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Rocky Mountain
Administrative History 1915-1965 |
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ENDNOTES
INTRODUCTION
1. Mary Lyons Cairns, Grand Lake: The Pioneers (Denver, 1946).
2. June E. Carothers, Estes Park, Past and Present (Denver, 1951).
3. Florence Johnson Shoemaker, "The Story of the Estes-Rocky Mountain National Park Region," (unpublished Master's thesis, Department of History, Colorado State College, July 26, 1940).
4. Enos A. Mills, The Rocky Mountain National Park (New York, 1924).
5. Edwin C. Alberts, "Administrative History of Rocky Mountain National Park," typewritten manuscript (Rocky Mountain National Park, 1952).
6. Neal J. Guse, Jr., "The Elk of Rocky Mountain National Park," typewritten manuscript (Rocky Mountain National Park, 1962).
CHAPTER I
1. Joel Estes' frontier qualities can be judged by examining the following account found in Carothers, Estes Park: Past and Present, 17-18.
"Joel Estes was typical of the frontiersmen whose families had started the march across the country and who, in his turn, had moved his family west. His maternal grandparents, Germans named Hiatt, were among the first settlers in Kentucky. Peter Estes, his father, was a Virginia plantation owner of Scottish parentage who, despite his wealth in Virginia moved to Kentucky. There he met and married Esther Hiatt, and their son Joel, was born on the Kentucky frontier on May 25, 1806. When Joel was six, his father again moved his family to the frontier. It was in Clinton County, Missouri, that Joel grew to manhood. He was a big, gangling boy and not particularly handsome, but he met and married the pretty and fascinating Patsy Stollings. Patsy, whose real name was Martha, was born in West Virginia on July 6, 1806, the daughter of Jacob and Patsy Stollings.
"Like most frontiersmen, Estes had many trades. He worked at odd times as a freighter from Liberty, Missouri, to the trading post of Joseph Roubideau, which later became St. Joseph. At one time he ran an outfitting store, and he was also interested in gold prospecting. After he married Patsy on Nov. 12, 1826, he moved his family to Andrews County, Missouri, and began the business that was to occupy most of his life time—that of stock raising and farming."
2. The date of discovery is in some doubt. It is given as September 12, 1859, by Josiah M. Ward in "Man Who Discovered Estes Park After Years of Wandering and At First Sight of It Declared 'Here I Make My Home,'" The Denver Post, March 13, 1921.
Mrs. Emily Graham, a pioneer, is quoted as saying it was October 12, 1859, in a Letter from Harry Ruffner to Superintendent Roger W. Toll, April 4, 1926, unfiled. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
The commonly held date of October 15, 1859 is given in various sources, among them Shoemaker, "The Story of the Estes-Rocky Mountain National Park Region," p. 6.
3. Carothers, in Estes Park: Past and Present, p. 14, does not discount the possibility that other hunters and trappers, especially Rufus Sage, could have explored Rocky Mountain-Estes Park area prior to 1859. Rufus B. Sage makes an interesting case for his exploration of the Park in his Rocky Mountain Life (Boston, 1857), pp. 205-6.
Sill the discovery by Estes is the only case that bears the burden of fact. The late Enos A. Mills, a controversial but avid student of the area once wrote: "There is no positive proof that any white man was ever in the Estes Park region prior to Joel Estes discovery of it in 1859." Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, p. 2.
4. The Denver Post, March 13, 1921.
5. Milton Estes, "Memoirs of Estes Park," Colorado Magazine, July, 1939, p. 126.
7. Letter from Dunham Wright to the Estes Park Chamber of Commerce, undated, "Historical Data," pp. 61-63. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
8. William Byers on August 23, 1868, successfully climbed Longs Peak. He was a member of a party of seven which included Major John Wesley Powell. Powell, an extraordinary explorer, was on one of his fact-finding expeditions to the Rocky Mountain region. Powell, in 1869, traveled the entire length of the Colorado River from Wyoming to Arizona. He later became the founder and first director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution and in 1881 became director of the United States Geological Survey. For more information on the life of Powell and his ascent up Longs Peak, the reader can consult, William Culp Darrah, Powell of the Colorado (Princeton, 1951), pp. 99-102. Reference will be made later to Major John W. Powell and his party that climbed Longs Peak in 1868. See page 221.
9. Shoemaker, "Story of Estes-Rocky Mountain National Park Region," pp. 16-17.
10. Ibid., p. 18. In 1926 a memorial to Joel Estes, Sr., was erected in Estes Park, at the junction of the Fish Creek and the North St. Vrain Road. It is a seven-feet-high granite rock weighing about two tons. The stone bears a bronze tablet presented by the Estes grand children and the Estes Park Village Chamber of Commerce.
11. Estes Park Trail, May 19, 1922.
13. The Right Honorable Windham Thomas Wyndham-Quin, Fourth Earl of Dunraven and Mount Earl, was born in 1841. He was of pure Celtic origin and was educated at Christ College, Oxford. After serving some time as a lieutenant in the First Life Guards, a cavalry regiment, he became at age twenty-six a war correspondent for the London Daily Telegraph and covered the Abyssinian War. In this capacity, he shared a tent with Henry Stanley of the New York Herald.
Dunraven then became a special correspondent for a "big London daily" during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71. He reported the siege of Paris, saw the Carlist Rebellion and war in Turkey, and probably the Russo-Turkish War. He spent his leisure time hunting wild game in various parts of the world.
He was twice Undersecretary of State for the Colonies. He was Chairman of the Irish Land Conferences, as well as president of the Irish Reform Association and a member of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick.
Dunraven witnessed both the signing of the Convention of Versailles which ended the Franco-Prussian War and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
He married the daughter of Lord Charles Lennox Kerr. He had several castles, but took his name from Dunraven Castle in Glamorganshire which contained many old ruins. Carothers, Estes Park: Past and Present, pp. 33-34.
14. Ibid., p. 37. Dunraven "stretched" the provisions of the Homestead Act by having his men file on claims and then turn control over the lands to him.
15. Windham Thomas Wyndham-Quin, Fourth Earl of Dunraven, Past Times and Pastimes (London, 1922) I, pp. 140-43.
16. Shoemaker, "Story of Estes-Rocky Mountain National Park Region," p. 31.
17. Dunraven, Past Times and Pastimes, pp. 140-43.
18. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Boston, 1918), p. 319.
19. Carothers, Estes Park: Past and Present, p. 20.
20. Ibid., pp. 45-47; and Shoemaker, "Story of Estes-Rocky Mountain National Park Region," p. 35.
21. Carothers, Estes Park: Past and Present, p. 43; and, Shoemaker, "Story of Estes-Rocky Mountain National Park Region," p. 34.
22. The Sprague family and its contributions to the history of the Park region will be taken up later.
23. Carothers, Estes Park: Past and Present, p. 44.
26. Estes Park Mountaineer, August 20, 1908.
27. Cairns, Grand Lake: The Pioneers, pp. 26-27.
29. Carolyn Hosmer Rhone, "Story of Grand Lake," Rocky Mountain News, June 19, 1927.
30. Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, pp. 99-100.
31. Letter of A. Phimister Proctor to David A. Canfield, February 18, 1946, unfiled. Rocky Mountain National Park Library. In Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, p. 107, it is reported that the first marriage in Grand Lake took place in June 1882, between a Miss McGee, the town's first school teacher, and a Henry Schively.
32. Letter from A. Phimister Proctor to David A. Canfield, February 18, 1946, unfiled. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
33. Cairns, Grand Lake: The Pioneers, p. 113.
34. Letter from A. Phimister Proctor to David A. Canfield, February 18, 1946, unfiled. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
36. Notes of Grand Lake: Data collected by Ranger Fred McLaren and Temporary Ranger H. V. Gammon, August 9, 1930, unfiled. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
38. Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, pp. 100-01.
39. There are various accounts of the "massacre" including: "An Account Written by Jacob Fillius for Mr. and Mrs. John Holzworth, of the County Commissioners' Feud in Grand County, September 10, 1937." Rocky Mountain National Park Library; Everett Harmon, "Grand Lake," Grand Lake Pioneer August 17, 1940; Notes on Grand Lake, McLaren and Gammon, Rocky Mountain National Park Library; and Letter from A. Phimister Proctor to David A. Canfield, February 18, 1946 and April 17, 1946, Rocky Mountain National Park Library. All of the above is unfiled material.
40. Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, p. 112.
41. Grand Lake Pioneer, July 18, 1942.
43. Letter from A. Phimister Proctor to David A. Canfield, no date, unfiled. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
44. Grand Lake Pioneer, April 17, 1940.
45. Taped interview with Mary Lyons Cairns, no date, unfiled, Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
CHAPTER II
1. Enos A. Mills, Early Estes Park, with biographical sketch by Esther B. Mills (Estes Park, Colorado, 1959), vii. In 1918 Mills married the former Esther A. Burnell of Eureka, Kansas. One daughter, Enda, was born to the couple in 1919.
2. Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, p. 85.
3. Mills, Early Estes Park, xvi.
4. Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, p. 88.
5. H. N. Wheeler had assumed charge of the old Colorado Forest in the summer of 1907, when people were just beginning to sell lots for the town of Estes Park. Prior to this time, Wheeler had been teaching school in Montrose, Colorado. He received an appointment in mid-July 1905 as ranger in the Gunnison Park Forest. On April 1, 1906, after having passed appropriate tests, he was given charge of the Montezuma Forest at Durango, Colorado.
In July, 1907 he left that post to head the old Colorado Forest, now called the Roosevelt National Forest, at one time a division of the Medicine Bow Range. Wheeler had charge of the Colorado Forest until January 1, 1921, except for the period from November, 1911 to April, 1913, when he re-organized the Cleveland Forest in California. Author's interview with H. N. Wheeler, December 20, 1963.
7. "To Whom It May Concern: Estes National Park and Game Preserve" January 21, 1910: Papers of J. Horace McFarland From File 80, Division of Public Records, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, State Museum Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Xeroxed copies found in Rocky Mountain National Park Library. Hereafter cited as Papers of McFarland.
8. Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, p. 86.
9. Letter of J. Horace McFarland to Thorndike Deland, December 19, 1910. Papers of McFarland.
10. Letter of Enos Mills to J. Horace McFarland, February 1, 1911. Papers of McFarland.
11. Letter of J. Horace McFarland to Enos Mills, February 13, 1911. Papers of McFarland.
12. Letter of Enos Mills to J. Horace McFarland, February 19, 1911. Papers of McFarland.
13. Ibid., March 20, 1911. Papers of McFarland.
14. Letter of J. Horace McFarland to Enos Mills, March 24, 1911. Papers of McFarland.
15. Letter of Enos Mills to J. Horace McFarland, April 24, 1912. Papers of McFarland.
16. Author's interview with James Grafton Rogers, July 12, 1966.
17. James Grafton Rogers, "The Creation of Rocky Mountain National Park," Trail and Timberline, no. 558, June, 1965, p. 100.
19. Author's interview with James Grafton Rogers, July 12, 1966.
20. Letter of Thorndike Deland to J. Horace McFarland, December 10, 1910. Papers of McFarland.
21. Senate Joint Memorial No. 4, Report from Committee on Public Lands, 63rd Congress, 3rd Session, January 12, 1915, found in Edmund B. Rogers, "History of Legislation Relating to the National Park System Through the 82nd Congress," mimeographed copy, 1958, unnumbered pages. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
23. The Denver Post, January 29, 1914.
24. Letter of Enos Mills to J. Horace McFarland, March 17, 1914. Papers of McFarland.
25. Letter of Enos Mills to James Grafton Rogers, May 3, 1914. Papers of McFarland.
26. Letter of J. Horace McFarland to Enos Mills, December 28, 1914. Papers of McFarland.
27. Letter of Enos Mills to J. Horace McFarland, December 31, 1914. Papers of McFarland.
28. Morrison Shafroth, "Seeing the Bill through Congress," Trail and Timberline, no. 558, June 1965, p. 103.
32. Editorial in the Rocky Mountain News, January 1, 1915.
34. The Denver Post, January 18, 1915.
35. Rocky Mountain News, January 27, 1915.
CHAPTER III
1. Estes Park Trail, January 8, 1937.
2. Author's interview with R. T. "Dixie" MacCracken, July 3, 1963.
6. Author's interview with Fred McLaren, June 29, 1964.
7. "National Park System (United States)" Collier's Encyclopedia, 8th ed., XVII, p. 171.
8. Returning to Estes Park after World War I, MacCracken found Superintendent Way still in charge of the Park and he decided against taking up his old post as ranger. Though he never again joined the National Park Service he stayed close to the Park and later recalled, "I just had to see a pine tree growing somewhere." Author's interview with R. T. "Dixie" MacCracken, July 3, 1963.
9. Author's interview with James Grafton Rogers, July 12, 1966.
10. Author's interview with Esther B. Mills (Mrs. Enos Mills), July 17, 1963. For a critical view of the transportation monopoly see: Hildegarde Hawthorne and Esther Burnell Mills, Enos Mills of the Rockies (Boston 1935), pp. 223-51.
11. Author's interview with Charles Hix, July 17, 1963. "Charlie" Hix, an early Estes Park resident and then President of the Bank, remembered that most of the local residents did not dispute the Government's right to grant a monopoly.
12. Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1919, "Monthly Reports, 1919-1923," p. 5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
13. Letter of Enos Mills to Roe Emery, August 8, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence; also letter of Enos Mills to L. C. Way, August 14, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
14. Letter of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, September 9, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
15. Ibid., August 16, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
19. Telegram of Arno B. Cammerer to L. C. Way, August 18, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
20. Letter of L. C. Way to Enos Mills, August 18, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
21. Telegram of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, August 25, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
22. Letter of Arno B. Cammerer to L. C. Way, August 26, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
23. Letter of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, August 28, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
27. Letter of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, September 1, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
28. Ibid., September 27, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence, Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
29. Minutes of the Larimer County Commissioners Proceedings of August 19, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library. The Resolution read:
Be It Resolved, That the Board of County Commissioners of the County of Larimer . . . do hereby release, relinquish, and transfer unto the United States Government and to the Department thereof, having control of the national parks and the highways therein, the control, management, maintenance and supervision now exercised by said Board of the public highways located and situated within the boundaries of the Rocky Mountain National Park with the exception, however, of . . . the Fall River Road, which is now in process of construction, and upon the completion thereof it shall pass to the United States Government, as in this respect provided.
30. Letter of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, September 1, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
31. Paul W. Lee, "Litigation Concerning the Rocky Mountain National Park," in Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, pp. 230-231.
33. Letter of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, September 9, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
34. Memo by L. C. Way, October 29, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
35. Letter of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, September 9, 1919, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
36. Superintendent's Monthly Report, January 1920, "Monthly Reports, 1919-1923," pp. 1-2. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
38. Letter of Enos Mills to Senator Reed Smoot, April 23, 1920. Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
39. Editorial, Denver Field and Farm, May 22, 1920.
40. Longmont Call, March 24, 1920.
41. Superintendent's Monthly Report, March 31, 1920, "Monthly Reports, 1919-1923," p. 4. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
42. Letter of Arno B. Cammerer to Senator Reed Smoot, May 4, 1920, Mills vs. Way correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
43. Report of Ranger Maye M. Crutcher, July 17, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library. This and other correspondence relating to the litigation in the Robbins vs. McDaniel and Way case is loosely accumulated on library shelves at Rocky Mountain National Park. None of this correspondence, as yet, has been adequately catalogued. For the convenience of the reader material relating to this lawsuit will be referred to as "Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence."
44. Memo, no date, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
45. Letter of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, July 17, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
47. "Complaint," Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
48. Report by Ranger Maye M. Crutcher, July 22, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
49. Telegram of Arno B. Cammerer to L. C. Way, July 24, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library. With reference to the authority to prosecute, Cammerer referred Way to section 3 of the National Park Service Act which reads:
that the Secretary of the Interior shall make and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the use and management of the parks, monuments, and reservations under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service and any violations authorized by this act shall be punished as provided for in section 50 of the act entitled 'An Act to Modify and Amend the Penal Law of the United States' approved March 4, 1909 as amended by section 6 of the act of June 25, 1910.
50. Memorandum by L. C. Way, July 25, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
51. Report by Ranger Maye M. Crutcher, July 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
52. "Statement by Mrs. John P. Thomey and Mrs. George W. Howell to J. A. Shepherd, Clerk," July 26, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library. There is some confusion concerning the identity of the McDaniel in this complaint. The personnel records in Rocky Mountain National Park Library list one ranger McDaniel, not two. Therefore it is possible that Dwight W. McDaniel and Lloyd F. McDaniel were one and the same.
53. Lee, "Litigation," in Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, pp. 233-34.
55. Telegram of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, July 30, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
57. Letter of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, August 11, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
58. Letter of Arno B. Cammerer to L. C. Way, August 13, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library. Grace, however, did not suffer serious physical or psychological harm from the encounter. He was back in the Park, illegally on July 28, two days after the incident occurred.
59. Ibid., August 16, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
60. Letter of L. C. Way to Director of National Park Service, August 11, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
61. Letter of Arno B. Cammerer to L. C. Way, August 16, 1920, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
62. Author's interview with R. T. "Dixie" MacCracken, July 3, 1963.
63. B. C. Barnard, "Roger W. Toll," Trail and Timberline, March-April 1936, p. 13.
65. Letter of George E. Scott, Chief, Division of Appointment, Mails and Files to Roger W. Toll, March 26, 1924, Robbins vs. McDaniel correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
66. Stockton (California) Record, January 12, 1924.
CHAPTER IV
1. Lee, "Litigation," in Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, p. 235.
3. Letter of Roger W. Toll to Director of National Park Service, July 29, 1922, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
5. Lee, "Litigation," in Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, p. 237. It was first decided to bring the suit as an original suit in the Supreme Court, but on careful consideration it was thought best to institute it in the Federal District Court for Colorado and then take it by appeal to the Supreme Court in the event of an adverse ruling.
6. Letter of Roger W. Toll to Director of National Park Service, July 29, 1922, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
7. Lee, "Litigation," in Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park, pp. 237-238.
9. Letter of Arno B. Cammerer to Roger W. Toll, December 6, 1922, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
10. Letter of Granby Hillyer to Roger W. Toll, April 5, 1923, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
11. Letter of Roger W. Toll to Director of National Park Service, April 9, 1923, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
12. Letter of Arno B. Cammerer to Roger W. Toll, April 16, 1923 Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
13. Letter of Roger W. Toll to Granby Hillyer, August 13, 1923, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
15. Letter of Arno B. Cammerer to Roger W. Toll, August 20, 1923, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
16. Letter of Granby Hillyer to Roger W. Toll, August 14, 1923, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
17. Letter of Roger W. Toll to Director of National Park Service, September 10, 1923, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
18. Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
19. Letter of Attorney-General William L. Boatright to Hubert Work, Secretary of Interior, May 18, 1925, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
20. Letter of L. D. Blauvelt, State Highway Engineer to Roger W. Toll July 21, 1925, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
21. Letter of Roger W. Toll to Director of National Park Service, July 24, 1925, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library. By contrast, the following appropriations were made by the Federal Government for maintenance and construction of roads in the Park since 1916:
| Year | Construction | Maintenance |
| 1916 | $ 3,965 | $ 69 |
| 1917 | 522 | 79 |
| 1918 | 117 | 107 |
| 1919 | 249 | 320 |
| 1920 | --- | 834 |
| 1921 | --- | 11,900 |
| 1922 | 25,000 | 11,000 |
| 1923 | 10,000 | 22,200 |
| 1924 | --- | 25,700 |
| 1925 | 15,000 | 48,671 |
23. Letter of Thomas J. Allen to Roger W. Toll, December 18, 1925, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
24. Letter of Roger W. Toll to James Grafton Rogers, December 12, 1925, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
25. Letter of Roger W. Toll to Director of National Park Service, May 30, 1925, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
26. Letter of Arno B. Cammerer to Roger W. Toll, June 17, 1925, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
27. Letter of Roger W. Toll to Director of National Park Service, June 23, 1925, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
28. Telegram of Roger W. Toll to Director of National Park Service, January 9, 1926, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
29. Estes Park Trail, January 15, 1926. By the time of Morley's action, public interest had largely waned regarding the suit. Nothing was mentioned about the suit in either the Rocky Mountain News or the Denver Post for several weeks prior to January 9.
CHAPTER V
1. Rocky Mountain News, December 22, 1926.
4. Superintendent's Monthly Report, January, 1927, "Monthly Reports, 1927-1929," pp. 4-5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
5. The Boulder News-Herald, January 28, 1927; February 1, 1927; February 5, 1927; February 7, 1927. The (Boulder) Daily Camera, February 1, 1927; February 4, 1927. The Denver Post February 3, 1927. Loveland Reporter-Herald, February 7, 1927.
6. The Boulder News-Herald, January 28, 1927.
8. The Denver Post, February 3, 1927.
10. The (Boulder) Daily Camera, February 4, 1927.
11. Rocky Mountain News February 4, 1927.
12. The (Boulder) Daily Camera, February 5, 1927.
13. The Boulder News-Herald. February 7, 1927.
16. Editorial in the Loveland Reporter-Herald quoted in The Boulder News-Herald February 5, 1927.
19. Editorial in The Sterling Advocate quoted in The Boulder News-Herald, February 5, 1927.
20. Editorial in The (Boulder) Daily Camera, February 5, 1927.
21. Rocky Mountain News. February 5, 1927.
23. The Boulder News-Herald, February 18, 1927.
25. Editorial in the Rocky Mountain News. February 20, 1927.
26. Denver Morning Post February 23, 1927.
28. The Denver Post, February 25, 1927.
29. Rogers, "Creation of Rocky Mountain National Park," Trail and Timberline p. 100.
30. The (Boulder) Daily Camera, February 25, 1927.
31. Rocky Mountain News, February 27, 1927.
32. Ibid. The civic leaders were
|
Cass E. Herrington George L. Nye W. W. Booth Henry McAllister Albert A. Reed George W. Gano Hume Lewis Win. W. Grant, Jr. Lawrence Lewis Benjamin Griffith Gerald Hughes Tyson S. Dines |
John Evans Julius E. Gunter Morrison Shafroth J. C. Burger F. J. Chamberlain C. A. Kendrick A. D. Lewis R. M. Crane C. C. Gates W. N. W. Blayney C. C. Dorsey |
33. Editorial in The Boulder News-Herald, February 15, 1927.
34. The Denver Post, March 8, 1927.
35. The (Boulder) Daily Camera, March 19, 1927.
36. Rocky Mountain News, March 11, 1927.
37. Superintendent's Monthly Report, April 1927, "Monthly Reports, 1927-1929," p. 4. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
39. Rocky Mountain News, September 29, 1927.
40. Editorial in The Fort Collins Express-Courier quoted in The (Boulder) Daily Camera, January 30, 1928.
41. Rocky Mountain News, March 6, 1928.
42. Editorial in the Rocky Mountain News, April 9, 1928.
43. Ibid., September 10, 1928.
46. The Fort Collins Express-Courier, September 30, 1928.
47. The Boulder News-Herald, December 11, 1928.
48. Editorial in The (Boulder) Daily Camera, December 14, 1928.
49. Editorial in the Rocky Mountain News, January 4, 1929.
51. Superintendent's Monthly Report, February, 1929, "Monthly Reports, 1927-1929," p. 4. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
52. Editorial in The (Boulder) Daily Camera, January 31, 1929.
53. Ibid., February 8, 1929. It is unclear why the two Boulder newspapers disagreed on the cede jurisdiction issue. Perhaps having some bearing was the fact that Arthur Parkhurst, editor of the News-Herald, was a Republican while Lucius Paddock, editor of the Camera, was an active Democrat.
54. Editorial in the Poudre Valley quoted in The (Boulder) Daily Camera, December 14, 1928.
55. Rocky Mountain News, February 9, 1929.
57. The Denver Post, February 11, 1929.
58. Editorial in The Boulder News-Herald, February 9, 1929.
59. Rocky Mountain News, February 16, 1929.
CHAPTER VI
1. Carothers, Estes Park: Past and Present, pp. 56-57.
3. Shoemaker, "Story of Estes-Rocky Mountain National Park Region," p. 44.
4. Carothers, Estes Park: Past and Present, pp. 59-60.
5. Shoemaker, "Story of Estes-Rocky Mountain National Park Region," p. 46.
6. Supervisor's Annual Reports, 1915-1930, pp. 4-5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
7. Supervisor's Monthly Report, September 1915, "Monthly Reports, 1915-1918," p. 2. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
8. The Denver Post, June 15, 1931.
9. Superintendent's Monthly Report, September 1917, "Monthly Reports, 1915-1918," pp. 4-5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
11. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1918, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 9. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
13. Letter from Secretary of the Interior, Franklin K. Lane to Secretary of Treasury, Carter Glass, May 23, 1919; found in Rogers, "History of Legislation." Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
14. Superintendent's Monthly Report, February 1919, "Monthly Reports, 1919-1923," p. 4. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
16. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1920, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," pp. 11-13. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
17. John Ise, Our National Parks (Baltimore, 1961), p. 217.
18. Superintendent's Monthly Report, September 1921, "Monthly Reports, 1919-1923," p. 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
20. Estes Park Trail, April 7, 1922.
21. Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1922, "Monthly Reports, 1919-1923," p. 8. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
22. Estes Park Trail, August 25, 1922.
25. Rocky Mountain News, April 2, 1924.
27. Western Highways Builder, June 1924.
28. The following is a summary of the monies spent on the construction and maintenance of trails and roads in Rocky Mountain National Park, 1916-1925.
| Roads | Trails | |||
| Construction | Maintenance | Construction | Maintenance | |
| 1916 | $ 2,500 | --- | --- | --- |
| 1917 | --- | $ 600 | --- | --- |
| 1919 | --- | 717 | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 299 | 980 | --- | --- |
| 1921 | --- | 13,970 | --- | $ 838 |
| 1922 | 25,000 | 11,250 | --- | 2,819 |
| 1923 | 10,000 | 20,797 | --- | 1,600 |
| 1924 | --- | 18,750 | --- | 2,000 |
| 1925 | 15,000 | 22,500 | $3,500 | 3,000 |
Statement by Roger W. Toll, undated, Colorado vs. Toll correspondence. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
29. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1925, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," pp. 2B-3B. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
30. Estes Park Trail, September 25, 1925.
31. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1925, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 11. Rocky Mountain National Park Library; and Engineering News-Record, October 2, 1924; and Rocky Mountain News, May 28, 1925; June 14, 1925.
32. Estes Park Trail, July 17, 1925.
33. Roger W. Toll, "Road Work in Rocky Mountain National Park," Colorado Highways (January 1926), p. 12.
34. Rocky Mountain News, July 28, 1927.
36. The Denver Post, January 27, 1929.
37. Author's interview with Edmund Rogers, July 13, 1964.
38. Rogers approached the challenge as "just another adventure." Officials at the Colorado National Bank evidently thought his adventuresome spirit was temporary, for they kept Rogers on a leave basis for several years, certain that he would return. Rogers, however, stayed with the Park Service even though this first position cost him a cut in salary. Ibid.
42. Estes Park Trail, August 20, 1926.
43. The Denver Post, October 14, 1928.
44. Superintendent's Monthly Report, September 1929, "Monthly Reports, 1927-1929." Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
45. Anna L. Newsom, "Trail Ridge Road . . . in Rocky Mountain National Park," The Highway Magazine, XXVII, (April 1936), p. 76.
46. Estes Park Trail, November 1, 1929.
47. Rocky Mountain News, May 8, 1930.
48. Included in Colt's work force were six foremen, eight shovel operators, eight oilers, five cooks, three blacksmiths, two mechanics, and one hundred and fifty laborers. For equipment, he had five gas shovels, one Ingersoll-Rand compressor, four portable compressors, three tractors, three blades, twenty trucks, and eight horses. Superintendent's Monthly Report, August 1930, "Monthly Reports, 1930-1931," pp. 4-5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
49. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1932, "Annual Reports, 1931 1953," pp. 12-13. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
50. Great charges of dynamite were used to loosen rock, with blasts fired in sets of thirty. One charge near the summit contained 178 shots, totaling more than a half a ton of powder. Estes Park Trail, September 18, 1931.
52. Superintendent's Monthly Report, November 1931, "Monthly Reports, 1930-1931," p. 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
54. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1936, "Annual Reports, 1931 1953," p. 13. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
56. Newsom, "Trail Ridge Road," p. 77
57. "National Parks (United States)," Collier's Encyclopedia, 8th edition, XVII, p. 182.
58. Author's interview with Edmund Rogers, July 13, 1964.
59. Estes Park Trail, September 18, 1931.
CHAPTER VII
1. Author's interview with Edmund Rogers, July 13, 1964.
2. Superintendent's Monthly Report, January 1933, "Monthly Reports, 1933," 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
3. Author's interview with Mary Lyons Cairns, June 30, 1964.
4. James Frederick Wickens, "Colorado in the Great Depression: a Study of New Deal Policies at the State Level," (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of History, University of Denver, 1964), p. 116.
8. Battell Loomis, "With the Green Guard," Liberty, April 29, 1934, pp. 52-53.
9. L. R. Douglass, "The Civilian Conservation Corps in Rocky Mountain National Park," undated publicity release. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
10. Author's interview with Merlin K. Potts, July 8, 1964.
11. Loomis, "With the Green Guard," pp. 52-53.
13. Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1933, "Monthly Reports, 1933," 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
15. Estes Park Trail, December 22, 1933.
16. Superintendent's Monthly Report, December 1933, "Monthly Reports, 1933," 1.
19. Loomis, "With the Green Guard," pp. 52-53.
21. Battell Loomis, "The C.C.C. Digs In," Liberty, May 5, 1934, pp. 46-47.
22. Superintendent's Monthly Report, May 1934, "Monthly Reports, 1934," 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
25. Author's interview with David Canfield, July 28, 1964.
26. Author's interview with Merlin K. Potts, July 8, 1964.
27. Estes Park Trail, October 4, 1935.
29. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1935, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 12. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
30. Estes Park Trail, April 22, 1938.
32. The training program's lecture series for May 1937 proves instructive:
May 3: "Park Administration and Policies "
May 5: "The Conservation Worker"
May 10: "Animal Life of Rocky Mountain National Park"
May 12: "Wildlife Problems in the Park"
May 19: "Forests and Forest Conservation"
May 21: "Wildflowers of the Park"
May 22: "Field Trip to the museums in the Park"
May 24: "Geologic Story of Rocky Mountain National Park"
Superintendent's Monthly Report, May 1937, "Monthly Reports, 1937-1937," p. 5. Rocky Mountain National Park Park Library.
33. Ibid., April 1938, pp. 1 and 9.
34. Ibid., August 1938, p. 11.
35. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1939, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 8. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
36. Estes Park Trail, March 22, 1940.
38. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1940, "Annual Reports 1931-1953," p. 19. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
39. Grand Lake Pioneer, July 27, 1941.
41. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1940, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 20. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
42. Estes Park Trail, January 24, 1941.
43. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1941, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," 14. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
45. Estes Park Trail, July 3, 1942.
48. Loomis, "The C.C.C. Digs In," pp. 46-47.
49. Estes Park Trail, July 31, 1942.
50. Author's interview with Edmund Rogers, July 13, 1964.
51. "The ECW and Conservation," Nature Notes from Rocky Mountain National Park, January 1934, p. 127.
CHAPTER VIII
1. "Water through the Rockies; Giant Colorado Tunnel to feed Arid Farms on Eastern Slope," Newsweek, December 15, 1941, p. 76.
2. "Piercing the Backbone of a Continent," Industrial News, March 1945, p. 1.
3. Fred N. Norcross, "Genesis of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project," Colorado Magazine, January 1953, p. 29.
6. Rocky Mountain News, September 16, 1933.
7. The Denver Post, October 1, 1933.
8. Rocky Mountain News, September 27, 1933.
9. Superintendent's Monthly Report, October 1933, "Monthly Reports, 1933," pp. 11-12. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
10. Norcross, "Big Thompson Project," p. 32.
11. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1936, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 8. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
12. Estes Park Trail, February 21, 1936.
14. Among the groups protesting the diversion project were: the National Association of Audubon Societies, the Izaak Walton League of America, the General Federation of Women's Clubs, the American Planning and Civic Association, the American Forestry Association, the Garden Club of America, the American Wildlife Institute, the National Parks Association, the Society of American Foresters, the American Association of Museums, the National Conference on State Parks, the Massachusetts Forest and Park Association, and the Wilderness Society. Science, April 24, 1936, p. 385.
16. The Denver Post, April 17, 1936.
18. Denver News, April 16, 1936.
19. The Denver Post, April 17, 1936.
20. Denver News, April 18, 1936.
21. Arguments for and against the diversion project can be found in: U. S., Congressional Record, 74th Congress, 2d Session, 1936, LXXX, Part 7, pp. 7611-7632.
22. Estes Park Trail, July 10, 1936.
23. The Denver Post, October 4, 1936.
25. Rocky Mountain News, October 12, 1936.
26. The Denver Post, November 8, 1936.
27. Superintendent's Monthly Report, November, 1936, "Monthly Reports, 1936-1937," p. 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
28. The Denver Post, June 17, 1937.
32. Estes Park Trail, September 17, 1937.
33. Letter of Glen Preston to The Loveland Reporter-Herald and printed in the Estes Park Trail, October 22, 1937.
35. Superintendent's Monthly Report, December 1937, "Monthly Reports, 1936-1937," pp. 11-12.
37. "Backbone of a Continent," p. 4. The Colorado-Big Thompson project was dedicated finally on August 11, 1956. Secretary of Interior Fred Seaton presided at the ceremonies.
CHAPTER IX
1. In the title of this chapter, the word "wildlife" embraces deer, elk, bighorn sheep, and some predators. The stocking and planting of fish will be taken up in a later chapter. Birds were not included in any management program and will not be covered.
2. An Act to Establish a National Park Service, in U. S., Statutes at Large, XXXIX, p. 535.
3. Author's interview with Neal G. Guse, Jr., August 12, 1964.
4. Milton Estes, "Memoirs of Estes Park," Colorado Magazine, July 1939, p. 124.
5. Guse, "Elk of Rocky Mountain National Park," p. 7.
6. Neal G. Guse, Jr., "Effective Management Requirements for Eastern Rocky Mountain Deer and Elk Herds," unpublished wildlife report, unnumbered pages, 1962. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
7. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1918, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," pp. 18-21. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
9. Superintendent's Monthly Report, April 1918, "Monthly Reports, 1915-1918," p. 5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
10. Guse, "Elk of Rocky Mountain National Park," p. 8.
11. Estes Park Trail, January 6, 1922.
13. Guse, "Elk of Rocky Mountain National Park," p. 3.
16. Guse in his study "Elk of Rocky Mountain National Park," p. 13. recorded the following statistics on the number of predators killed:
| Year | Mtn. Lion | Bobcat | Coyote | Badger | Fox | |
| 1917 | -- | -- | 4 | -- | 6 | |
| 1918 | -- | 3 | 2 | -- | 9 | |
| 1919 | -- | 7 | 15 | -- | -- | |
| 1920 | 5 | 6 | 20 | -- | 3 | |
| 1921 | 2 | 6 | 3 | -- | -- | |
| 1922 | 6 | 20 | 8 | 2 | 3 | |
| 1923 | -- | 18 | 10 | 2 | 4 | |
| 1924 | 4 | 14 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| Total | 17 | 74 | 65 | 6 | 26 | |
17. Superintendent's Monthly Report, September 1930, "Monthly Reports, 1930-1931," p. 5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
18. Ibid., November 1930, p. 4.
19. Ibid., September 1931, p. 10.
20. Ibid., October 1931, p. 9.
21. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1931, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 21. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
22. Superintendent's Monthly Report, December 1932," Monthly Reports, 1932," p. 4. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
23. Ibid., January 1933, p. 5.
24. Guse, "Elk of Rocky Mountain National Park," p. 3.
26. Dorr Yeager, "A Page of Comment: What About the Coyotes?" Nature Notes from Rocky Mountain National Park, January 1934, p. 133-134.
27. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1935, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 8. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
28. Guse, "Elk of Rocky Mountain National Park," p. 8.
29. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1918, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 18. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
30. Guse, "Elk of Rocky Mountain National Park," pp. 9-10.
31. Superintendent's Monthly Report, December 1937, "Monthly Reports, 1936.1937," p. 5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
32. Neal G. Guse, Jr., "Administrative History of an Elk Herd" (unpublished Master's thesis, Colorado State University, May 1966), p. 34.
34. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1942, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library and Estes Park Trail, October 31, 1941; December 12, 1941.
35. Estes Park Trail, April 25, 1941.
36. Guse, "Administrative History of an Elk Herd," p. 35
38. David D. Condon, "Wildlife Management in Rocky Mountain National Park," Estes Park Trail, May 5, 1944.
39. Guse, "Administrative History of an Elk Herd," p. 37. One of the critics of the reduction program was R. T. "Dixie" MacCracken, the first ranger in Rocky Mountain National Park. MacCracken and Jack Moomaw, another old ranger, examined some elk carcasses and found them to have good hearts, lungs, and livers. According to MacCracken, "Some guys in Omaha didn't know what they were talking about." Author's interview with R. T. "Dixie" MacCracken, July 1, 1964.
40. Guse, "Administrative History of an Elk Herd," pp. 38-39.
44. Estes Park Trail, February 4, 1949.
45. Author's interview with David Canfield, July 28, 1964.
46. Guse, "Administrative History of an Elk Herd," p. 44.
47. Estes Park Trail, November 17, 1950.
49. Guse, "Elk of Rocky Mountain National Park," pp. 5-6. The following statistics are given on the removal of excess animal numbers:
| Year | Reduction Program-Park | Public Harvest | ||
| Elk | Deer | Elk | Deer | |
| 1941 | 0 | 0 | 97 | 110 |
| 1942 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 |
| 1943 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 1944 | 301 | 113 | ||
| 1945 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 1946 | 0 | 0 | 24 | |
| 1947 | 0 | 0 | 88 | 328 |
| 1948 | 0 | 0 | 160 | 495 |
| 1949 | 340 | 100 | 137 | 1406 |
| 1950 | 85 | 105 | 337 | 899 |
| 1951 | 89 | 107 | 133 | 430 |
| 1952 | 63 | 82 | 24 | 667 |
| 1953 | 60 | 35 | 42 | 848 |
| 1954 | 53 | 24 | 69 | 457 |
| 1955 | 40 | 18 | 64 | 717 |
| 1956 | 30 | 0 | 147 | 471 |
| 1957 | 16 | 0 | 141 | 978 |
| 1958 | 41 | 17 | 149 | 633 |
| 1959 | 30 | 0 | 149 | 1870 |
| 1960 | 143 | 0 | 180 | 584 |
| 1961 | 62 | 0 | 138 | 1408 |
50. Estes Park Trail, January 12, 1962.
54. Superintendent's Monthly Report, January 1963, "Monthly Reports, 1963," p. 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
55. Estes Park Trail, February 28, 1964.
56. Superintendent's Monthly Report, March 1964, "Monthly Reports, 1964," p. 6. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
CHAPTER X
1. Merlin K. Potts, untitled speech for the Interpretive Division Training Program, Hidden Valley Lodge, June 23, 1964.
2. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1917, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," pp. 8-9. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
7. Horace M. Albright, "National Parks Questions: Conference at Yosemite Valley has many Gratifying Results," Parks and Recreation, November-December 1922, p. 87.
8. Dorr G. Yeager, "A Page of Comment," Nature Notes, July 1934, pp. 205-206.
9. Superintendent's Monthly Report, August 1923, "Monthly Reports, 1919-1923," p. 8. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
10. Estes Park Trail, May 18, 1923.
11. Rocky Mountain News, August 17, 1923.
12. Superintendent's Monthly Report, August 1924, "Monthly Reports, 1924-1926," p. 10. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
13. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1924, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 6. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
14. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1925, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 10. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
15. Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1925, "Monthly Reports, 1924-1926," p. 10. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
16. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1926, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 13. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
17. Yeager, "Page of Comment," pp. 205-206.
18. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1929, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 11, Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
20. Estes Park Trail, April 7, 1930.
22. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1932, "Annual Reports, 1931 1953," p. 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
23. Estes Park Trail, November 25, 1932.
26. Dorr G. Yeager, "A New Museum," Nature Notes, April 1935, 22. Park Naturalist Dorr Yeager's outstanding success in developing the interpretive exhibits of this new museum led to his transfer to the Park Service's Western Museum Laboratory in Berkeley, California, in December of 1935.
27. H. Raymond Gregg, "Interpretive Development Outline for Rocky Mountain National Park," undated typewritten manuscript, p. 30. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
28. Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1938, "Monthly Reports, 1938-1939," p. 7. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
29. Gregg, "Interpretive Development Outline," pp. 30-31.
30. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1940, "Annual Reports, 1931 1953," p. 15. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
31. In 1939 the Park was given administrative supervision over four national monuments, namely, Dinosaur, Fort Laramie, Scotts Bluff, and Devils Tower. By 1943, the Mount of the Holy Cross was added. Rocky Mountain National Park stopped administering Dinosaur, Fort Laramie, Scotts Bluff and Devils Tower national monuments in February 1955, Holy Cross was abolished as a national monument by 1951.
32. Gregg, "Interpretive Development Outline," p. 16.
33. Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1946, "Monthly Reports, 1946-1948," p. 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
35. Memorandum for the Superintendent from J. Barton Herschler, May 28, 1947. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
36. Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1948, "Monthly Reports, 1946-1948," p. 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
38. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1949, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 10. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
39. Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1953, "Monthly Reports, 1953-1954," p. 5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
40. Naturalist's Annual Report, 1954, p. 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library. Beginning with 1952 travel was computed on a calendar year basis. Prior to that year, travel was totaled from October 1 to September 30.
41. Superintendent's Monthly Report, August 1954, "Monthly Reports, 1953-1954," p. 6, Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
42. Estes Park Trail, March 1965.
43. Naturalist's Annual Report, 1955, p. 2. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
44. Ibid. For an in-depth study of the effectiveness of the naturalist program see Ferrel Atkins, "A Statistical Study of Ranger Naturalist Activities in the months of July and August of 1953 and 1954 in Rocky Mountain National Park," typewritten manuscript, Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
45. Naturalist's Annual Report, 1956, p. 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
46. Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1946, "Monthly Reports, 1946-1948," p. 6. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
47. Author's interview with Dr. Ferrel Atkins, July 15, 1967.
49. Naturalist's Annual Report, 1956, p. 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
50. Author's interview with Dr. Ferrel Atkins, July 15, 1967.
51. Naturalist's Annual Report, 1957, p. 2. Rocky Mountain National Park Library,
54. Memorandum to the Director from Acting Superintendent John A. Rutter, undated. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
55. Naturalist's Annual Report, 1958, pp. 2-3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
60. Additional ecological studies were made in the Park during the late 1950's and early 1960's. Dr. Robert F, Griggs of the University of Pittsburg studied the tundra on Fall River Pass while Doctors Richard Ward and Frank Salisbury of Colorado State University conducted a study of alpine vegetation in the north end of the Park.
61. Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1963, "Monthly Reports, 1963," p. 6, Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
62. Estes Park Trail, March 1965.
CHAPTER XI
1. Lee T. Byerly, "Skiing has changed since the '20's," Estes Park Trail, "Vacation Edition," March 1965.
2. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1917, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 8. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
3. Superintendent's Monthly Report, December 1920, "Monthly Reports, 1919-1923," p. 5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
4. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1924, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
5. Superintendent's Monthly Report, February 1926, "Monthly Reports, 1924-1926," p. 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
7. Estes Park Trail, June 26, 1931.
9. The Denver Post, September 11, 1932.
10. Estes Park Trail, December 23, 1933.
11. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1933, "Annual Reports, 1931 1953," pp. 16-17. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
12. Estes Park Trail, May 19, 1933.
13. Included in the group were Assistant Superintendent John Preston, Park Landscape Architect Howard Baker and Estes Park Mayor Frank Bond. Ibid., September 22, 1933.
14. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1933, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 17. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
15. Estes Park Trail, November 24, 1933.
16. Superintendent's Monthly Report, March 1934, "Monthly Reports, 1934," pp. 8-9. Rocky Mountain National Park Library; Estes Park Trail, March 30, 1934.
17. Estes Park Trail, March 20, 1936.
18. Superintendent's Monthly Report, December 1936, "Monthly Reports, 1936-1937," p. 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
19. Estes Park Trail, March 20, 1936.
25. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1938, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 12. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
26. Estes Park Trail, October 7, 1938.
27. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1939, "Annual Reports, 1931 1953," p. 12. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
28. Author's interview with David A. Canfield, July 28, 1964.
29. Estes Park Trail, March 8, 1940.
34. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1949, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," 4. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
36. Estes Park Trail, December 15, 1950.
37. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1951, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
38. Estes Park Trail, April 25, 1952.
43. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1953, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
44. Estes Park Trail, March 6, 1953.
51. Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1954, "Monthly Reports, 1953-1954," 6. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
52. Estes Park Trail, October 8, 1954.
53. David Canfield, at the Park since 1937, left to become Chief of Operations at Region 3 of the National Park Service. Canfield had thought that he had turned down the job as Chief of Operations at Region 3 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He had written back a "clever wire" to Conrad Wirth saying that "I don't want to pull a Goodwin on you, but with permission of you and God, I'd rather stay at Rocky Mountain." By "Goodwin," he was referring to an old superintendent who had hidden the fact that he was ten years over the mandatory retirement age. Canfield meant that he intended to retire in five years when he would be 55 and therefore he might as well stay at the Park.
The Washington office, however, thought of a different "Goodwin" who had balked at orders from his superiors until they cracked down on him. Wirth interpreted Canfield's "clever wire" to mean: "I'd rather stay here but if you insist. . . ." Therefore, Wirth wired back: We'll see you in Santa Fe on Labor Day." signed God
Author's interview with David Canfield, July 28, 1964.
54. Superintendent's Monthly Report, January 1955, "Monthly Reports, 1955-1956," 2. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
56. Estes Park Trail, July 8, 1955.
59. Superintendent's Monthly Report, February 1956, "Monthly Reports, 1955-1956," 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
63. Estes Park Trail, "Vacation Edition," March 1965.
CHAPTER XII
1. Supervisor's Annual Report, 1915, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 25. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
2. Roger Contor, Management Assistant, unpublished speech before the Interpretive Division Training Program, June 23, 1964.
3. The Supervisor's Annual Report, 1915, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 12, listed the following six "resorts."
Summer Hotel and Resort at Fern Lake, Higby Bros., permittees.
Summer Hotel and Camp, at "The Pool," Higby Bros., permittees.
Summer Hotel building and Fish Preserve, at Bartholdt Park. A. E. Sprague, permittee.
Summer camping grounds at Lawn Lake. Willard H. Ashton, permittee.
Shelter cabin at timber-line, Longs Peak. Enos Mills, permittee.
Summer camping grounds at Bear Lake. E. A. Brown, permittee.
4. Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 215.
5. Letter from Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, to Scott Ferris, Chairman of House Public Lands Committee, February 16, 1918, in Rogers, "History of Legislation." Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
6. Superintendent's Monthly Report, February 1920, "Monthly Reports, 1919-1923," pp. 5-6. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
8. Letter from Hubert Work, Secretary of the Interior to N. J. Sinnott, Chairman of House Committee on the Public Lands, March 19, 1924, in Rogers, "History of Legislation." Rocky Mountain National Park Library. The land exchange is also mentioned in Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 215.
9. Roger W. Toll, "Changes in Boundary of Rocky Mountain National Park," Estes Park Trail, November 27, 1925, pp. 8-9.
13. Superintendent's Monthly Report, December 1925, "Monthly Reports, 1924-1926," pp. 6-7. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
14. The (Boulder) Daily Camera, November 25, 1925.
17. The Boulder News-Herald, November 25, 1925.
18. The (Boulder) Daily Camera, November 30, 1925.
19. The Boulder News-Herald, December 2, 1925.
20. The (Boulder) Daily Camera, December 5, 1925.
22. Superintendent's Monthly Report, December 1925, "Monthly Reports, 1924-1926," p. 6. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
23. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1926, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
24. Letter from Hubert Work, Secretary of the Interior, to N. J. Sinnott, Chairman, House Committee on the Public Lands, March 5, 1926, in Rogers, "History of Legislation." Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
25. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1927, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 10. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
26. The Denver Post, December 1, 1929.
27. Letter from Horace M. Albright, Director of National Parks to Secretary of the Interior, Ray Wilbur, May 12, 1930, in Rogers "History of Legislation," Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
29. Estes Park Trail, May 9, 1930.
30. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1930, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 13. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
31. Rocky Mountain News, July 20, 1930.
32. Estes Park Trail, July 4, 1930.
33. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1931, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 13. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
34. The Denver Post, November 8, 1931.
36. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1932, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 16. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
38. Estes Park Trail, March 18, 1932.
39. Ibid., September 16, 1932.
43. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1936, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 15. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
44. The new proposal recommended the inclusion of the Continental Divide only to a point just north of Navajo Peak, about seven miles "as the crow flies" south of the National Park boundary. East of the Divide it included the headwaters of the Middle and South St. Vrain rivers, but did not go as far as Brainard Lake. On the west side, Hell Canyon, East Fork, and Cascade Creek were to be included, as well as the Baker and Bowen Gulch areas of the Never Summer Range. Estes Park Trail, January 28, 1938.
45. Superintendent's Monthly Report, January 1938, "Monthly Reports, 1938-1939," p. 2. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
46. Ibid., February 1938, pp. 7-8.
47. Author's interview with David Canfield, July 28, 1964.
48. Canfield reported that, "the history of this park and the opposition that has been engendered along the line give existence to a situation when at present almost anything the Service suggests has 'two stories' on it immediately. I have never seen a park where the citizens of the state wherein it is located have so little enthusiasm and endorsement for it." Superintendent's Monthly Report, February 1938, "Monthly Reports, 1938-1939," p. 8. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
49. Author's interview with David Canfield, July 28, 1964.
50. Canfield assumed the responsibility of representing the Park in the American Legion, the "bowling crowd," and the "drinking crowd." He had his chief ranger join the "church crowd." He wanted someone in these groups to control controversy and explain the Park's position. Ibid.
54. Superintendent's Monthly Report, May 1939, "Monthly Reports, 1938-1939," p. 1. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
55. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1940, "Annual Reports, 1931 1953," pp. 3-5. Rocky Mountain National Park Library. On the investigative team were Senators Carl Hatch, Democrat of New Mexico; Gerald P. Nye, Republican of North Dakota; Alva Adams, Democrat of Colorado; Charles O. Andrews, Democrat of Florida; and Chan Gurney, Republican of South Dakota.
57. Estes Park Trail, September 8, 1939.
59. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1940, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 4. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
60. Canfield reported to Washington officials, "the time involved in consummating land purchases is now well-known and apprehended by most of the local property owners, and undoubtedly in the future an additional consideration will be demanded because of these delays. People cannot understand why so much time is required and any explanation seems unsatisfactory to them." Superintendent's Monthly Report, January 1940, "Monthly Reports, 1940-1941," p. 2. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
61. While surveying the hearings, the Estes Park Trail of August 22, 1941, informed its readers: "Never was the fact better illustrated that the good of the community supercedes the interests of the few.
"The interests of the residents of Estes Park and the interests of Rocky Mountain National Park are practically the same. Due to the topography of the region, without the Village Park visitors could not be accommodated properly, and it goes without saying that without the National Park, the Village . . . would be distinctly limited in its appeal to the traveling public of the United States."
63. Memorandum for the Director from David Canfield, July 22, 1947. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
65. Author's interview with Roger Contor, Management Assistant, Rocky Mountain National Park, August 13, 1964.
66. Author's interview with David Canfield, July 28, 1964.
68. Superintendent's Monthly Report, April 1953, "Monthly Reports, 1953-1954," p. 4. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
69. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1949, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 14. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
71. Estes Park Trail, July 6, 1956.
73. Ibid., August 31, 1956. The proposed route for the new road was selected by the United States Bureau of Public Roads after a series of surveys which began in 1949. The road was to be built under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Roads in cooperation with the Colorado Highway Department.
74. Letter from Oscar L. Chapman, Under Secretary of Interior to Andrew L. Somers, Chairman, House Committee on Public Lands, March 21, 1949, in Rogers, "History of Legislation." Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
75. Estes Park Trail, August 31, 1956. Annual visitation to the Park increased from 367,568 individuals in 1935 to 1,454,019 in 1955, a fact which pointed up the need for a new approach road.
77. Ibid., "Vacation Edition," March 1965.
79. Ibid. Abner Sprague and John S. Stopher, the father of Edgar Stopher, had started the first modest Sprague's Lodge operation in that year. Since then more than 150,000 guests had stopped at Sprague's. One of the lodge's most famous guests was Harlan Stone, who, while vacationing there in 1941, was sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Park Commissioner Hackett conducted the ceremonies and Abner Sprague was a witness. Edgar and Dorothy Stopher had taken over the operation of the lodge in 1932 from Abner Sprague. Their 20-year contract with the government expired in 1952. Additional one-year contracts were granted until 1954, when the Stophers were awarded a final five-year contract.
87. Ibid., September 25, 1959.
92. Superintendent's Monthly Report, December 1960, "Monthly Reports, 1960," p. 3. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
93. Estes Park Trail, October 6, 1961.
94. Superintendent Hanks remembered that "everyone worked hard for a long while." Even then, "there was still a time or two when the doggone thing almost fell through." Author's interview with Allyn Hanks, August 13, 1964.
95. Estes Park Trail, August 10, 1962.
97. Officials had not wanted to build another campground in Moraine Park or anywhere else. They were, however, faced with a growing problem of too many campers. A survey was therefore ordered to select a suitable and unobtrusive spot for campground development, and Moraine Park, blessed with adequate water, was chosen. Originally the campground was planned for the old Brinwood property but by moving its location off of the main meadow nearer Stead's Ranch, the Service made the campground less conspicuous. Certainly, the Park administration hoped that the development of the Moraine Park campground "would be it." Author's interview with Allyn Hanks, August 13, 1964.
98. Estes Park Trail, February 8, 1963.
99. Superintendent's Monthly Report, March 1963, "Monthly Reports, 1963," p. 2. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
100. Author's interview with Roger Contor, Management Assistant, Rocky Mountain National Park, August 13, 1964.
101. Estes Park Trail, "Vacation Edition," March 1965.
103. Author's interview with Roger Contor, Management Assistant, Rocky Mountain National Park, August 13, 1964.
CHAPTER XIII
1. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1933, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 7. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
2. The Denver Post, June 28, 1931.
3. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1915, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 16. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
4. Superintendent's Monthly Report, January 1918, "Monthly Reports, 1915-1918," p. 4. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
5. Ibid., November 1918, p. 3.
7. Jack C. Moomaw, Recollections of a Rocky Mountain Ranger (Longmont, Colorado), p. 1.
9. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1925, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 17. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
11. Superintendent's Monthly Report, May 1925, "Monthly Reports, 1924-1926," p. 7. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
12. Ibid., August 1925, pp. 7-8.
13. Ibid., August 1922, pp. 9-10.
14. Rocky Mountain News, May 27, 1928.
16. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1939, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p. 19. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
18. Moomaw, Recollections of a Rocky Mountain Ranger, p. 92.
19. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1939, "Annual Reports, 1931-1953," p.. 19. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
20. Moomaw, Recollections of a Rocky Mountain Ranger, p. 93.
21. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1915, "Annual Reports, 1915-1930," p. 19. Rocky Mountain National Park Library.
22. Estes Park Trail, December 30, 1921.
23. Robert K. Weldon, "Even with better tools, Forest Protection and Tree Health is a never-ending campaign in RMNP," Estes Park Trail "Vacation Edition," March 1965.
24. John S. McLaughlin, "Rocky Mountain — A Look Back, Look Ahead," ibid.
CONCLUSION
1. Editors of Country Beautiful Magazine, America The Beautiful: In the Words of John F. Kennedy (New York, 1964), p. 24.
2. Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 360.
3. Freeman Tilden, The National Parks: What They Mean To You And Me (New York, 1951), p. 13.
4. Enos A. Mills, Your National Parks (Boston, 1927), p. 379.
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