Denali A History of the Denali - Mount McKinley, Region, Alaska Historic Resource Study of Denali National Park and Preserve

1. J.M. Nielson, "Focus on Interior History," typescript report prepared for Alaska Historical Commission (Anchorage: 1980); Wendell H. Oswalt, "Historical Settlements Along the Kuskokwim River, Alaska" Alaska State Library Historical Monograph No. 7 (Juneau: Alaska Department of Education, 1980); Ronald T. Stanek, "Historical and Contemporary Trapping in the Western Susitna Basin," Technical Paper No. 134 (Anchorage: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Subsistence Division, 1987); Melody Webb, The Last Frontier, A History of the Yukon Basin of Canada and Alaska (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985); Ted C. Hinckley, The Americanization of Alaska, 1867-1897 (Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books, Publishers, 19-72).

2. Quoted in Bradford Washburn, "Chronology of Events Related to the Exploration of the McKinley Massif, Alaska," draft typescript (Boston: Museum of Science, 1988), 1.

3. Oswalt, "Historic Settlements," 10.

4. Quoted in Gail E.H. Evans, "From Myth to Reality: Travel Experiences and Landscape Perceptions in the Shadow of Mount McKinley, Alaska, 1876-1938," Master of Arts thesis (Santa Barbara: University of California, 1987), 57.

5. James Kari, "The Tenada-Denali-Mount McKinley Controversy," Names, Vol. 34, No. 3 (September 1986), 347-50.

6. Ibid. 348; the Wrangell map, the best of Alaska in its time, is reprinted in Terris Moore, Mt. McKinley: The Pioneer Climbs (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1967), follows p. 2.

7. Washburn, Chronology," 2.

8. Moore, Mt. McKinley, 5.

9. Webb, Last Frontier, 52-55; Washburn, "Chronology," 3; Donald J. Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, Geological Survey Professional Paper 567 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1967), 61.

10. Webb, Last Frontier, 44-46.

11. See Morgan B. Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, 1865-1900 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), and Alfred Hulse Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1973) for general sequence and progress of American exploration.

12. See, e.g., Terris Moore, Mt. McKinley; Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails; A.H. Brooks, The Mount McKinley Region. Alaska, USGS Professional Paper 70 (Washington: GPO, 1911); Stephen R. Capps, Geology of the Alaska Railroad Region, USGS Bulletin 907 (Washington: GPO, 1940).

13. Quoted in Washburn, "Chronology," 4.

14. Ibid.; Moore, Mt. McKinley, 8.

15. Quoted in Ibid., 7

16. Webb, Last Frontier, 7; Brooks, Mount McKinley Region, 26.

17. Capps, Geology of Railroad Region, 7.

18. Ibid.; Washburn, "Chronology," 5.

19. Moore, Mt. McKinley, 9, 10.

20. Quoted in Ibid., 12-15.

21. Ibid., 17-20.

22. Capps, Geology of Railroad Region, 8; Evans, "From Myth to Reality," 62-65.

23. Capps, Geology of Railroad Region, 8; Gerald Fitzgerald, "Surveying and Mapping in Alaska," USGS Circular 101 (Washington: USGS, February 1951), 9; Washburn, "Chronology," 6.

24. Fitzgerald, "Surveying," 9.

25. Quoted in Washburn, "Chronology," 6.

26. Ibid.

27. Capps, Geology of Railroad Region, 9.

28. E.F. Glenn and subreports by William Yanert, George Vanschoonoven, George B. Thomas, and H.G. Learnard in Compilation of Narratives of Exploration in Alaska. Senate Reps., 56th Cong., 1st sess., No. 1023 (1900), 642, 643, 654-667, 677-681, 733-737.

29. Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 345.

30. Joseph S. Herron, Explorations in Alaska, 1899 (Washington: War Department, 1901).

31. Ibid.; Moore, Mount McKinley, 20-25; William Schneider, "Chief Sesui and Lieutenant Herron: A Story of Who Controls the Bacon," Alaska History, Vol. I, No. 2, Fall-Winter, 1985-86, 1-18.

32. Ibid., 11-16.

33. See especially Brooks, The Mount McKinley Region.

34. A.H. Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails (Fairbanks: University of Alaska and the Arctic Institute of North America, 1973).

35. For biographical data see Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 9; and biographical sketch in Blazing Alaska's Trails xix-xxi.

36. See "Reconnaissance Map of Mount McKinley region," Plate III in Brooks, The Mount McKinley Region end pocket; A.H. Brooks, "An Exploration to Mount McKinley, America's Highest Mountain," from the Smithsonian Report for 1903 (Washington: GPO, 1904), 407-425.

37. Ibid., 409-10, 414, 415.

38. Ibid. (first published in the November 1903 Journal of Geography, Vol. II, No. 9), 418-21.