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Fort Vancouver
Cultural Landscape Report |
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APPENDIX A: NATIVE PLANTS OF FORT VANCOUVER VICINITY
This is a list of indigenous plants at Fort Vancouver and vicinity during the historic period. It is derived from historic references by HBC officers and employees, and visitors. Plants cited by more than one source are only listed once. This list and the following summary of native vegetation (from contemporary sources and an existing conditions inventory) should be used to restore the native vegetation as suggested in the Design Recommendations.
| HISTORIC CITATION | CONTEMPORARY BOTANICAL NAME * Probable ** unlikely, non—native *** native to PNW but unlikely to be found at Fort Vancouver's low elevation # unlikely, although a native to PNW FOVA area not part of species' current range. |
CONTEMPORARY COMMON NAME (Hitchcock & Cronquist) |
Rev. Samuel Parker | ||
| 3 species of fir red fir yellow fir white fir |
Pseudotsuga menziesii unknown Abies grandis |
Douglas—fir grand fir, white fir, balsam fir |
| **tamarisk "found in small sections of the country" |
*possibly "tamarack" #Larix occidentalis or #Pinus contorta |
larch, tamarack lodgepole pine, tamarack pine |
| cedar | Thuja plicata | western red cedar |
| yew | Taxus brevifolia | Pacific yew |
| white oak | Querqus garryana | Oregon white oak |
| common white ash | Fraxinus latifolia | Oregon ash |
| alder | Alnus rubra | red alder |
| 3 species of poplar common aspen cotton balm (also) "species of poplar often called balm of Gilead & by most travelers, cottonwood" |
Populus trichocarpa possibly "balm of Gilead" see historic citation. |
black cottonwood black cottonwood |
| balsam fir | Abies grandis | grand fir, balsam fir |
| white maple | Acer macrophyllum | bigleaf maple |
| willows | Salix ssp. | willows |
| several varieties of thorn—bush one with black berries | Rubus ursinus | Pacific blackberry |
| choke cherry | Prunus virginiana | common chokecherry |
| salalberry | Gaultheria shallon | salal |
| serviceberry | Amelanchier alnifolia | serviceberry |
| Pambina or Owyhee cranberry | *Vaccinium oxycoccos | wild cranberry |
| 3 varieties of currants | Ribes sanquineum *Ribes viscosissimum Ribes ssp. |
red currant sticky currant many others |
| snowdrop | Symphoricarpos albus | snowberry |
| common raspberries | Rubus pedatus Rubus idaeus |
trailing wild raspberry wild raspberry |
| vining honeysuckle | Lonicera ciliosa | twining vine, trumpet honeysuckle |
| sweet elder | *Sambucus racemosa | red elderberry |
| sweet flowering pea | Lathyrus ssp. | sweet pea—many species |
| red clover | Trifolium ssp. | clover—many species |
| strawberries—indigenous | Fragaria vesca | woods strawberry |
| wild flax | *Linum perenne var. lewisii | wild blue flax |
| sun flowers | unknown | |
| broom corn—Columbia bottomlands | unknown | |
| a wide grain somewhat resembling barley or rye | unknown | |
| wappatoo | Sagittaria latifolia | wapato |
| cammas | Camassia quamash | camas |
John Scouler | ||
| Pinue balsamea | *Abies grandis | grand fir, balsam fir |
| Pinue canadensis | unknown | |
| Amentaceae—very rare | unknown | |
| Phalengium escluentum | Camassia quamash | camas |
| Berberis nervosa | Berberis nervosa | Oregongrape |
| Berberis aquifolium | Berberis aquifolium | tall Oregongrape |
| Calypso borealis | Calypso bulbosa | fairy—slipper |
| Corallorhiza innata | *Corallorhiza striata *C. maculata |
striped coral-root Pacific coral—root |
George Roberts | ||
| wild cherry | *Prunus emarginata var. mollis | bittercherry tree |
| Herb Paarisa | maybe "herb paris" a European related to trilliums—*Trillium ovatum | white trillium |
| several species field iris | Iris tenax | Oregon iris |
| wild rose | Rosa nutkana | Nootka rose |
| **eglantine | Rosa eglanteria | eglantine (European native) |
| woodbine | Lonicera ssp.? | honeysuckle |
| yarrow | Achillea ssp.? | yarrow |
| nettle | *Urtica dioica | stinging nettle |
| wild tare | Vicia americana | vetch |
| wild gooseberry | Ribes divaricatum | coast black gooseberry, common g. |
William Tolmie | ||
| brake | Pteridium aquilinum | bracken, brake—fern |
| pinewood | Pseudotsuga menziesii | Douglas—fir |
| "trees in flower" | Cornus nuttallii | Pacific dogwood |
| "low creeping evergreens" | Arctostaphylos uva—ursi | kinnikinnick |
| Gaultheria shallon | salal | |
Charles Wilkes | ||
| red honeysuckle | Lonicera spp. | |
| columbine | Aquilegia formosa | red columbine |
| pines | Pseudotsuga menziesii | Douglas—fir |
Susan Downing Sheperd | ||
| lupines (wild, blue) | Lupinus lepidus | prairie lupine |
| red cullendine | *Aquilegia formosa | red columbine |
| blue, red, yellow violets | Viola adunca Viola nuttallii var. praemorsa |
early blue violet canary violet |
George Gibbs | ||
| vine maple | Acer circinatum | vine maple |
| hazel | Corylus cornuta | hazelnut |
| spirea | *Spirea douglasii | Douglas's spirea, hardhack |
| spruce | Picea sitchensis | Sitka spruce |
| arbor vitae | Thuja plicata | western red cedar, arborvitae |
George Simpson | ||
| hemlock | Tsuga heterophylla | western hemlock |
Cyrus Shepard | ||
| crabapples | Pyrus fusca | western crabapple |
Chief Factor McLoughlin | ||
| ". . . Pigs . . . poisoned by eating a kind of poisoned Camas." | Zigadenus venenosus | death camas |
PLANTS GATHERED BY THE CHINOOK PEOPLE, THE INDIGENOUS NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE FORT VANCOUVER AREA.1
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COMMON NAME CITED wapato camas edible thistle lupine bracken fern horsetail cattail root salmonberry cow parsnip water parsley, wild celery cranberry strawberry blueberry huckleberry salalberry bearberry (kinnikinnick) wild crabapple |
BOTANICAL NAME Sagittaria latifolia Camassia quamash Cirsium ssp. Lupinus ssp. Pteridium aquiliunum Equisetum arvense Typha latifolia Rubus spectabilis Heracleum lanatum Oenanthe sarmentosa Vaccinium oxycoccos Fragaria vesca Vaccinium uliginosum (bog b.) Vaccinium ovatum (evergreen h.) Vaccinium parvifolium (red h.) Gaulteria shallon Arcostaphylos uva—ursi Pyrus fusca |
ADDITIONAL PLANTS BELONGING TO THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY VEGETATION ZONE
NOT CITED IN HISTORIC RESEARCH
(list not comprehensive)
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BOTANICAL NAME TREES Arbutus menziesii Rhamnus purshiana Prunus emarginata var. mollis Crataegus douglasii SHRUBS Prunus emarginata var. emarginata Cytisus scoparius Holodiscus discolor Osmaronia cerasiformis HERBS Carex pensylvanica Festuca idahoensis Dodecatheon hendersonii Balsamorhiza deltoidea MOSSES Rhacomitrium canescens |
CONTEMPORARY COMMON NAME (Hitchcock & Cronquist) Pacific madrone cascara, buckthorn bittercherry black hawthorn bittercherry-tall shrub Scotch broom ocean spray Indian plum long stolon sedge blue bunchgrass broad-leaved shooting star Puget balsamroot |
1. Silverstein, Michael, "Chinookans of the Lower Columbia", in: Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7. Wayne Suttler vol. editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1990, pgs. 533-546.
Suttles, Wayne, "Environment", in: Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, Wayne Suttler Vol. editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1990, pg.s 16-29.
SUMMARY OF NATIVE PLANTS HISTORICALLY IN THE FORT VANCOUVER VICINITY2
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BOTANICAL NAME TREES Pseudotsuga menziesii Abies grandis #Larix occidentalis #Pinus contorta Thuja plicata Taxus brevifolia Quercus garryana Fraxinus latifolia Alnus rubra Populus trichocarpa Populus tremuloides Acer macrophyllum Acer circinatum Prunus emarginata var. mollis Cornus nuttallii Picea sitchensis Tsuga heterophylla Pyrus fusca Arbutus menziesii Rhamnus purshiana Cratageus douglasii Salix ssp. |
CONTEMPORARY COMMON NAME (Hitchcock & Cronquist) Douglas-fir grand fir larch, tamarack lodgepole pine, tamarack western red cedar Pacific yew Oregon white oak Oregon ash red alder black cottonwood quaking aspen bigleaf maple vine maple bittercherry Pacific dogwood Sitka spruce western hemlock western crabapple Pacific madrone cascara, buckthorn black hawthorn willows |
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SHRUBS Cirsium ssp. Equisetum arvense Typha latifolia Heracleum lanatum Oenanthe sarmentosa Rubus ursinus Prunus virginiana Gaultheria shallon Amelanchier alnifolia Vaccinium oxycoccos Vaccinium uliginosum Vacccinium ovatum Vaccinium parvifolium Ribes sanquineum Ribes viscosissimum Ribes divaricatum Symphoricarpos albus Rubus pedatus Rubus idaeus Berberis nervosa Berberis aquifolium Rosa nutkana Arctostaphylos uva—ursi Corylus cornuta Prunus emarginata var. emarginata Cytisus scoparius Rubus spectabilis Holodiscus discolor Rubus parviflorus Osmaronia cerasiformis Spirea douglasii |
thistle common horsetail cattail cow parsnip water parsley Pacific blackberry common chokecherry salal serviceberry wild cranberry bog blueberry evergreen huckleberry red huckleberry red currant sticky currant coast black gooseberry, common g. snowberry trailing wild raspberry wild raspberry Oregongrape tall Oregongrape Nootka rose kinnikinnick hazelnut bittercherry—tall shrub Scotch broom salmonberry ocean spray thimbleberry Indian plum Douglas's spirea, hardhack |
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HERBS Lathyrus ssp. Trifolium ssp. Fragaria vesca Linum perenne var. lewisii Sagittaria latifolia Camassia quamash Calypso bulbosa Corallorhiza striata C. maculata Trillium ovatum Iris tenax Lonicera ciliosa Achillea ssp.? Urtica diocica Vicia americana Pteridium aquilinum Aquilegia formosa Lupinus lepidus Viola adunca Viola nuttallii var. praemorsa Zigadenus venenosus Carex pensylvanica Festuca idahoensis Dodecatheon hendersonii Balsamorhiza deltoidea |
sweet pea clover wood strawberry wild blue flax wapato camas fairy-slipper striped coral-root Pacific coral—root white trillium Oregon iris twining vine, trumpet honeysuckle yarrow stinging nettle vetch bracken fern, brake—fern red columbine prairie lupine early blue violet canary violet death camas long stolon sedge blue bunchgrass broad—leaved shooting star Puget balsamroot |
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Prairie moss layer— Rhacomitrium canescens penetrating moss layer— Balsamorhiza deltoidea Camassia quamash Carex pensylvanica Dodecatheon hendersonii Viola adunca Viola nuttallii Zigadenus veneosus |
Puget balsamroot camas long stolon sedge broad—leaved shooting star early blue violet canary violet death camas |
2. Arno, Stephen F., and Ramona P. Hammerly, Northwest Trees, The Mountaineers, Seattle, WA. 1977. Davies, John, Douglas of the Forests, Univ. of WA Press, Seattle, WA., 1980.
Franklin, Jerry F. and C.T. Dyrness, Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington, USDA Forest Service, PNW Forest & Range Exp. Sta. General Tech. Rep. PNW-8, 1973.
Gilkey, Helen M., Handbook of Northwest Flowering Plants, Metropolitan Press, Pub., Portland, OR., 1936.
Hitchcock, C. Leo and Arthur Cronquist, Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Univ. of WA Press, Seattle and London, 1978.
Kruckeberg, Arthur R., The Natural History of Puget Sound Country, Univ. of WA Press, Seattle, WA., 1991. Larrison, Earl J., et. al., Washington Wildflowers, Seattle Audubon Society, 1974.
Mosher, Milton M. and Knut Lunnum, Trees of Washington Cooperative Extension Service, WA. State Univ., Pullman, WA. Ext. Bull. #440, 1977.
Silverstein, Michael, "Chinookans of the Lower Columbia", in: Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, Wayne Suttler Vol. editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1990, pg.s 533-546.
Suttles, Wayne, "Environment", in: Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, Wayne Suttler Vol. editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1990, pg.s 16-29.
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Last Updated: 27-Oct-2003