NORTH CASCADES Historic Resource Study North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington

1. Work, John. The Fur Trade in the Northwest, 1923: p. 15. Hereinafter cited as Work 1923.

2. Ibid., 15-16.

3. Jeffcott, Percival Robert. Nooksack Tales and Trails: 1848-1895. Ferndale, Sedro-Woolley Courier - Times, 1949: p. 63-64. Hereinafter cited as Jeffcott 1949.

4. Ibid., 300.

5. Thompson, Erwin. History: Basic Data; North Cascades National Park. Eastern Service Center: Office of History and Historic Architecture, National Park Service, Dept. of Interior, 1970: p.35-36. Hereinafter cited as Thompson 1970.

6. Ibid., 37.

Ross' exploratory venture is outlined in detail in "Early Impressions: Euro-American Explorations and Surveys in the North Cascades" within this document.

7. Chittenden, Hiram C. The American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. I,II. New York: The Press of the Pioneers, Inc., 1935: p. 734.

8. Thompson 1970, 41-2.

9. Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, Washington. Records of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. Record Group 95. Portland Regional Office. Unaccessioned historical files. Hereinafter cited as FARC-RG 95-POR. FARC-RG 95-POR. "Washington Hatchet," Vol. I, No. 2, January 1912.

10. Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, Washington. Records of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Record Group 95. Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. Unaccessioned historical files. Hereinafter cited as FARC-RG 95-Mt. Baker. FARC-RG 95-Mt. Baker. Special use permit file, 9-16 February 1928.

11. Tschirley, Paul Richard. "The Resource Potential for Recreation in the Stehekin Watershed." Masters Thesis, Oregon State College, Corvallis, 1958: p. 76. Hereinafter cited as Tschirley 1958.

One such farm operated out of Marblemount for a period (post 1920). Run by Orville and Ed Whitham, it specialized in minks, but its success is not known (Clark, Donald H. Papers. University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts. Hereinafter cited as Clark Papers).

12. Berry, Fred. Taped interview by Jim Harris, Bayview, Washington, February 1985. Hereinafter cited as Berry 1985.

13. Dayo, John. Taped interview by Cy Hentges, Marblemount, Washington, 1970, 1974. Hereinafter cited as Dayo 1970 or Dayo 1974. Dayo 1974.

14. Berry 1985.

15. Davis, Glee. Taped interview by Cy Hentges, Marblemount, Washington, 1970. Transcript: p. 12. Hereinafter cited as Davis 1970.

16. The Marblemount trapper was Marblemount resident Hazel Tracy's grandfather.

17. Petta, Gaspar. Taped interview by Cy Hentges, Marblemount, Washington, 1970. Hereinafter cited as Petta 1970.

18. Strickland, Ron. River Pigs and Cayuses. San Francisco: Lexikos, 1984: p. 122-3. Hereinafter cited as Strickland 1984.

19. North Cascades National Park, Skagit District, Marblemount, Washington, Unaccesssioned historical files and photographs. Numerous dates. Hereinafter cited as NOCA-MM. NOCA-MM. Receipts for pelts, Gaspar Petta, 1913-1949.

20. Petta 1970.

21. Luxenberg, Gretchen A. Historic Structures Inventory: North Cascades National Park. Dept. of Interior, National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, 1984: p. 46. Hereinafter cited as Luxenberg 1984.

Dayo 1974.

22. Berry 1985.

23. Seattle Lighting Department. Papers. Seattle, University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts. Numerous dates. Hereinafter cited as SLD. SLD. Letter from Dept. of Game to J.D. Ross, 30 December, 1938.

24. Chelan Leader, 27 April 1906. Hereinafter cited as CL.

25. Luxenberg 1984, 88.

26. Beeson, Sim. Taped interview, 1974. Seattle, University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts. Hereinafter cited as Beeson 1974.

27. Courtney, Laurence. Taped interview by Gay Robertson, Stehekin, Washington, 2 August 1982. Transcript: pp. 8,11. Hereinafter cited as Courtney 1982.

28. Beeson 1974.

Buckner, Harry S. Taped interview, Stehekin, Washington, 3 November 1973. Seattle, University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts. Hereinafter cited as Buckner 1973.

29. Luxenberg 1984, 67.

30. Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, Washington. Records of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. Record Group 95. Chelan National Forest. Unaccessioned historical files. Hereinafter cited as FARC-RG 95-Chelan.

FARC-RG-95 - Chelan. Special use permit file, 18 November 1935.

31. For additional information on the Buckner Orchard and Homestead in this document see "Patterns of Settlement in the North Cascades: Corridors of Settlement: Stehekin River."

32. Johanson, Dorothy 0. and Charles M. Gates. Empire of the Columbia. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957: p. 387. Hereinafter cited as Johanson 1957.

33. Steen, Harold K. The U.S. Forest Service: A History. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976: p. 65. Hereinafter cited as Steen 1976.

34. CL, 19 May 1899.

35. Gorman, Martin W. The Eastern Part of the Washington Forest Reserve. GPO: Washington, 1899: p. 322-3. Hereinafter cited as Gorman 1899.

36. Ibid.

37. FARC-RG 95-POR. Memo for Mr. Kavanaugh, 5 August 1918, p. 26.

38. Ibid., p. 25.

39. Courtney 1982, 32-33.

40. Thompson, Thomas. Papers. Pullman, Washington, Washington State University Library. Numerous dates. Hereinafter cited as Thompson Papers. Thompson Papers 1915.

41. Field, Newton. The Mount Baker Almanac: Mount Baker National Forest: A Book of Historical Facts and Figures. Mt. Baker National Forest, 1950. Photocopy. Hereinafter cited as Field 1950.

42. FARC-RG 95-POR. Memo for Mr. Jackson, 11 May 1917, p. 33.

43. FARC-RG 95-POR. Supervisor's Inspection Report, Section IX, 26 November 1921.

44. FARC-RG 95-POR. Grazing Records, 1953.

45. Evans, Gail E.H. Historic Resource Study: Olympic National Park. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, 1983: p. 136. Hereinafter cited as Evans 1983.

46. Thompson 1970, 198. .

47. Onat, Astrida R. Blukis, Ph.D., Lee A. Bennett, and Jan L. Hollenbeck. Cultural Resources Overview and Sample Survey of the Skagit Wild River and Scenic River. Seattle: Institute of Cooperative Research, 1980: p. 58.

48. Thompson 1970, 197.

49. Ibid., 199.

Johanson 1957, 390.

50. Evans 1983, 138.

51. Thompson 1970, 200.

52. Lavender, David. Land of Giants: The Drive to the Pacific Northwest 1750-1950. New York: Doubleday and Co., 1958: p. 398. Hereinafter cited as Lavender 1958.

53. Ayres, H.B. The Washington Forest Reserve. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, 1899: p. 312. Hereinafter cited as Ayres 1899.

54. Lavender 1958, 410.

55. Steen 1976, 79.

56. Ayres 1899, 312.

57. Klement, Otto. "The Story of Skagit County." Concrete Enterprise, 13 December 1913. Hereinafter cited as Klement 1913.

58. Thompson Papers, 1907.

59. FARC-RG 95-POR. "Washington Hatchet," p. 38, 1916.

60. Metsker Atlas of Skagit County, 1941.

61. FARC-RG 95-POR. Letter from Forest Supervisor to Seattle City Light, 3 September 1920. p. 95.

62. Mount Baker National Forest map, 1922.

63. FARC-RG 94-POR. Supervisor's Inspection Report, Section I, 26 November 1921.

64. Skagit River Railway map, 1920-21.

65. Pitzer, Paul C. "A History of the Upper Skagit 1924-1970." Uncompleted manuscript, n.d. Hereinafter cited as Pitzer n.d. 66. Ibid., 96. Valley: Photocopy:

66. Ibid., 96.

67. Wuorinen, Paula. A History of the Skagit Valley Recreation Area. Historic Parks and Sites Division, B.C. Parks Branch, July 1975: p. 43. Hereinafter cited as Wuorinen 1975.

68. Luxenberg 1984, 17, 26.

FARC-RG 95-POR. Report on Decco Company, 28 October 1946.

69. FARC-RG 95-Mt. Baker. Report, 21 January 1954.

70. Pitzer n.d., 98.

71. Thompson 1970, 203.

72. Plummer, Fred G. Papers. Field notes of Examination of Cascade Range, Washington, 1900: p. 24. Pullman, Washington. Washington State University Libraries. Hereinafter cited as Plummer Papers.

73. Ibid., 55.

74. Buckner 1973.

75. CL, 20 June 1901, 19 September 1901.

76. CL, 21 June 1907.

77. Wilsey, Bill. Taped interview by Gay Robertson, Stehekin, Washington, 10 May 1982. Transcript: p. 4.

78. Luxenberg 1984, 55.

79. Chelan Valley Mirror, 24 June 1926. Hereinafter cited as CVM.

80. Weaver, Jim. Taped interview by Gay Robertson, Stehekin, Washington, 3 August 1982. Transcript: p. 6-7.

Tschirley 1958, 63.

81. Hull, Lindley M. History of Central Washington. Spokane: Press of Shaw and Borden Company, 1929: p.48.

82. Hodges, Lawrence K. "How a Prospector Lives." Northwest Discovery, October 1980: p.204.

83. Buckner 1973.

84. Barron and Chancellor were the rich mines in that district, drawing dozens of men for seasonal employment opportunities. Development on what eventually became the Holden Mine began on Railroad Creek along the south shore of Lake Chelan at this time. This mine would ultimately be the largest commercial copper mine in the North Cascades and in Washington State, employing several hundred men until 1957 when consistently low metal prices forced its closure.

85. Moen, Wayne S. Mines and Mineral Deposits of Whatcom County, Washington. Olympia, Washington: Department of Natural Resources, 1929: p.97. Hereinafter cited as Moen 1969.

86. Thompson 1970, 89.

87. Thompson 1970, 90-91.

Rowley returned again in 1877, traveling with Otto Klement, Charles Von Presentin, John Duncan, and Frank Scott. This trip was more exploratory than Rowley's previous trips. The group left the banks of the Skagit, hiked over Cascade Pass, and down the Stehekin valley to Lake Chelan. An excursion to the Methow valley in search of rumored gold proved fruitless but the men returned to the lower Skagit River with new information about the unknown region.

88. Washington Standard, 24 October 1879. Hereinafter cited as WS.

89. WS, 19 December 1879.

90. Wuorinen 1975, 14.

91. Thompson 1970, 91-2.

92. Hodges, Lawrence K., editor. Mining in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1897. Shorey Book Store Reproduction, Seattle, 1967: p. 56. Hereinafter cited as Hodges 1897.

93. Thompson 1970, 94.

94. Law, Paul W. Papers. Cascade Mining District Report, 1892, University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts. Hereinafter cited as Law Papers.

95. Hodges 1897, 58.

96. Chriswell, Harold. Mount Baker Almanac. United States Forest Service, Mt. Baker National Forest, 1950. Typescript: p.144. Hereinafter cited as Chriswell 1950.

Callahan, Jeanita, Personal interview with author, Seattle, Washington, April 22, 1986.

97. Ibid., 145.

98. Moen 1969, 123.

99. Pitzer, Paul C. "A History of the Upper Skagit Valley, 1880-1924." M.A. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 1966:p.6. Hereinafter cited as Pitzer 1966.

100. Berry 1985.

101. Thompson Papers, 18 July 1918.

On June 18, 1925 the old miner apparently became ill and was carried out from "Browns Hotel" (the Ruby Creek Inn) by friends. Taken downriver to a Mount Vernon hospital Holmes died one week later (Lind, Martin. "Gold Brought many to North Cascades." Bellingham Herald, 26, May 1971.) Several years later a man named Ronnie Johnson bought the Holmes place and planned to "work it" (Callahan Collection. Letter from Lucinda Davis to Glee Davis, 29 December 1928). Whether he lived in the old cabin on Ruby Creek and continued to work upstream at the "Nip and Tuck" is not known.

102. Berry, Fred. Personal interview with author, Bayview, Washington, 2 May 1984. Hereinafter cited as Berry 1984.

103. Luxenberg 1984, 55.

104. Hodges 1897, 55.

105. Onat 1980, 51.

106. Luxenberg 1984, 38.

107. Law noted in his 1892 report: "Leadville P.O. (Gilbert's cabin)."

108. The remains of two other cabins exist today in the general area of the Cascade River. Because of their location and size it is likely they were associated with mining activities. The site of one cabin can be found near the Cascade Pass Trail, approximately one mile from the trailhead on the west side. Construction date unknown, it is possible that this structure was connected with the development of the "Grand Republic No. 8" claim, "located within 200 feet from the Cascade Pass on the south side of the trail, at the altitude of 4800 feet." (Law Papers 1892). It may also have been built by a trapper named Buchanen (Luxenberg 1984, 41). A photograph of the cabin taken in October 1970 was labled "Bishop's Chalet" (North Cascades National park, Sedro Woolley, Washington. Unaccessioned historical files. Photograph of Bishop's Chalet, October 1970.) Traces of another cabin can be found in Boston Basin, near the old Boston mine trail. Mining activity in this mountain basin began in 1889 with the discovery of the Boston ledge, but it is not known who built this structure or when. The earliest recording of the cabin is found on an 1899 USGS quadrangle map of Glacier Peak.

109. Clark, Donald H. Papers. Seattle, University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts. Numerous dates. Hereinafter cited as Clark Papers. Statement by C.E. Bogardus, 4 April 1892; Statement by Richard Jennings, 4 April 1892. Hodges 1897, 55.

110. Thompson 1970, 104.

111. Hodges 1897, 55.

112. Callahan Collection. Private collection of Davis family memorabilia, Seattle, Washington. Numerous dates. Hereinafter cited as CC. CC. Newspaper clipping album, n.d.

Law Papers 1892.

113. Volkmar, Henry S. "The Wealth of Thunder Creek Mines." Minneapolis: Thunder Creek Mining Company, 1910: p.10. Hereinafter cited as Volkmar 1910. Webster Collection, Minnesota.

114. CL, 1 August 1901.

115. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Mt. Baker National Forest, Sedro Woolley, Washington. Lands Division. Unacessioned historical files. Numerous dates. Hereinafter cited as USDA - Lands. USDA - Lands. "Land Ownership-Skagit" oversize notebook, n.d.

Kroll map. "Cascade Portion of Skagit, Whatcom, and Okanogan Counties, Washington, 1899. Reproduced in 1972 by Western Mining Syndicate. Hereinafter cited as Kroll 1899.

116. CL, 20 April 1893.

117. Field 1950, 64-65.

CL, 29 July 1904.

118. CL, 29 August 1901.

119. An Illustrated History of Ferry, Stevens, Okanogan, and Chelan Counties. Spokane: Western Publishing Co., 1904: p.705.

120. CC. Newspaper clipping album, n.d.

121. Volkmar 1910, 3-29.

122. Thompson 1970, 106.

Apparently the company also owned a portion of the Willis E. Everett group between 1909 and 1926 which increased its output.

123. USDA-Lands. "Land Ownership-Skagit," oversize notebook, n.d.

124. Wenatchee Daily World, 12 April 1913. Hereinafter cited as WDW.

125. SLD. Letter from L.B. Pagter to Seattle City Light, 29 March 1929.

126. Thompson 1970, 100.

127. CC. Newspaper clipping album, n.d.

Washingon National Forest map 1913.

128. Pitzer 1966, 22.

129. USDA-Lands. "Land Ownership-Skagit," oversize notebook, n.d.

British mining company received patent on a portion of the Willis E. Everett claim in 1915. This company later purchased the Skagit Queen holdings.

130. Clark Papers, 1908.

131. Wenatchee World, 7 July 1908.

132. WDW, 12 April 1913.

Silver Tip received final patent on their holdings in 1925 (USDA-Lands, "Land Ownership-Skagit" notebook, n.d.; Kroll 1899).

133. Thompson 1970, 101.

134. Luxenberg 1984, 42-3.

Berry 1985.

135. Luxenberg 1984, 45.

136. Ibid., 47.

137. CL, 1 May 1896.

138. Other sources vary on this date and range from 1885 to 1888.

139. Tschirley 1958, 56.

140. United States Geological Survey Maps. Numerous dates and quadrangles. Hereinafter cited as USGS.

USGS. Glacier Peak Quad, 1899.

141. FARC-RG 95-Chelan. Chelan Mining Claims, 1913, p.2.

142. Buckner 1973.

143. FARC-RG 95-Chelan. Chelan Mining Claims, 1913, p.3.

144. FARC-RG 95-Chelan. Chelan Mineral Claims: Letter from E.H. MacDaniels to C.H. Park, 26 March 1919.

145. Hodges 1897, 83.

146. Kroll 1899.

147. Tschirley 1958, 56.

148. Lindsley, Lawrence D. Taped interview, Seattle, Washington, 1973. University of Washington Libraries, Manuscripts. Hereinafter cited as Lindsley 1973.

149. CL, 2 August 1895.

Thompson 1970, 112.

150. Luxenberg 1984, 49.

151. Courtney 1982, 25.

Tschirley 1958, 56, 58.

Harris, Howard and Lou. Taped interview by Gay Robertson, Stehekin, Washington, 27 May 1985. Transcript: pp 1-43.

152. Luxenberg 1984, 49.

153. Ibid., 50.

154. Courtney 1982, 25.

155. CL, 14 January 1892.

156. CL, 6 July 1893.

157. CL, 8 June 1893.

158. CL, 2 August 1895.

159. Mines and Minerals, 1900 January: p.269.

160. CL, 16 June 1905.

Lydia George later opened the Rainbow Lodge, near Stehekin.

161. George Young and A.M. Almandinger were the original claimants but lost their rights by default.

162. Federal Archives and Records Center, Seattle, Washington. Records of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. Record Group 95. Okanogan National Forest, Historical Files. Numerous dates. Hereinafter cited as FARC-RG 95-Okanogan.

FARC-RG 95 - Okanogan. Chelan Mineral Claims, 18 January 1905.

163. U.S. Mineral Surveyor Irving Worthington completed the survey. At the time, Edwards and Blackburn made Worthington ". . . a proposition to survey the claim into town lots at the time the mineral survey was made." (FARC-RG 95-Okanogan, Chelan Mineral Claims, 18 January 1905)

164. CL, 16 February 1906.

165. All of these structures were collapsed from heavy snow by 1905 (FARC-RG 95-Okanogan, Chelan Mineral Claims, 5 June 1905).

166. On a 1917 Okanogan National Forest map, a "Bridge Creek Cabin" is depicted.

167. Luxenberg 1984, 54.

168. FARC-RG 95-Okanogan. Chelan Mineral Claims, January 1937.

169. Luxenberg 1984, 53.

170. Thompson 1970, 124.

171. This cabin may also be one erroneously attributed to the Hudson s Bay Company.

172. Okanogan National Forest map, 1917.

173. Hull 1929, 488.

By 1920 Peterson had located seven mining claims in the Bridge Creek area (CVM, 14 October 1926).

174. Luxenberg 1984, 60.

175. An 1899 Kroll mining map locates this company (another source states claims were first discovered in 1906 and shortly thereafter a corporation was formed). By 1913 more than 100 feet of rock were drilled on the site. The company received patent on claim in 1918.

176. NOCA-MM. Marble Creek Limestone and Marble Deposit: Crescent Mine: File L3023.l, 1969, p.2.

177. Early records show a GLO survey of T36N Rl1E (Bacon Creek area), undertaken in 1895, notes ". . . a good Talcom mine -- but nothing developed on a paying basis . . ." (USDA-Lands, GLO survey map and notes, 1895).

Luxenberg 1984, 36.

178. Moen 1969, 76-77.

These claims were recorded in 1913 as Weezie No. 1-11.

179. Hodges 1897, 84.

180. Washington National Forest map 1913.

USGS Stehekin Quadrangle, 1902.

181. Kroll 1899.

182. This cabin may have also served as a trapper's cabin (Luxenberg 1984, 52).

A "shelter" was shown in this location on a 1917 Okanogan National Forest map, but it was gone by 1937 (Chelan National Forest map 1937).

183. North Cascades National Park, Stehekin, Washington. Unaccessioned historical files. Field reconnaissance report: Minor Power Project on Company Creek (Proposed), 1 December 1966: p.1.

184. Thompson, Erwin. Reference notes for History: Basic Data, North Cascades National Park, n.d.

185. Thompson 1970, 216-217.

186. Courtney 1982, 30.

187. WDW, 11 August 1927.

Buckner 1973.

188. Courtney 1982, 30.

189. Thompson 1970, 212.

190. Ibid., 213.

191. Sparks, William O'Dell. "J.D. Ross and Seattle City Light, 1917-1932." M.A. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 1964 :p. 24.

192. Pitzer 1966, 96.

Luxenberg 1984, 34.

193. Pitzer n.d., 96, 105, 107-8.

194. FARC-RG 95-POR. Seattle City Light correspondence, 18 October 1927.

195. Pitzer n.d., 111.

196. Callahan, Jeanita. Personal interview with author, Seattle, Washington, June 1984.

197. Pitzer n.d., 41.

198. Thompson 1970, 215.

199. Pitzer 1966, 120.