Technical Report
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Influences of Adjacent Forest
Management Activities on Migratory Elk of Mount Rainier National
Park LITERATURE CITED Bradley, W. P. 1982. History, ecology and management of an introduced wapiti population in Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Washington, Seattle. 274pp. Bradley, W. P., and C. H. Driver. 1981. Elk ecology and management perspectives at Mount Rainier National Park. Cooperative Park Studies Unit Report CPSU/UW 81-2. Univ. Washington, Seattle. 27pp. Bunnell, F. L. 1985. Forestry and black-tailed deer: conflicts, crises, or cooperation. For. Chron. 61:180-184. Bunnell, F. L., and G. W. Jones. 1984. Black-tailed deer and old-growth forests -- a synthesis. Pp 411-420 in W. R. Meehan, T. R. Merrell, and T. A. Hanley, eds. Fish and Wildlife Relationships in old-growth forests: Proceedings of a Symposium. Amer. Inst. Fish. Res. Biol. Caughley, G. 1976. Wildlife management and the dynamics of ungulate populations. Pp 183-246 in T. H. Coaker, ed. Applied Biology Vol. 1, Academic Press, London. Cook, C. W. 1972. Comparative nutritive value of forbs, grasses, and shrubs. Pp 303-310 in C. M. McKell, J. P. Blaisdell, and J. R. Goodin, eds. Wildland shrubs - their biology, and utilization. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech.. Rep. INT-1. Cooper, K. C. 1987. Seasonal movements and habitat use of migratory elk in Mount Rainier National Park. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 84pp. Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon. Ecology 54:57-69. Fracker, S. B., and J. A. Brischle. 1944. Measuring the local distribution of Ribes. Ecology 25:283-303. Franklin, J. F., and C. T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Franklin, J. F., W. H. Moir, M. A. Hemstrom, and S. Greene. In prep. Forest ecosystems of Mount Rainier National Park. Goering, H. K., and P. J. Van Soest. 1970. Forage fiber analysis: apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 379. 20pp. Hanley, T. A., R. G. Cates, B. Van Horne, and J. D. McKendrick. 1987. Forest stand-age-related differences in apparent nutritional quality of forage for deer in southeastern Alaska. Pp 9-17 in F. D. Provenza, J. T. Flinders, and E. D. McArthur, eds. Proceedings - Symposium on Plant Herbivore Interactions. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Pub. INT-222. 179pp. Hanley, T. A. 1984. Habitat patches and their selection by wapiti and black-tailed deer in a coastal montane coniferous forest. J. Appl. Ecol. 21:423-436. Happe, P. J., K. J. Jenkins, E. E. Starkey, and S. H. Sharrow. In Prep. Nutritional quality and tannin astringency of browse in clearcuts and old-growth forests. Harestad, A. S., J. A. Rochelle, and F. L. Bunnell. 1982. Old- growth forests and black-tailed deer on Vancouver Island. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 47:343-352. Harper, J. A. 1985. Ecology and management of Roosevelt elk in Oregon. Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildl., Portland, OR 70pp. Henderson, J. A., and D. Peters. 1984. Preliminary plant associations and habitat types of the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Pacific Northwest Region, Portland. Hett, J., R. Taber, J. Long, and J. Schoen. 1978. Forest management policies and summer carrying capacity in the Abies amabilis forest, western Washington. Environ. Manage. 2:561- 566. Hobbs, N. T., D. L. Baker, J. E. Ellis, D. M. Swift, and R. A. Green. 1982. Energy- and nitrogen-based estimates of elk winter range carrying capacity. J. Wildl. Manage. 46:12-21. Horowitz, W. (editor) 1980. Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Thirteenth edition. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Washington, D.C. 1018pp. Ivlev, V. S. 1961. Experimental ecology of the feeding of fishes. Yale Univ. Press. Janz, D. W. 1983. Seasonal composition and quality of Roosevelt elk diets on Vancouver Island. M.S. Thesis, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver. 68pp. Jenkins, K. J., and R. G. Wright. 1987. Simulating succession of riparian spruce forests and white-tailed deer carrying capacity in northwestern Montana. West. J. Appl. For. 2:80-83. Jenkins, K. J., P. J. Happe,, and R. G. Wright. 1990. Evaluating above-snow browse availability using non-linear regressions. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 18:54-61. Leslie, D. M. Jr., E. E. Starkey, and M. Vavra. 1984. Elk and deer diets in old-growth forests of western Washington. J. Wildl. Manage. 48:762-775. Long, J. N., and J. Turner. 1975. Above-ground biomass of understory in an age sequence of four Douglas-fir stands. J. Appl. Ecol. 12:179-188. Merrill, E., K. Raedeke, and R. Taber. 1987. Population dynamics and habitat ecology of elk in the Mount St. Helens blast zone. Wildlife Sciences Group, College of Forest Resources, Univ. Washington, Seattle. 186pp. Milchunas, D. G., and D. L. Baker. 1982. In vitro digestion- sources of within and between trial variability. J. Range Manage. 35:199-203. Parker, K. L., C. T. Robbins, and T. A. Hanley. 1984. Energy expenditures for locomotion by mule deer and elk. J. Wildl. Manage. 48:474-488. Raedeke, K. J., and J. F. Lemkuhl. 1985. A simulation procedure for modeling the relationships between wildlife and forest management. Pages 377-382 in J. Verner, M. Morrison, and C. J. Ralph (eds.) Wildlife 2000: Modeling habitat relationship of terrestrial vertebrates. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison. Raedeke, K. J., and J. Lemkuhl. 1984. Elk populations of Mount Rainier National Park: status of range outside of the park. Final Report, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Univ. Washington, Seattle. 69pp. Raedeke, K. J., and R. D. Taber. 1979. Mechanisms of population regulation in western Washington forests for Cervus and Odocoileus. Proc. Int. Congr. Game Biol. 14:69-80. Ripple, W. J., E. E. Starkey, and B. J. Schrumpf. 1988. Assessing elk trail and wallow impacts in Mount Rainier National Park. Final Report (Cooperative Agreement CA-9000-3-0003, Subagreement 16). Robbins, C. T. 1983. Wildlife feeding and nutrition. Academic Press, New York. 343pp. Robbins, C. T., T. A. Hanley, A. E. Hagerman, O. Hjeljord, D. L. Baker, C. C. Schwartz, and W. W. Mautz. 1987. Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: reduction in protein availability. Ecol. 68:98-107. Scharpf, R. W., M. P. Kuttle,, R. J. Anderson, E. R. Brown, E. P. Harshman, and J. A. Rochelle.. 1985. Forage/cover model: deer and elk habitat management. USDA For. Serv., Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR. Schoen, J. W., O. C. Wallmo, and M. D. Kirchoff. 1981. Wildlife-forest relationships: is a reevaluation of old-growth necessary? Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 46: Schoen, J. W. 1977. The ecological distribution and biology of wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in the Cedar River Watershed, Washington.. Ph.D. Dissertation,, Univ. Washington, Seattle. 406pp. Sharrow, S. H., and D. E. Kuntz. 1989. Plant response to elk grazing in subalpine dry meadow communities of Mount Rainier National Park. Oregon Cooperative Park Studies Unit Report 89- 5. 18pp. Shugart, H. H., Jr., T. R. Crow, and J. M. Hett. 1973. Forest succession models: a rationale and methodology for modeling forest succession over large regions. Forest Sci. 19:203-212. Spalinger, D. E., C. T. Robbins, and T. A. Hanley. 1986. The assessment of handling time in ruminants: the effect of plant chemical and physical structure on the rate of breakdown of plant particles in the rumen of mule deer and elk. Can. J. Zool. 64:312-321. Sparks, D. R., and J. C. Malechek. 1968. Estimating percentage dry weights in diets using a microscopic technique. J. Range Manage. 21:264-265. Starkey, E. E., D. S. deCalesta, and G. W. Witmer. 1982. Management of Roosevelt elk habitat and harvest. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 47:353-362. Stevenson, S. K., and J. A. Rochelle. 1984. Lichen Litterfall - its availability and utilization. Pp 391-396 in W. R. Meehan, T. R. Merrell, and T. A. Hanley, eds. Fish and wildlife relationships in old-growth forests: Proceedings of a symposium. Amer. Inst. Fish. Res. Biol. Swanson, D. O. 1970. Roosevelt elk-forest relationships in the Douglas fir region of the southern Oregon Coast Range. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor. 173pp. Thorne, E. T., R. E. Dean, and W. G. Hepworth. 1976. Nutrition during gestation in relation to successful reproduction in elk. J. Wildl. Manage. 40:330-335. Trainer, C. E. 1971. The relationship of physical condition and fertility of female Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti) in Oregon. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 93pp. Wallmo, O. C., and J. W. Schoen. 1980. Response of deer to secondary forest succession in southeast Alaska. For. Sci. 26:448-462. Westoby, M. 1974. An analysis of diet selection by large generalist herbivores. Am. Nat. 108:290-304.
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Last Updated: Monday, 01-Dec-2003 20:10:54
http://www.nps.gov/mora/ncrd/reports/elkstudy-90f.htm
Author: Natural & Cultural Resources Division
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