ARKANSAS POST The Arkansas Post Story

CHAPTER 1

1 Ray Allen Billington, Westward Expansion, a History of the American Frontier third edition (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1967), pp. 107-09.

2 John R. Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1953), pp. 213-15. Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook of American Indians (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910) pp. 333-36. W. David Beard, The Quapaw Indians, a History of the Downstream People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).

3 Billington, pp. 107-09.

4 Dumas Malone, Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948) pp. 10-12. Clarence L. Barnhart and William O. Halsey, The New Encyclopedia of Names (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1954) p. 2386.

5 Malone, pp. 587-88.

6 Wayne C. Temple, Indian Villages of the Illinois Country (Springfield: Illinois State Museum, 1977) pp. 24-25.

7 Henry de Tonty, "Memoir Sent in 1693, on the Discovery of the Mississippi and the Neighboring Nations by M. De La Salle from the Year 1678 to the Time of His Death, and by the Sieur De Tonty to the Year 1691," pp. 64, 82-84, In Thomas Falconer, On the Discovery of the Mississippi, and on the South-Western, Oregon, and North-Western Boundary of the United States (Austin, Tx.: Shoal Creek Publishers, 1975).

8 Ibid., p. 90.

9 Ibid., p. 91.

10 Ibid., p. 92.

11 Ibid., p. 78.

12 Stanley Faye, "Arkansas Post of Louisiana: French Domination," Louisiana Historical Quarterly, 26 (July 1943), p. 635.

13 Norman W. Caldwell, "Tonty and the Beginning of Arkansas Post," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 8 (Autumn 1949), pp. 190, 196. Ray H. Mattison, "Report on the Historical Investigations of Arkansas Post, Arkansas" (Typed manuscript on file at Arkansas Post National Memorial, 1957) p. 74.

14 Anna Lewis, "French Interests and Activities in Oklahoma, "Chronicles of Oklahoma, 2 (September 1924), p. 255.

15 Faye, p. 637.

16 Lewis, p. 256.

17 De Tonty, pp. 96-98.

18 Faye, p. 680.

19 Caldwell, pp. 195-201.

20 Mattison, p. 10.

CHAPTER 2

1 Herbert Eugene Bolton and Thomas Maitland Marshall, The Colonization of North America (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1920) p. 276.

2 Barnhart and Halsey, p. 2400.

3 Bolton and Marshall, p. 281.

4 Baird, p. 29. Ralph A. Smith, "Exploration of the Arkansas River by Benard De La Harpe, 1721-1722" Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 10 (Winter 1951), p. 342.

5 Elizabeth A. H. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975) p. 210.

6 Smith, p. 342. Mattison, p. 17.

7 Morris S. Arnold, Unequal Laws Unto a Savage Race: European Legal Traditions in Arkansas, 1686-1836 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1985) p. 10.

8 Smith, p. 349.

9 Ibid., p. 342.

10 Mattison, pp. 17-18.

11 Arnold, p. 116. Faye, p. 671. Mattison, p. 20.

12 Hodge, pp. 35-36.

CHAPTER 3

1 M. Carmen Gonzalez Lopez-Briones, Spain in the Mississippi Valley: Spanish Arkansas, 1762-1804 (Dissertation, Purdue University, 1983) p. 168.

2 Smith, p. 363. Stanley Faye, "The Arkansas Post of Louisiana: Spanish Domination," Louisiana Historical Quarterly, 27 (July 1944), p. 635.

3 Lopez-Briones, p. 170.

4 Mattison, p. 39.

5 Faye, "Spanish Domination," p. 636.

6 Anna Lewis, "Oklahoma as a Part of the Spanish Dominion, 1763-1803," Chronicles of Oklahoma, 3 (April 1925) p. 46.

7 Ibid.

CHAPTER 4

1 Faye, "French Domination," pp. 683, 687-707.

2 Bolton and Marshall, p. 285. John, p. 247.

CHAPTER 5

1 Mattison, p. 22.

2 Lopez-Briones, pp. 146-47.

3 Faye, "Spanish Domination," p. 634. Baird, p. 36. Ray H. Mattison, "Arkansas Post-its Human Aspects," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 16 (Summer 1957), p. 132.

4 Mattison, "Historical Investigations," p. 21.

CHAPTER 6

1 Smith, p. 363. Hodge, pp. 260-62. Lopez-Briones, p. 121.

2 Faye, "French Domination," p. 677.

CHAPTER 7

1 Ibid., p. 679.

2 Ibid., pp. 679, 682-84.

CHAPTER 8

1 Baird, p. 30.

2 Faye, "French Domination," pp. 709-12. Arnold, p. 23.

3 Morris S. Arnold, "The Relocation of Arkansas Post to Ecores Rouges in 1779," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 42 (Winter 1983), pp. 320-21.

4 Gilbert C. Din, "Spanish Fort on the Arkansas, 1763-1803," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 42 (Autumn 1983), p. 272.

5 Arnold, "Relocation of Arkansas Post," p. 322.

6 Faye, "French Domination," p. 715.

7 Mattison, "Historical Investigations," p. 33.

8 Faye, "French Domination," pp. 716-19.

9 Mattison, "Historical Investigations," p. 27.

10 Bolton and Marshall, p. 285.

CHAPTER 9

1 Lopez-Briones, p. 28. Lewis, "French Interests," p. 265.

2 Anna Lewis, "Oklahoma as a Part of the Spanish Dominion, 1763-1803," Chronicles of Oklahoma, 3 (April 1925), p. 46.

3 Ibid.

4 Faye, "Spanish Domination," pp. 636-39.

5 Hodge, p. 156.

6 Lopez-Briones, p. 28.

7 Din, pp. 274-75. Arnold, Unequal Laws, pp. 72-73.

8 Arnold, Unequal Laws, p. 74.

9 Anna Lewis, "Some Spanish Letters Written from Arkansas Post," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 2 (March 1943), pp. 51-57.

10 Ibid.

11 Ibid., p. 51.

12 Arnold, Unequal Laws, p. 68. Faye, "Spanish Domination," pp. 639-42.

13 Lopez-Briones, pp. 66-68.

14 Ibid.

CHAPTER 10

1 Faye, "Spanish Domination," p. 629. Gilbert C. Din, "Arkansas Post in the American Revolution," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 39 (Spring 1981), pp. 3-30.

2 Arnold, "Relocation of Arkansas Post," p. 317.

3 Lopez-Briones, pp. 69, 176. Stanley Faye, "Indian Guests at the Spanish Arkansas Post," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 4 (Summer 1945), p. 95.

4 Arnold, "Relocation of Arkansas Post," pp. 320-21.

5 Corbitt, p. 293.

6 Corbitt, p. 293. Lopez-Briones, pp. 208-09. Din, "American Revolution," p. 11.

7 William A. Westbury, Archeological Assessment, Arkansas Post National Memorial (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Archaeology Research Program, 1976) p. 29.

8 Lopez-Briones, p. 61. Din, "American Revolution," p. 13.

9 Westbury, pp. 28-9.

10 Corbitt, pp. 297-99. Din, "American Revolution," pp. 14-16.

CHAPTER 11

1 Anna Lewis, "An Attack Upon the Arkansas Post, 1783," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 2 (September 1943), pp. 261-67.

2 Baird, p. 42.

3 Faye, "Spanish Domination," p. 684.

4 Ibid. Corbitt, p. 300.

5 Lewis, "An Attack," pp. 263-65.

6 Ibid.

7 Corbitt, p. 302. Din, "American Revolution," p. 302.

8 Lewis, "Spanish Letters," p. 56.

9 Lopez-Briones, p. 262.

CHAPTER 12

1 Faye, "Spanish Hospitality," pp. 93-94.

2 Faye, "Spanish Domination," p. 689.

3 Din, "American Revolution," p. 5.

4 Faye, "Spanish Hospitality," pp. 93-106.

5 Din, "Spanish Fort," p. 283.

6 Mattison, "Historical Investigations," p. 126. Din, "Spanish Fort," pp. 280-84.

6 Lopez-Briones, p. 249. Arnold, Unequal Laws, pp. 76-77.

7 Din, "Spanish Fort," p. 280.

8 Josiah H. Shinn, Pioneers and Makers of Arkansas (Little Rock: Democrat Printing and Lithography Co., 1908) p. 79.

9 Lopez-Briones, pp. 259-66.

10 Ibid. Shinn, p. 27.

11 Mattison, "Historical Investigations," p. 126. Din, "Spanish Fort," pp. 291-92. Baird, pp. 51-53.

12 Edwin C. Bearss and Lenard E. Brown, Arkansas Post National Memorial: Structural History, Post of Arkansas, 1804-1862, and Civil War Troop Movement Maps, January 1863 (Washington D.C., Department of The Interior, National Park Service 1971) p. 18.

CHAPTER 13

1 Bearss and Brown, pp. 23-24.

2 Aloysius Plaisance, "The Arkansas Factory, 1805-1810," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 11 (Autumn 1952), p. 190.

3 Ibid., pp. 186-87.

4 Ibid., pp. 187, 198. Baird, p. 52.

CHAPTER 14

1 Grant Foreman, Indians and Pioneers, the Story of the American Southwest Before 1830 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975) p. 137.

2 Arnold, Unequal Laws, p. 187.

3 Bearss and Brown, p. 19.

4 Lonnie J. White, "James Miller: Arkansas' First Territorial Governor," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 19 (Spring 1960), p. 14.

5 Ibid., pp. 12-13. Shinn, pp. 34-39.

6 Faye Hempstead, History of Arkansas (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co. 1908) p. 86.

7 White, pp. 14-15.

8 Bearss and Brown, pp. 8, 11.

9 Shinn, p. 13.

10 Ibid.

11 Ernestine Gravely, "William Edward Woodruff, Pioneer Arkansas Journalist," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 14 (Summer 1955), pp. 128-33.

12 Bearss and Brown, pp. 111, 113.

13 Arnold, Unequal Laws, pp. 192, 207-8.

CHAPTER 15

1 Shinn, p. 63. Diana Sherwood, "The Code Duello in Arkansas," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 6 (Summer 1947), pp. 186-97.

CHAPTER 16

1 White, pp. 21-22.

2 Edwin C. Bearss, Montgomery's Tavern and Johnston and Armstrong's Store (Washington D.C.: Department of the Interior, National Park Service 1971) pp. 3, 22-23.

CHAPTER 17

1 Walter Moffatt, "Transportation in Arkansas, 1819-1940," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 15 (Autumn 1956), pp. 194-95.

2 Malcolm J. Rohbough, The Trans Appalachian Frontier, People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press 1978) pp. 283-85.

3 Ibid., p. 281.

4 Bearss and Brown, p. 15.

5 Shinn, p. 67. Bearss, p. 25-36.

6 Bearss, p. 36. Ted R. Worley, "The Arkansas State Bank: Ante-Belium Period," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 23 (Spring 1964), p. 69.

7 John W. Walker, Excavation of the Arkansas Post Branch of the State Bank of Arkansas (Washington D.C.: Department of the Interior, National Park Service 1971) p. 8.

8 Bearss and Brown, p. 17.

CHAPTER 18

1 The Goodspeed Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Eastern Arkansas (Chicago: Goodspeed Publishing Company 1890) p. 636.

2 Edwin C. Bearss, "The Battle of the Post of Arkansas," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 18 (Autumn 1959), pp. 237-45. Robert S. Huffstot, The Battle of Arkansas Post (Historical Times Inc, 1969) pp. 1-9.

CHAPTER 19

1 Malone, pp. 587-8.

2 Huffstot, p. 4.

3 Ibid., p. 5.

4 Bearss, "The Battle of the Post of Arkansas," p. 258.

5 Ibid., p. 273.

6 Ibid., pp. 278-79.

CHAPTER 20

1 Bearss, "Montgomery's Tavern," pp. 48, 50.