NORTH CASCADES Historic Resource Study North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington

1. Voorhis, Ernest A.M., PH.D., comp. Historic Forts and Trading Posts of the French Regime and of the English Fur Trading Companies. Ottawa, Canada: Department of the Interior, 1930: p. 131.

2. Johansen, Dorothy O. and Charles M. Gates. Empire of the Columbia. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957: p.434. Hereinafter cited as Johansen 1957.

3. Bancroft, Hubert Howe. History of Washington, Idaho and Montana, Volume 31. San Francisco: The History Company, 1890: p. 209-210.

4. Meeker, Ezra. Seventy Years of Progress in Washington. Seattle: Allstrun Printing, 1921: p.22. Hereinafter cited as Meeker 1921.

5. Harrison, J.M. Harrison's Guide and Resources of the Pacific Slope. Second edition. San Francisco: C.A. Murdock and Co., 1876: p.13. Hereafter cited as Harrison 1876.

6. DeBorde, Mary, "Glacier: A History." Glacier Ranger District, Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, 15 January 1981. Typed manuscript: p.41. Hereinafter cited as DeBorde 1981. (See also Schmierer)

Jeffcott, Percival Robert. Nooksack Tales and Trails: 1948-1895. Ferndale, Washington: Sedro-Woolley Courier Times, 1949: p. xix. Hereinafter cited as Jeffcott 1949.

7. Harrison 1876, 12.

8. Mt. Vernon Daily Herald.. 10 October 1931.

9. Steele, Richard F. An Illustrated History of Stevens, Ferry, Okanogan, and Chelan Counties, State of Washington. Spokane: Western Historical Publishing Co., 1904: p.673. Hereinafter cited as Steele 1904.

10. Johansen 1957, 318.

11. Johansen 1957, 308.

Lindston, James. "Historic Highlights." Lake Chelan History Notes. Chelan, Washington, Spring 1975: p. 5.

Meeker 1921, 22.

12. Steele 1904, 672,721.

Of the ten homesteaders along Lake Chelan, one man had served as a guide to an engineering, party that earlier had explored the North Cascades in search of a feasible railroad route.

13. Meeker 1921, 22.

14. Majors, Harry M. Exploring Washington. Holland, Michigan: Van Winkle, 1975: p. 28.

15. Ibid.

16. Davis, Glee. Taped interview with Cy Hentges, North Cascades National Park, 1970. Hereinafter cited as Davis 1970.

17. Fromme, Rudo L. Papers. University of Washington Libraries, Seattle, Washington.

18. Pitzer, Paul C. Building the Skagit: A Century of Upper Skagit Valley History 1870-1970. Lake Oswego, Oregon: Lake Grove Printing Co., 1978. Hereinafter cited as Pitzer 1978.

19. Thompson, Erwin N. History: Basic Data, North Cascades National Park. Eastern Service Center: Office of History and Historic Architecture, National Park Service, Dept. of Interior, 1970: p. 144. Hereinafter cited as Thompson 1970.

20. Ayres, H.B. The Washington Forest Reserve. United States Geological Survey and Interior Department, 1899. Hereinafter cited as Ayres 1899.

21. Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, Washington. Records of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Record Group 95. Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. Unaccessioned historical files. Various dates. Hereinafter cited as FARC-RG 95-Mt. Baker.

FARC-RG 95-Mt. Baker. Report by Acting Supervisor, Washington National Forest, 16 January 1909.

22. Peterson, Daniel E. "The Skagit: An Historical Perspective." In Cultural Resource Overview and Sample Survey of the Skagit Wild and Scenic River by Onat, Bennett and Hollenbeck. Seattle: Institute of Cooperative Research, 1980: p. 51-2.

23. Onat, Astrida R. Blukis, Ph.D. and Lee A. Bennett, Jan L. Hollenbeck. Cultural Resource Overview and Sample Survey of the Skagit Wild and Scenic River. Volume 1. Seattle: Institute of Cooperative Research, 1980: p. 71. Hereinafter cited as Onat 1980.

24. Callahan Collection, Seattle, Washington. Private collection of diaries, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings. Hereinafter cited as CC.

CC, Newspaper Clipping Album, n.d.

25. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Maps and Surveys. General Land Office (GLO), Surveyor's maps. Numerous dates, Hereinafter cited as DNR.

DNR 1894 GLO map.

26. United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. Mt. Baker Snoqualmie National Forest, Sedro Woolley, Washington. Lands Division. General Land Office survey notes, microforms, Township and Range notebooks. Numerous dates. Hereinafter cited as USDA-Lands.

USDA-Lands Microform, Volume 157, 1905, p. 42.

27. DNR, 1894 GLO map.

28. Davis, Glee. Taped interview with Stew Fritts, North Cascades National Park; 18 December 1974(a), 24 July 1974(b). Hereinafter cited as Davis 1974 (a or b). Davis 1974a.

29. Neal, John B. "Pioneers still live who saw Birth of Marblemount." Bellingham Herald, 27 January 1957.

30. For additional information on the Davis family in this document see "Corridors of Settlement: Skagit River."

31. Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, Washington. Homestead Entry Tract Books. Numerous books and dates, Hereinafter cited as FARC. FARC Book 138.

Davis 1970, 1974a.

Location of new home: Township 35 North Range 11E, Section 8: Sale officially recorded 16 May 1896.

32. CC, Diary of Lucinda J. Davis, 1892.

33. Ibid., 1897.

34. Ibid., 1896, 1897.

35. Callahan, Jeanita. Telephone interview with author, 9 April 1986. Hereinafter cited as Callahan 1986.

According to Callahan (Lucinda Davis' granddaughter), the entire homestead, including the barn, was destroyed by flood waters. The Davises immediately built a small structure upriver in the vicinity of the present-day Cascade River bridge to provide shelter for the family until they moved up the Skagit River.

36. Davis 1970, 1974a.

37. DNR, 1894 GLO map.

Dwelley, Charles M., editor Skagit Memories. Mount Vernon, Washington: Skagit County Historical Society, 1979: p. 115. Hereinafter cited as Dwelley 1979.

38. USDA-Lands, Microform, Volume 157, 1905, p. 42.

39. CC, Diary of Lucinda Davis, 1892.

Great Northern Railroad. "Mazamas: Sixth Annual Outing." Pamphlet, 25 pp., 1899.

40. USDA-Lands, "Land Ownership-Skagit," oversize notebook, n.d.

41. Thompson, Thomas. Diaries 1907-1943. Washington State University Archives, Pullman, Washington. Hereinafter cited as Thompson Papers. Thompson Papers 26 July 1907.

42. Thompson 1970, 145. Information on this visit is scarce and the story based on secondary source material.

Davis 1970.

43. To confuse the question of Leach's homestead(s) further, a local Marblemount resident who formerly trapped the Cascade drainage recalled Leach having a homestead at the mouth of Sibley Creek (T35N,R12E). (Dayo, John. Taped interview with Cy Hentges, North Cascades National Park, April 1970, January 1974. Hereinafter cited as Dayo, 1970 or 1974)

44. CC, Letter from Will Leach to Glee Davis, 18 October 1930; Leach obituary, newspaper clipping album, 1946.

45. Metsker Map of Skagit County, 1941.

Other three sections were located in T35N R11E, Sec. 12, 15; and T35N R12E, Sec. 16, all outside park boundaries.

CC, Will Leach's homestead patent, October 10, 1902.

46. Dwelley 1979, 116.

47. Ibid.

48. Washington Board of State Road Commissioners. Records 1895-6. Washington State Library Manuscripts, Olympia, Washington.

49. Thompson Papers.

50. Dayo 1974.

51. Jordan, Ray. Yarns of Skagit County. Sedro Woolley, Washington: Ray Jordan, 1974: pp. 251-3. Hereinafter cited as Jordan 1974.

Dayo 1970

52. Luxenberg, Gretchen A. Historic Structures Inventory, North Cascades National Park. Seattle: National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, 1984: p. 38-38a. Hereinafter cited as Luxenberg 1984.

53. CC, Newspaper Clipping Album.

54. Ibid.

55. USDA-Lands, GLO survey notes.

56. Ibid., Township 36N Range 11E notebook, 1895, pp. 10,40,345.

57. USDA-Lands, Microform, Volume 156, 1906, pp. 245-6.

58. Ibid.

59. Thompson Papers, 1918.

This was Gene Crane's homestead near Newhalem. Its exact location is not known.

60. Onat 1980, 71.

61. Thompson 1970, 96.

62. CC, Newspaper Clipping Album.

63. Willis, Margaret, editor. Skagit Setters: Trials and Triumphs 1890-1920. Mount Vernon, Washington: Skagit County Historical Society, 1975.

See "Corridors of Settlement: Cascade River" for additional information on Barrett.

64. CC, Newspaper Clipping Album.

65. USDA-Lands, "Lands Ownership-Skagit," oversize notebook, n.d.

66. CC, Newspaper Clipping Album. Thompson 1970, 143.

67. Thompson Papers, 16 July 1970.

Field, Newton. "The Mount Baker Almanac: Mount Baker National Forest: A Book of Historical Facts and Figures." Mt. Baker National Forest, 1950, Photocopy.

CC, Newspaper Clipping Album.

A settler whose name was noted by USFS Ranger Tommy Thompson and about whom little is known was a man named Beaver. In 1936 Thompson "went up to Beaver's ranch" to see about an arrangement they had regarding the wintering of the three government (USFS) burros for $25. The location of Beaver's ranch remains uncertain today. [Thompson Papers 2 December 1936]

68. Polk, R.L. and Co. Directory of Skagit County, Washington. Seattle: Polk and Co., 1903, and 1905-6. Hereinafter cited as Polk 1903 or 1905-6.

69. CC, Newspaper Clipping Album.

70. Polk 1905-6.

71. FARC Book 138.

72. Polk 1903, 1905-6.

73. USDA-Lands, T36N R11E notebook, 1895, pp. 10,40,435.

74. Polk 1905-6.

75. USDA-Lands, T36N R11E notebook, 1895, pp. 10, 40, 435.

76. Thompson Papers, 29 November 1913.

USDA-Lands, T36N R11E Notebook, 1909.

77. Davis 1974.

78. CC, Newspaper Clipping Album.

Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, Washington. Records of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. Records Group 95. Portland Regional Office. Unaccessioned historical files. Hereinafter cited as FARC-RG 95-POR.

FARC-RG 95-POR.

Historical notes, 1913

Majors 1975.

79. USDA-Lands, "Lands Ownership-Skagit," oversize notebook, n.d.

80. Polk 1905-6.

Thompson Papers.

Younkins assessed land value in 1905 was $125 and the roadhouse may have been open by then.

81. Thompson Papers, 3 December 1936.

82. Harris, Jim. Personal interview with author. Various dates between 1984-5.

83. USDA-Lands, "Lands Ownership-Skagit," oversize notebook, n.d.

84. Davis 1974a.

85. FARC Book 140.

DNR, GLO map 1906.

USDA-Lands, "Land Ownership-Skagit," oversize notebook, n.d.

86. Luxenberg 1984, 35.

87. Davis 1974a

Davis' granddaughter, Jeanita Callahan, who remembers playing at the old Thornton place, claims it was sited near the river. She could find no remains of the ranch when she looked for it nearly forty years ago. (Callahan 1986)

88. Davis 1974a.

89. USDA-Lands, Microform, Volume 156, 1906, pp. 245-6.

90. FARC Book 140.

91. Thompson Papers.

92. USDA-Lands, Microform, Volume 157, 1905, p. 42.

93. Dwelley 1979.

94. USDA-Lands, Microform, Volume 156, 1906, p. 245-6.

95. CC, Hotel Register.

Pitzer, Paul. "A History of the Upper Skagit Valley, 1880-1924." M.A. Thesis, University of Washington, 1966: pp. 55-59. Hereinafter cited as Pitzer 1966.

96. Thompson 1970, 137.

97. Ibid.

Davis 1974a

98. Davis 1974a

Thompson 1970, 138.

99. USDA-Lands, Microform, Volume 156, 1906, pp. 246-6.

100. Skagit River Railway Map. Rockport to Power Camp (Newhalem) 1920-21. Washington State Archives, Olympia.

101. Pitzer 1966, 46-47.

102. Thompson Papers.

103. Pitzer 1966, 52-53.

Clark, Donald. Papers. University of Washington. Libraries, Seattle, Washington.

Sadie Siverling (from Marblemount) was the other bidder.

104. A long time resident of the area, Glee Davis had an extraordinary interest in keeping the story of Goodell's Landing alive for future generations. On his own initiative in the 1960s he constructed a scale model of the original trading post at the landing, complete with bunkbeds, stoves, and a counter as was found in the original building. It is a true piece of folk sculpture, in which Davis incorporated materials from a variety of former upper Skagit structures: the exterior logs are from his family's ranch at Cedar Bar, the roof shakes are from an old mining cabin on Thunder Creek (Middle Cabin perhaps), the interior floor is from pieces of the Ruby Creek flume (of 1898), and the piece of rock near the model's kitchen door is a chip removed from the original rock still located on Dohne's former property. A small, reconstructed tree stump included with the model was made of wood from the 1891 miner's bridge, the first horse bridge to span the Skagit River. Originally viewed at Davis' home in Sedro Woolley, this unique and intriguing composite of the past can be seen today in Newhalem, Washington, at the National Park Service visitors center. [Davis, Glee, "Text to Accompany Model of Goodell's Landing," n.d. Typescript.]

105. USDA-Lands, Microform, Volume 156, 1906, pp. 245-6.

106. For additional information on the Davis family refer to "Corridors of Settlement: Cascade River" in this document.

107. Kroll Mining Map. Cascade Portion of Whatcom, Skagit, and Okanogan Counties, Washington, 1899. Reprinted in 1972 by Western Mining Syndicate, Inc. Hereinafter cited as Kroll 1899.

108. Alger, Shirley. "Cascade Stories." North Cascades National Park, Sedro Woolley, Washington: n.d. Photocopy: p. 4. Hereinafter cited as Alger n.d.

109. Curtis, Melville. Papers. University of Washington Libraries, Seattle, Washington. Diary 1898.

110. CC, Diary of Lucinda J. Davis, 1900.

111. Chriswell, Harold C. "History." Mount Baker National Forest, n.d. Typescript.

112. CC, Photo Album.

113. Thompson 1970, 139.

114. CC, Newspaper Clipping Album.

Felton, Ray W. "Speaking of Skagit Power Plants." The Seattle Star, 17 August 1926. Hereinafter cited as Felton 1926.

115. Felton 1926.

Thompson 1970, 193.

116. Callahan 1986.

Callahan claims other sources are incorrect in stating that the Davis family had power before the 1920s. One source stated the family had a small, 1-1/4 horsepower power plant on Stetattle Creek which ran a grindstone, and later, they installed a Pelton Wheel [Alger n.d. as source]. Callahan claims the family had neither.

117. Pitzer 1966, 43.

118. Davis 1970.

Pitzer 1966, 38-39.

119. Pitzer 1966, 239-42.

USDA-Lands, "Land Ownership-Skagit," oversize notebook, n.d.

120. CC, Newspaper Clipping Album.

121. Pitzer 1966, 45.

122. Callahan, Cindy. Personal interview with author, June 1984. Family descendants claim this is not a complete reconstruction.

123. Lind, Martin, "Gold Brought Many to North Cascades." Bellingham Herald, 26 May 1971.

124. Thompson 1970, 140.

125. Davis 1970.

126. Jenkins, Will D. Last Frontier in the North Cascades: Tales of the Wild Upper Skagit. Mount Vernon, Washington: Skagit County Historical Society, 1984: p. 107. Hereinafter cited as Jenkins 1984.

127. Davis 1970.

128. CC, Newspaper Clipping Album.

Thompson Papers 1918.

FARC-RG 95-POR. Historical notes, 1918.

129. Dayo 1974.

130. Thompson Papers 1920.

131. Thompson Papers 1919.

132. Berry, Fred. Taped interview, photographs. Seattle, University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts, 24 August 1973. Hereinafter cited as Berry 1973.

133. CC, Hotel Register.

134. Wilson, Charles. Mapping the Frontier. Edited by George F.G. Stanley. Toronto: MacMillan Co. of Canada, Limited 1970. Hereinafter cited as Wilson 1970.

135. CC, Diary of Lucinda J. Davis, 1901, 1903.

136. Ayres 1899.

Ayres also singled out Tommy Rowland's ranch.

137. Seattle City Light. "Skagit Project: Topography of Ruby Reservoir" Map, 1933.

138. Berry, Fred. Taped interview by Jim Harris, Bayview, Washington, 25 January 1985. Hereinafter cited as Berry 1985.

Thompson 1970, 141.

139. Apparently the question of McMillan's homestead status arose earlier. On May 8, 1920, McMillan had approached ranger Thompson about rights he earned as a settler prior to the creation of the national forest (Thompson Papers). One and a half years later Forest Supervisor C.H. Park submitted an inspection report for the Skagit River Ranger District on November 26, 1921 and wrote:

There is one case of homestead settler returning to his claim after several years absence on which Deputy Thompson [sic] has been requested to make a report, but for some reason or other he was delayed the report though the field investigations have been made. Perhaps the fact that claimant has move away from the claim again and is reported to be in a very bad way physically had something to do with failure to report. John McMillan the claimant under discussion is a very old man and he is not expected to recover from his present illness which is of rather long standing. There was some question as to whether or not McMillan was to be considered a plain trespasser, or whether his claim was to be protested with a view of bringing it to a hearing. (FARC-RG-POR, Inspection Report, 26 November 1921.)

Ranger Thompson postponed making this report while McMillan was alive as it would have resulted in McMillan's removal from forest land.

140. Berry 1985.

Davis 1970.

Jenkins 1984, 121.

Wilson 1970.

Miles Garrett tried box-trapping marten on the ranch for several years but was never successful. George Holmes was staying at the ranch in 1923 when Ranger Tommy Thompson stopped by to discuss Forest Service work with him. Bert Ferguson may have stayed at McMillan's as well; he is believed to be buried on his homestead located along Big Beaver Creek approximately two miles north of the McMillan ranch.

141. Luxenberg 1984, 18.

142. Davis 1970.

Chriswell n.d., 65-66.

143. Berry, Fred. Personal interview with author, Bayview, Washington, 2 May, 1984. Hereinafter cited as Berry 1984.

144. Ayres 1899, 285.

145. CC, Photo Album.

146. Alger n.d., 10.

147. Davis 1970.

148. Washington National Forest map, 1913. Okanogan National Forest map, 1917.

149. Mount Baker National Forest map, 1939.

150. See Luxenberg 1984, 19-19a for additional information on the site.

151. The Whitworths were actually preceded by at least two other pioneers in the upper Skagit River valley: George Gordon in 1883 and Francis Cawley in 1889. Cawley's ranch was about two miles north of the international border along the west side of the Skagit. Other upper Skagit settlers depicted on maps include those named Webb, Hawlett, and Jarvis (see Wuorinen 1975, 18, 39).

152. Benson, Charles T. Taped interview. Seattle, University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts, 29 August 1973. Hereinafter cited as Benson 1973.

Wuorinen, Paula. A History of the Skagit Valley Recreation Area. Historic Parks and Sites Division, B.C. Parks Branch, July 1975: pp. 39-40. Hereinafter cited as Wuorinen 1975.

Seattle City Light's request to raise the height of Ross Dam was denied and no additional lands will be flooded.

153. National Park Service, Denver Service Center. Determination of Eligibility, prepared by Leslie Starr Hart, 13 September 1978: p. 4.

154. Benson 1973.

Seattle City Light people ". . .were treated like foreigners" by upper Skagit settlers (Benson).

155. National Park Service. Environmental Assessment: Newhalem Campground Development Concept Plan. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977: pp. 37-38, 98.

156. Downing, Alfred. "The Pictured Rock of Lake Chelan." The Northwest Magazine, Volume 7, No. 10, October 1889.

157. Department of Interior and Department of Agriculture. Northern Cascades Area Report. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C., November 1937.

158. Chelan Leader, 3 March 1892. Hereinafter cited as CL.

159. Steele 1904, 736.

160. United States Geological Survey. Maps. Numerous dates and locations. Hereinafter cited as USGS.

USGS 1904 Stehekin Quad.

161. Tschirley, Paul Richard. "The Resource Potential for Recreation in the Stehekin Watershed." Masters Thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 1958: p. 74-75. Hereinafter cited as Tschirley 1958.

162. CL, 19 May 1892.

163. CL, 11 October 1895.

Others sources claim as early as 1892.

164. Thompson 1970, 150.

The schoolhouse shown on the 1902 map may have been the structure built originally in 1892 for school use; a Miss Cavanaugh was the teacher.

165. Buckner, Harry. Interview by Art D. Martinson in Stehekin, Washington, 22 August 1975. Transcript. Hereinafter cited as Buckner 1975.

166. CL, 10 November 1905.

167. McConnell, Grant. Taped interview by Gay Robertson, Stehekin, Washington, 13 August 1983. Transcript. Hereinafter cited as McConnell 1983.

168. Chelan Valley Mirror, 8 February 1940. Hereinafter noted as CVM.

169. National Park Service, Stehekin District Office. Unaccessioned historical files. Hereinafter cited as NPS-STE.

NPS-STE. Byrd, Robert. Historical Notes, n.d.

170. Tillinghast, Isaac. Northwest Magazine, April 1891.

171. CL, 29 October 1897.

172. CL, 25 February 1898.

173. CL, 30 June 1899.

United States Forest Service. Okanogan National Forest, Okanogan, Washington. Lands Division. Unaccessioned historical files; microfiche (numerous rolls and names). Hereinafter cited as USFS-OKAN.

USFS-OKAN. F. Keller, Microfiche roll 3.

174. CVM, 8 February 1940.

175. Buckner 1975.

176. FARC Book 53.

177. USFS-OKAN. Buzzard, Microfiche roll 2.

178. CL, 3 March 1905.

179. CL, 15 November 1895.

Steele 1904, 808-9.

180. CL, 4 May 1906.

181. Buckner 1975.

NPS-STE. Excerpts from John A. Gellatly's A History of Wenatchee, the Apple Capital of the World, 1962: p. 316.

182. An 1899 mining map of the Cascade portion of Skagit, Whatcom, and Okanogan counties depicts the base camp as "Pershalls."

183. CL, 19 June 1896.

CL, 5,26 April, 15 November 1895.

Byrd, Robert, Editor. Lake Chelan in the 1890's. Stehekin, Washington: Robert Byrd, 1972: p. 6. Hereinafter cited as Byrd 1972.

Al Pershall is thought to have bought Dan Devore's cabin at the head of the lake.

184. CL, 15 February 1895.

185. CL, 15 November 1895.

186. CL, 4 February 1898.

187. CL, 29 September 1892.

188. USFS-OKAN. Homestead Records, 13 January 1907.

189. USFS-OKAN. Pershall, Microfiche roll 4.

190. CL, 18 June 1897.

191. CL, 31 December 1897.

192. CL, 4 February 1898.

193. CL, 21 September 1899.

194. Chelan Electric Company map, 1913. Includes hand-written notes from 1917. Hereinafter cited as CE 1913.

NPS-STE Photo file.

195. CL, 26 September 1901.

196. CE 1913.

197. DNR, 1902 GLO map.

USGS 1904 map.

CE 1913.

198. Byrd 1972, 6.

199. CL, 23 November 1894.

200. Byrd 1972, 6.

201. CL, 23 November 1894; 23 April 1906.

202. Wenatchee World, "Lucerne Pioneer Still Active," 27 August 1975. Hereinafter cited as WW.

203. CL, 19 July 1907.

204. Apparently two other individuals, a J.M. Boggs and Claude Graybeal, had both applied for sections of this tract as a homestead but were rejected.

205. USFS-OKAN. Weaver, Microfiche roll 5.

206. Ibid., roll 15.

207. Weaver, Jim. Taped interview by Gay Robertson, Stehekin, Washington, 3 August 1982. Transcript: p. 2-3.

208. A 402-foot suspension bridge spanning the Stehekin River is depicted on a 1913 Chelan Electric Co. map, linking Weaver's place with the Field Hotel.

209. NPS-STE. Weaver family file, numerous dates.

210. CL, 11 October 1895.

211. CL, 19 July 1907.

USFS-OKAN. J. Merritt, Microfiche roll 3.

212. USFS-OKAN. F. Keller, Microfiche roll 3.

Gans/Morehead/Sargo. Taped interview by Gay Robertson, August 1985. Transcript: p. 5-6.

213. USFS-OKAN. Margerum, Microfiche roll 3.

214. CL, 21 January 1898.

215. CL, 19 August 1904.

216. Metsker Atlas of Chelan County, 1931.

217. CL, 13 September 1895.

218. USFS-OKAN. Buzzard, Microfiche roll 11. DNR, 1902 GLO map.

219. CL, 3 April, 19 June 1896.

220. CL, 4 September 1896.

221. USFS-OKAN. Buzzard Homestead Application, 1903.

222. CL, 18 June 1897.

223. FARC Book 53.

224. CL, 12 February 1919.

Thompson, Erwin. Notes from interview with Harry Buckner in Stehekin, Washington, 9 May 1969.

225. Buckner, Harry. Taped interview, Stehekin, Washington. Seattle, University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts, 3 November 1973. Hereinafter cited as Buckner 1973.

A discrepancy exists in information regarding the number of people living in Stehekin in 1910. In an oral interview, long-time resident Harry Buckner claimed there were 13 people living in Stehekin at that time. Perhaps he meant 13 families. However, a copy of the 1910 census for the Stehekin Precinct (in park files) shows a total of 69 residents, 14 of whom are children. It should be noted that the Stehekin Precinct included Moore's Point, Meadow Creek, and Lucerne, as well as Stehekin.

226. USFS-OKAN. Forest Homestead Report, 9 December 1935.

227. CL, 21 April 1905.

228. National Park Service. Historic Structure Report: Buckner Cabin and Homestead; Courtney Cabin; Gilbert's Cabin. Washington: North Cascades National Park, November 1979: pp. 1-7. Hereinafter cited as NPS 1979.

229. USFS-OKAN., Buckner, microfiche roll 7.

230. See Luxenberg 1984, pp. 69-84 for specific building information.

231. Buckner 1975. McConnell 1983.

NPS-STE. Buckner family file, numerous dates.

232. CL, 9 June 1905.

233. CL, 19 July 1907.

234. McConnell, Grant. Personal interview with author, Stehekin, Washington, 16 August 1984.

235. Wenatchee Daily World. "Visitors at Lodge from Many Places," 14 July 1928, 10.

Luxenberg 1984. 87.

236. In 1902 Merritt relinquished 40 of his 50 claimed acres.

237. USFS-OKAN. F. Merritt, microfiche roll 3.

238. Ibid., Devin, microfiche roll 2.

239. USFS-OKAN. Zell, Microfiche roll 5.

NPS-STE, Buckner family file, numerous dates.

Metsker Atlas of Chelan County, 1931.

240. USFS-OKAN. Inlow, Microfiche rolls 3, 10.

Apparently the trees were planted by a former squatter named Ridenger in 1894; Ridenger abandoned the claim two years later.

241. NPS-STE. Sweeney, Faye. Tape recording by Robert Byrd of book "Barefoot in Stehekin" written by Faye Inlow Sweeney, n.d. Buckner 1973.

All homestead patents were signed by the incumbent President of the United States.

242. USFS-OKAN. Lesh, Microfiche rolls 3, 11.

Okanogan National Forest map 1917.

243. Buckner 1975.

FARC Book 53.

244. USFS-OKAN. Bowan, Microfiche roll 1.

245. Thompson 1970, 52.

246. Buckner 1975.

NPS-STE. Buckner family file, numerous dates.

USFS-OKAN. Moagham, Microfiche roll 18.

247. USFS-OKAN. Courtney, Microfiche roll 1.

248. NPS 1979, 5-7.

249. USFS-OKAN. Stanley, Microfiche roll 4.

250. Ibid., Maxwell, Microfiche roll 3.

251. Metsker Atlas of Chelan County, 1931.