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Catoctin Mountain Park
Historic Resource Study |
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ENDNOTES
Chapter One
1Frank Porter, "Behind the Frontier: Indian Survival in Maryland," Maryland Historical Magazine, 75 (March 1980), 42.
2Robert Mitchell, "Revisionism and Regionalism," in Appalachia: A Regional Geography, Mitchell, Raitz and Ulack eds. (Boulder, Co., 1984), 9.
3Frank W. Porter, Maryland Indians: Yesterday and Today (Baltimore, MD, 1983), 2-3.
4Porter, Maryland Indians, 5-11, 30. Scholars continue to debate the total number of native Americans in Maryland at the point of contact with Europeans. Estimates range from roughly 6,500 to 8,500. By 1756, a conservative estimate had only 140 Indians living in Maryland.
5Robert Brugger, Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634-1980 (Baltimore, 1988), 67.
6Dennis C. Curry and Maureen Kavanaugh, "The Middle to Late Woodland Transition in Maryland," North American Archaeologist, 12 (1991), 3-28.
7C.E. Schildknecht, Monocacy and Catoctin, vol. 1 (Shippensburg, PA, 1985), 8.
8Spencer O. Geasey, "Albert's Cave," Maryland Archeology 9 (March-September 1973), 3-9; Geasey, "The Tuscarora-Rock Shelter," Journal of the Archeological Society of Maryland, 7 (March 1971). Geasey also reports finding pottery bits on Catoctin Mountain, .5 miles southwest of Hamburg Fire Tower.
9Maureen Kavanagh, "Archeological Resources of the Monocacy Region," (Annapolis, MD, 1982), 68, 97-100.
10Ibid., 117. In 1980, the survey group excavated one such "periodically revisited temporary camp," named Myers' site, on Owens Creek in the foothills of Catoctin Mountain. Projectile points found on the site suggest habitation in the late Archaic to Middle Woodlands eras.
11Tyler Bastian, "Preliminary Notes on the Biggs Ford Site, Frederick County, Maryland," (1974), Maryland Geological Survey, Division of Archeology, File Report 16.
12Archaeological Society of Maryland, "Field Procedures for the 22nd Annual Field Session in Maryland Archeology: the Rosenstock Village Site," 1992; Donald Peck, "Archaeological Resources Assessment of the Monocacy River Region," January 1979, 178. Other sites which may have featured permanent inhabitants include those on Nolands Ferry and near Devilbiss bridge.
13John Dern and Grace Tracey, Pioneers of the Old Monocacy, 1721-1743 (Baltimore, 1987), 50; Schildknecht, vol.1, 15.
14Barbara Leitch, Concise Dictionary of Indian Tribes of North America (Algonac, MI, 1979), 447-485.
15Ibid, 292-3.
16Porter, Maryland Indians, 12-14.
17Elizabeth Kessel, "Germans on the Maryland Frontier: A Social History of Frederick County, Maryland, 1730-1800," (Ph.D. diss., Rice University, 1981), 16.
18Ibid, 18-19.
19James Merrell, "Cultural Continuity Among the Piscataway Indians of Colonial Maryland," William and Mary Quarterly, (1979) 36, 548-570. Frank W. Porter, "A Century of Accommodation: The Nanticoke Indians in Colonial Maryland," Maryland Historical Magazine, 74 (June 1979), 175-188. The Nanticokes of the Eastern Shore followed a similar route of exile, reaching Pennsylvania by the 1940s.
20Kessel, 17, Frederick Hoxie, Encyclopedia of North American Indians (Boston, 1996), 582-583.
21Hoxie, 650.
22Brugger, 73.
23Frank W. Porter III, "From Backcountry to Country: The Delayed Settlement of Western Maryland," Maryland Historical Magazine 70 (1975), 329.
24Kessel, "Germans on the Maryland Frontier," 22.
25Paul and Rita Gordon, A Textbook History of Frederick County (Frederick, Md, 1975), 9-11.
26Kessell, 110-111.
27Brugger, 68; also see Charles Dutrizac, "Local Identity and Authority in a Disputed Hinterland: The Pennsylvania-Maryland Border in the 1730s" Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 115 (1991), 35-61.
28John Hinton, "A New Maps of the Province of Maryland in North America," from Universal Magazine 66 (1780), in Atlas of Historical Maps of Maryland, 1608-1908, Papenfuse and Coale, eds. (Baltimore, 1982), 44. Hinton's map designates a "Great Wagon Road to Philadelphia." Also see Park Rouse, Jr., The Great Wagon Road, Philadelphia to the South, How the Scotch-Irish and Germanics Settled the Uplands (Richmond, Dietz Press, 1995).
29Kessell, 48-49.
30Porter, 329.
31Brugger, 67-69.
32Kessell, 58.
33Ibid, 330.
34Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America (New York, 1986), 34. The Palatinate, itself, was something of a "melting pot," and, at times, a catchall term. Anyone traveling down the Rhine, including a Bavarian, a Westpahalian, or a Swiss, might have been called a Palatinate at the time.
35Jerome R. Reich, Colonial America (Saddle River, NJ, 1998), 138.
36Elizabeth Kessel, "Germans in the Making of Frederick Country, Maryland," in Appalachian Frontiers: A Regional Geography, Mitchell et als. eds., (Boulder, 1984), 95.
37Bailyn, 36-40, 71.
38Kessel, "Germans on the Maryland Frontier," 75.
39Kessel, "Germans in the Making of Frederick County," 95. Kessel notes an "average ten-year span between the immigrant's's arrival in Philadelphia and appearance in Frederick County records." Most, she concludes, settled for a period in Pennsylvania.
40Tracy and Dern, 33-35.
41Albert L. Oeter, The History of Graceham, Frederick County, Maryland, (Frederick, 1913), 12; Schildknecht, vol., 1, 91, 86; Schildknecht, vol. 3, 81, 127; Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland (1882, reprint, Baltimore, 1967), 612.
42Schildknecht, vol. 1., 168; Tracey and Dern, 212.
43Schildknecht, vol. 1, 63, 97,134, 158; Dern and Tracy, 210-213.
44Ibid, 105.
45Ibid, 48; Scharf, 473. Willhides' son, also named Frederick, served in the colonial army, fighting at Brandywine, Trenton, and Yorktown.
46Schildknecht, vol. 3, 56-57; Scharf, 630. As of 1806, Peter Shover was recorded owner of the land that later became tract 5 purchased as part of the Catoctin RDA.
47Schildknect, vol., 3, 124.
48Dern and Tracey, 196-198; Schildknecht, vol. 3, 64-65. Moser name intermittently appears as Leonard Mozar, Johann Leohardt Moser, and Leonart Moser.
49Paula Stoner, "Early Folk Architecture of Washington, County," Maryland Historical Magazine, 72 (Winter 1977), 513, 522; Charles S. Martin and Thomas Rose, The History of Wolfsville and the Catoctin District (Frederick, 1972), 9.
50Brugger, 71-72; Gordon, 15.
51Kessel, "Germans and the Making of Frederick County," 96.
52John B. Frantz, "The Awakening of Religion Among German Settlers in the Middle Colonies," William and Mary Quarterly (April 1976), 268.
53Elizabeth Anderson, Faith in the Furnace A History of Harriet Chapel (1985), 3.
54Millard Milburn Rice, New Facts and Old Families (Redwood, CA, 1976), 173-174; Frantz, 270-271.
55Frantz, 281-283.
56Scharf, 614.
57Ibid, 614; Paul and Rita Gordon, 184, picked up Scharf's claims in their 1974 history of Frederick County.
58Richard Walsh, "The Era of the Revolution," in Richard Walsh, Maryland: A History (Annapolis, 1983), 83. "The wheat farmer," noted historian Richard Walsh, "brought changes to the economic structure. By 1775, Maryland was in a transitional stage economically with all of its attendant uncertainties of promise for some and altered conditions. As a saleable commodity, wheat had its benefits and limitation...good for the small producer, since there was no restriction locally such as the tobacco inspection Act." But it remained on the list of enumerated items that must be sold either locally or to the motherland (England).
59Kessel, "Germans in the Making of Frederick County", 101.
60Kessel, ""Germans in the Making of Frederick County," 95-98.
61Thomas J.C. Williams, History of Frederick County, (1910, reprint, Baltimore, 1967), 29-34.
62Gordon, 27.
63Ibid, 30.
64Mark Stegmaier, "Maryland Fear of Insurrection at the Time of Braddock's Defeat," Maryland Historical Magazine, 71 (Winter 1976), 467-482.
65Gordon, 33.
66Brugger, 94.
67Oeter, 22.
68Oeter, 22.
69Michael Thompson, The Iron Industry in Western Maryland (Baltimore, 1976), 14-15; Michael Robbins, Maryland's Iron Industry During the Revolutionary War Era, (Baltimore, 1973), 6-8.
70Michael W. Robbins, The Principio Company: Iron-Making in Colonial Maryland, 1720-1781 (New York, 1986), 13.
71Ibid, 1-12,
72Walsh, 85.
73Basil L. Crapster, "Hampton Furnace in Colonial Frederick County," Maryland Historical Magazine 80 (Spring 1985), 1-5.
74Maryland Gazette, 22 May 1767.
75Robbins, Maryland's Iron Industry During the Rev War Era, 9. Iron manufacturing in Western Maryland, with its rich natural resources, offered real advantages over eastern production. Eastern furnaces, for instance, often used oyster shells fro Chesapeake Bay to create lime to serve as furnace flux. At the Catoctin site, however, lime and iron ore could be mined directly from the mountain.
76Ibid, 49.
77Williams, 101; Thompson, 61.
78Thompson, 67-68. The deed from Lord Baltimore conveying Green Springs to Jacques and Johnson is reprinted in Scharf, 106-107.
79Schildknecht, vol. 1, 149.
80Patent BC & GS 42:3-8. A third partner in the purchase was John Davidson.
81National Heritage Corporation, "Catoctin Iron Furnace, Cunningham Falls, State Park, Thurmont, Maryland: A Report on an historical Survey," (December 1975), 4.
82John Milner Associates, "Archeological Excavations at Site 18 FR 320, Catoctin, Maryland," (July 1980), 3. John Means, Maryland's Catoctin Mountain Parks, An Interpretive Guide to Catoctin Mountain Park and Cunningham Falls State Park (Blacksburg, VA, 1995), 100. Means estimates the original furnace site as 3/4 of a mile from the ruins.
83James Johnson letter, 1 September 1842, Johnson Family Papers, Frederick Historical Society, Frederick, Maryland.
84Bernard Steiner, Western Maryland in the Revolution, (Baltimore, 1902), 7; Brugger, 97.
85Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, Patriots All: Being a History and Report on Seventy-five Years of Leadership in Frederick County, (Frederick, MD, 1895), 33.
86Walsh, 59; Brugger, 103.
87Brugger, 112.
88Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, 34.
89Gordon, 38.
90Historical Society of Frederick County, "Three Historical Sketches of Frederick County: From its Foundation to the End of the Revolutionary Period," (Frederick, 1974), 18.
91Brugger, 114.
92Ibid, 127.
Chapter Two
1Baltimore Phoenix and Budget, May 1841.
2Brugger, 7.
3William Hinks, Centennial Celebration in Frederick County, on June 28, 1876 (Frederick, 1879), 26-27.
4Henry Retzer, The German Regiment of Maryland and Pennsylvania in the Colonial Army, 1776-1781 (Westminster, MD 1991), 1-2.
5That same year Montgomery County was created out of the lower portion.
6Archives of Maryland, Muster Rolls and other Records of Service of Maryland Troops in the American Revolution, 1775-1783 (Baltimore, 1972), 72-73, 224, 266-267. Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, 4. A Martin Lantz does appear as a member of the German regiment in 1780, but the records provide no mention of individual soldiers specific homes.
7Oerter, 34.
8Brugger, 128-129.
9Maryland Agricultural Week Committee, "Breadbasket of the Revolution, Maryland Agriculture, 1776-1976" (Annapolis, 1976), 3.
10Brugger, 125-127.
11Williams, 87.
12Frank F. White, Jr. The Governors of Maryland, 1777-1970 (Baltimore, 1970), 3-5.
13Ibid, 5.
14William Hand Browne, ed. Archives of Maryland, Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, July 7-December 31, 1776 (Baltimore, 1893), 55.
15Ibid, 92.
16Ibid, 114.
17Maryland Gazette, 2 September 1777.
18Board of World's Fair Managers, Maryland: Its Resources, Industries and Institutions (Baltimore, 1893),106. Thompson, 64.
19"It is agreed between Capt Daniel Joy. . ." RG 93, #29632, Roll 103, Frames 227-228, National Archives.
20Gordon, 49.
21Reich, 294.
22Louise McPherson, "Recollections of Catoctin Parish, Protestant Episcopal Church," nd. McPherson identified two men, Blackford and Thronburgh, as Hessian soldiers who settled at Catoctin Furnace and eventually ran the operations for Baker Johnson in the early nineteenth century.
23Ella May Turner, James Rumsey: Pioneer in Steam Navigation (Scottdale, PA, 1930), 27.
24Turner, 12-13.
25Turner, 32; James Rumsey, "A Short Treatise on the Application of Steam" May 7, 1788, 27th Congress, 2nd, sess, House. Docs, v.4, public document 189, 23-24.
26Rumsey, 23-24. In a short pamphlet describing the development of his steam engine, Rumsey reprinted a letter sent to him from Thomas Johnson on December 18, 1787. In the letter Johnson explained his efforts to cast the cylinders "at my brother's and my works; the attempt did not succeed."
27Scharf, 994; Turner, 81.
28Robert D. Arbuckle, "John Nicolson and the Great Steamboat Rivalry," Maryland Historical Magazine, 71 (Spring 1976), 60.
29Rumsey, 23-24.
30Arbuckle, 60.
31Catoctin Enterprise, 21 November 1947; George Wireman, Gateway to the Mountains, (1969), 25-27.
32Baltimore Phoenix and Budget, May 1841; Oeter, 58; Wireman, 28.
33Baltimore Phoenix and Budget, May 1841.
34Wireman, 35; Paula Strain, The Blue Hills of Maryland: History Along the Appalachian Trail on South Mountain and the Catoctins, (Vienna, VA, 1993), 269; Gordon, 189; Baltimore Sun, 22 July 1951. The Weller match factory was the first in America to produce friction matches, known as "lucifers."
35Frederick Town Herald, 12 December 1802. In 1802, James Johnson attempted to sell the mill, located "nine miles from Frederick-Town no the road leading to Herman's Gap."
36Frederick Town Herald, 12 December 1802. Johnson's advertisement continued to run into 1803.
37Frederick Town Herald, 20 February 1813.
38Catoctin Enterprise, 5 December 1947, reprint of article from a 1882 edition of the Catoctin Clarion.
39Rice, 60.
40Frederick Town Herald, 26 March 1803.
41Brugger, 132, 153.
42Frederick Town Herald, 25 October 1817; State Road Commission of Maryland, A History of Road Building in Maryland, (Baltimore, 1958), 40. A land advertisement from the 12 November 1831 edition of the Frederick Town Herald refers to 120 acres of land "lying near Miller's tavern, on the top of Catoctin Mountain. The turnpike road also runs through the property, and considerably enhances its value."
43Anthony Finley, "Maryland [map]," 1824, in Papenfuse, 58; David H. Burn, "Delaware and Maryland [map]," 1838, in Papenfuse, 68. Both maps show the Westminister-Hagerstown Turnpike as well as the north-south, Frederick-Emittsburg pike.
44Survey F-6-57, Maryland Historic Site Inventory Form, Frederick County Planning Commission.
45Donald Wolf, "The Oates/Hauver/Wolf Tavern," description attached to Survey F-6-57, Maryland Historic Site Inventory Form, Frederick County Planning Commission.
46Ledger of George Hauver Jr., Journal of his Ordinary (later Wolfe's tavern), Frederick County Historical Society.
47William J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1979). According to the census of 1810, the young nation supported 14,000 distilleries that produced 25 million gallons of spirits per year. Soon the country's intense abuse of alcohol was gaining the attention of reformers which led to the temperance movement.
48John Marsh, The Land of the Living: The Story of Maryland's Green Ridge Forest (Cumberland, MD, 1996), 636.
49"How Hog Rock Got its Name," History/YCC Anecdotes, Catoctin Mountain Park, Thurmont, MD (subsequently to be referred to as CMP).
50James Van Ness, "Economic Development, Social and Cultural Changes: 1800-1850," in Maryland: A History, Walsh and Fox, eds., 188-190; Robert Mitchell and Edward K. Muller, Geographical Perspectives on Maryland's Past (College Park, Maryland, 1979), 24-26. Future research might focus on the impact of the Hessian Fly in Western Maryland.
51Neumann, 20; Singewald, 146; Thompson, 63.
52Frederick Town Herald, 20 September 1817.
53Frederick Town Herald, 19 March 1803.
54Anderson, 7.
55Louise McPherson, "Recollections of Catoctin Parish, Protestant Episcopal Church," (nd), 6. According to Louise McPherson, Benjamin Blackford, Hessian mercenary during the Revolutionary War, decided to remain in America, after the war and ended up working at the furnace.
56Frederick Town Herald, 13 July 1811. Frederick Post, 5 August 1987. In the late 1980s, supported by a grant from the Maryland Historic Trust, the Catoctin Furnace Historical Association restored one of the original log worker's houses, dating from circa 1800.
57Ibid; Thompson, 66. The Catoctin buyers paid for property in pounds, the primary currency used in Maryland during this period of competing and confusing currencies.
58Frederick Town Herald, 13 July 1811.
59Thompson, 80.
60Census Bureau, Census of Manufactures, 1820. Antietam Iron works was a larger operation than Catoctin, employing 150 men, and with roughly $200,000 invested.
61Frederick Town Herald, 1 April 1820.
62Census Bureau, Census of Manufactures, 1820.
63Denton Jacques to Col John McPherson, 26 December 1809, McPherson Family Papers, Frederick County Historical Society.
64Anderson, 10-11.
65Neumann, 21; Anderson, 12; Thompson, 84.
66McPherson, 6.
67Maryland State Planning Commission, "The Iron and Steel Industry: Blast Furnaces, Steel Works and Rolling Mills," (Baltimore, 1938), 8.
68Frederick Town Herald, 21 May 1825.
69Anderson, 12-13.
70Ibid, 16.
71Charles B. Dew, "Disciplining Slave Ironworkers in the Antebellum South: Coercion, Conciliation, and Accommodation," American Historical Review, (April 1974), 417.
72Robert Starobin, Industrial Slavery in the Old South (New York, 1970), 36.
73Rice, 54.
74Kessel, "Germans on the Maryland Frontier," 172-178, 184.
75Rice, 55.
76Frederick Town Herald, 11 July 1807. Census records reveal that virtually no slaves were held in the mountain area east of the furnace.
77Frederick Town Herald, 8 February 1817.
78James Young Henry, ed. Moravian Families of Graceham, Maryland, 1759-1871 (Silver Spring, Maryland, 1942), 121-123.
79Hagerstown Mail, 31 August 1832.
80George Anthony Douglas, "An Economic History of Frederick County, Maryland, to 1860," (Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1938), 13.
81Frederick Town Herald, 26 March 1803
82Starobin, 5, 17-21.
83Ibid, 14-15.
84Census Bureau, Census of Manufacturing, 1820.
85Dew, 396.
86Frederick Town Herald, 20 October 1804. In 1804, James Johnson announced: "I have for fale feveral valuable negroes, confiting of men, men, boys and girls brought up to farming." The fact that Johnson would point to the farming background of these slaves, suggests the possibly that a differentiation, at least for Johnson, existed between industrial and agricultural slaves.
87As quoted in Anderson, 6.
88Oerter, 95. The Republican Citizen, 7 September 1838. A decade later, in September 1838, another fire broke out near "Brien's iron works." The home, barn, and entire crop of farmer James Hawkins, burned as did large portions of the mountain. The fire, according to a newspaper, "originated from the negro children's playing with fire during the absence of family residing on the place."
89Ahron Ann Brunston, "The Cemetery at Catoctin Furnace, Maryland: The Invisible People," Maryland Archeology: Journal of the Archeological Society of Maryland 17 (March 1981), 19.
90Jennifer Olsen Kelley and J. Lawrence Angel" The Workers of Catoctin Furnace" Maryland Archeology: Journal of the Archeological Society of Maryland 19 (March 1983), 1-3.
91Brunston, 26.
92Jean Libby, "African Ironworking Culture Among African American Ironworkers in Western Maryland, 1760-1850," (San Francisco State University, M.A. Thesis, 1991), 1.
93Michael Craton, "The African Background," in Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery,Miller and Smith, eds., (New York, 1988), 15.
94Libby, 31.
95Ibid, 31.
96Baltimore Gazette and Advertiser, 17 September 1835. The Brien referred to in the piece was John McPherson Brien, son of John Brien. What may have been the same riot is mentioned in an article on Mechanicstown, published in The Baltimore Phoenix and Budget, May 1841. The date given for the riot, however, is 1832. The Catoctin Clarion, on February 18, 1896 also mentioned a riot between locals and furnace workers, but gave the date as 1836. It may have been that there were several riots. My thanks to Dr. David Grimsted, who came across the reference to the furnace riot in the Baltimore Gazette while researching his book: David Grimsted, American Mobbing, 1828‑1861: Toward Civil War (New York, 1998).
97Brugger, 229, 232.
98On the general topic of whiteness see Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1995) and David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness, Race, and the Making of the American Working-Class (Chapel Hill, 1991).
100Maryland Census, 1860, Slave Schedules.
101The 1870 Census, for instance, notes of number of Irish-born workers laboring at the Catoctin Furnace, particularly in the iron mines.
103Frederick Examiner, 14 September 1853.
104Mary Hitselberger, Bridge in Time: The Complete 1850 Census of Frederick County (Redwood City, CA, 1978), 461.
Chapter Three
2Frederick Examiner, 19 October 1859.
4Frederick Examiner, 14 November 1860; Bart Rhett Talbert, Maryland: The South's First Casualty, (Berryville, VA, 1995), 15. Bell narrowly won the state of Maryland over Beckinridge. Statewide, Douglas received 5% of the vote--Lincoln, 1.9%.
7Paul and Rita Gordon, Never the Like Again, (Frederick, 1995), 13, 16.
10W.W. Goldsborough, The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, 1861-1865 (Gaithersburg, 1987, reprint of 1900 edition). The name Zollinger, perhaps a relation to the Zollingers living in Harbaugh's Valley, does however, show up.
12Catoctin Clarion, 13 February 1896.
13Oeter, 120. Since the Frederick-Emmitsburg Turnpike passed through Graceham, rather than Mechanicstown to the west, it is strange that the wounded would be taken through Mechanicstown. They may have feared being chased down by Confederates along the main road.
14Mrs. Walter Rice, "Recollections of the Civil War," Thurmont Historical Society.
15Gordon, Never the Like Again, 128-129.
18Gordon, Textbook, 106; Gordon, Never the Like Again, 203.
19John Schildt, Roads to Gettysburg, (Parson, WV, 1978), 357-358; Oerter 122.
20Maude Luken, "Catoctin Furnace--A Different Village," American Motorist, September 1930.
24John Schildt, Roads from Gettysburg (Shippenburg, PA, 1998), 17-18; Oeter, 123; also see M. Jacobs, Notes on the Rebel Invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania and the Battle of Gettysburg, (Gettysburg, PA 1909).
25Schildt, Roads from Gettysburg, 64-66.
27Rice, "Recollections of the Civil War."
28Frederick Examiner, 2 September 1863.
29Luken. The quote comes from Catoctin Furnace resident Henry Fraley.
30Frederick Examiner, 2 September 1863.
31Frederick Examiner, 14 October 1863
33Paul and Rita Gordon, Frederick County Maryland: A Playground for the Civil War (Frederick, Maryland, 1994), 198-200.
35William N. Still, Monitor Builders, (Washington, 1987), 10-12.
36The story about Catoctin iron used on the U.S.S. Monitor, for instance, can be found in TheFrederick Daily News, 10 August 1940, and in a report prepared for President Roosevelt on the construction of his Shangri-La retreat: "Summary of the Development of 'Shangri-La': The Presidential Lodge in Catoctin Mountain, Maryland," 1942, Album 461, Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY.
37Malcolm Davies, "Iron Forging and Smelting in the Maryland: A Relict Industry After the Civil War," (Ed.D. diss., Columbia University, 1972), 10; Mark Howell, telephone interview by author, Frederick, Maryland, 18 May 1999. Mark Howell, a local historian interested in iron manufacturing has come to these conclusions about the iron manufactured at Catoctin.
38Jason Damuth was a Mechanicstown local killed during the Wilderness campaign of 1864.
39Catoctin Clarion, 7 June 1900.
40Catoctin Clarion, 16 November 1934; Catoctin Clarion, 5 November 1937.
42Catoctin Clarion, 4 March 1871.
43Catoctin Clarion, 11 March 1871.
45Catoctin Clarion, 11 March 1871.
46Joseph Gitt, "Report of the Survey and Location for the Extension of the Western Maryland Railroad," 1865, 48-51. Catoctin Clarion, 4 March 1871. The arrival of the railroad was still of great benefit to the furnace. On February 18, 1871 the first load of pig iron from the furnace was hauled six miles north to the Western Maryland Railroad depot then shipped to Woodberry, near Baltimore. The local newspaper declared the shipment: "the beginning of a trade which will prove highly lucrative in the future." "Catoctin Furnace Historic Notes: Information from Mr. Edward Nunemaker, 1967," interview by Howard Damuth, Thurmont Historical Society. With the construction of the new Deborah coke-burning stack, coke was also shipped by rail to Mechanicstown then transported by wagon to the furnace.
49Catoctin Clarion, 24 February 1872.
50Thompson, 107; Davies, 85; Singlewald, 147. Kunkle also patented what he hoped would be a new technology that involved lining the furnace with magnesian limestone to help free iron from phosphorus. The experiment largely failed.
51Thompson, 107. Norman Waesche, "Economic History of Catoctin Furnace," Term Paper, Johns Hopkins University, 1936," Waesche, who used as a source his relative L.R. Waesche, former property manager of the Catoctin Furnace estimates roughly 350 workers at the furnace.
53Catoctin Clarion, 1 January 1885.
54Davies, 48-50. In the area around the furnace, Davies notes "10,000 acres was compromised of literally one vast ore bank."
55"Information from Edward J. Nunemaker, Sr., Catoctin Furnace, 28 January 1958," interview by Howard Damuth, Thurmont Historical Society.
57Strain, 49; Kenneth Orr, "The Catoctin Furnace Archeological Mitigation Project Final Report of the 1979 Excavation," February 1982, 29. The Cunningham Fall State Park superintendent managed to recover a mining cart from the pond now covering the former open-mining pit near the old furnace. The cart bore Lobdell wheels.
58Davies, 60-64. A steam power to drive the blast and possibly other equipment at Catoctin was also introduced probably in the 1860 and 1870s.
59"Monocacy Valley Railroad," verticle files, Thurmont Historical Society.
60"Information Edward J. Nunemaker, Sr, Catoctin Furnace, 28 January 1958, Interview by Howard Damuth," verticle files, Thurmont Histoical Society.
61Catoctin Clarion, 9 April 1885.
64Catoctin Clarion, 1 February 1900.
65Catoctin Clarion, 17 May 1900.
66Catoctin Clarion, 29 November 1900.
67Kenneth G. Orr, Ph.D., "The Catoctin Furnace Archaeological Mitigation Project Final Report of the 1979 Excavation," Feb 1982, 29.
69"Operations of Catoctin Furnaces, Edgar Miller, interview by Howard Damuth, Thurmont, Maryland, 25 March 1959; Lukens.
70Catoctin Clarion, 14 January 1876.
71Catoctin Clarion, 12 May 1876.
72Catoctin Clarion, 19 May 1876.
73Elizabeth Y. Anderson, "Catoctin Furnace: portrait of An Iron-Making Furnace Community," (Hood College, Honors Thesis, 1982), 67.
74Lukens, Anderson, "Catoctin Furnace," 69.
751870 Census. The workers included sixty-year old John Fitzgerald, thirty-year old John Cramer, thirty-five year old Michael Brice and Thomas Craig, thirty-eight year old Patrick McGill, fifty-year old James Crosby, and forty-five year old James O'Connor. Many of the Irish workers had families. For instance, John Cramer had a wife, Mary, and three children.
76"Information Edward J. Nunemaker, Sr, , nnterview by Howard Damuth, Catoctin Furnace, Maryland, 28 January 1958, Thurmont Historical Society.
77Democratic Advocate, 21 February 1874. Neither Norris nor Mitchell appeared in the 1870 census. While no African-Americans lived in Hauver's District, west of Catoctin mountain, in the Mechanicstown District that included Catoctin Furnace, twenty-six African Americans appear, but none appeared to have worked at the furnace. The census listed most as farm workers.
78"Operations of Catoctin Furnaces," Edgar Miller, interview by Howard Damuth, 25 March 1959, Thurmont Historical Society.
79Catoctin Clarion, 7 November 1889.
80Evers G. Eylers, interview by Howard Damuth, 16 August 1965, Thurmont Historical Society.
81Donald Wolfe, interview by author, Frederick Maryland, 26 October 1998.
82Asa P. Stotelmyer, "The Black Rock Hotel on Bagtown Jugtown Trail," Baltimore Sun, 15 November 1970. A popular pre-Civil War trail was the Bagtown trail running near the current Appalachian trail on South Mountain. Hikers to the peak would enjoy picnics and water from the two natural springs nearby. On the fourth of July, picnickers were known to enjoy toasts of rye whisky to each of the thirteen colonies.
83Catoctin Clarion, 26 May 1876.
84Catoctin News (Wolfsville), 10 August 1888.
85Judith Schlotterbeck, The Pen Mar Story, (Funkstown, MD, 1978), 1.
86Catoctin Clarion, 5 September 1889.
88Breed Publishing Company's Directory of the Western Maryland Railroad for the year 1892 from Baltimore to Williamsport (Newburgh, New York, 1893).
89Catoctin Clarion, 22 September 1890.
90Catoctin Clarion, 25 June 1885.
91Catoctin Clarion, 23 June 1885.
92Catoctin Clarion, 24 July 1890.
93Catoctin Clarion, 28 August 1890.
94Catoctin Clarion, 23 July 1885. The exact location of these homes now appear to have been lost.
95Catoctin Clarion, 23 July 1885, 30 July 1885.
96Catoctin Clarion, 30 July 1885.
97Maryland Agricultural Week Committee, 10.
98Figures based on 1860 Agricultural Census; 1873 Bond Map.
991880 Agricultural Census; Hitselberger, 154. In 1850, Wiant identified himself as a laborer. Subsequent census entries have him as a farmer. In the 1870 census, Wiant is listed as the owner of 5 cows and a horse.
102Catoctin Clarion, 15 June 1876.
103Catoctin Clarion, 10 August 1876.
104Catoctin Clarion, 4 August 1889.
105Catoctin Clarion, 6 June 1889; Louise McPherson, "Recollections of Catoctin Parish, Protestant Episcopal Church," nd.
106Charles S. Martin and Tom Rose, The History of Wolfsville and the Catoctin District (Frederick 1972), 13. A study of nineteenth-century Wolfsville concludes that "trade, barter and cooperation" held the local together. Any supplemental income was earned by practices such as "coaling" for Catoctin furnace.
Chapter Four
1Charles Anders, interview by author, Thurmont, MD, 6 February 1999.
2Catoctin Clarion, 22 February 1905.
3Catoctin Clarion, 22 February 1905.
4Catoctin Clarion, 6 July 1906. Interview with Evers G. Eyler, 16 August 1965, by Howard Damuth. At some point, Thropp did build a washer (gig) below the furnace to wash the iron ore.
5Charles Anders interview.
6McPherson, 11.
7Warren James Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1979), 63.
8Catoctin Clarion, 6 July 1906.
9Oeter, 6. "Neighboring Table Rock," a popular turn-of-the-century location for picnicking, was located in Garrett County near Backbone mountain.
10Catoctin Clarion, 2 November 1905.
11Gordon, Textbook, 127.
12Frederick News, 19 February 1954; Herbert H. Harwood, Jr. Blue Ridge Trolley: The Hagerstown and Frederick Railway (Frederick, 1979).
13Planning Commission of Thurmont MD, "Suggested Master Plan" 1964.
14Western Maryland Railroad, "Summering on the Western Maryland Railroad," (Baltimore, 1913), 32.
15The Frederick News, 1 November 1933; Spencer Watson, "The Halloween Murder of Bessie Darling," The Banner, November 1998.
16Belasco, 8.
17Emily Emerson Lantz, "Catoctin Furnace has Rich Past," Baltimore Sun Magazine, 4 October 1925,
18Maude Luken, "Catoctin Furnace--A Different Village," American Motorist, September 1930.
19Catoctin Clarion, 15 July 1920.
20Catoctin Clarion, 7 November 1931.
21Sandra Koker, Appalachian Trail, (Portland, OR, 1979), 7-11.
22"Camp Inspection Report," 3 February 1941, RG 35, Records of the CCC, Division of Investigations Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC. W.S. Bahlman, "Memorandum for the Director, 6 September 1939, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 57, National Archives, College Park.
23Catoctin Clarion, 8 May 1931; Catoctin Clarion, 26 June 1931.
24#704 Public Camp and Picnic Development, 3-25-35, RG 79, Records Concerning Recreational Demonstration Areas, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, 1935-6, box 3, NA.
25McPherson, 12.
26Kenneth G. Orr, "The Catoctin Furnace Archaeological Mitigation Project Final Report of the 1979 Excavation," Feburary 1982.
27Strain, 267.
28Anders interview.
29William Graffam, "Reliving the 1915 Train Wreck on Bridge at Thurmont," Frederick News-Post, 20 February 1975.
30Charles W. Eyler, "I Remember the Wreck of the Blue Mountain Express," Baltimore Sun, 20 March 1960.
31Graffam; Frederick Post 24 May 1971.
32Frederick News-Post, 3 June 1914.
33Catoctin Clarion, 14 April 1920; "Youth Conservation Corp Interviews with Howard Damuth, 27 July 1972," CMP. Huckleberries which needed bare earth to grow were a popular mountain product. Often in the spring, small mountain fires were started to clear land for huckleberry growth. Such fires occasionally got out of control.
34Catoctin Clarion, 13 May 1920.
35Catoctin Clarion, 18 May 1920.
36The state Board of Forestry was founded in 1906. It evolved into the Board of Natural Resources' Department of Forests and Parks in 1941.
37Frederick News, 28 November 1930; F.W. Besley, The Forests of Frederick County (Baltimore, 1922), 31.
38Mastran and Lowerre, xx.
39 Frank Mentzer, Administrative History, Vol. I.
40Besley, 21.
41Besley, 22.
42Catoctin Clarion, 25 November 1920.
43Bruce Ergood, "Toward a Definition of Appalachia" in Appalachia: Social Context Past and Present, Ergood and Kuhre, eds., (Athens, OH, 1976), 31-41.
44Ernest Tresselt, interview by author, Thurmont, MD, 9 February 1999. Henry Shapiro, Appalachia on Our Mind (Chapel Hill, 1978). Shapiro stressed the sense of "otherness" with which Appalachian dwellers were regarded by the outside world.
45Oeter, 126.
46Esther Kellner, Moonshine: Its History and Folklore (New York, 1971),104.
47Donald Lewis, 13 July 1999.
48Youth Conservation Corps Interviews, 1972, Howard Damuth," 27 July 1972, CMP.
49Frederick Post, 3 August 1929.
50Frederick Post, 30 December 1929; Hagerstown Herald, 19 December 1929, Charles Lewis admitted that Deputy Redmond had approached him for help in raiding the still. But Lewis insisted he turned down the request.
51Frederick Post, 6 August 1929.
52Frederick Post, 1 August 1929.
53Ibid.
54Anders interview.
55Frederick Post, 1 August 1929; Hagerstown Herald, 1 August 1929.
56Hagerstown Herald, 3 August 1929.
57Frederick Post, 1 August 1929.
58Donald Lewis, interview by author, Thurmont, MD, 13 July 1999.
59Hagerstown Herald, 21 December 1929.
60Frederick Post, 1 August 1929.
61Frederick Post, 3 August 1929.
62Hagerstown Herald, 18 December 1929.
63Hagerstown Herald, 5 August 1929.
64Frederick Post, 17 December 1929.
65Hagerstown Herald, 17 December 1929; Hagerstown Herald, 18 December 1929. No evidence appears to have been present to challenge testimony that Hauver had been shot from the rear. However, experts did testify that the shot had not come from Redmond's gun.
66Frederick Post, 20 December 1929.
67"Blue Blazes," Youth Conservation Corps Anecdotes, 1972, CMP, "Still Information Binder, "Still Talk," CMP.
68Donald Lewis, 13 July 1999; Charles Anders, 7 July 1999.
69Clipping, nd, "Still Information Binder," CMP.
70Irene Flaugher and Louise Bittner, 13 July 1999.
71Donald Lewis, 13 July 1999.
72"Catoctin Recreational Area, MD R-1, New Symbol number LP-MD 4," 2 October 1935, CMP.
73Albert Zentz, interview by author, Thurmont, MD, February 6, 1999.
74Catoctin Enterprise, 5 September 1941. In 1941, the filtration system used for the Thurmont canning factory failed. As a result, pollution flowed into Hunting Creek, where it killed hundreds of fish.
75E.R. Henson to H.L. Russell, 9 September 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA; Irene Flaugher and Louise Bittner, interview by author, 13 July 1999, Sabillasville, MD; "Abstract, Tract 98," RG 79, Land Acquisition Case Files Pertaining to the Catoctin RDA, box 6, NA. Lewis purchased his land in 1920. Christian Harman, one of the earliest settlers in the area first purchased the land in 1793, and the property remained in the hands of the Harman family through the first half of the nineteenth-century.
76Lewis interview.
77Flaugher and Bittner interview.
78Zentz interview.
79 Mentzer, vol. I.
80Flaugher and Bittner interview.
81Lloyd Manahan, interview by author, Sabillasville, MD, 13 July 1999.
82Ibid.
83Appraisal Report, RG 79 , National Capital Region, Land Acquisition Case Files Pertaining to the Catoctin RDA, Box 11, NA.
84"Catoctin Recreational Area, MD R-1, New Symbol Number LP-MD 4," 2 October 1935, CMP.
851920 census; Flaugher and Bittner interview.
86Lewis interview.
87James Trouth to C.F. Clayton, 12 December 1935, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, 1935-1936, box 3, NA; "Deed," 15 December 1937, RG 79, National Capital Region, Land Acquisition Case Files, Pertaining to Catoctin RDA, box 7, NA. Lanzilotti resisted selling, insisting that he be paid for all improvements on the two acres. He eventually sold for $1000.
88Lewis interview.
89Lewis interview.
901920 Census; Anders interview; laugher and Bittner, interview.
91Baltimore Sun, 9 May 1937.
92Lewis interview.
93Anders interview.
94Albert Zentz, interview by author, Thurmont, MD, 26 March 1999; "Statistical Report, Catoctin RDA," November 1941, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program file, box 61, NA. An outdoor enthusiast, Creeger later served as a park ranger at Catoctin in the early 1940s.
95Anders interview.
96Zentz, 26 March 1999 interview.
97Ibid.
981920 Census; Charles Anders, interview by author, Thurmont, MD, 7 July 1999.
99Anders, 7 July 1999 interview.
100Flaugher and Bittner interview.
Chapter Five
1Brugger, 495.
2Frederick News, 6 May 1930; Frederick News, 7 May 1930. Frank W. Fraley, owner of Catoctin Furnace's General Store, recalled the 1914 fire, which took a week to control, as a worse than the 1930 blaze.
3Frederick News, 8 August 1930.
4Secretary of State, Maryland Manual, (Annapolis, MD, 1936) 36; Frederick News, 14 August 1930.
5Frederick News, 6 October 1931.
6Frederick News, 11 March 1931. Brugger, 496. Total statewide losses from the drought were estimated at $38 million.
7Dorothy Brown, "Maryland Between Wars," in Richard Walsh, Maryland : A History, 1632-1974 (Baltimore, 1974), 736.
8Zentz, 2 February 1999 interview.
9Theodore Saloutos, The American Farmer and the New Deal (Ames, Iowa, 1982), 151. By 1934, throughout America, an estimated 1.7 million rural families, amounting to between 6.5 and 7 million people, relied on some form of emergency relief.
10Frederick News, 21 June 1930. In the midst of the drought, wheat prices fell to their lowest levels since World War I.
11Frederick News, 29 August 1930.
12Frederick News, 28 November 1930.
13Board State Aid and Charities, Maryland 's Emergency Relief Program, From April 1933 through December 1935 (Baltimore, 1935); 1. Saloutos, 151. "Preparations for a major depression at the local, county, and state levels were even less advanced in the rural areas than in the urban," noted agricultural historian Theodore Saloutos.
14J.F. Kendrick, A Survey of Frederick County, Maryland With Special Reference to Public Health, Medical Care, and Social Welfare, (Baltimore, 1935), 32-34.
15Frederick News, 5 February 1931.
16Frederick News, 13 March 1931.
17Frederick News, 11 March 1932. No records of either organization appear to have survived. Nor does there exist surviving records for the subsequent Frederick County Welfare Board, nor even records of the County Commissioners for the 1930s. The local newspapers offer the only record of life in Central Western Maryland during these pivotal years.
18Catoctin Clarion, 16 October 1931.
19Catoctin Clarion, 4 September 1931; C. Roy Weddle, Life in a Small Town, (Frederick, 1996), 3. Thurmont resident Roy Weddle also remembered the collapse of the Citizen's Saving Bank of Thurmont as traumatic. Investors eventually received ten cents on the dollar for their investments. Brown. 736, Fourteen smaller banks in Western Maryland later failed.
20Frederick News, 30 April 1930.
21Twentieth Annual Report of the Auditors of Frederick County , Maryland , From July 1, 1932 to July 1, 1933, (Frederick, 1933), 27-29.
22Catoctin Clarion, 1 August 1932.
23Frederick Post, 11 November 1932.
24Weddle, 4.
25Catoctin Clarion, 15 December 1935. The local newspaper would often report butcherings, mentioning the event and the parties "assisting."
26Catoctin Clarion, 4 August 1933.
27Frederick News, 11 December 1930; Frederick News, 9 July 1932. Because Frederick County does not make a practice of preserving police records (over twelve-years-old), the exact location of the still cannot be pinpointed.
28Weddle, 3.
29Catoctin Clarion, 22 November 1935.
30Catoctin Clarion, 26 March 1935.
31Tresselt interview. Among the important local leaders of the time were Dr. Morris Birely, Edgar Palmer, Ross Smith, D.S. Weybright, W.R. Freeze, and foremost the enterprising mayor of Thurmont, William Stoner.
32Catoctin Clarion, 22 January 1932.
33Frederick News, 6 August 1932.
34Catoctin Clarion, 22 January 1932; Catoctin Clarion, 12 February 1932.
35Catoctin Clarion, 24 June 1932.
36Frederick News, 29 July 1932; Frederick News, 30 July 1932.
37Weddle, 3; Brugger, 498-499.
38Catoctin Clarion, 28 July 1933.
39Frederick News, 9 November 1932.
40Maryland Emergency Relief Administration, Relief--A Challenge to the State of Maryland, A Report of the First 21 Months of Maryland's Relief Administration, April 1933-December 1934 (Baltimore, 1935),7. On Maryland's embrace of the New Deal, see Charles V. Kimberly, "The Depression in Maryland: The Failure of Voluntaryism," Maryland Historical Magazine, 79 (1975), 189-202.
41Frederick News, 2 November 1933.
42Frederick News, 6 December 1935.
43Brown, 753.
44Frederick News, 2 November 1933.
45Frederick News, 23 May 1935; Frederick News, 20 June 1935.
46Frederick News, 1 November 1933; Spencer Watson, "The Halloween Murder of Bessie Darling," The Banner, November 1998.
47YCC Interview with Albert Wilhide, 1972, Catoctin Mountain Park Library (hereafter CMP); George Wireman, "Bessie Darling Murder Still Brings Vivid Memories," Catoctin Enterprise, 6 January 1978.
48Catoctin Clarion, 3 November 1933; Frederick News, 1 November 1933.
49Interview with Charles Anders, 6 February 1999, Thurmont, Maryland.
50George Wireman, "Bessie Darling Murder Still Brings Vivid Memories," Catoctin Enterprise, 6 January 1978.
51Ibid.
52Catoctin Clarion, 3 November 1933.
53Ibid.
54Anders Interview.
55David E. Hamilton, From New Day to New Deal, American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt , 1928-1933 (Chapel Hill, 1991), 184. In the 1920s, the Bureau of Agricultural Economic and economist L.C. Gray pressed concerns about "economically obsolete" farms. Under the New Deal, Gray worked for the National Resources Board and later the Resettlement Administration, where he was involved in the Catoctin project.
56Gertrude Slichter, "Franklin D. Roosevelt's Farm Policies Governor of New York State, 1928-1932," Agricultural History, 23, (October 1959), 173-174. Paradoxically, as New York governor, FDR also promote a "back-to-the-land" program, which encouraged the unemployed to take up subsistence farming.
57Conrad Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People (Norman, Oklahoma, 1980), 176.
58Ibid, 177; Harold Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold Ickes, The First Thousand Days, 1933-1936 (New York, 1954), 105, 171.
59Land Planning Committee of the National Resources Board, Maladjustments in Land Use in the U.S. (Washington, 1938), 48. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. The Coming of the New Deal (Boston, 1959), 280-281.
60Resettlement Administration, First Annual Report Resettlement Administration, (Washington, 1936), 9.
61Wirth, 177; Land Planning Committee of the National Resources Board, "Recreational Use of Land in the U.S.," (Washington, DC, 1938). In 1934, the NPS prepared an extensive study for the National Resources Board of the need for recreational parks near growing urban population. The NPS declared, "more spent for recreation means less for insanity, crime, disease. . . "
62NPS, State Park Division, "Press Release," 17 October 1935; Wirth, 176-190. Also see Bonj Szczygiel, "The Recreational Demonstration Area Program of the New Deal," (M.A. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 1971).
63Weatherwax to State Park, Emergency Conservation Work Office, 6 April 1934. RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 47, NA.
64A.W. Manchester, to T.B. Symons, 15 May 1934, RG 79, Records of RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
65T.B. Symons, "Problems at Our Doorstep," 10 January 1934, Cooperative Extension Service Collection, Services II, box 1, McKeldin Library Special Collections, University of Maryland at College Park.
66Maryland State Planning Commission, "Preliminary Statement on the Problem of Land Use in Maryland," (Baltimore, July 1935), 65, 107. Symons' second choice for redevelopment was the Elk neck area.
67G.B. Williams to Conrad Wirth, 12 December 1942, CMP.
68Baltimore Sun, 3 November 1935.
69Land Planning Committee of the National Resources Board, 1.
70Maryland State Planning Commission, 12.
71Matt Huppuch to Conrad Wirth, 12 July 1934, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, Records Concerning Recreational Demonstration Areas, Recreation Demonstration Area Program Files, box 57, NA. Coming out of a more southern tradition and led by conservative leaders such as Governor Albert Ritchie, the Maryland state government was underdeveloped compared to states like New York. Maryland, in 1934 had no state parks agency and only a small Forestry Department.
72Tell Nicolet to H.E. Weatherwax, 19 November 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
73"Summary of Correspondence Relative to Interest of the State of Maryland in Catoctin Recreational Demonstration Area," RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
74John S. Lansill to Wirth, 7 January 1935, CMP.
75"Telephone conversation Between A.W. Manchester and C.F. Clayton," 14 January 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
76Barbara Kirkconnell, "Catoctin Mountain: An Administrative History," (M.A. thesis, University of Maryland at College Park, 1988), 35-36.
77A.W. Manchester to Harry T. Schoemaker, 9 May 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA. Manchester, however, did conceded that there "may be times when titles to property will be so involved and muddled that the federal Government can acquire a free and clear title only by having recourse to the courts. Although suits of this nature will be in the form of 'condemnation proceedings' they will be entered into only by and with the consent of the present owner of the lands."
78Mentzer Administrative History, 4-6, CMP; "Tri-Monthly Report, 15 February 1935, RDA Program Files, 1934-1947, box 57, NA.
79Tri-Monthly Report," 15 March 1935, RDA Program Files, 1934-1947, box 57, NA.
80H.E. Weatherwax to State Park ECW, 24 April 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
81"Catoctin Recreational Area, MD R-1, New symbol number LP-MD-4" 2 October 1935, CMP.
82Kenneth Sigworth to C.R. Clayton, 28 March 1935, CMP.
83Williams to Weatherwax, 15 April 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
84Catoctin Clarion, 18 October 1935. By October, a local newspaper could write "County Commissioners from both Washington and Frederick counties have hailed the land purchase as an asset to the nearby local communities."
85Wirth to H.E. Weatherwax, 8 April 1935, RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.
86"To the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Program Planning," nd, CMP.
87Resettlement Administration, "First Annual Report," (Washington, 1936), 21.
88Rexford Tugwell, "The Resettlement Idea," Agricultural History, 23 (October, 1959), 159; Saloutos, 151-152; Ickes, 474-475. Wirth, 189. After roughly a year and a half, it was clear to all parties that the RDAs would be better administered directed by the NPS. By executive order on November 14, 1936, Roosevelt transferred control of the RDAs to the NPS, although the NPS still had to submit requests for funds to the Resettlement Administration.
89Bernard Sternsher, Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal (New Brunswick, NJ, 1964), 277-278.
90Washington Post, 24 June 1935.
91Harry L. Hopkins, Spending to Save: The Complete Story of Relief (Seattle, 1962). 166.
92Ibid, 178; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval (Boston, 1960), 34-3-345.
93Mackall to Hopkins, 29 May 1935, RG 69, Records of the Works Progress Administration, Central Files: States, box 1467, National Archives, Washington, DC; Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore (Chapel Hill, NC, 1988), 65-66.
94Frederick News, 27 June 1935.
95Tri-monthly Report," 15 February 1935, RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.
96Weatherwax to Peter DeGelleke, 5 November 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA; Catoctin Clarion, 6 November 1936. Business were returning to the area. In November 1936, a Pennsylvania man opened a factory on the corner of Carroll and Main streets in Thurmont. Hiring 100 women, the factory made "ladies cotton dresses."
97Weatherwax to Huppuch, 3 October 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
98A.B. Thatcher to Rex Williard, box 61, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
99"Resettlement Administration Analysis Report Prepared by Analysis and Section Unit Project Planning and Control Section Land Utilization Division," 19 February 1936, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA.
100Joel Berrall to Matt Huppuch, "Subject: Complaint of Excessive Transportation, MD-4," 23 December 1935, RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.
101L.C. Gray to Conrad Wirth, 19 December 1935, RDA Program Files, box 7, NA. Gray noted a "problem in all parts of the US in securing relief labor from the WPA." James Trouth, Memo, 29 January 1936, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA.
102L.C. Gray to Wirth, 23 April 1936, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA.
103Catoctin Clarion, 3 January 1936.
104Catoctin Clarion, 10 April 1936.
105"#114 Obliterating Fences," 7 March 1937, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA.
106Baltimore Sun, 10 December 1939. Workers sawed off an estimated 2,500,000 feet of blighted chestnut in the forest.
107Huppuch to the Third Regional Officer, 6 February 1936, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA. The work, in fact, was halted.
108See file "703-01, General Correspondence, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA, for reports of work sent to NPS Assistant Director Conrad Wirth.
109"Tell Nicolet, Associate Landscape Architect, First Region, August 1936 Report," RG 79, Records of the Branch of Plans and Design, Monthly Narrative Reports, box 1, NA.
110Fred Johnson to David Lewis, 24 October 1936, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA. In October of 1937, of the 254 workers employed at Catoctin, 31 were landowners, having optioned their land to the government for the project.
111Catoctin Clarion, 8 May 1936; G.B. Williams, "Fire in Area," 5 May 1936, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
112Lancaster and Daugherty Detective Bureau to F.W. Besley, "Regarding: Fires on Catoctin Mountain," nd, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
113Baltimore Sun, 3 November 1935.
114Anders Interview.
115Cumberland Daily News, 16 October 1935.
116A.P. Bursley to D.J. Chaney, 25 January 1937, RDA Program Files, box 61.
117S.M. Woodward, Jr. to Regional Director, 20 October 1937, RDA Program Files, box 58, NA.
118L.S. Birely, President, Thurmont Bank to U.S. Department of Interior, 16 October 1936, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
119"Formation of Future Work Program, Tentative," 19 January 1937, CMP.
120C. Ross McKenrick to R. Baldwin, 4 October 1939, RDA Program Files, box 58, NA.
121Anders interview, Zentz interview; History/YCC Anecdotes, "The Catoctin Project," CMP. The author's interviews confirm this conclusion as did interviews conducted by the Youth Conservation Corps in the early 1970. The YCC concluded that there were "two different versions" of the acquisition story. The local version involved forced condemnation and banks that "pressured on them [landowners] to sell and pay of the mortgages."
122Argersinger, 103-104.
123Catoctin Clarion, 25 June 1937. A handicapped children's camp, under the auspices of the Maryland's League for Crippled Children, used Misty Mount in 1937 then moved to the more specialized accommodations at Greentop in 1938.
124"Monthly Narrative Report to Chief Architect by Fred P. Parris, District Architect District C, Branch of Plans and Designs, February 20 to March 20, 1938, RG 79, Records of the Branch of Plans and Design, Monthly Narrative Reports, box 1, NA.
125Allan Sauerwien to President Roosevelt, 15 May 1933, Sauerwien to Stephen Early, 5 June 1933, President's Personal Files, folder 505, FDR Library. Kirkconnell, 53-61, covers the MLCC's lobbying campaign and the role played by the league in the construction of the camp Greentop.
126Stanley Hawkins, "Memorandum to Mr. Lisle," 13 October 1936, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 24, NA.
127"Monthly Narrative Report to Chief Architect by Tell Nicolet, August 21 to September 20, 1937," RG 79, Records of the Branch of Plans and Design, Monthly Narrative Reports, box 11, NA.
128Catoctin Clarion, 15 July 1938. According to the local newspaper, all workers lived "within a radius of 12 miles of the Recreational Demonstration Project."
129Williams to Regional Director, 19 March 1937, CMP.
130Arno Cammerer, "Memorandum to Mrs. Maulding," 4 November 1938, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.
131Baltimore Sun, 8 January 1937; Baltimore Sun, 10 December 1939. The advisory group was titled the Executive Committee for Catoctin Center, and included ten members, all from Baltimore, including Frank L. Bentz, chief clerk of the Maryland State Conservation Department; E.M. Lisle, "Memo for Director," 26 February 1941, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 23, NA. By early 1941, the Catoctin advisory committee had been "inactive" for some time, despite interest in its revival.
132Orveill W. Crowder, to Emil C. Heinrich, 14 April 1941, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA. In the early years of the project, hikers and groups did actually use Mt. Lent, but later the park service deemed the costs of refurbishing the collapsing house as too high.
133"Memorandum to Mr. V.R. Ludgate," 6 August 1938, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 7, NA. On the construction of the Day Use area see Kirkconnell, 71-75.
134J.I Neasmith, "NPS Camp Appraisal Report," 21 July 1938, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 58, NA.
135Matt C. Huppuch to Director NPS, 8 June 1938, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 31, NA.
136Schlesinger, 430-436.
137Associate Director, "Memorandum for the Secretary," 30 September 1936, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 17. W.J. Trent to A.E. Demaray, 10 June 1939, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA. On June 10, 1939, Trent asked Assistant NPS Director A.E. Demaray for information as "to the recent developments concerning a proposed Negro Recreational Demonstration Project at Catoctin." Demaray's reply could not be found.
138Paul Beissser to Senator George Radcliffe, 5 May 1939; Williard W. Allen to Conrad Wirth, 5 May 1939; Fred T. Johnson to Ethel J. Day, 17 May 1939, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
139J.B. McGovern, "Memorandum for Regional Director, 23 May 1939; Fred T. Johnson to Ethel J. Day, 17 May 1939, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
140"Memorandum for Inspector Henrich," 28 June 1940, CMP.
141Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Boston, 1959), 336-340.
142Assistant Director to Mr. Demaray, 18 September 1936, RG 79, Records of the Project Application Section, Memoranda and Correspondence Concerning CCC Camps, box 3, NA. The NPS deferred establishment of the Catoctin camp "due to restrictions on new ECW camp construction."
143John C. Paige, The CCC and the NPS, 1933-1942, An Administrative History (Washington, 1985), 21-22, 26. In 1936, as the construction at Catoctin began, FDR ordered the CCC downsized as an economy measure, cutting the number of camps from 446 to 340.
144Catoctin Clarion, 20 November 1936; Catoctin Clarion, 11 November 1939. Game wardens in the Catoctin area frequently warned local hunters to be especially careful around CCC sites.
145S.M. Woodward Jr. to Regional Director, 1 November 1937, "Subject: New Camp Areas," RG 79, Records of the Project Application Section, Memoranda and Correspondence Concerning CCC Camps, box 3, NA. This area was later known as Round Meadow.
146"Memorandum for Regional Director, Region 1," 28 February 1939, RG 79, Records of the Project Application Section, Memoranda and Correspondence Concerning CCC Camps, box 3, NA.
147Catoctin Clarion, 28 April 1939, Howard Rothmel, telephone interview by author, Stuart, Florida, 30 July 1999.
148"Camp Inspection Report," 30 August 1939, RG 35, Records of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.
149Paige, 71-72. "Camp Inspection Report, 3 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC. An inspector visiting the camp in 1941 found the "building and camp areas are in good condition," with a water-drilled well. He noted the portable buildings had been moved at least once. Rothmel interview. The Catoctin Recreational Hall included a pool table and a juke box. The hall was the site of occasional dances, attended by local women.
150Joseph Negrello, interview by author, Pottsville, PA, 14 July 1999.
151Ibid.
152 "Inspection Report, 3 February 1941, NP-3, CCC, MD," RG 35, Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, NA.
153Conrad Wirth, "Civilian Conservation Corps Program of the U.S. Department of Interior, March 1933 to June 1943," (Washington, 1944), 2.
154Negrello interview.
155Camp Inspection Report, 30 August 1939, RG 35, Records of the CCC, Division of Investigations Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.
156Rothmel interview.
157Rothmel interview.
158Catoctin Clarion, 28 April 1939.
159Catoctin Enterprise, 18 March 1940.
160"Camp Inspection Report," 3 February 1941, RG 35, Records of the CCC, Division of Investigations Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC. W.S. Bahlman, "Memorandum for the Director, 6 September 1939, RG 79 RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.
161Rothmel interview; Negrello interview.
163Caption to photograph in "CCC Buildings and Activities, CPP-030" folder, CMP.
164Ibid.
165Negrello interview.
166Paige, 81.
168"CCC Camp Education Report, SP-7-MD" 30 August 1939, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.
169Rothmel interview.
170Happy Days, 12 October 1940.
171"CCC Camp Education Report," 2 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.
172Rothmel interview.
173"CCC Camp Education Report, SP-7-MD" 30 August 1939;"CCC Camp Education Report," 2 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.
174Joseph Negrello, 15 July 1999.
175Happy Days, 17 June 1939, 1 July 1939: Happy Days 23 September 1939.
176Rothmel interview.
177Rothmel interview.
178Ross Abare to Charles H. Kenlen, 7 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC; Negrello interview.
179Paige, 28. "Camp Inspection Report," 3 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.
180Negrello interview.
181Joseph DeCenzo, telephone interview by author, Clinton, MD, 28 January 1999. DeCenzo, a Marylander, was stationed at the Silgo Park, Pennsylvania CCC camp.
182Negrello interview.
183Rothmel interview.
185Negrello interview.
Chapter Six
1Negrello interview.
2The Mountaineer, September 1941.
3"National Park Service War Work," December 7, 1941-June 30, 1944," RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, Records of Newton B. Drury, 1940-1941, box 25, NA.
4Mathew Huppuch to Wirth, 14 June 1941, RG 79, Records of the NPS, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program File, 1934-1947, box 57, NA. In the fall, of that year with their numbers down somewhat the sailors did move to Mount Lent.
5Herbert Evision to Stephen Thompson, 26 February 1942, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 14, NA; Kirkconnell, 84-85; Negrello interview.
6A.P. Bursley, "Memorandum of the Director," 20 June 1941, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, Records of the Branch of Recreation, Land Planning and State Cooperation, Records Concerning WPA Projects, 1935-1943, box 4, NA.
7"Memorandum of the First Assistant Secretary," 3 July 1941, RG 79 Records of Branch of Recreation Land Planning and State Cooperation, Records Concerning WPA Projects, 1935-1943, box 1, NA.
8"Memo for Mr. Wirth," 31 December 19341, RG 79, Records of Branch of Recreation Land Planning and Sate Cooperation, Records Concerning WPA Projects, 1935-1943, box 1, NA.
9"National Park Service War Work, December 7,-June 30 1944," RG 79, Records of New B. Drury, 1940-1951, box 25, NA.
10Kirkconnell, 94, 108.
11Fred T. Johnson, Acting Regional Director to Robert Catee, Washington County Girl Scout Council, 6 May 1942, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 31, NA.
12Catoctin Enterprise, 10 April 1942.
13Hillory A. Tollson, "Memorandum of the Secretary," 22 January 1943, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
14"Narrative Report for Month of April, 1942," RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
15Reginald Spear, telephone interview by author, San Marino, CA, 3 March 2000.
16Baltimore Evening Sun, 26 July 1948.
17G.B. Williams to Conrad Wirth, 12 December 1942, CMP.
18Garland Williams, "Memorandum for the Director," 15 July 1945, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
19War Dept Corps of Engineers Real Estate Branch Map, "Showing Government Property Catoctin Area," Map, May 26, 1942," RG 79 Records of the National Park Service, Records of the Office of the Chief Counsel, Legislative Files, 1932-1950, box 76, NA. The properties (totaling 274.75 acres) included:
Tract 21 Church of the Brethren Inc, 15 acres (leased not purchased)
Tract 114 Eddie Dziura et ux, 2 acres
Tract 125 Aaron Strauss Inc, 20 acres
Tract 125a Aaron Strauss Inc, 28 acres
Tract 154 Victor Brown, 23.75 acres
Tract 149a Church of the Brethren, Inc 15 acres (leased not purchased)
Tract 279a Samuel T. Royer, 12 acres
Tract 284 Ralph W. Miller et ux, 9 acres
Tract 305 Horace D. Rouser et al, 37 acres
20Drury to Harold D. Smith, 17 August 1942, RG 79, Records Concerning WPA Projects, 1935-1943, box 1, NA. The twelve workers apparently did not include those assigned to Roosevelt's Shangri-La construction project.
21"Telephone Conversation with Manager Williams, Catoctin RDA," 10 December 1942, RG 79, RDA Program Files, 1934-1947, box 58, NA.
22"Report to Accompany Master Plan of Catoctin Demonstration Area," 24 February 1942, CMP.
23Williams to Roger Willard, 26 June 1942, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
24Kathie Hogan, "A Secret in the Catoctin Mountains, A History of Camp David," (Honors Paper, Hood College, 1979); W. Dale Nelson, The President is at Camp David, (Syracuse, NY: 1995).
25Frederick News, 11 May 1935. Washington dignitaries frequently joined Brewster at his fishing lodge near Catoctin Furnace. In 1935 visitors included Senators Willard E. Tydings and George Radcliffe as well as Vice President John Nance Gardner.
26Catoctin Clarion, 19 April 1935.
27Nelson, 6.
28Wirth to Ickes, 16 April 1942, RG 79, Records of Key Officials, Records of Newton B. Drury, box 4, NA.
29Durary to Ickes, 23 April 1942, RG 79, Records of Key Officials, Records of Newton B. Drury, box 4, NA.
30Nelson, 6.
31"Maryland: Catoctin Mountain, Shangri-La, 1942," FDR Library, Hyde Park, NY.
32Album 461, FDR Library; Demaray, "Memorandum of the First Assistant Secretary, 9 July 1942, RG 79, Records of RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
33Lewis interview.
34Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (Boston, 1950), 797.
35Baltimore Sun, 6 September 1978.
36Samuel Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York, 1952), 349.
37Churchill, 797.
38James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: the Soldier of Freedom (New York 1970), 291, 283.
39Tresselt interview.
40Baltimore Sun, 1 October 1945.
41Baltimore Sun, 1 October 1945.
42Baltimore Sun, 16 September 1945.
43Chicago Daily News, 22 October 1943; see annotated clipping, RG 79 Records concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 59, NA.
44Catoctin Enterprise, 22 October 1943.
45 Louise McPherson to Roosevelt, 21 October 1943, Presidential Personal Files, PPF 8086, FDR Library.
46Barbara Kirkconnell interview with Conrad Wirth, Washington, DC, 3 March 1986, CMP.
47FDR: Day by Day- The Pare Lorentz Chronology, FDR Library.
48Times-Herald, 1 October 1945.
49Chicago Tribune, 21 September 1945.
50"Individual Fire Report for Building on Government Property," RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.
51"Report to Accompany Master Plan of Catoctin Demonstration Area." 24 February 1942, CMP; Baltimore American, 23 February 1941.
52George H. Filed To Newton Drury, Director of NPS, 5 December 1942, RG 79 Records of Branch of Recreation of Land Planning and State Cooperation, Records Concerning WPA Projects, 1935-1943, box 1, NA.
53Catoctin Enterprise, 28 January 1944.
54Catoctin Enterprise, 2 June 1944.
55Catoctin Enterprise, 2 October 1942; Catoctin Enterprise, 11 December 1942; George Calcott, Maryland and America, 1940-1980 (Baltimore, 1985), 32.
56Lewis interview.
57Catoctin Enterprise, 20 July 1945.
58Catoctin Enterprise, 14 July, 1944.
59Catoctin Enterprise, 11 June 1943.
60Helen Hammond, "The Year the Nazis Came to Frederick," Frederick Magazine, June 1996. 28-30.
61Catoctin Enterprise, 30 May 1947; Frederick News, 30 July 1980.
62Summary of Correspondence Relative to Interests of the State of Maryland in Catoctin Recreational Demonstration Area," RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
63FDR to Ickes, 8 June 1942, "Statement by Roosevelt on his veto of an Act Affecting Recreation Demonstration Projects," 11 August 1939, in Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911-1945, vol. II, Edgar B. Nixon, ed. , (New York, 1957), 376, 556. In 1939, FDR vetoed H.R. 3959 also designed to return the RDAs to the states. The president feared that it did not contain enough safeguards to protect land after the transfers.
64Wirth to H.S. Fairbanks, 14 January 1943, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Riles, box 15, NA.
65Ickes to Roosevelt, 28 August 1943, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
66"A Resolution Calling upon the Federal Government to Return the Catoctin National Recreation Area to the State of Maryland," transferred with M.E. Tyding to Drury, 1 July 1944, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
67John Boley, "Review of the Catoctin Story," 26 September 1987, CMP. Boley concluded that the "main political pressure for obtaining Catoctin, or parts thereof, by Maryland, came from Maryland hunters."
68Lewis interview.
69Drury to Tyding, 5 June 1945; Kaylor to Hillory Tolson, 1 June 1945, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
70"Summary of Correspondence Relative to Interests of the State of Maryland in Catoctin Recreational Demonstration Area," RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.
71Ibid.
72Kaylor to Thomas J. Allen, 5 March 1946, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Program Files, box 60, NA. Kaylor began his letter: "We are still smarting under the sting of having the Park Service come in and purchase the Catoctin recreational area, which we were promised would be returned to the state."
73Fredrick News, 9 January 1947. Although the formal legislation remained tied up in Congress, Mike Williams began officially reporting to the National Capital Areas Parks on January 1, 1947.
74A.E. Demaray, "Confidential," 25 November 1946, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Program Files, box 60, NA.
75Catoctin Enterprise, 8 August 1947.
76Baltimore Sun, 23 June 1948.
77Buckingham, "Catoctin Area," The Old Line Acorn, January-April 1948, 5. Buckingham claimed that Maryland was willing to allow Shangri-La to remain in federal hands, but wanted the rest of the park be turned over to the state.
78Catoctin Enterprise, 25 June 1948.
79Catoctin Enterprise, 27 May 1949; H.R. 4405, introduced into the 81st Congress on April 27, 1949 was essentially the same bill as its predecessor, H.R. 3807, although the public relations stress use and the park service found another sponsor.
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