, W. 1905. The Sierra Club on Mount Rainier. Mazama 2:212-215. Coleman, E. 1869. Mountaineering on the Pacific. Harper's New Monthly Magazine 39(234):793-817. The Columbian. 1852. Visit to Mount Rainier. September 18, 1852. Olympia. Cooper, G. 1860. Report on the Mammals of the Forty-Seventh and Forty-Ninth Parallels. In Baird. Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the most Practicable Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Vol. 12. Pt. 2. Thomas Ford. Washington. Craighead, J.J., Craighead, F.C., Ruff, R.L., and O'Gara, B.W. 1973. Home Ranges and Activity Patterns of Nonmigratory Elk of the Madison Drainage Herd as Determined by Biotelemetry. Wildlife Monograph 33. The Wildlife Society. Washington. Curtis, A. 1909. Mountaineers Outing to Mt. Rainier. Mountaineer 2:4-12. Curtis, E. 1913. The North American Indians. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. Dalquest, W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Lawrence. Darwin, L.H. 1916. First and Second Annual Reports of the Chief Game Warden to the Governor of the State of Washington. Olympia. Daubenmire, R. 1970. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. Technical Bulletin 62. Demers, M. 1956. Notices & Voyages of the Famed Quebec Mission to the Pacific Northwest. ed. Carl Landerholm. Champoeg Press. Portland. Denny, D. 1901. Last Elk Hunt in Seattle. The Argus 8 (46):22-23. Driver, C. 1973. Progress Report No. 1 (1 March-30 June 1973) Studies on the Effects of Elk on Ecosystems Within Mt. Rainier National Park. University of Washington. Drucker, P. 1963. Indians of the Northwest Coast. Natural History Press. Garden City. Dunnagan, R. 1983. Are Elk on the Eastern Side of Mount Rainier Exotic? Executive Summary. National Park Service. Mount Rainier National Park. Edgar, J., Kirtley, W., Allen, E., and Shazer, G. 1853. Report of the Cascade Road Exploring Party. Olympia Columbian July 2, 1853. Edson, J. 1916. Wild Animals of Mount Baker. Mountaineer 9:51-57. Eells, M. 1887. The Indians of Puget Sound. American Antiquarian 9(1):1-9. Emmons, S.F. 1877. The Volcanoes of the Pacific Coast of the United States. Journal of the American Geographical Society 9:45-65. Engel, P., and Halvin, J. 1952. History of Tacoma East Area. mimeo, Mount Rainier National Park Library. Ewers, J. 1972. Influence of the Fur Trade on Indians of the Northern Plains. In Malvina Bolus. People and Pelts, Selected Papers of the Second North American Fur Trade Conference. 1-26. Peguis Publishers. Winnipeg. Fay, C. 1905. Through Appalachian Eyes. Mazama 2:208-211. Fisher, A.K. 1897a. field notes, Washington: Longmire Springs, Aug. 6-8, 1897. Smithsonian Archives. ______. 1897b. specimen list, July 16-Aug. 15, 1897. Smithsonian Archives. ______. 1897c. field notes, Washington: Paradise Park near timberline Mount Rainier, July 28 - August 5, 1897. Smithsonian Archives. ______. 1897d. field notes, Washington: Longmire's Springs near south base Mt. Rainier, Aug. 6-8, 1897. Smithsonian Archives. Fisher, W.K. 1897. specimen list, North Yakima to Siskiyou Co., July 21-Aug. 23. Smithsonian Archives. Fobes, J.W. 1885. To the Summit of Mt. Tacoma. West Shore 11: 265-269. Fort Nisqually. 1833-1839. Journal of Occurrences at Fort Nisqually. Fort Nisqually Museum. photocopies. Fuller, G. 1928. The Inland Empire of the Pacific Northwest, A History. H.G. Linderman. Spokane. Gibbs, G. 1855. Report of Mr. George Gibbs to Captain McClellan on the Indian tribes of the Territory of Washington. In Stevens, Narrative and Final Report of explorations for a route near the forty-seventh and forty-ninth parallels of north latitude, from St. Paul to Puget Sound. 419-466. U.S. War Dept. Thomas Ford. Washington. ______. 1872. Physical Geography of the Northwestern Boundary of the United States. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York. 298-392. Glascock, R. 1905. How We Climbed Rainier. Sunset 16:49-55. Glauert, K., and Kunz, M. 1976. Kittitas Frontiersmen. Ellensburg Public Library. Ellensburg. Gordon, Cora. 1892. Camp of the CloudsParadise Valley. typed manuscript. collection of Aubrey Haines. Gustafson, C. 1973. Faunal Remains from the Marmes Rockshelter and Related Archeological Sites in the Columbia Basin. Ph.D. Thesis. Washington State University. Haeberlin, H., and Gunther, E. 1942. The Indians of Puget Sound. University of Washington Press. Seattle. Haines, A. 1962. Mountain Fever, Historic Conquests of Rainier. Oregon Historical Society. Portland. Haines, F. 1938. The Northward Spread of Horses Among the Plains Indians. American Anthropologist 40:429-437. Hall, E.S. 1911. Report of the Superintendent, Mount Rainier National Park. ______. 1912. Report of the Superintendent, Mount Rainier National Park. Houston, D. 1971. Ecosystems of National Parks. Science 172: 648-651. ______. 1982. The Northern Yellowstone Elk, Ecology and Management. Macmillan Publishing Co. New York. Hunt, H. 1916. Tacoma, Its History and Builders. Clark. Chicago. Ingraham, E.S. 1909. Early Ascents of Mount Rainer. Mountaineer 2:38-41. Jenkins, K., and Starkey, E. 1980. Roosevelt Elk of the Hoh Valley, Olympic National Park. National Park Service O.C.P.S.U. Jermann, J., and Mason, R. 1976. A Cultural Resource Overview of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, South-Central Washington. University of Washington Office of Public Arch. Inst. For Environmental Affairs Recon. Report No. 7. Johansen, D., and Gates, C. 1957. Empire of the Columbia. Harper & Brothers. New York. Johnson, R. 1845. account of a trip over Naches Pass In Wilkes, The United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. 418-429, 468-470. Lea and Blanchard. Philadelphia. Kautz, A. Journal of Lt. August V. Kautz, 1857-1861. Alaska History Research Project, Compilation Vols. 1,2, and 3. ______. 1876. Ascent of Mount Rainier. Overland Monthly 14:393-403. Kitchin, E.A. 1935a. Report of Observations of Wildlife, January 1, 1935. Mount Rainier National Park Archives. ______. 1935b. Report on Contemplated Primitive Area in Mount Rainier National Park. Mount Rainier National Park Archives. Larsen, J. n.d. The Status of the Yakima Elk Herd. U.S. Forest Service. mimeo. Leopold, A.S., Cain, S., Cottam, C., Gabrielson, I., and Kimball, T. 1963. Wildlife Management in the National Parks. Twenty-eighth North American Wildlife Conference. Lewarch, D., Reynolds, K., and Jermann, J. 1975. Report of an Archeological Survey in the Mount Rainier area, Gifford Pinchot National Forest. University of Washington Recon. Report No. 2. Little, A.G. 1898. Ninth Annual Report of the State Fish Commissioner. Olympia. ______. 1901. Tenth and Eleventh Annual Reports of the State Fish Commissioner. Olympia. Longmire, D. 1917. First Immigrants to Cross the Cascades. Washington Historical Quarterly 8(1): 22-28. Longmire, J. 1932. Narrative of James Longmire, a Pioneer of 1853. Washington Historical Quarterly 23:47-60. Loutzenhiser, R., and Loutzenhiser, F. The Story of Yelm: The Little Town with the Big History, 1848-1948. Yelm. Lyman, W.D. 1919. History of the Yakima: Washington. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. Chicago. ______. 1905 Indian Legends of Rainier. Mazama 2(4): 203-207. McClellan, G. 1855. General Report of Captain George B. McClellan, Corps of Engineers United States Army. In Stevens, Report of Exploration of a Route for the Pacific Railroad. 137-156. U.S. War Dept. Thomas Ford. Washington. McIntyre, R. 1952. A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park. Mount Rainier National Park Library. mimeo. McWhorter, L. 1923. Customs of the Yakimas, file 1526. McWhorter Papers. Washington State University Archives. ______. 1915. Sluiskin Tells True Story of Mountain. Tacoma Daily News, November 30, 1915. ______. 1917. Chief Sluskin's True Narrative. Washington Historical Quarterly 8(1): 96-101. Macy, P.P. 1934. Some Notes on the Animal Life of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Murrelet 15:46-48. Martinson, A. 1961. The Influence of the Longmire Family Upon the Early History of Mount Rainier National Park. M.A. Thesis. Washington State University. May, D. 1964. A Review of the History and Present Status of the Elk of Mount Rainier National Park. Mount Rainier National Park. Meany, E. 1912. Naches Pass. Mountaineer 5:40-41. ______. 1925. Diary of Wilkes in the Northwest. Washington Historical Quarterly 16(2): 137-145. Merriam, C.H. 1897. Roosevelt's WapitiCervus Roosevelti, a New Elk from the Olympics. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Mitchell, E., and Lauckhart, J. 1948. Management of the Yakima Rocky Mountain Elk Herd. 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What was found. August 26. Orting Oracle. 1891. Taggart-Lower Party's Ascent. September. Phillips, P. 1961. The Fur Trade. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman. Prater, Y. 1981. Snoqualmie Pass, From Indian Trail to Interstate. The Mountaineers. Seattle. Prosch, C. 1894. Transactions of the Washington Pioneer Association For the Years 1883-1889 Inclusive. Washington Pioneers Association. Seattle. ______. 1910. Transactions of the Washington Pioneer Association for the Years 1905-1910. Washington Pioneers Association. Seattle. Ray, V. 1939. Cultural Relations in the Plateau of Northwestern America. Publications of the F.W. Hodge Anniversary Publication Fund #3. Rice, D. 1965. Archeological Test Excavations in Fryingpan Rockshelter, Mount Rainier National Park. Washington State University Laboratory of Anthropology Report of Investigations No. 33. Ricksecker, E. 1907. letter to Secretary of the Interior Garfield, October 18. U.S. Engineer Office, Tacoma. copy in Mount Rainier National Park Archives. Rich, E.E. 1959. The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670-1870. The Hudson's Bay Record Society. London. ______. 1967. The Fur Trade and the Northwest to 1857. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto. Rodman, W. 1906. The Sierra Club in the Northwest. Out West 24:364-395. Roe, F.G. 1955. The Indian and the Horse. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman. Rogers, A.G. 1891. On the Way. Enumclaw Evergreen June 26. Roosevelt, T., Van Dyke, T., Elliot, D.G., and Stone, A. 1902. The Deer Family. Macmillan. New York. Roosevelt, T. 1983. American Bears: Selections from the Writings of Theodore Roosevelt. ed. Paul Schullery. Colorado Associated University Press. Boulder. Ross, J.E. 1898. Excursion of the Mazamas to Mount Rainier. Land of Sunshine 9(4): 169-178. Ruby, R., and Brown, J. 1981. Indians of the Pacific Northwest. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman. Russell, I. 1897. Glaciers of Mount Rainier. Eighteenth Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey, Part II. 349-424. Sampson, A. 1908. Wild Animals of the Mount Rainier National Park. Sierra Club Bulletin 6:32-39. Sarvant, H. 1915. A Camping Experience on Tolmie Peak. Mountaineer 8:51. Saum, L. 1965. The Fur Trader and the Indian. University of Washington Press. Seattle. Schmoe, F. 1924a. untitled. Mount Rainier National Park Notes 2(13):78. ______. 1924b. Elk. Mount Rainier Nature News Notes 2(14):85. ______. 1924c. Animal Life. Mount Rainier Nature News Notes 2(13):78. ______. 1925. Our Greatest Mountain. G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York. ______. 1926a. Two Distinct Types of People. Mount Rainier Nature News Notes 3(15):175-176. ______. 1926b. Big-Horn or Mountain Sheep. Mount Rainier Nature News Notes 4(3):210. ______. 1926c. Big-Horn Sheep. Mount Rainier Nature News Notes 4(13):234a. ______. 1959. A Year in Paradise. Harper & Brothers. New York. Schullery, P. 1980. The Bears of Yellowstone. Yellowstone Library and Museum Association. Yellowstone Park. Sensenig, W. 1909. A Knapsack Trip into Spray Park. Mountaineer 2:56-59. Seton, E.T. 1929. Lives of Game Animals. Doubleday, Doran, & Company. New York. Shields, G.O. 1889. Cruising in the Cascades. Rand McNally & Company. New York. Smalley, E. 1885. From Puget Sound to the Upper Columbia. Century Magazine 29:832-842. Smith, A. 1964. Ethnographic Guide to the Archeology of Mt. Rainier National Park. National Park ServiceWashington State University. Smith, M. 1940. The PuyallupNisqually. A.M.S. Press. New York. ______. 1941. The Coast Salish of Puget Sound. American Anthropologist 43: 197-211. Smith, E. 1886. A Vacation on Mt. Rainier. manuscript in collection of Aubrey Haines. Snyder, C. 1894. Our New National Wonderland. Review of Reviews 9:163-171. Spier, L. 1936. Tribal Distribution in Washington. General Series in Anthropology No. 3. Splawn, A.J. 1917. Kamiakin, The Last Hero of the Yakimas. Portland. 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The Mountain that was "God." G.P. Putnams's Sons. New York. Willis, B. 1883. Canyons and Glaciers - a journey to the ice fields of Mt. Tacoma. Northwest 1(2):2. Zug, J. 1905. Narrative Reports on Preliminary Survey of Road Across the Cascades from the East. Corps of Engineers, Seattle. Mount Rainier National Park Archives.
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