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NORTH CASCADES
History Basic Data |
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ENDNOTES
Introduction
1. Each specific unit will be mentioned in the report where such information is essential; the terms "National Park" and "National Park complex" will be used liberally in the generic sense throughout.
Chapter 1
2. Edward S. Curtis, The North American Indian, 9 (Norwood, Mass., 1913), p. 74. The Skagit News, June 10, 1884, reported that it had tried to learn the meaning of Skagit but could find no Indians who knew. The Indians interviewed believed that the name was first applied to themselves, then later to the river.
3. John R. Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 145 (Washington, 1962), pp. 441-42 and 448. John Osmundson, "Camano Island--Succession of Occupation From Prehistoric to Present Time," in "Washington Archeologist," 5 (April 1961), 5, says that a subdivision of the Swinomish, the Kikialos, lived on Camano Island and were oriented to the Skagit River, their ties being mostly with the lower Skagit Indians.
4. Swanton, pp. 441-42; House Ex. Doc. 129, 33d Cong., 1st sess., "Report of . . . the Several Pacific Railroad Explorations" (Report of Governor Stevens), 1 (Washington, 1855), p. 465; University of Chicago, Map, "The North American Indians, 1950, Distribution . . ." (Dec. 1960).
5. Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, 1 (1874), p. 211; Curtis, p. 157; Albert Buell Lewis, "Tribes of the Columbia Valley and the Coast of Washington and Oregon," Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, 1, part 2 (Sept. 1906), pp. 157 and 159.
6. Philip Drucker, Cultures of the North Pacific Coast (San Francisco, 1965), pp. 46-52.
7. Lewis, pp. 155-60 and 172; Paul Kane, Wanderings of an Artist Among the Indians of North America (Tokyo 1968), p. 153 (Kane discusses potlatches on Vancouver Island.); The Skagit News, June 10, 1884, and March 10, 1865. The potlatch and other features of Coastal Indians' daily life are discussed in depth in Drucker, pp. 55-65, and in Tom McFeat, editor, Indians of the North Pacific Coast (Seattle, 1966).
8. Bancroft, 1, p. 210; Lewis, p. 168; Kane, p. 123.
9. Bancroft, 1, p. 211; Lewis, pp. 156-66; Drucker, pp. 38-42.
10. Lewis, p. 169; Bancroft, 1, p. 214.
11. Myron Eells, "Puget Sound Indians," in "Washington Archeologist," 7 (Jan. 1963), pp. 19 and 23-25; Bancroft, 1, p. 216.
12. Lewis, pp. 158 and 161; Osmundson, p. 5; Bancroft, 1, pp. 212-13 and 218. Sources of food are fully discussed in Drucker, pp. 9-21.
13. Del Norquist, "A Fish Weir Fragment From 45SN100," in "Washington Archeologist," 5 (Aug.-Sept. 1961).
14. Kane, pp. 139-40; Bancroft, 1, p. 220.
15. Drucker, pp. 84-85; Thelma Adamson, Folk-Tales of the Coast Salish (New York, 1934); Ella E. Clark, Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest (Berkeley, 1953), pp. 138-41. Clark's version of the legend should be regarded as one that has been filtered through white logic and thought processes.
16. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Indian Reservations of the Northwest, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, The People, Their Land, Their Life (1960), pp. 67-71. (Hereafter cited as USDI.)
17. Alexander Ross, The Fur Hunters of the Far West, edited by Kenneth A. Spalding (Norman, 1956), pp. 36-42.
18. Bruce Mitchell, By River, Trail, and Rail (Wenatchee, 1968), p. 5.
19. Otto Klement, "Early Skagit Recollections," typescript, p. 8. Jimmy Jones, a Skagit Indian, said many years later that the Skagits got their horses from the Columbia basin by way of Cascade Pass. Burlington Farm Journal, Dec. 6, 1961.
20. National Archives (Hereafter, NA), Record Group (Hereafter, RG) 76, North West Boundary Survey, Envelope 4, Report of Henry Custer, May 1866.
21. John P. McGlinn, "Reminiscences of an Ex-Indian Agent," in Interstate Publishing Company, An Illustrated History of Skagit and Snohomish Counties, pp. 472-73.
22. Klement, pp. 5-6; Interstate, pp. 122 and 473; University of Chicago, Map. On March 25, 1884, the Skagit News reported a rumor that the Skagits were uneasy about a new survey--which stopped, however, because of lack of funds.
23. Work Projects Administration, Washington, A Guide to the Evergreen State (Portland, 1941), p. 514.
24. Nels Bruseth, "The Duhkwautsub War," typescript.
25. Swanton, pp. 427, 430, 437, and 440; USDI, pp. 55-60; University of Chicago, Map.
26. Swanton, pp. 589-91; James Teit, The Thompson Indians of British Columbia in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 2 April 1900), pp. 168, 268, 270, and 390. Teit's account is a thorough anthropological view of the Thompsons.
27. Swanton, pp. 430-33; USDI, pp. 77-82; Jessie A. Bloodworth, "Human Resources Survey of the Colville Confederated Tribes" (June 1959), pp. 3-4. Bloodworth is more valuable for her statistics than for historical accuracy.
28. Swanton, pp. 416 and 428; Bloodworth, pp. 4-5.
29. Swanton, pp. 448-49; USDI, pp. 77-82; Bloodworth, p. 5.
30. The above summary of these tribes comes from numerous sources. Among them are: An Illustrated History of Stevens, Ferry, Okanogan, and Chelan Counties, State of Washington (Spokane, 1904); Edgar I. Stewart, "Alexander Ross," in Le Roy Hafen, ed., The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, 6 (Glendale, 1968), pp. 387-97; Ross, The Fur Hunters; Edson Dow, Passes to the North, History of the Wenatchee Mountains (Wenatchee, 1963); J. Neilson Barry, "The Indians in Washington, Their Distribution by Languages," Oregon Historical Quarterly, 28 (1927), pp. 147-62; Mary W. Avery, Washington, A History of the Evergreen State (Seattle, 1961); Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States, 1; Bloodworth; and USDI, Indian Reservations of the Northwest.
31. Edmond S. Meany, "Washington Geographic Names," Washington Historical Quarterly, 8-14 (1917-23); Edmund S. Meany, History of the State of Washington (New York, 1909), pp. 357-59; Grant McConnell, "The Cascades Wilderness," Sierra Club Bulletin, 41 Dec. 1956), p. 25.
Chapter 2
1. Stewart, pp. 387-97. Ross transferred to the North West Company in 1813. He continued to serve in the Columbia Basin: Fort Kamloops, Fort Nez Perce (Walla Walla), Snake River Expeditions, and Flathead Post. He eventually retired to the Red River Settlement. A critic described him as a man possessing almost every virtue except charity.
2. Robert C. Stevens, "Early Winters Visitor Center, A Feasibility Study" (USFS), p. 42.
3. Ross, Pp. 36-42; Keith A. Murray, "Building a Wagon Road Through the Northern Cascade Mountains," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 56 (April 1965), p. 49.
Chapter 3
1. NA, RG 76, Northwestern Boundary, Envelope 3, "List of Persons. . .;" Herman J. Deutsch, "A Contemporary Report on the 49° Boundary Survey," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 53 (January 1962), p. 18; Marcus Baker, Survey of the Northwestern Boundary of the United States, 1857-1861, USGS Bulletin No. 174 (Washington, 1900), p. 14.
2. Baker, p. 11; Daniel T. Goggin, compiler, Preliminary Inventory of the Records Relating to International Boundaries (Washington, 1968), p. 38; Otto Klotz, The History of the Forty-Ninth Parallel Survey West of the Rocky Mountains (New York, n. d.), reprinted from The Geographical Review, 3 (May 1917), pp. 382-87.
4. NA, RG 76, Northwestern Boundary, Envelope 1, Lt. J. G. Parke, Dec. 9, 1857, to Archibald Campbell.
5. Ibid., Envelope 3, "Statement of Service of Indians Employed as Canoe-men, Pack-men, Expressmen, Guides, Etc."
6. Ibid., G. Clinton Gardner, April 17, 1858, to Lt. J. G. Parke.
7. Ibid., Envelope 1, Lt. J. G. Parke, Sept. 30, 1858, to Archibald Campbell.
8. Ibid., Lt. J. G. Parke, Dec. 23, 1858, to Archibald Campbell.
9. Ibid., Envelope 4, Report of Henry Custer, May 1866. This report was cited in Chapter 1 when describing the Indians' contributions to the success of the survey. Custer could not claim grammar as his forte. Someone (Campbell?) heavily edited this report later. Here I have used Custer's original constructions wherever possible. Minor punctuation has been added, but every effort has been made to retain Custer's enthusiasm.
10. NA, RG 76, Northwest Boundary, Envelope 1, Parke, May 17, 1859, to Campbell; Senate Ex. Doc. No. 16, 37th Cong., 1st sess., p. 3, quoting Parke to Campbell, Nov . 12, 1859.
11. NA, RG 76, Northwest Boundary, Envelope 2, Campbell, June 30, 1859, to Lt. Col. Hawkins.
12. Ibid., Campbell, Sept. 3, 1859, to Sec. of State Lewis Cass.
13. Deutsch, p. 20; NA, RG 76, James W. Alden, Landscape Views.
15. International Boundary Commission (IBC), Joint Report upon the Survey and Demarcation of the Boundary between the United States Canada, from the Gulf of Georgia to the Northwesternmost Point of Lake of the Woods (Washington, 1937); Map, "International Boundary, From the Gulf of Georgia to the Northwesternmost Part of the Lake of the Woods;" Sheets 4 and 5 include the northern border of North Cascades NP.
18. Ibid., pp. 37 and 37n. This marker is said to be still in place.
19. Ibid., pp. 37-39, 43-44, and 81-89.
Chapter 4
1. Mitchell, By River, Trail, and Road, p. 4; Philip Henry Overmeyer, "George B. McClellan and the Pacific Northwest," The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 32 (1941); Senate Ex. Doc, 78, 33d Cong., 2d Sess., 1, pp. 196-97 (Pacific Railroad Survey).
2. This discussion of Camp Chelan comes from Senate Ex. Doc. 186, 47th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 39-41 and 105. See also Mitchell, "By River, Trail, and Rail," pp. 16-18.
3. The Chelan Leader, Dec. 31, 1891, called the upper Stehekin the Pierce.
4. Henry H. Pierce, Report of An Expedition From Fort Colville to Puget Sound, Washington Territory, by way of Lake Chelan and Skagit River . . . August and September, 1882 (Washington, 1882), including indorsements and maps; Alfred Downing, Sketch Book, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma, Washington.
Chapter 5
1. Interstate, p. 100; Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951, citing a report by Maj. Van Bokkelen.
2. Marshall T. Hunting, Gold in Washington, Bulletin No. 42, Division of Mines and Geology, State of Washington (Olympia, 1955), p. 29.
3. Mount Baker NP history files, Actg. Supervisor R.L. Fromme, Nov. 23, 1937, to Regional Forester, Portland.
4. Herbert Hunt and Floyd C. Kaylor, Washington, West of the Cascades, 1 (Chicago, 1917), p. 434; Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951. Everett later started a farm on the upper Skagit and grubstaked miners of the Ruby Creek district. In 1904, he sold this land, where the Portland Cement Company later erected its plant.
5. Interstate, p. 118; Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951.
6. Interstate, p. 118; Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951; Paul Curtis Pitzer, "A History of the Upper Skagit Valley, 1880-1924," (MA Thesis University of Washington, 1966), pp. 4-5.
7. Pitzer, pp. 6-7, quoting the Bellingham Bay Mail, April 19 and August 2, 1879.
8. North Pacific Coast, Dec. 1879, p. 29.
9. Pitzer, p. 12. In 1880, the transportation of supplies from Goodell's Landing to Ruby Creek cost 25¢ per pound; from Fort Hope to Ruby Creek was only 12-1/2¢ per pound.
11. North Pacific Coast, Feb. 1, 1880, p. 61; Mar. 15, pp. 111-12; and May 1, p. 133. Pitzer, p. 15, estimates that the largest number of men at any one time did not exceed 1,000-1,500.
12. Hunt and Kaylor, 1, p. 427; Pitzer, pp. 10-13.
14. Interstate, pp. 118-19; The Skagit News, Sept. 8, 1884, and Sept. 9, 1885; Pitzer, pp. 13-15.
16. Interstate, p. 479; Pitzer, pp. 16-18.
17. L. K. Hodges, editor, Mining in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1897); Kroll Map Company, "The Cascade Portion of Skagit, Whatcom and Okanogan Counties, Washington" (Seattle, 1899).
22. Marshall T. Huntling, Inventory of Washington Minerals, Part II, Metallic Minerals, Bulletin No. 27, Division of Mines and Geology, State of Washington (2 vols., Olympia, 1956).
23. Sunday Olympian, Nov. 3, 1968; Senate, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., The North Cascades, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Parks and Recreation . . . on S1321 (Washington, 1967), p. 414.
24. Illustrated History of . . . Chelan Counties, p. 702.
25. Ibid., pp. 704-05; Glee Davis, Sedro Woolley, oral interview. Other names associated with Doubtful Lake at that time: Charles Hudson, Gilbert Landre, and Jack (Empey?).
26. Chelan Leader, Sept. 29, 1892.
27. Chelan Leader, Aug. 31, 1897.
30. Ibid., Aug. 25, and July 19, 1900.
31. Chelan Leader, Aug. 29, 1901; Baker Bulletin, Oct 5,1908, quoted in The Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951.
33. Chelan Leader, Dec. 10, 1891; Aug. 20, 1897; May 12, Sept. 7, and Oct. 19, 1899. Coon Lake was first mentioned by Lieutenant Pierce in 1882. It had several names over the years. A prospector in the area was Wilson Howard, a Negro. Unfortunately, Howard's name did not stick.
34. Interview with Mr. Harry Buckner, May 9, 1969; interview with Mr. Ray Courtney, May 11, 1969, both at Stehekin, Washington.
35. Pitzer, p. 17n; Avery, p.223; Stevens, pp. 46-47; John A. Hussey, "The Mother Lode Country, California, A Reconnaissance" (San Francisco, NPS Report, 1966), p. 8.
36. State of Washington, Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 21, The Mining Resources of Washington, With Statistics for 1919 (Olympia, 1921), p. 57
37. Ibid., Bulletin No. 11, The Mineral Resources (Olympia, 1912), p. 39.
38. The writer unfortunately has seen only photographs of the mine, although he hovered in the area three days waiting for a non-materializing break in a rainstorm.
Chapter 6
1. Interstate, pp. 100-06, 114, 219-20, and 223-25.
2. North Pacific Coast, Feb. 1, 1880; Washington Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 11, p. 35; Hunt, p. 427; Interstate, p. 119.
4. North Pacific Coast, March 15, 1880; Pitzer, p. 8; Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951.
5. Glee Davis, interview. Davis says that the Leach homestead was located "where the fish hatchery road crosses" Cascade River.
6. Pitzer, pp. 46-53; Glee Davis, interview.
7. Pitzer, Pp. 36-45; Glee Davis, interview, Mount Baker National Forest, History Files.
8. Pitzer, pp. 35-45; Glee Davis, interview; Mount Baker National Forest, History Files.
9. Pitzer, pp. 53-54; Glee Davis, interview; H. C. Chriswell, "Historical Sketch, Mt. Baker National Forest," typescript; Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951, says that at one time McMillan lived on the east side of the Skagit, then switched with Tommy Rowland for the latter's place on Big Beaver Creek. The reason for this swap was that Rowland's place had more hay, which McMillan needed for his pack animals.
10. Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951; Glee Davis, interview; Pitzer, p. 54.
11. Mount Baker National Forest, History Files; Pitzer, p. 6; Glee Davis, Interview. Davis says that Holmes died at Ruby Creek. Wilson Howard, at Coon Lake, is the other known black prospector.
12. Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951; Glee Davis, interview; Mount Baker National Forest, History File. The story of Randolph may well be factual; yet a little more proof would be helpful.
14. Glee Davis, interview; Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951. Although only a few feet from the road, Gilbert's Cabin is difficult to find. The writer scoured a relatively small area of Devil's Club and stinging nettles on three separate occasions and has yet to locate it. The illustration in this report is due to the keener eyes of the park staff.
15. Mitchell, "By River, Trail and Road," p. 3. The Astorians, imitating the Indians' language, spelled it "Tsill-ane."
15. Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, pp. 671-83, 720-23, 743, and 766; Chelan Falls Leader, Aug. 6 and Aug. 13, 1891; Mitchell, "River, Trail and Rail," p. 27. The well-known Campbell Hotel, Chelan, was erected in 1898. The original building is kept in good repair, while a motel has grown around it.
16. Chelan Leader, March 12, 1897.
17. Chelan Leader, April 19, May 10, and June 19, 1900; Wenatchee Daily World, March 13, 1966.
18. Bruce Mitchell, "The Story of Rufus Woods and the Development of Central Washington," special supplement, Wenatchee Daily World, May 25, 1965; and Wenatchee Daily World, Jan 23, 1966.
19. Chelan Leader, Aug. 25, 1892; Tacoma News Tribune, Nov. 12, 1967; Robert Bird, Stehekin, interview, May 9, 1969; Harry Buckner, Stehekin, interview, May 9, 1969.
20. Chelan Leader, April 9, 1897 and April 7, 1899; Harry Buckner, interview.
21. Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, p. 688; Harry Buckner, interview.
22. Chelan Falls Leader, Sept. 3, 1891; Aug. 12, 1898; and April 7, 1899; Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, p. 692.
23. Chelan Leader, Sept. 17, 1891; Jan. 14, sept. 29, 1892; Aug. 10, 1893; Aug. 13 and 31, Dec 2 1898; Feb. 24 and aug. 25, 1899; Pacific Monthly, 9 (May 1904), p. 303; Robert Bird, Harry Buckner, and Ray Courtney, interviews.
Chapter 7
2. Interstate, pp. 120, 122, and 131-33; Hunt and Kaylor, 1, p. 426. The location of the Josephine's disaster has not been learned.
3. North Pacific Coast, 1 (Dec. 1879), p. 29.
5. Glee Davis, interview; Pitzer, p. 32.
6. Dolly Connelly, "Indians, Miners, Stockmen Blazed the Way," Seattle Times, July 10, 1960; Pitzer, p. 33; Glee Davis, interview. Davis says that the women of Anacortes raised the money for blasting powder for Devil's Corner by giving dinners.
7. C. C. McGuire, "Memoirs of C. C. McGuire," mimeographed, Mount Baker National Forest files.
8. Pitzer, p. 34; Glee Davis, interview.
9. Murray, pp. 51-53; Connelly in Seattle Times, July 10, 1960, quoting the Bellingham Bay Weekly-World Herald. Connelly records that in 1890, Okanogan Smith had succeeded in driving cattle from eastern Washington to Anacortes via Cascade Pass.
10. Murray, p. 54; Chelan Leader, Oct. 1, 1897.
11. Murray, pp. 54-55; Connelly in Seattle Times, June 10, 1960.
12. Murray, p. 55; Connelly, Seattle Times, July 10, 1960; Bellingham Herald, Sept. 30, 1968; Wenatchee Daily World, Sept. 30, 1968. Retired Forest Ranger Tommy Thompson, then 84, cut the ribbon at Rainy Pass in 1968. Thompson had cut the first trail through Rainy Pass back in 1906. He died in 1969.
13. Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951.
14. Chelan Leader, Oct. 10, 1901; Concrete Herald, June 21, 1951; Burlington Farm Journal, Dec. 16, 1961; Mitchell, "River, Trail, and Rail," p. 22; Allen Johnson, editor, Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), 9; Lelah Jackson Edson, The Fourth Corner, Highlights from the Early Northwest (Seattle, 968), pp. 263 and 263n.
15. Seattle City Light, "The Seattle Skagit River Railway," mimeographed; and "Seattle City Light's Skagit Hydroelectric Project Visitor's Guide"; E. M. Sterling and Bob and Ira Spring, Trips and Trails . . . North Cascades and Olympics (Seattle, 1967), p. 28.
16. Chelan Falls Leader, Sept. 10, 1891, and Jan. 14, 1892; Mitchell, "River, Trail, and Rail," p. 27.
17. Chelan Falls Leader, March 3, 1892; Commissioners' Docket, Chelan County, 1892.
18. Chelan Leader, Aug. 13 and 20, 1897.
19. Chelan Weekly Leader, April 7, May 19, and Aug. 11, 1899; Chelan Leader, Supplement, Sept. 7, 1899.
20. Bruce Mitchell, "Index to Historical Source Materials of North Central Washington in the Files of the Wenatchee Daily World", 1, 1905-50, and 2, 1951-59; Ray Courtney, interview. In 1948, a flood washed out part of the present road above the ten—mile mark. Until the repairs were made, travelers used the old road up past Coon Lake as a detour.
21. Mitchell, "River, Trail, and Rail," p. 27; Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, p. 726. The Belle apparently was built during the winter of 1888-89; it was on the lake by April 1889.
22. Chelan Falls Leader, Aug. 6, 1891, April 23 and May 21, 1897, and Dec. 27, 19600; Mitchell, "River, Trail, and Rail," p. 27.
23. Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, p. 427; Chelan Leader, March 12, April 9, May 7, Sept. 17, Oct. 15, 1897; March 11, June 17, July 22, 1898; March 15, June 2, Aug. 11, 1899; March 15, June 14, 1900; and May 9, 1901.
24. Chelan Leader, April 9, 1897; Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, p. 691.
25. Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, p. 727; Chelan Leader Dec. 27, 1900.
26. Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, pp. 691, 726, and 727; Chelan Leader, March 18, 1898. It is possible that the older Dragon was also named the Dexter at one time.
27. Chelan Leader, Sept. 17, Oct. 15, Dec. 17, 1897; Jan. 7, Feb. 11, Mar. 25, July 22, 1898; Nov. 16, 1899; and Jan. 18, 1900; Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, p. 727.
28. Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, p. 727; Chelan Leader, Sept. 7, 1899; June 14, Aug. 30, and Dec. 27, 1900. The paper reported in December 1900 that in addition to the Allger Brothers, M. S. Berry was a part-owner.
29. Robert Bird, Interview; Illustrated History of . . . Chelan, pp. 691 and 727.
Chapter 8
1. Chelan Leader, March 5, 1897.
2. The North Cascades Study Team, The North Cascades (Washington, 1965), pp. 27-29 and Appendix D; Newton Field, "Historical Data, Mt. Baker National Forest," p. 5.
3. Chelan Weekly Leader, April 7, 1899, and August 22, 1901; Field, pp. 7 and 16. Other rangers included: Oliver S. Coleman, Axel E. Larson, J, R. Smith, R. V. Leitch, George Bokting, O. G. Armstrong, P. H. Farley, Cal Farrar, Joseph Galbraith, Joe Ridley, Carl Bell, Alfred B. Conrad, Norman MacCauley, Walter Cure, Len W. Stillwell, James Wallace, John Chamberlain, Charles Armstrong, and A. B. Conrad.
4. Field, pp. 15, 16,65, 83, 88, 90, 96, 102-01, 109, and 146-17; Lois W. Englebright, "Guardians of the Forest: A Story of the Fire Look-Outs on the Mount Baker National Forest," typescript, Mt. Baker NF files.
5. Of particular value concerning Skagit River logging are two documents: Ray Jordan, "A Sense of History, Logging in Skagit County . . . A Hundred-Year Sketch," six articles in the Skagit Valley Herald, Jan. 31-March 9, 1966; and Otto Klement, "Early Skagit Recollections." Also cited or otherwise useful: Chelan Leader, May 16, 1901; Skagit News, March 18 and April 1, 1884; Henry Manning, The Wild Cascades, Forgotten Parkland (San Francisco, 1965), pp. 108-09; Walt Woodward, "East Side Opposed to Park But Resigned to Its Inevitability" and "Bill Moved Too Fast for Timbermen," in Seattle Times, March 26 and Nov. 6, 1967; Fred G. Plummer, Forest Conditions in the Cascade Range, Washington (Washington, 1902), p. 33; James Stevens, "Logging and Mining," in The Cascades, Mountains of the Pacific Northwest, edited by Roderick Peattie (New York, 1949), pp. 145-56; Interstate, pp. 125 and 391.
Interstate listed the logging camps to be found in the Skagit area about 1906: English Lumber Co., Conway, 4 railroad engines, 125 men; Tyee Logging Co., Conway, logs by rail, 75 men; Dickey and Angel, Fredonia, 35 men; Clear Lake Lumber Co., Clear Lake, 2 railroad engines, 125 men; Lyman Lumber Co., 2 railroad engines, 75 men; Bradsbury Logging Co., Sedro Woolley, 25 men; Patrick McCoy, Edison, 1 locomotive, 6 miles of railroad, 3 donkey engines, 50-60 men; Ballard Lumber Co., Bay View, 1 locomotive, 3 miles of railroad, 40 men; and Houghton Lumber Co., McMurray, 125 men. None of these locations are within today's park.
6. Edson, p. 156; Pitzer, p. 20; Field, p. 8.
8. Jordan; Skagit Valley Herald, Feb. 16, 1966.
9. Chelan Weekly Leader, May 19, 1899, quoting a letter by Commissioner Binger Hermann, Washington, D. C., April 12, 1899, to Forest Superintendent Eugene S. Hyde, Everett, Wash.
10. George Wayne Douglas, A Preliminary Biological Survey of the North Cascades National Park and the Ross Lake and Lake Chelan National Recreation Areas (1969), pp. 172-73; Plummer, pp. 36-37; Harry Buckner, Interview.
11. Harvey Manning and Bob and Ira Spring, High Worlds of the Mountain Climber (Seattle, 1959), p. 31.
12. Chelan Weekly Leader, July 14 and 28, 1899; W. G. Steele, "Lake Chelan and the Valley of the Stehekin," Oregon Native Son and Historical Magazine, 1 (January 1900), pp. 407-15. The Sierra Club, founded in California, dates from 1892. The Mountaineers, of Washington, organized in 1907 as "The Seattle Mountaineers Club, Auxiliary to the Mazamas." See Manning, High Worlds, p. 39, and Joseph T. Hazard, "Recreation," in Building a State, Washington, 1889-1939, edited by Charles Milnes and O. B. Sperlin, Washington State Historical Society Publications, 3 (Tacoma, 1940), p. 197.
13. Manning, High Worlds, pp. 114-16; Asahel Curtis, "The First Ascent of Mount Shuksan," The Mountaineers, 1 (June 1907), p. 52.
14. Robert Ormond Case and Victoria Case, Last Mountains, The Story of the Cascades (New York, 1945), p. 112; Peattie, pp. 359-63; Lloyd Anderson, "First Ascent of Despair," Mountaineers, 32 (Dec. 15, 1939), p. 28; Lloyd Anderson, "First Ascent of Sinister," Mountaineers, 32 (Dec. 15, 1939), p. 27; Manning, High Worlds, pp. 116 and 118.
15. Robert H. Wills, High Trails (Seattle, 1962), pp. 9 and 25; Clinton C. Clarke, The Pacific Crest Trailway (Pasadena, 1945), pp. 15-17 and 25-27; Sunset Discovery Trips in Washington (Menlo Park, 1956), p. 56.
15. Bruce Mitchell, "Flowing Wealth, The Story nf Water Resource Development in North Central Washington, 1870-1950," in Wenatchee Daily World, March 6, 1967; Pitzer, pp. 64-71.
16. Seattle City Light Department, "Seattle City Light's Power System," mimeographed.
17. Seattle City Light Department, "Clearing of Ross Basin," mimeograph.
18. Work Projects Administration, Washington . . . Evergreen State, pp. 512-13; 89th Congress, 2d Sess., Hearings . . . North Cascades-Olympic, p. 104; 90th Congress, 1st Sess., Hearings, North Cascades, pp. 57-58. 216
19. Mitchell, "Story of Rufus Woods," pp. 15-16; Mitchell, "Flowing Wealth," p. 13.
20. Chelan Falls Leader, Feb. 25, 1892.
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