Pipe Spring Cultures at a Crossroads An Administrative History of Pipe Spring National Monument

Albright, Horace M. Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1929 and the Travel Season, 1929. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1929.

_____. Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1930 and the Travel Season, 1930. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1930.

_____. Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1931 and the Travel Season, 1931. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931.

_____. Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1932 and the Travel Season, 1932. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1932.

Drury, Newton B. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 1941. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1941.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 1942. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1942.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 1943. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1943.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1944. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1944.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1945. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1945.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1946. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1946.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1947. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1947.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1948. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1948.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1949. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1949.

Fechner, Robert. Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1936. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1936.

Ickes, Harold L. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1934. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934.

Mather, Stephen T. Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1920 and the Travel Season 1920. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920.

_____. Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1923 and the Travel Season, 1923. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1923.

_____. Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1924 and the Travel Season, 1924. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1924.

_____. Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1925 and the Travel Season, 1925. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1925.

_____. Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1926 and the Travel Season, 1926. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926.

Gilbert, Cathy and Kathleen L. McKoy. Cultural Landscape Report: Fruita Rural Historic District, Capitol Reef National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Intermountain Region, 1997.

Paige, John C. The Civilian Conservation Corps and The National Park Service, 1933-1942 — An Administrative History. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1985.

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. "Highways in Harmony: Southwest Circle Tour Roads and Bridge," Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1994.

_____. Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 1991.

_____. "Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks, Utah," Circular of General Information, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1930.

_____. "Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks, Utah," Circular of General Information, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1935

_____. "Southwest Circle Tour Roads and Bridges," Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1994.

West, Roy O. Extract from the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Fiscal Year 1928 Relating to the National Park Service. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1928.

Wirth, Conrad L. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1953. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1953.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1954. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1954.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1956. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1956.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1957. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1957.

_____. Annual Report of the Director of the National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1960. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1960.

Work, Hubert. Extracts from the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Fiscal Year 1927 Relating to the National Park Service. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927.

Atwater, John W. "Inspection Report, Kaibab Agency and Schools," August 24-30, 1922.

Bradley, Zorro. "The Whitmore-McIntyre Dugout, Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," 1959.

Clemensen, A. Berle. "Historic Structure Report - History Data Section, Pipe Spring National Monument," 1980 (draft).

Cowell, A. E. "Report on Spring Flow, Pipe Springs National Monument," May 1934.

Crampton, C. Gregory. "Mormon Colonization in Southern Utah and in Adjacent Parts of Arizona and Nevada, 1851-1900," National Park Service, 1965.

Dietz, Henry W. "Report on Water Supply of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Arizona," November 1914.

Dunn, A. van V. "Water Rights Interests of National Park Service in Lower Colorado River Basin," November 28, 1952.

Fox, Gregory L. "The Pipe Spring Archeological Survey: A Section 110 Planning Project, Pipe Spring National Monument, Mohave County, Arizona." Tucson: Western Archeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, 1994.

Geerdes, Raymond. "The Ownership of Pipe Spring: A Legal and Historical Brief," January 1, 1970.

Grace, Tacy. "Biography of James Montgomery Whitmore," undated, Pipe Spring National Monument vertical files.

Heaton, C. Leonard. "A Brief History of the Town of Moccasin, Arizona," undated (ca. 1936?).

_____. "Early History of Pipe Spring," Southwestern Monuments Report Supplement, April 1936.

_____. "Historical [sic] and Facts Pertaining to Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," undated (probably 1949).

_____. "Guide for Lecture to Visitors," undated (ca. late 1940s).

_____. "Notes of C. Leonard Heaton on Pipe Spring National Monument," 1926-1963 (Heaton Journal; transcribed copy)

Hunt, Jr., William J. "Archeological Study of Historic Structures HS-2 and HS-3, Pipe Springs National Monument, Arizona." Lincoln, Nebraska: Midwest Archeological Center, May 1, 1991.

McKown, James C. and Robert M. Utley. "Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," National Park Service Historical Handbook Series No. 00, Washington, D.C., 1964.

LaMar W. Lindsay and Rex E. Madsen, "Report of Archeological Surveys of the Pipe Springs National Monument Water Supply System Project, Kaibab Indian Reservation, Mohave County, Arizona; Zion National Park Sewer Extension Project, Washington County, Utah; Arches National Park Road and Sewage Disposal Area Projects, Grand County, Utah; and Canyonlands National Park Road Projects, Needles and Grandview Point Areas, San Juan County, Utah." Salt Lake City: University of Utah; July 15, 1973.

Markoff, Dena S. "The Dudes are Always Right — The Utah Parks Company in Zion National Park, 1923-1972," Zion Natural History Association, September 1980.

Means, H. C. "Report on Kaibab Irrigation," Bureau of Indian Affairs, July 12, 1911.

Nelson, Peggy Froeschauer and Kathleen L. McKoy. "Cultural Landscape Inventory, Pipe Spring National Monument," National Park Service, August 1997.

Nusbaum, Jesse L. "Report on Archeological Investigations of Indian Service 'Short Creek to Zion' Road Location across a Western, or Late Pueblo II Mound, on the Kaibab Indian Reservation, immediately southward of Pipe Springs National Monument," September 1940.

Rothrock, H. E. "Report on Pipe Springs [sic] National Monument," June 1939.

Rose, Robert H. "Report of Water Resources and Administrative Problems at the Pipe Spring National Monument," September 19, 1933.

Sandberg, Lloyd Snow. "Pipe Spring National Monument." 1957.

Stoffle, Richard W., Diane E. Austin, David B. Halmo, Arthur M. Phillips III. "Ethnographic Overview and Assessment: Zion National Park, Utah and Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona," Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and Southern Paiute Consortium, Pipe Spring, AZ. Draft, July, 1995.

Thomason, Richard A. "Pipe Springs National Monument Utilities Project," January 15, 1971.

Vandiver, Vincent W. "Report on Pipe Springs National Monument, Mohave County, Arizona," January 1937.

Ward, W. J. "Report of Reconnaissance for Proposed Fredonia-Toroweap Approach Road to Grand Canyon National Monument," June 10, 1937.

Owen R. Williams and Donald C. Barrett. "An Evaluation of the Decline in Spring Flow at Pipe Spring National Monument," undated; under cover memorandum of September 2, 1986.

Wirt, W. H. "Report to Chief Forester on Emergency Conservation Work at Pipe Spring National Monument," December 10, 1935.

Woodward, Arthur. "A Brief Historical Sketch of Pipe Springs, Arizona," June 1941.

_____. "Details for Furnishing House Museum at Pipe Spring National Monument," January 1959.

(from F. P. Farquhar Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA)

"National Park Association in Utah Proposed," Deseret News, December 19, 1921.
"Highway System to Link Utah Parks Proposed," Deseret News, December 20, 1921.
"Zion Park and Cedar Breaks May be United," Deseret News, December 20, 1921.
"Southern Utah Counties Seek Primary Road," Deseret News, December 20, 1921.

(from Utah Parks clipping file, Union Pacific's archives, Omaha, Nebraska)

"Southern Utah Soon to See Development, "Salt Lake Tribune, March 12, 1923.
"UP Officials Head New Corporation to Develop State," Deseret News, March 29, 1923.
"Offer Is Made For Bryce Land" Salt Lake Tribune, May 5, 1923.
"C. of C. Disapproves UP Land Purchase," Deseret News, May 14, 1923.
"Application for School Land Purchase Delayed," Salt Lake Tribune, May 17, 1923.
"Coast Seeks Delta Trade," Salt Lake Tribune, May 21, 1923.
"Retail Dealers Welcomed to City by Mayor," Deseret Evening News, May 22, 1923.
"Delta Shows Prize Farms," Salt Lake Tribune, May 22, 1923.
"UP Has Big Utah Program," Salt Lake Tribune, May 23, 1923.
"Mabey Relates Facts of Trip," Salt Lake Tribune, May 24, 1923.
"Club Favors Sale of 40 acres at Bryce Canyon," Deseret News, May 25, 1923.
"Board Favors Bryce Project," Salt Lake Tribune, May 26, 1923.
"Hotels to be Finished Soon," Salt Lake Tribune, May 28, 1923.
"Governor is Invited to Extend South Visit," Salt Lake Tribune, May 29, 1923.
"State Officials Leave to View Park Hotel Site," Deseret News, June 1, 1923.
"Bryce Canyon Party is Feted," Salt Lake Tribune, June 2, 1923.
"Scenic Utah to be Viewed," Salt Lake Tribune, June 4, 1923.
"State Agrees to Sell Bryce Canyon Land to Railroad for Hotel Site," Deseret News, June 4, 1923.
"Governor Back From Road Trip," Salt Lake Tribune, June 4, 1923.
"State to Keep Title to Land," Salt Lake Tribune, June 5, 1923.
"Hotel at Bryce Declared Needed," Salt Lake Tribune, June 6, 1923.
"Road Commissioners Favor Shorter Road, Zion Park to Bryce Canyon," Salt Lake Tribune, June 26, 1923.
"Hotel Begun at Zion Park," Salt Lake Tribune, June 30, 1923.
"Bryce is Made U.S. Monument," Salt Lake Tribune, June 30, 1923.
"State Must Sell Entire 40 Acres to U.P.," Deseret Evening News, June 30, 1923.
"Bryce Hotel Now Assured," Salt Lake Tribune, June 30, 1923.
"State Offer for Bryce Land Sale Accepted by U.P.," Deseret Evening News, July 2, 1923.
"Park Highway Plan Approved," Salt Lake Tribune, March 12, 1924.
"2 Zion Park Road Connections Are to Be Improved," Deseret News, July 18, 1924.
"Parks Committee Assures Finances For Road Program," Deseret News, July 18, 1924.
"Zion Park Road Contract is Let," Deseret News, July 23, 1924.
"Contract Is Let on 3.37 Mile Road in Provo Canyon," Deseret News, October 3, 1924.
"Utah Highways Ready to Meet Tourist Trade," Deseret Evening News, November 27, 1924.
"$200,000 Will Be Spent in 1925 in Advertising Southern Utah Wonders," Salt Lake Tribune, November 25, 1924.
"Land Exchange Authorized to Open Utah Park," Deseret Evening News, November 28, 1924.
"Secretary Offers Plans for Utah National Park," Salt Lake Tribune, November 28, 1924.
"Mather Details Possibilities of Southern Utah's Attractions," Salt Lake Tribune, December 9, 1924.
"Bids Wanted to Zion Park Road," Salt Lake Tribune, December 14, 1924.

(from National Park Service, Denver Service Center Library, Denver, Colorado)

"Arizona Strip Town Peopled by One Family," undated, no citation.
"Pipe Springs is Tribute to Early Day Mormon Settlers," Arizona Daily Star, undated (1939?).
"Pipe Spring Monument is a Complete Museum," Arizona Daily Star, August 19, 1939.
"Pipe Spring is Kept Complete," Arizona Daily Star, August 19, 1939.
"Moccasin: One Family Town," Christian Science Monitor, undated (probably early 1941).

(Pipe Spring National Monument files)

"Fredonia Community Action Programs May Continue; Administrative Jobs End." The Southern Utah News, March 1, 1973.
"Power Lines to Cut Across Area," The Southern Utah News, April 20, 1972.
"'Pride in America' Program set," Spectrum, Wednesday, July 15, 1987.
"Approval of waste incinerator project means jobs, 'war'," Spectrum, October 9, 1990.
"Indians resist toxic incinerators," High Country News, September 10, 1990.
"Tribe votes on incinerator, chairman," Southern Utah News, October 8, 1990.
"Arizona tribe accepts huge incinerator," Denver Post, October 10, 1990.
"Alliance determines to make incinerator a national issue," Southern Utah News, November 19, 1990.
"Anti-incinerator group is now Grand Canyon AAI," Southern Utah News, December 3, 1990.
"Ground Zero Under Study As Potential Tourist Stop," Denver Post, October 17, 1999.

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_____. Utah's Audacious Stockman: Charlie Redd. Logan and Provo: Utah State University Press and the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies, 1995.

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Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee, An Indian History of the American West. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.

Buck, Paul Herman. The Evolution of the National Park System of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946.

Carter, Kate B. Treasures of Pioneer History. Salt Lake City, Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1953.

_____. Our Pioneer Heritage. Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1958.

Coggins, George Cameron. Public Natural Resources Law. New York: Clark Boardman Company, Ltd., 1990.

Cohen, Stan. The Tree Army, A Pictorial History of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942. Missoula: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1980.

Crampton, C. Gregory. Land of Living Rock, The Grand Canyon and the High Plateaus: Arizona, Utah, Nevada. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972.

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Hafen, Leroy R. and Ann W., editors. The Utah Expedition, 1857-1858: A Documentary Account of the United States Military Movement under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, and The Resistance by Brigham Young and the Mormon Nauvoo Legion. Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1982.

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Jenson, Andrew. Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia. Salt Lake City: Andrew Jenson History Co., 1920.

_____. Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City, Deseret News Publishing Co., 1941.

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Klein, Maury. Union Pacific — The Rebirth, 1894-1969. New York: Doubleday, 1990.

Lavender, David. The History of Arizona's Pipe Spring National Monument. Springdale, Utah: Zion Natural History Association, 1984 (rev. 1998).

McClelland, Linda Flint. Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916-1942. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1993.

McClintock, James H. Mormon Settlement in Arizona — A Record of Peaceful Conquest of the Desert. Phoenix: The Manufacturing Stationers Inc., 1921.

Mackintosh, Barry. The National Parks: Shaping the System (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1991).

Malach, Roman. Short Creek-Colorado City on the Arizona Strip. Mohave County Board of Supervisors, Kingman, Arizona, 1982.

Meyers, Charles J. and Dan Tarlock, Water Resource Management, A Coursebook in Law and Public Policy. Mineola, NY: The Foundation Press, Inc. 1980.

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______. Take Up Your Mission - Mormon Colonizing Along the Little Colorado River, 1870-1900. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1973.

Runte, Alfred. Trains of Discovery — Western Railroads and the National Parks. Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart, Inc., 1990.

Smith, Jane F. and Robert M. Kvasnicka, eds. Indian-White Relations, A Persistent Paradox, Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1976.

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Workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Utah. Utah, A Guide to the State. New York: Hasting House, 1941.

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(author unidentified) "Utah Construction Program of UP Involves $5,000,000," The Union Pacific Magazine, (November, 1922): 15. Reprinted article from Salt Lake Tribune, October 16, 1922.

Crampton, C. Gregory, ed., "Military Reconnaissance in Southern Utah, 1866," Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2, Spring, 1964.

Knack, Martha C. "Interethnic Competition at Kaibab During the Early Twentieth Century," Ethnohistory 40:2, Spring 1993.

Iverson, Peter. "When Indians Became Cowboys," Montana, The Magazine of Western History," Winter 1995.

Lauritzen, Jonreed. "Pipe Spring, A Monument to the Pioneers," Arizona Highways, February 1943.

Olsen, Robert W., Jr. "Pipe Spring, Arizona and Thereabouts" Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 6, No. 1, Spring 1965.

_____. "Conflict in the Arizona Strip: The First Skirmish of the 1865-1869 Mormon-Navaho War," Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1966.

Philp, Kenneth R. "Termination: A Legacy of the Indian New Deal," Western Historical Quarterly, April 1983.

Ransom, Jay Ellis. "Refuge at Pipe Spring," Westways, Vol. 45, No. 8, August 1953.

_____. "Forgotten Refuge at Pipe Spring," Trailer Travel Magazine, November 1965.

Rothman, Hal K. "'A Regular Ding-Dong Fight': Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS/USFS Dispute, 1916-1937," Western Historical Quarterly, May 1989.

Spencer, D. S. "Zion - Our Newest National Park – And Other Southern Utah Scenic Attractions," The Union Pacific Magazine (January 1922): 31-32.

Spendlove, Earl. "Pipe Spring — A Page from the Past," undated, no citation.

Stoffle, Richard W. and Michael J. Evans. Kaibab Paiute History, The Early Years, "Resource Competition and Population Change: A Kaibab Paiute Ethnohistorical Case," Ethnohistory, Vol. 23:2, 1976.

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Caywood, Janene, ed. Oral History Collection, Pipe Spring National Monument, Vol. I, Pipe Spring National Monument, 1996.

Hoyt, Gaylan. Interview with Grant Heaton (unrecorded), August 8, 1998.

Keller, Robert H. Interview with Leonard and Edna Heaton, Moccasin, Arizona, November 8, 1991.

Lowe, Mary Jane. Oral History Collection, Pipe Spring National Monument, Vol. II, Pipe Spring National Monument,1996.

McKoy, Kathleen L. Oral History Collection, Pipe Spring National Monument, Vol. IV, Pipe Spring National Monument, 2000.

_____. Telephone interview with Grant Heaton (unrecorded), September 27, 1997.

_____. Telephone interview with Grant Heaton (unrecorded), September 3, 1998.

_____. Telephone interview with James C. McKown (unrecorded), September 27, 1999.

Ruppert, David E. and Kathleen L. McKoy. Oral History Collection, Pipe Spring National Monument, Vol. III, Pipe Spring National Monument, 1998 (draft).