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City of Rocks
Historic Resources Study |
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NOTES
1 Wallace Stegner, "Living Dry," Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs; Living and Writing in the West, New York: Penguin Book, 1992, pp. 57-61.
2 The City of Rocks National Reserve encompasses private, state and federal lands. Management of the reserve is undertaken through a cooperative agreement between the National Park Service and the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation.
3 Valison Tanner, interviewed by Verna Richardson, August 22, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, Fife Folklore Society, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, p. 27.
4 John Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's settlement south of Almo, [title assigned by HRA], Manuscript 2/463, on file at Idaho Historical Society, Boise, Idaho, no date, p. 12.
5 Etta V. Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley," Manuscript 2/1136, Idaho Historical Society, Boise, Idaho, no date, p. 15.
6 Journal and Letters of James Stapleton Lewis, ca. 1891-1901, Manuscript 130, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, p. 24.
7 Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin #14. Geology and Mineral Resources of Eastern Cassia County, Idaho, (Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho, 1931), p. 18.
8 William McCoy, Forest Supervisor, "Report for Forest Atlas, Minidoka National Forest Idaho-Utah," 1/13/1909, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (through 1923), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho, pp. 4-5.
9 The Cattle Drives of David Shirk, September 1871, quoted in Merle W. Wells, "History of the City of Rocks," 1990, report prepared for David and Jennifer Chance and Associates for submittal to the Pacific Northwest Region of the National Park Service, Seattle, Washington, Appendix II, p. 11; United States Forest Service, "Range Appraisal Report, Sublett, Black Pine and Raft River Divisions Comprising the Raft River Unit Minidoka National Forest," 1923, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (through 1923), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho, passim.
10 Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin #14, p. vii; The Idaho Encyclopedia, Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration, compiler, (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1938), p. 259; Diary of Frederick Hugh Ottley, 1880-1952, Manuscript #1836, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.
11 Alta Mooso Weldon, "Homesteaders at the City of Rocks," unpublished typescript on file at Cassia County Historical Society, Burley, Idaho, no date [nd] p. 1.
12 As established in the Scope of Work, this is an abbreviated discussion. HRA has made no contact with cultural representatives of the Shoshone or Bannock tribes. Prehistoric and American Indian sites were excluded from the field inventory. This subject will be addressed in a future study by the National Park Service.
13 Warren L. D'Azevedo, "Introduction," in Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11, Great Basin, (Smithsonian Institution, Government Printing Office, 1986), p. 289.
14 Robert F. Murphy and Yolanda Murphy, "Northern Shoshone and Bannock," in Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11, Great Basin, p. 289.
15 Merle Wells, untitled manuscript, on file at the National Park Service, Pacific Northwest System Support Office, Seattle, Washington, p. 12.
17 Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), pp. 2-3.
18 Emma Lucy Smith Mikesell, A Pause for Reflection, Daughter of Utah Pioneers Cassia County Company, Virginia Estes compiler, (Provo, Utah: J. Grant Stevenson Publishers, 1977), p. 69. See also, Jake and Ida Bruesch, interviewed by A. W. Dawson, May 16, 1974, Oral History #180, Idaho State Historical Society Library and Archives, Boise, Idaho. (Copyright held by Cassia County Historical Society, Burley, Idaho; restrictions on reproduction.)
19 "History of City of Rocks Relived as Bliss Students Visit Oakley Area," Times News (no place of publication indicated), 10/18/1964, Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS, n.p.
20 Lind "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's settlement south of Almo, p. 105.
21 Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 12.
22 Finian McDonald (1823) quoted in Gloria Griffen Chine, Peter Skene Ogden and the Hudson's Bay Company (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974), p. 46. [HRA has elected to use the original spelling and punctuation for the italic quotes. We have not used the term "sic" in order to provide easier reading.]
23 Wells, untitled document, p. 17.
24 Cline, Peter Skene Ogden and the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 46; Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 18.
25 Work, quoted in Cline, Peter Skene Ogden, p. 52; Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), p. 5; Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 19.
26 Quoted in Cline, Peter Skene Ogden and the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 46.
27 Including Ogden, Smith, Ashley, Walker, Carson, Bridger, Fitzpatrick, Bonneville.
28 Wallace Stegner, Mormon Country (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1942), pp. 242-245; Philip Fradkin, Sagebrush Country (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1989), p. 84.
29 Dale L. Morgan, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1953), p. 24; Ray Allen Billington, The Far Western Frontier, 1830-1860 (New York: Harper & Row, 1956), pp. 61-62.
30 Stegner, Mormon Country, p. 246.
31 Cline, Peter Skene Ogden and the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 87; Billington, The Far Western Frontier, 1830-1860, p. 61.
32 Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), p. 5; Billington, The Far Western Frontier, 1830-1860, p. 62.
33 John D. Unruh, Jr., The Plains Across. The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-60, (Urbana, Chicago, London: University of Illinois Press, 1979), p. 3.
34 Billington, The Far Western Frontier, 1830-1860, p. 90.
35 Hall J. Kelley, General Agent for the O. C. Society, American Society for Encouraging the Settlement of the Oregon Territory, ca. 1831, Entry #135, Roll 9, "Western Americana 1550-1900: Frontier History of the Trans Mississippi West," University of Montana Special Collections, Missoula, Montana.
36 Quoted in Unruh, The Plains Across, p. 28.
37 Sublett quoted in Unruh, The Plains Across, p. 29.
38 Kelley, General Agent for the O. C. Society, American Society for Encouraging the Settlement of the Oregon Territory.
39 Unruh, The Plains Across, pp. 29-30.
40 Billington, The Far Western Frontier, 1830-1860, pp. 83-85.
42 Quoted in Billington, The Far Western Frontier, 1830-1860, p. 563.
43 John Bidwell, "A Journey To California [first published ca. 1842]," First Three Wagon Trains, (Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort, n.d.), p. 7.
45 Billington, The Far-Western Frontier, 1830-1860, p. 565.
46 Morgan, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West, pp. 83-85, 91-92; Daniel J. Hutchison and Larry R. Jones, editors, Emigrant Trails of Southern Idaho (Boise: Bureau of Land Management and Idaho State Historical Society, 1993), p. 3; Merle Wells, "City of Rocks and Granite Pass," Utah Geological Association, (Publication 13, 1984).
47 Billington, The Far Western Frontier, 1830-1860, p. 565.; John Phillip Reid, Law for the Elephant, (San Marino, California: Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, 1980), pp. 241,244; Thomas Christy, 7/1/1850, quoted in Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II, p. 6.
48 John Mack Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 9-10; Hiram Martin Chittenden, History of the American Fur Trade of the For West (Stanford: Academic Press, 1954), p. 479.
49 A.B. Guthrie, Jr., The Way West (New York and Boston: Houghton Muffin Company, 1949), p. 253.
50 Jacob S. Hayden, 1852, quoted in Howard Ross Cramer, "Hudspeth's Cutoff southeastern Idaho, a map and composite diary," 1969, p. 21, prepared for the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Burley, Idaho, File: "Contacts ad other Historical Data," Records of Minidoka National Forest (1938-), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho.
51 Win. H. Thompson, "Cassia County, Idaho, 1849-1949," 7/27/1949, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (1938-), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho, p. 3.
52 Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), p. 8.
53 Leslie L. Sudweeks, "The Raft River in Idaho History," Pacific Northwest Quarterly (June 1941), p. 289; Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin #6: Geology and Water Resources of the Goose Creek Basin, Cassia County, Idaho, (Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho, 1923), p. 18; Charles Twitchell to Ann Hubber, Historical Research Associates, May 12, 1995; Idaho Historical Society, "The Oregon Trail in Idaho," Reference Series Number 50, Idaho Historical Society, Boise, Idaho; Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 38.
54 Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 31. Jacob and George Donner's wagon train rediscovered what Jedediah Smith, Joseph Walker, and the members of the Bartleson-Bidwell party already knew: the Bonneville Flats were inhospitable to man and beast. Their wagons abandoned, their stock dead, their supplies exhausted, the Donner Party arrived in the Sierra Nevada after the first heavy snows of winter. In the ensuing winter, spent in hastily constructed log cabins, many starved. Those who did not, resorted to cannibalism.
55 L. A. Fleming and A. R. Standing, "The Road to 'Fortune': The Salt Lake Cutoff," Utah Historical Quarterly, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (1938-), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho, pp. 250-251; James Hutchings (1849) quoted in Unruh, The Plains Across, p. 311.
56 Chester Ingersoll, Overland to California in 1847. Letters Written En Route to California, West from Independence, Missouri, to the Editor of the Joliet Signal, (Fairfield, Washington: Ye Galleon Press, 1970), p. 35; S. George Ellsworth, "The Mormon Trail," Pioneer Trails West, Don Worcester, ed., (Caldwell Idaho: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1985), p. 167.
57 Idaho Historical Society, Hudspeth's Cutoff," Idaho Reference Series Number 290, IHS, Boise.
58 Sudweeks, "The Raft River in Idaho History," p. 293; Idaho Historical Society, "Hudspeth's Cutoff," Idaho Reference Series Number 290, IHS, Boise.
59 Unruh, The Plains Across, p. 120.
61 Despite this significant change in demographics, the absolute number of families on the trail remained relatively constant through the gold-rush years.
62 Unruh The Plains Across, p. 403; Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail, p. 35; Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), p. 11.
63 William J. Little, Range Consultant, "A Historical Overview of Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks National Reserve From Introduction to 1907," 1994, p. 8, copy of report provided by the National Park Service, Pacific Northwest System Support Office, Seattle, Washington.
64 Wallace Taylor, quoted in Little, "A Historical Overview of Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks National Reserve From Introduction to 1907," pp. 5, 8-9.
65 John Phillip Reid, Law for the Elephant, (San Marino, California: Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, 1980), p. 244.
66 James Mason Hutchings, 9/14/1849, quoted in Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II, p. 5.
67 Merle W. Wells, Idaho State Historic Preservation Officer, "City of Rocks National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form," 1972, p. 7.1; Unruh, The Plains Across, pp. 152-153, 305.
68 Sandra L. Myres, Ho for California! Women's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library (San Marino: Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, 1980), p. 159; Sudweeks, "The Raft River in Idaho History," p. 295; J. Goldsborough Bruff (August 29, 1849), quoted in Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II.
69 W. Turrentine Jackson, Wagon Roads West, A Study of Federal Road Surveys and Construction in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1846-1869, (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), p. 196; Unruh, The Plains Across, p. 237.
70 Unruh, The Plains Across, p. 239; Jackson, Wagon Roads West, p. 214.
71 Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 62.
72 Unruh, The Plains Across, p. 242.
73 Wallace Stegner, "Thoughts In A Dry Land," Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs: Living and Writing in the West (New York: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 53.
74 Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail, p. 14.
75 Historian Merle Wells reports that James F. Wilkins christened the area "City of Rocks" on August 12, 1849. While the name soon "gained general acceptance," numerous emigrants also called the city Castle Rocks, Pyramid Circle, or Steeple Rocks (Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II).
76 Stegner, "Thoughts In A Dry Land," p. 53.
77 Myres, Ho for California, pp. 159-160.
78 Vincent Geiger and Wakeman Bryarly (July 19, 1849), quoted in Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II.
79 Carpenter, quoted in Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail, p. 79.
81 Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail, pp. 71-72.
82 Myres, Ho for California, pp. 159-160.
83 J. Goldsborough Bruff 8/29/1849, quoted in Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II.
84 Harriet Sherrill Ward, 8/19/1853, quoted in Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II.
85 Quoted in Merle W. Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II, p. 8.
86 Archer Butler Hulbert, Forty-Niners, The Chronicle of the California Trail (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1932), pp. 185-186, excerpt provided by City of Rocks National Reserve.
87 Dr. John Hudson Wayman (July 12, 1852), quoted in Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II.
88 John E. Dalton, July 26, 1852, quoted in Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 49.
89 Hulbert Forty-Niners, The Chronicle of the California Trail, pp. 185-186.
90 California & Overland Diaries of Count Leonetto Cipriani, 1853-1871, excerpt provided to HRA by Kathleen Durfee, City of Rocks National Reserve; J. Goldsborough Bruff, 8/29/1849 and Bryon McKinstry, 8/3/1850, quoted in Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II.
91 Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail, p. 17.
92 Ingersoll, Overland to California in 1847, pp. 35-37.
93 H.B. Scharmann, Scharmann's Overland Journey to California: From the Pages of a Pioneer's Diary, Margaret Hoff Zimmermann and Ench W. Zimmermann, translators, (Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1918, 1969), p. 26.
94 Leander Vaness Loomis, Birmingham Journal, 1850, p. 76, excerpt provided by City of Rocks National Reserve.
95 Charles Fremont, quoted in Fradkin, Sagebrush Country, p. 84.
96 Charles Nelson Teeter (September 1865), quoted in Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 40.
97 Unruh, The Plains Across, pp. 175, 408-414; Myres, Ho for California!, p. 165, note #41; Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail, p. 32.
98 Unruh, The Plains Across, pp. 157-160.
99 Caroline Richardson quoted in Unruh, The Plains Across, p. 175.
100 Indian Agent Elias Wampole, Utilla Agency, quoted in Brigham D. Madsen, The Bannock of Idaho (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1958), p. 74.
101 Madsen, The Bannock of Idaho, p. 113.
102 Tales of the purported Almo Massacre along the banks of Almo Creek three miles east of the City of Rocks dominate local tradition. The 1861 massacre is said to have involved 300 emigrants, possibly Shakers from the eastern seaboard. All but five of these are said to have died after a four-day standoff in which Arapahoe, Cheyenne, Ute, Shoshone, Paiute, Cayuse, and the Bannock Indians (seeking revenge for the unprovoked murder of an Indian brave in the Montpelier Country), rushed a passing train, denied the emigrants water, shot them as they crawled toward nearby springs, and ultimately tossed the bodies in the dry wells that the emigrants had frantically dug within the wagon circle. Local tradition establishes that three men, a woman, and her babe-in-arms survived, after a harrowing crawl to the Raft River and safety.
C. S. Walgamott is thought to have written the first official account of the battle when he reported that "William Eddy Johnston . . . was boyhood friends with an Indian lad who had participated in the fight.... Meeting again as grown men, the Indian . . . revealed some information about the battle of Almo Creek" (C. S. Walgamott, "The Massacre at Almo Creek," n.d. [1927], no publisher, p. 122, clipping received 7/2/1970, Cassia County Vertical File, IHS). In 1872, W. E. Johnston visited the site and claimed that traces of the battle were "very much" in evidence. In 1887 the Johnston family moved to Almo Creek, and purchased the purported battle site. In the leveling and plowing of the fields, many guns were said to have been uncovered (A. W. Dawson, "Historians Weigh Fact Against Theories in Story About Massacre of 300 Pioneers," The Idaho Statesman, Boise, Idaho, 2/14/1971, Cassia County Vertical File, IHS). City of Rocks pioneer C. S. Walgamott reported that in 1875, "evidence of the conflict was marked plainly by trenches thrown up under each wagon as they were arranged in circles."
Although the massacre is reported as fact in most local histories of the region until the late 1970s, and was an accepted part of the local school curriculum, it is increasingly questioned by historians. The 300 victims vastly exceeds the casualty count of all other Overland Trail Indian/emigrant conflicts, yet after extensive research historian Brigham Madsen noted that the massacre was not reported in any of the contemporary papers that so faithfully reported earlier, subsequent, (and much less deadly) attacks, nor did it appear in military records (Brigham Madsen, The "Almo Massacre "Revisited, n.d., on file at the City of Rocks National Reserve).
Madsen further argued that the legend may have gained credibility in the 1930s, as a means of attracting tourists' attention to the area (High Country News, 4/4/1994). Madsen's findings have since been supported by Arthur Hart and Larry Jones of the Idaho State Historical Society and Edwin C. Bearss, chief historian of the National Park Service. The chairman of the Shoshone chairman Keith Tinno has also demanded an apology, noting that the tribe has no oral tradition of the battle and that "we were being accused of something that we'd never done. We need an apology, a public type of apology saying we were accused of something we didn't do" (Keith Tinno quoted in Times-News, Twin Falls, Idaho, 1/8/1994).
In 1938, the Sons and Daughters of Idaho Pioneers erected a monument to the victims at the alleged battlefield site. Brigham Madsen and the Shoshone tribe have recently petitioned for the monument's removal. These requests have been denied by local residents who maintain that the monument and the massacre, whether fact or folklore, are an important part of the area's history and culture (Della Mullinix, president, Sons and Daughters of Idaho Pioneers, quoted in High Country News, 4/4/1994).
103 Unruh, The Plains Across, pp. 181-195.
105 "Letter from James A. Evans, 1860," in Diary References to City of Rocks, compiled by Larry Jones and submitted to the Pacific Northwest Region of the National Park Service, Seattle, Washington.
106 Quoted in Arthur Hart, "Massacre legend seems overblown," The Idaho Statesman, 6/25/1979, Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS.
107 Little, "A Historical Overview of Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks National Reserve From Introduction to 1907," p. 10.
108 A W. Dawson, Director Cassia County Historical Society, "City of Rocks Noted For Indian Ambushes," (ca. 1970), Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS.
109 David Chance, "Historical Sketch of the Kelton Road," 1993, draft manuscript prepared for the National Park Service Pacific Northwest Region, p. 120; Unruh, The Plains Across, pp. 220, 243.
110 Arthur Hart, "Massacre legend seems overblown," The Idaho Statesman, 6/25/1979, Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS.
111 Quoted in Madsen, The Bannock of Idaho, p. 130.
112 James D. Doty, Utah Indian Superintendency, quoted in Madsen, The Bannock of Idaho, p. 139
113 Madsen, The Bannock of Idaho, p. 142.
114 This five thousand came from the ten-thousand-dollar annuity promised to the Eastern Shoshoni on July 2, thus cutting the annuity to the Eastem Shoshoni in half.
115 Madsen, The Bannock of Idaho, p. 145-147
116 Newell Dayley of Basin reports that as a child of six (circa. 1890?) he encountered a three-wagon train on the California Trail, crossing Junction Valley just north of Granite Pass. (Newell Dayley, interviewed by A. W. and Lillian Dawson, January 28, 1968, Oral History #182, Idaho State Historical Society Library and Archives, Boise, Idaho. [Copyright held by Cassia County Historical Society, Burley, Idaho.] ) Such small, isolated trains traveled the California Trail until mass production of the automobile made such travel unnecessary, even for the very poor or the very eccentric. Overland travel, however, as a mass movement and nationally significant event, ended (practically and symbolically) with the driving of the golden spike.
117 Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), p. 13.
119 Abraham C. Anderson, "The Pioneer Life of George W. Goodhart," Trails of Early Idaho, 1940, p. 298, excerpt provided by City of Rocks National Reserve; Sudweeks, "The Raft River in Idaho History," p. 304; The national Pony Express ran from St. Joseph Missouri to Sacramento by way of Salt Lake City, central Nevada, Carson City, and Sacramento, bypassing southern Idaho completely. Ray Allen Billington, Westward Expansion. A History of the American Frontier (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1960), p. 641.
120 Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), p. 18; Dwayne Ward, "History of Almo, Idaho," seminar paper Utah State University, [1936], Utah State University Special Collections, Logan, Utah, pp. 5-6; Billington, Westward Expansion, pp. 641-642. For a complete discussion of John Hailey's stagecoach endeavors, please see Chance, "Historical Sketch of the Kelton Road."
121 Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), p. 14.
122 Walgamott, Six Decades Back, p. 24; Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's settlement south of Almo, p. 102; Donaldson, quoted in Chance, "Historical Sketch of the Kelton Road," p. 17.
123 Idaho Avalanche (Silver City, Idaho), March 16, 1878, Cassia County Vertical File, IHS.
124 Walgamott, Six Decades Back, p. 26.
125 Ethel Cottle, "Sketches of Malta and the Raft River Valley," Manuscript #2735 374, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, p. 7; Diary of Frederick Hugh Ottley, 1890, Manuscript #1836, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.
126 P. C. Lind, "News From Lynn," The Oakley News, Oakley, Idaho, 12/16/1968, p. 4, Cassia County Vertical File, IHS.
127 "Extracts from Diary of J. M. Murphy," ca. 1880, reprinted in The Oakley Herald," 12/1930, Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS.
128 Charles Brown, "Oakley's City of Rocks, Little Known to Idaho," The Idaho Sunday Statesman, 1/17/1926, Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS.
129 "Extracts from Diary of J. M. Murphy," ca. 1880, reprinted in The Oakley Herald. Treasure Rock is located immediately adjacent to the primary City of Rocks access road, within the NWNWSE section 31, T15S R24E.
130 The Cattle Drives of David Shirk, September 1871, quoted in Wells, "History of the City of Rocks" (1990), Appendix II, p. 11.
131 Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's settlement south of Almo, p. 67.
132 Little, "A Historical Overview of Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks National Reserve From Introduction to 1907," pp. 5-5A; Minidoka National Forest Personnel, "History of the Minidoka National Forest," p. 4, Supervisor's Office Sawtooth National Forest; "The Trip to California, 1860, Martha Missouri Moore," Covered Wagon Women, pp. 259-261, excerpt provided by City of Rocks National Reserve.
133 Little, "A Historical Overview of Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks National Reserve From Introduction to 1907," pp. 1-2.
135 Cottle, "Sketches of Malta and the Raft River Valley," p. 1; A Pause for Reflection, p. 615; U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Cassia County, Marsh Basin Enumeration District," 10th Census of Population, 1900, National Archives Micro-film Laboratory.
136 Kathleen Durfee, compiler, "Cowboys of the Early Cattle Days of Idaho," nd., p. 3, excerpt provided by City of Rocks National Reserve; A Pause for Reflection, p. 71. As late as the 1 960s, small log "line cabins" constructed to provide shelter for range cowboys, remained visible from the road between Oakley and Emory Canyon, just west of the City of Rocks.
137 John Mortenson, "History of the Range Lands of the Albion Mountain Division and the Surrounding Territory," October 22, 1935, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (1924-1938), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho; Kathleen Durfee, compiler, "Cowboys of the Early Cattle Days of Idaho," nd., p. 4, excerpt provided by City of Rocks National Reserve.
138 "Idaho Range Cattle Industry, Early Cattle Days in Idaho," (Handwritten notation indicates: written by Professor C. W. Hodgson, Animal Husbandry Department, University of Idaho, ca. 1948), Vertical File: Cattle History, IHS, p. 4.
139 Andrew Jensen, compiler, "Almo Ward History," in Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, 1882-1971, Manuscript #LR10590 2, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.
140 Ibid.; Hodgson, "Idaho Range Cattle Industry, Early Cattle Days in Idaho," pp. 8-10.
141 Hodgson, "Idaho Range Cattle Industry, Early Cattle Days in Idaho," pp. 11-14, 17.
142 Stegner, "Thoughts In A Dry Land," in Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs: Living and Writing in the West, p. 69.
143 S. George Ellsworth, "The Mormon Trail," Pioneer Trails West, Don Worcester, ed., (Caldwell Idaho: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1985), p. 167; Lowell C. Bennion, "Mormon Country a Century Ago: A Geographer's View," in The Mormon People: Their Character and Traditions, Thomas G. Alexander, ed., (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press [Charles Redd Monographs in Western History No. 10], 1980), p. 8; D.W. Meinig, "The Mormon Culture Region: Strategies and Patterns in the Geography of the American West, 1847-1964," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5S (June 1965), pp. 201, 215-216.
144 Brigham Young, quoted in Meinig, "Mormon Culture Region," p. 204.
145 Meinig, "Mormon Culture Region," p. 207.
146 Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley," p. 3.
147 Bemus Ward, "History of Almo, Idaho," seminar paper Utah State University, [ca. 1945], Utah State University Special Collections, Logan, Utah.
148 Bennion, "Mormon Country a Century Ago: A Geographer's View," in The Mormon People: Their Character and Traditions, p. 12; Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 72.
149 "Report of J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls," December 18, 1873, in Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1873, H. Exec. Doc. 1, pt. 5, 43d Cong., 1st sess., 1873, Serial 1601, p. 411.
150 For research purposes, this area is defined as Townships 15S 23E; 15S 24E; 16S 23E; 16S 24E, Boise Meridian.
151 United States Surveyor General's Office: 1878 partial survey of 15S 24E (Allen Thompson, surveyor) on file with Bureau of Land Management, Boise, Idaho.
152 United States Surveyor General's Office: 1884 survey of 15S 24E (J.R. Glover, surveyor); 1886 partial survey of 16S 24E (Oscar Sonnenkolb, surveyor); 1892 survey of 16S 23E (Frank Riblett, surveyor), all on file with Bureau of Land Management, Boise, Idaho.
153 BLM, Tract Book Indexes, Townships 15S 23E, 15S 24E, 16S 23E, 16S 24E, on file with the BLM, Boise, Idaho. Not eager to advertize the arid nature of Idaho lands, Idaho legislators excluded Idaho from the Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909, only to request inclusion one year later, Paul Gates, History of Public Land Law Development (Washington, D.C.: Zneger Publishing Co., Inc., 1968), pp. 503-507.
154 Gates, History of Public Land Law Development, p. 394.
157 BLM, Tract Book Indexes, Townships 15S 23E, 15S 24E, 16S 23E, 16S 24E on file with the BLM, Boise, Idaho.
158 Andrew Jensen, compiler, "Almo Ward Descriptive," in Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes.
159 Henry R. Cahoon quoted in "Almo Ward History," in Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes.
160 Elihu Beecher, A Pause for Reflection, p. 223.
161 Cahoon quoted in "Almo Ward History," in Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes.
162 Jensen, Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, emphasis added.
163 Durfee's first name is spelled "Eugean" in the final testimony of claimant files, however his family indicates that he preferred to spell his name "Eugene," the convention that is used throughout this document.
164 Mary Ann Tracy patent file #567,7/1905, National Archives, Suitland, Maryland.
165 McCoy, "Report for Forest Atlas, Minidoka National Forest Idaho-Utah," p. 1.
166 Ibid., p. 7; Elba Ward, Cassia Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, 1881-1904, Manuscript #LR2566 23, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah; B. Ward, "History of Almo, n.p.; Jake and Ida Bruesch, interviewed by AW. Dawson, Oral History #180, p. 16.
167 George Lunsford, Patent File #136, 11/1888, National Archives.
168 B. Ward, "History of Almo, n.p.
169 Ibid. See also Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's Settlement south of Almo, p. 39; John Fairchild, "History of the Basin," 3/12/1935, reprinted in The Oakley News, 2/26/1968, p. 5; Ellen Sarah Ballingham Betteridge, interviewed by Vema Richardson, October 10, 1974, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, Fife Folklore Society, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, p. 6.
170 Valison Tanner, interviewed by Vema Richardson, p. 7; Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley," pp. 12-13.
171 United States Forest Service, "The Minidoka National Forest," nd (ca. 1942), File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (1938-), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho, pp. 19-20.
172 Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin #14, p. 19.
173 Henry Edger King, interviewed by A.W. and Lillian Davis, October 1972, tape on file at Cassia County Historical Society and Museum.
174 Alfred Atkinson, "Dry Farming Investigations in Montana," Montana Agricultural College Experiment Station Bulletin No. 38, Montana Agricultural College, Bozeman, Montana, p. 156.
175 Gates, History of Public Land Law Development, p. 512.
176 J. H. Johnson quoted in Chicago Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, The Musselshell Country, Chicago Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, Chicago, ca. 1912, p. 14; Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin No. 6, Geology and Water Resources of the Goose Creek Basin, Cassia County, Idaho, (Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho, Sept. 1931), 1923, p. 42; U.S. Department of Agriculture, quoted in Gates, History of Public Land Law Development, p. 507.
177 Minidoka National Forest Personnel, "History of the Minidoka National Forest," p. 11.
178 Lind, History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's settlement south of Almo, p. 74.
180 General Land Office patent files for the project area, National Archives, Suitland, Maryland, passim; Weldon, "Homesteaders at the City of Rocks," p. 1.
181 Charles Freckelton, Patent Files #573713, August 1916, National Archives.
182 Richard Francaviglia, The Mormon Landscape, (New York: ATM Press, 1978), p. 8. This seasonal habitation also conformed generally to Mormon settlement patterns wherein fanners and ranchers lived in community centers — near their church, their school, and their Mormon brethren — and traveled to their stock and cultivated fields (Francaviglia, passim).
183 Walter Mooso interviewed by A. W. and Lillian Dawson, March 29, 1973, untranscribed tape on file at Cassia County Historical Society and Museum, Burley, Idaho, Lyonel Mooso, telephone interview with Ann Hubber, Historical Research Associates, February 1996.
184 Delbert Hyrum Adams, interviewed by David E. Layton, 10/1959, Manuscript 6230, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, p. 23.
185 Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin No. 6, p. 42; Adams, interviewed by David E. Layton, p. 23; Thomas Shomaker patent file #984529, July, 1926, National Archives.
186 Patent Files (#678028, November, 1917); Eames, T. Fairchild, (#540318, August, 1815); Flowers, (#604482, April, 1917), all in National Archives; Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's settlement south of Almo, p. 98. Frederick Ottley recounted "heavy snow and wind" from October 1 until October 8 of 1882. J. Goldsborough Bruff awoke from his City of Rocks camp on August 29, 1849, to find the ends of his "very long" hair "froze to the ground, so that I had to pull it loose, but had to leave some, as a memento for the wolves to examine."
187 Weldon, "Homesteaders at the City of Rocks," p. 1.
188 Iona Gould, A Pause for Reflection, p. 618.
189 Gates, History of Public Land Law Development, pp. 528, 638, 646. Many claimants never intended to settle, to stay, or to patent their claims, recognizing the limits of the land and using their parcels as three-to-five year options on cheap grazing land (their "cost" limited to the minimal filing fee). Physical improvements on these relinquished claims were minimal.
190 BLM Tract Book Indexes, Townships 15S 23E, 15S 24E, 16S 23E, 16S 24E.
191 Diary of Frederick Hugh Ottley, 1880-1952, Patent file of Elizabeth Campbell Barker [widow of Tory Campbell), (#820952, March, 1921), National Archives.
192 Mortenson, "History of the Range Lands of the Albion Mountain Division and the Surrounding Territory."
193 Minidoka National Forest Personnel, "History of the Minidoka National Forest," p. 10.
194 Little, "A Historical Overview of Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks National Reserve," p. 17; Hodgson, "Idaho Range Cattle Industry, Early Cattle Days in Idaho," p. 13; Elmer Kimber, interviewed by Verna Richardson, p. 9.
195 A. J. Tolman, quoted in Ariel Cranney, nd, Manuscript #13/1/6, Eli M. Obeler Special Collections, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho.
196 Little, "A Historical Overview of Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks National Reserve from Introduction to 1907," p. 20.
197 Newell Dayley, quoted in Little, "A Historical Overview of Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks National Reserve," p. 21.
198 Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's Settlement south of Almo, p. 40.
199 Grover, Diamondfield Jack. A Study in Frontier Justice, p. 3; Little, "A Historical Overview of Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks National Reserve," p. 20.
200 Samuel Trask Dana, Forest and Range Policy (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1956), pp. 100-102.
201 Originally called the Goose Creek Division.
202 McCoy, "Report for Forest Atlas, Minidoka National Forest Idaho-Utah," p. 12; Untitled report re: "the matter of transferring the Supervisor's office of the Minidoka National Forest from ... Oakley to Burley, Idaho," 2/3/1917, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (through 1923), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho.
203 McCoy, "Report for Forest Atlas, Minidoka National Forest Idaho-Utah," p. 8; Henry L. Smith [Goose Creek Division] Ranger, to W. M. Campbell, Supervisor, Minidoka National Forest, 2/18/1917, File: Records of Minidoka National Forest, through 1923, SO SNF; Minidoka National Forest Personnel, "History of the Minidoka National Forest," pp. 10-11.
204 United States Forest Service, "Range Appraisal Report, Albion Mountain Division, Minidoka National Forest, 1923," p. 7. In 1923, the Albion Mountain Division maintained 112 cattle permits, allowing an average of 38 animal units, and 7 sheep permits, at an average of 1,128 animal units. Although district rangers reported that "the division is terribly rocky in places and probably could be used to better advantage by sheep" such a transition was unlikely "because the people are not so inclined." This economic emphasis on cattle would continue.
205 Hodgson, "Idaho Range Cattle Industry, Early Cattle Days in Idaho," p. 20; United States Forest Service, "Range Appraisal Report, Albion Mountain Division, Minidoka National Forest, 1923, pp. 7, 13, 22-23, 26.
206 Milo H. Deming, Grazing Assistant, Albion Mountain Division," Period Study Report, Minidoka National Forest, 1923, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (through 1923), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho, pp. 18, 21, 26.
207 R. D. Carver, Minidoka National Forest Supervisor, 1920-1923, quoted in Minidoka National Forest personnel, "The Minidoka National Forest," p. 18; USFS Intermountain District, "Alumni Bulletin 1929," Ogden, Utah, pp. 29-30, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (1924-1938), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho.
208 Quoted in Gates, "History of Public Land Law Development, p. 515. The sheep and cattle industries voiced the loudest opposition to the Stockraising Homestead, arguing that 640 acres were insufficient to maintain an economic herd (or to cultivate winter feed) and that the further breakup of western lands into patchwork claims would destroy the range (Gates, p. 517).
209 Gates, History of Public Land Law Development, p. 521.
210 Ibid. Even this limited number of cattle may be high. Will Barnes warned that in much of Utah it took 50-60 acres to sustain 1 cattle unit; Thomas Shomaker, patent file #984529, July 1926, National Archives.
211 "The Western Ranges," S. Doc., 74th Cong., 2d sess., 199, 1956, p. 13, cited in Gates, History of Public Land Law Development, p. 529, footnote [fn] 79.
212 A. C. Hull, Jr., Associate Forest Ecologist, Regrassing Southern Idaho Range Lands, Extension Bulletin No. 146 (University of Idaho, College of Agriculture Extension Division, 1944), p. 1.
213 Tanner, interviewed by Verna Richardson, p. 35.
214 Winfred Kimber, interviewed by Jay Haymond, October 16, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, Fife Folklore Society, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, Tape 1, p. 9.
215 United States Forest Service, "Range Appraisal Report, Albion Mountain Division, Minidoka National Forest, 1923," pp. 20-28; Little, "Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks," pp. 10-11, 17, 19.
216 Charles Twitchell, to Ann Hubber, Historical Research Associates, Inc., May 1995; R. D. Grover, quoted in Minidoka National Forest Personnel, "History of the Minidoka National Forest," p. 10.
217 R. L. Polk and Company, Polk's Idaho Gazetteer and Business Directory (Salt Lake City: R. L. Polk and Company, 1930-31), p. 497.
218 United States Forest Service, "Range Appraisal Report, Albion Mountain Division, Minidoka National Forest, 1923," pp. 11, 13; Jim Sheridan, telephone interview with Ann Hubber, Historical Research Associates, February 1996.
219 Anonymous, "Grazing," nd., File: Cattlemen and Grazing, 404.35, City of Rocks National Reserve; United States Forest Service, "Range Appraisal Report, Albion Mountain Division, Minidoka National Forest, 1923," pp. 20-28; Little, "Livestock Use in the Area of City of Rocks," p. 10; Jim Sheridan, telephone interview with Ann Hubber, Historical Research Associates, February, 1996; Melbert Taylor, telephone interview with Ann Hubber, Historical Research Associates, February 1996.
220 Idaho Wool Growers Association, Idaho Wool Growers Directory, (ca. 1915), Vertical File: Sheep, IHS; USFS, "Range Appraisal Report, Sublett, Black Pine and Raft River Divisions Comprising the Raft River Unit Minidoka National Forest," p. 30; B. Ward, "History of Almo," n.p.
221 Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's Settlement south of Almo," pp. 59-60, 78; W. E. Johnston, Jr., with contributions by Mrs. Bernice Fisher, interviewed by Mrs. Robert Alexander and Mrs. Erwin Dobberpfuhl, 1970, Oral History #52, Idaho State Historical Society Library and Archives, Boise, Idaho (Copyright held by Idaho Historical Auxiliary); Hanson, "Depression Era Sheep Herder," Hard Times in Idaho Between the Great Wars, p. 67.
222 Anonymous, "Part Three," Sawtooth National Forest, 1916, pp. 2-7, File: Supervision: old pasture and gazing authorizations," Sawtooth National Forest Supervisor's Office.
223 Colin McLeod, quoted in Tom Treick, "In View of New Laws, Labor Problems, Valley Sheep Grower Ponders Future of Shed Lambing, Idaho Statesman, (Boise), 3/7/1976, Vertical file: Sheep, Idaho Historical Society Library and Archives, Boise, p. 18-B.
224 W. E. Johnson, Jr., interviewed by Mrs. Robert Alexander and Mrs. Erwin Dobberpfuhl, 1970.
225 B. Ward, "History of Almo," n.p.
226 Kenneth A. Dick, "Random Observations on Western Sheepraising in Years Past," Vertical File: Sheep, IHS, p. 12.
227 Bernice Cahoon Fries, A Pause for Reflection, Daughter of Utah Pioneers Cassia County Company, Virginia Estes, compiler, p. 209.
228 C.E. Jensen, Forest Ranger, to the Forest Supervisor, Minidoka National Forest, November 27, 1940, File: 1938-, Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest.
229 Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley."
230 Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's Settlement south of Almo," p. 28; L. Mooso, telephone interview with Ann Hubber, Historical Research Associates, 1996.
231 B. Ward, "History of Almo," n.p.; (Ted) King, interviewed by A. W. and Lillian Dawson, May 16, 197l.
232 D. Ward, "History of Almo, Idaho," p. 10.
233 David James Cooke, interviewed by Verna Richardson, March 11, 1978, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, Fife Folklore Society, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, p. 6.
234 John Holley patent file, #737426, 8/1919, National Archives.
235 Thomas Fairchild patent file, #540318, 8/1915, National Archives.
236 E. Kimber, interviewed by Verna Richardson, August 20 & 22, 1974, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, Fife Folklore Society, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, tape 1 (p. 10), tape 2 (p. 7); Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin #14, p. 160. Although Granite dominated the landscape at the City of Rocks it was "much shattered and weak" and unsuitable for use as building stone (Bulletin #14, p. 142).
237 Cottle, "Sketches of Malta and the Raf River Valley," p. 5; Tolman, quoted in Ariel Cranney, "History of the Early Settlement of Oakley Idaho"; Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raf River Valley," p. 19; Fairchild, "History of the Basin," p. 5.
238 Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's Settlement south of Almo," p. 50.
239 Merlin R. Stock, District Ranger, to Art Selin, 5/12/1970, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (1938-), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest,; Untitled report re: "the matter of transferring the Supervisor's office of the Minidoka National Forest from . . . Oakley to Burley, Idaho," 2/3/1917; United States Forest Service, "Range Appraisal Report, Albion Mountain Division, Minidoka National Forest, 1923," pp. 1, 18.
240 Anonymous A Pause for Reflection, Daughter of Utah Pioneers Cassia County Company, Virginia Estes, compiler, p. 215; Diary of Frederick Hugh Ottley, 1880-1952; Weldon, "Homesteaders at the City of Rocks," p. 3.
241 United States Surveyor General's Office: 1884 survey of 15S 24E (J.R. Glover, surveyor); 1886 partial survey of 16S 24E (Oscar Sonnenkolb, surveyor); 1892 survey of 16S 23E (Frank Riblett, surveyor), all on file with Bureau of Land Management, Boise, Idaho.
242 C.E. Jensen, Forest Ranger, to the Forest Supervisor, Minidoka National Forest, November 27, 1940, File: 1938-, Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest.
243 B. Ward, "History of Almo," n.p.
244 Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's Settlement south of Almo," p. 74; Oakley Herald, 12/1912, quoted in Booth, "History of the Latter-Day Saints of Oakley, Idaho," M. S. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1963, on file at Idaho State University, Boise, pp. 11, 44.
245 Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin #14, p. 22.
246 R. D. Carver, Minidoka National Forest Supervisor, 1920-1923, quoted in "The Minidoka National Forest" (ca. 1942), p. 22.
247 Vice President Oakley State Bank, Secretary Minidoka National Forest Wool Growers Association, Secretary Minidoka National [Forest] Cattle and Horse Growers Association to W. M. Campbell, Supervisor Minidoka National Forest, 2/16/1917, (USFS response penciled in margins), File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (through 1923), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho; Affidavit of Joe Belcher, to the Principal Clerk in the Forest Service Minidoka National Forest Idaho, 2/23/1917, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (through 1923), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho; B. Ward, "History of Almo," n.p.; Stegner, Mormon Country, p. 36.
248 Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley," p. 29; United States Forest Service, "Range Appraisal Report, Albion Mountain Division, Minidoka National Forest, 1923," p. 28; Ed Harris, interviewed by Verna Richardson, August 23, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, Fife Folklore Collection, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, p. 10.
249 E. Kimber, interviewed by Verna Richardson, August 20, 1974, p. 4.
250 Wards, the Mormon equivalent of Catholic parishes, form the social and religious center of Mormon communities. Wards are combined to form a stake (the rough equivalent of a Catholic diocese), headquartered at the most populated, central, or powerful ward community.
251 Andrew Jensen, compiler, Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, 1882-1971, manuscript #LR10590 2, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah; Journal and letters of James Stapleton Lewis, pp. 2, 24.
252 Enumeration districts define the system of population units used by the United States Bureau of the Census. These districts often conformed to school district boundaries, and were frequently changed to accommodate shifts in population centers. Enumeration districts can be an important indication of community boundaries. For example, in 1920 City of Rocks dryland farmers are included in the Moulton (Junction Valley) district rather than the Almo district.
253 Bennion, "Mormon Country a Century Ago: A Geographer's View," p. 8.
254 V. Tanner, interviewed by Verna Richardson, August 22, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, p. 33.
255 Henry R. Cahoon quoted in Andrew Jensen, compiler, Almo Ward History," n.d., in Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, 1882-1971; Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley," pp. 26, 28; Elbert Lorenzo Durfee, "Almo Ward History," 1979, Manuscript #2735 372, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah; B. Ward, "History of Almo," n.p.
256 Jensen, compiler, Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, 1882-1971.
257 Stegner, Mormon Country, pp. 29-30.
258 Henry L. Smith [Goose Creek Division] Ranger, to W. M. Campbell, Supervisor, Minidoka National Forest, 2/18/1917, File: Records of Minidoka National Forest, through 1923, Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest; Kimber, "Life Story of Bertha T. Kimber, p. 9.
259 Andrew Jensen, compiler, "Moulton Ward Descriptive," ca. 1920, in Moulton (Lynn) Ward, Cassia Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, Manuscript #LR5 123 2, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.
260 Rhea Paskett Toyn, interviewed by Verna Richardson, October 21, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, pp. 8-9, 15.
261 Anonymous, "Annie Durfee Cahoon 1860-1939," 1968, on file at the City of Rocks National Reserve, Almo, Idaho.
262 Toyn, interviewed by Verna Richardson, October 21, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, pp. 8-9, 15; Weldon, "Homesteaders at the City of Rocks," p. 3. The Grouse Creek Oral History Collection, Fife Folklore Collection, Utah State University, Logan, Utah contains a remarkable volume of information regarding traditional medicines, death rituals, and the impact of disease on Great Basin communities, ca. 1880-ca. 1940.
263 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Almo and Elba enumeration district, Cassia County, 10th Census of Population, 1900; 11th Census of Population, 1910, National Archives Micro-film Laboratory; Martha Opedahl Soniville, "Farm Life During the Depression," in Hard Times in Idaho Between the Great Wars, p. 41.
264 Patent Files, Eames, T. Fairchild, Flower, National Archives, Suitland, Maryland; Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's Settlement south of Almo," p. 98; Clifton Aird Rooker, "Autobiography," [title assigned by HRA], manuscript #6887, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, pp. 7-11.
265 Mary Hadfield Betteridge, interviewed by Verna Richardson, October 10, 1974, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, p. 23.
266 Jensen, compiler, Elba Ward, Cassia Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, 1881-1904.
267 Toyn, interviewed by Verna Richardson, October 21, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, p. 2.
268 Ellen Sarah Ballingham Betteridge, interviewed by Verna Richardson, October 10, 1974, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, p. 6.
269 Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley," p. 17; Fairchild, "History of the Basin," p. 5.
270 Henry R. Cahoon quoted in Andrew Jensen, compiler, "Almo Ward History," in Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, 1882-1971.
271 Toyn, interviewed by Verna Richardson, October 21, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, p. 19.
272 Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's Settlement south of Almo," p. 76; Dale R. Morgan, ed., The Diary of James A. Pritchard, 1899, p. 162, excerpt provided by City of Rocks National Reserve. Lind sold flour, beef, hog, potatoes, cabbage, onions, carrots, [and] butter to mine workers during the years of early exploration. His son Nathan later worked at the mine, City of Rocks resident Nathanial Rice cut timbers for the mine, under contract, and Basin resident Newell Dayley freighted supplies to and ore from the mine, ca. 1918-1923.
273 Ilene Fuqua, "Mine Car Still Waiting to be Dumped," South Idaho Press, Burley Idaho, 12/23/1969, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (1938-), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho, p. 10.
274 Lind, "History of John, Emma, and Alex Lind's Settlement South of Almo," p. 106; United States Geological Service, Publication #229: Mica and Beryl Pegmatites in Idaho and Montana, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1950), pp. 1-3; United States Department of the Interior, Minerals Yearbook 1941, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1943), p. 1465.
As late as 1978, Zon Lloyd, while selling the bulk of the old Mooso homestead, retained ownership of a forty acre knoll containing "quite an outcropping of silica and mica." He hoped that "mining of those minerals may someday be economically feasible ["Historical City of Rocks for Sale," Times News (Twin Falls), 5/16/1978, vertical file: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS, p. B-1].
275 Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley," p. 17.
276 Rooker "Autobiography," p. 6.
277 Diary of Frederick Hugh Ottley, 1880-1865.
278 W. Mooso, interviewed by A.W. and Lillian Dawson, March 29, 1973. Tape on file at Cassia County Historical Society and Museum, Burley, Idaho.
279 Personal history of Cheney Vao Leroy, 1915-1991, manuscript #12988, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, p. 1; Toyn, interviewed by Vema Richardson, October 21, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, p. 19; Weldon, "Homesteaders at the City of Rocks," pp. 1-2; Kimber, "Life Story of Bertha T. Kimber," p. 9; Jake and Ida Bruesch, interviewed by A. W. Dawson, May 16, 1974.
280 Personal history of Cheney Vao Leroy, 1915-1991, p. 2.
281 T. C. Clabby, "Confidential Report Submitted at the Request of the Register of the U. S. General Land Office, Hailey, Idaho," July 27, 1915, in patent file of Thomas Fairchild, National Archives.
282 Claude C. Harris v. Meritt A. Osterhout, Contest No. 1491, July 6, 1917, in Meritt A. Osterhout patent file, #671971, 1/1918, National Archives.
283 Weldon, "Homesteaders at the City of Rocks," p. l.
284 Carver, Minidoka National Forest Supervisor, 1920-1923, quoted in "The Minidoka National Forest," p. 22.
285 Minidoka National Forest personnel, "History of the Minidoka National Forest," p. 15.
286 Jensen, compiler, Almo Ward, Cassia East Stake, Historical Records and Minutes, 1882-1971.
287 V. Tanner, interviewed by Verna Richardson, August 22, 1973, Grouse Creek Cultural Survey, pp. 33-34.
288 Twitchell interview with A. Hubber, May 1995.
289 Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin #14, p. ix.
290 Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley," p. 17; A Pause for Reflection, Virginia Estes compiler, p. 71.
291 Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS, passim.
292 Taylor, "Some Historical Highlights of Almo and Raft River Valley," p. 17; Alfred L. Anderson, Professor of Geology, to Mr. Charles Brown, President, Oakley Valley Chamber of Commerce, 4/11/1938, quoted in "More Endorsements of Proposed City of Rocks National Monument Near Oakley Idaho," The Oakley Herald, 1938, Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS; "City of Rocks," The Idaho Statesman, (Boise), 4/22/1938, quoted in "More Endorsements of Proposed City of Rocks National Monument Near Oakley Idaho," The Oakley Herald, 1938, Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS.
293 Wells, untitled manuscript, p. 81.
294 Ibid., p. 82; Aubrey L. Haines, "An Historical Report on the City of Rocks in Southern Idaho," October 9, 1972, unpublished manuscript on file at the City of Rocks National Reserve, Almo, Idaho, p. 33. On June 1, 1971, the Cassia County Historical Society sponsored the "Saga of the Silent City of Rocks," playing on the most theatrical themes of the city's history and featuring a reenactment of the purported Indian massacre and a stage holdup. The Saga drew 5,000 people.
295 Public Law 100-969; "Mules, Not Oxen, Pulled First Wagons into City of Rocks 121 Years Ago," Times-News, 9/20/1964, Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS; "National Park or Equal Status Sought to Save Historic Value in Silent City of Rocks," The Idaho Statesman, (Boise), May 10, 1970, Vertical File: City of Rocks, Cassia County, IHS, p. D. l.
296 Dave Bingham, City of Rocks, Idaho. A Climber's Guide, (Self published by Dave Bingham: Ketchum, Idaho, 1989, 1995), p. 9.
297 Bingham, City of Rocks, Idaho. A Climber's Guide, passim. Like the campers and picnickers, climbers were not new to the area: emigrants reported that many of those who first signed their names on the city's monoliths "must have been shot up out of a gun or cannon, or have had themselves suspended by ropes from the tops of the cliffs, to enable them to record their names at a point so much higher than their less aerially inclined rivals" ["Forty-niners" by Hulbert, quoted in Idaho Historical Society (J. A. Harrington, compiler), "Silent City of Rocks," June 1937, File: Contacts and other Historical Data, Records of Minidoka National Forest (1924-1938), Supervisor's Office, Sawtooth National Forest, Twin Falls, Idaho, p. 2].
298 Disturbances to the native vegetation (by both cattle grazing and cropping) has accelerated erosion on the basin soils that are susceptible to wind and water erosion.
299 The character of the trail in this area, which appears similar to modern two-track roads, may be due to uses that postdate westward emigration. Pinnacle Pass was also used by regional freighters and probably by local residents prior to construction of the county road along the base of the Twin Sisters.
300 Although the basin does contain improvements that date to a later period of development, their scale is small compared to the entirety of the basin, and they do not impact the setting and view. They would be counted as non-contributing resources within a rural historic district.
301 Kathleen Durfee indicates that juniper posts deteriorate slowly; it is only necessary to replace fence posts every 20 to 30 years.
302 The properties with Smithsonian numbers were recorded by Chance & Associates and are discussed in their 1990 report. The Hanson and Mooso properties were recorded during HRA's 1995 field survey and have not yet been submitted for Smithsonian numbers.
303 Charles Lorenzo Twitchell to Ann Hubber, letter dated May 12, 1995. Mr. Twitchell indicates that the excavations on top of Mica Knoll represent the remains of a feldspar mine and the quarry from which the Tracys excavated their building stone.
304 Charles Lorenzo Twitchell to Ann Hubber, letter dated May 12, 1995.
305 Because there are no mineral withdrawals for either mine, it is difficult to establish the sequence of historical development for the properties. The only information comes from local informants, who remember the mine being worked.
306 Within the hierarchy of landscape organization, Tracy ranch (including the remnant building cluster, the hayfield and the series of stock ponds) would be counted as a component landscape within the larger City of Rocks cultural landscape.
307 Taken from abstract prepared by Jennifer Eastman Attebery for the National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, 1992. HRA has ordered the report on inter-library loan.
308 Abstract prepared by Jennifer Eastman Attebery for the NPS, 1992. HRA has ordered the report on inter-library loan from Idaho State University, Boise.
309 Abstract prepared by Jennifer Eastman Attebery for the NPS, 1992. The Technical Information Center, NPS DSC, Denver Colorado, does not maintain a copy of this document and it is not available on inter-library loan from the Idaho State Historical Society, Boise. HRA will review the report during the course of our April research trip.
310 Only population figures are available for 1890. The 1930 manuscript census will not be available to researchers until the year 2000.
311 The following descriptions are taken from Jennifer Eastman Attebery's 1992 "Annotated List of Sources for the History and Culture of City of Rocks, Cassia County, Idaho, 1890-1940" (available from the NPS, PNWR). The annotations are frequently shortened to include reference only to that material presumed to be most valuable to the current study.
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