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Grant-Kohrs Ranch
Administrative History |
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ENDNOTES
Introduction
1 William C. Everhart, The National Park Service. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972), pp. 34-37.
2 Thomas R. Rumer, The Wagon Trains of '44: A Comparative View of the Individual Caravans in the Emigration of 1844 to Oregon. (Spokane, Wash.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1990), p. 41 (hereafter cited as, Wagon Trains of '44). Another visitor was more charitable in describing Grant as, "a fine looking portly old man, and quite courteous, for an old mountaineer." [J. Goldsborough Bruff], Gold Rush: The Journals, Drawings, and Other Papers of J. Goldsborough Bruff, edited by Georgia Willis Read. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949), p. 102; Physical descriptions of Grant are found in, Merle Wells, "Richard Grant." In The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, edited by LeRoy R. Hafen. (Glendale, Cal.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1972), Vol. IX, p. 182 (hereafter cited as, "Richard Grant").
3 Joel Palmer, Journal of Travels Over the Rocky Mountains to the Mouth of the Columbia River Made During the Years 1845 and 1846. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. (Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1906), pp. 86-87 (hereafter cited as, Journal of Travels).
4 Wells, "Richard Grant," pp. 174-77.
5 Rumer, Wagon Trains of '44, p. 41; [Jacob Hammer], This Emigrating Company: The 1844 Oregon Trail Journal of Jacob Hammer. edited by Thomas A. Rumer, (Spokane, Wash.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1990), pp. 151-52.
6 Palmer, Journal of Travels, p. 86; Rumer, Wagon Trains of '44, p. 41; Interpretations, probably exaggerated, of Grant's role in discouraging American travelers from going to Oregon are found in, Frank C. Robertson, Fort Hall: Gateway to the Oregon Country, (New York: Hastings House, 1963), pp. 95-96, 194-96, 231-35. It should be noted, however, that Robertson confuses John Grant with his father; For more favorable treatment of Grant see, David Lavender, Westward Vision: The Story of the Oregon Trail. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1963), pp. 357-58 and John Bidwell, Hubert Howe Bancroft, and James Longmire, First Three Wagon Trains, (Portland, Or,: Binfords and Mort, no date), pp. 76-77; John D. Unruh, Jr. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West 1840-60. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979), pp. 339-41 argues that Californians, like John Sutter, wished to attract immigrants, while the British did not (hereafter cited as Plains Across).
7 This was Cantonment Loring, a temporary post used by the army for less than a year during 1849-50. It was situated on the Snake River about three miles above Fort Hall. Francis Paul Prucha, A Guide to the Military Posts of the United States 1789-1895, (Madison: Wisconsin State Historical Society, 1964), p. 86; Meikle, Lyndel (ed.), Very Close to Trouble: The Johnny Grant Memoir. (Pullman, Wash.: Washington State University Press, 1996), p. 40 n. 1 (hereafter cited as Very Close to Trouble).
8 Meikle (ed.), Very Close to Trouble, pp. 21, 32, 34.
9 Accounts differ somewhat as to the motivation for this move. Wells, "Richard Grant," p. 185, directly attributes the exodus from Idaho to a perceived threat of Mormon expansion into that region. Conversely, John Grant himself made only brief mention of the war, implying that the main threat their security rested on any aid the mountaineers might extend to U. S. troops. Meikle (ed.), Very Close to Trouble, pp. 66-67; Granville Stuart and his party, finding themselves blocked from leaving Utah either east or west, traveled north, where they encountered the Grants. [Granville Stuart], Forty Years On the Frontier As Seen in the Journals and Reminiscences of Granville Stuart, edited by Paul C. Phillips. (Glendale, Cal.: Arthur Clark Co., 1957), I, pp. 125-27 (hereafter cited as, Forty Years On the Frontier).
10 Meikle (ed.), Very Close to Trouble, p. 67.
11 Wells, "Richard Grant," pp. 183-86; Meikle (ed.), Very Close to Trouble, p. 83.
12 Meikle (ed.), p. 72; In fact, the traffic over the trail was heavier in 1859 than it had been since 1853. Nevertheless, the total number of emigrants was lower than during the years 1849-53, to which Grant likely made his comparison. Unruh, Plains Across, p. 120.
13 Meikle (ed.), Very Close to Trouble, p. 73.
14 James Stuart confirms that both of Grant's Indian wives were still with him as late as 1862. [Stuart], Forty Years On the Frontier, I, p. 203.
15 Albright, "Historic Resources Study," pp. 10-12.
16 The Kohrs' suffered the loss of their only son, William Kruse Kohrs, to illness in 1901. Subsequently, Con Kohrs paid for the construction of the public library in Deer Lodge as a memorial to William. Ibid, p. 95.
Chapter One
1 John Albright, "Historic Resource Study and Historic Structure Report Historical Data, Kohrs and Bielenberg Home Ranch: Grant Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Montana." (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1977), pp. 109-10. (hereafter cited as, "Historic Resource Study").
3 Augusta Kohrs died October 29, 1945 in Helena. Albright, Historic Resource Study, p. 139.
4 Con also purchased the upper ranch, which had been repossessed in the 1930s. Albright, pp. 114-16.
5 This property encompassed somewhat over 5,000 acres, purchased in 1891, plus additional parcels acquired in 1893 and 1895. These acquisitions were all of part of Kohrs and Bielenberg's strategy of expanding the home ranch. Ibid. pp. 83-84.
6 Personal communication, Lyndel Meikle to the author, January 30, 1997.
7 Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), pp. 237-38.
8 Mission 66 eventually consumed over 1 billion dollars. Wirth provides a thorough and useful insiders examination of the program in a chapter on the subject. Ibid, pp. 237-284.
9 The National Parks: Shaping the System. (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of the Interior, 1991), p. 62 (hereafter cited as, Shaping the System); William C. Everhart, The National Park Service. (New York: Praeger Press, 1972), pp. 74-75.
10 William C. Everhart, Ray H. Mattison, and Robert M. Utley, "The Cattlemen's Empire." Theme XV, Westward Expansion of the National Boundaries to the Pacific 1830-1898. (Washington, D. C.: National Park Service, 1959), pp. 86-87; 92-98 (hereafter cited as, Cattlemen's Empire).
11 "After 1972, properties were designated national historic landmarks at the outset, and their owners automatically received the certificate; only the plaque became contingent upon execution of the agreement. Barry Mackintosh, "The Historic Sites Survey and National Historic Landmark Program: A History." (Washington, D. C.: National Park Service, 1985), pp. 47-48.
12 Warren was notified of the designation in February, 1961. Acting Director E. T. Scoyen to Conrad Warren, February 3, 1961; Typescript statement of significance, National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, September 9, 1960, administrative correspondence files, Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS (hereafter cited as GRKO archives). Part One of the National Park System Plan: History. (Washington, D. C.: National Park Service, 1972), p. 162 (hereafter cited as, NPS Plan).
13 Merrill J. Mattes, "Alternative Studies Report: Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Montana." Office of Resource Planning, San Francisco, Calif., February, 1968, pp. 1-2 (hereafter cited as, "Alternative Studies Report"). GRKO archives.
14 Ibid pp. 3, 7; Oral History Interview, Conrad Warren, July 10, 1980, Tape 1, Side A, transcript p. 80, GRKO archives; Oral history interview, Conrad Warren, November 12, 1970, Tape 1, Series I, R. G. 3, GRKO archives; Mattes report, p. 7.
15 Mattes, "Alternative Studies Report," p. 2.
16 Personal communication, Aubrey C. Haines with the author, January 30, 1997.
17 Conrad K. Warren to Chester C. Brown, January 10, 1967, GRKO archives.
18 Theodor R. Swem to Warren, February 28, 1967, GRKO archives.
19 Warren to Swem, March 14, 1967, GRKO archives.
20 Russell E. Dickenson to Warren, April 6, 1967; Dickenson to Warren, July 5, 1967, GRKO archives.
21 Mattes, "Alternative Studies Report," p. 2.
22 Mattes, "Alternative Studies Report," pp. 14-15; Jay Anderson, Time Machines: The World of Living History, (Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1984), pp. 35-37.
23 Mattes, "Alternative Studies Report," p. 3.
24 Swem to Warren, February 6, 1969, GRKO archives.
25 Warren to Swem, July 12, 1969, GRKO archives. By this time, Nell Warren had a serious health condition from which she would never recover. No doubt Con's sense of urgency stemmed at least in part from this situation, and because creditors were at his door. Warren interview July 10, 1980, p. 79; Meikle to the author, January 30, 1997.
26 Ralph H. Lewis to Frank Hjort, WASO, August 25, 1969, GRKO archives.
27 The Advisory Board was given a favorable briefing on the ranch at its 61st annual meeting early in October, 1969. Chairman Nathaniel A. Owings, Advisory Board on National Parks to Secretary of the Interior, October 7, 1970; Robert R. Garvey to Warren, November 11, 1969, GRKO archives.
28 Garvey to Warren, January 30, 1970, GRKO archives.
29 Garvey to Warren, February 19, 1970; "Proposed Sale of Land for Creation of the Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site or Park," n.d. typescript, GRKO archives.
30 Warren to Garvey, March 13, 1970; Peter Meloy to C. K. Warren, April 1, 1970; Meloy to Garvey, April 7, 1979; GRKO archives.
31 Shaping the System, pp. 63-65.
32 The "National Park System Plan" was updated in 1972. Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, (Washington, D. C.: Resources for the Future, Inc., 1984), pp. 136-45.
33 Personal communication, John D. "Jack" McDermott with the author, January 29, 1997. Specifics based on McDermott's diary. The NPS Plan was a guideline developed by the Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings, and Monuments. It was designed as a classification system, based on a thematic framework, for the future expansion of the Park System to insure that all significant eras and movements in the American experience were represented. Significant to the Grant-Kohrs story is that the plan was approved by the Secretary of the Interior on June 10, 1970, which coincided closely with Bob Garvey's site inspection. NPS Plan, p. iii; It should be noted that Grant-Kohrs Ranch had been placed on the National Register of Historic Places, authorized by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, by virtue of its previously-conferred Landmark status. The National Register of Historic Places 1969 (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1969), p. xi.
34 Owings to Interior Sec., October 7, 1970, GRKO archives.
35 Meloy to Garvey, August 18, 1970, GRKO archives; Edwin C. Bearss to Chief, Office of History & Historic Architecture, WASO, November 17, 1970, GRKO archives; "Storied Montana Ranch Bought by National Park Foundation," Department of the Interior News Release, December 9, 1970, GRKO archives; "Foundation Purchases Pioneer Cattle Ranch for National Historic Site," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, December 18, 1970, William K. Kohrs Library, Deer Lodge, Montana. The actual number of acres varied among the early documents, e.g. RD, MWR to D, NPS, July 21, 1971 fixed the fee acquisition at 140 acres and the easements at 1180 acres. GRKO archives. See also J. Leonard Norwood to Director, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, August, 8, 1972, Lands Division files, RMRO, NPS, Denver, CO.
36 Warren interview July 10, 1980, p. 79, GRKO archives.
37 "Historic Site Use Agreement Between Conrad K. Warren and the National Park Foundation," November 13, 1970, GRKO archives.
38 John R. Douglass to Superintendent, YELL, November 17, 1970, GRKO archives.
39 Vernon E. Hennesay to Superintendent, YELL, Nov. 27, 1970; Dale L. Nuss to Supt., YELL, December 3, 1970; Giles to Director, NPS, December 18, 1970. A belated article introducing Pettet appeared in the Deer Lodge Silver State Post, February 26, 1971.
40 Hennesay to Supt., YELL, November 27, 1970; Supt. Jack K. Anderson to Mayor Anthony Sneberger, Deer Lodge, Mont., December 4, 1970; Hennesay to Supt., YELL, January 21, 1971. The quotation is taken from, Douglass to Supt., YELL, December 21, 1970, GRKO archives.
41 Ed Jahns to RD, RMR, August 16, 1974, GRKO archives; Interview with Paul R. Gordon, October 21, 1996; Haines interview.
42 William Brown and Ted Mannix, Deer Lodge Chamber of Commerce to Sen. Mike Mansfield, February 28, 1971, GRKO archives.
43 Sen. Lee Metcalf to Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel, November 23, 1970; AD Joe Holt to Sen. Lee Metcalf, Jan. 6, 1971; Hennesay to Mons L. Teigen, Montana Stock Growers Assn., January 29, 1971; Sen. Mike Mansfield to Director George B. Hartzog, March 9, 1971, GRKO archives.
44 Act. RD Robert L. Giles to D, NPS, December 18, 1970; Assist. Director Joe Holt to RD, MWR, Jan. 21, 1971; J. Leonard Volz to D, NPS, Feb. 4, 1971; Act. RD Bill W. Dean, MWR to D, WSC, March 15, 1971; the "Approved Planning Directive" was transmitted from John S. Adams, WSC to RD, MWR, March 26, 1971; Glenn O. Hendrix, WSC to RD, MWR, April 20, 1971; the official name was adopted in a memo from Roger J. Contor to D, NPS, March 30, 1971. GRKO archives.
45 DD Thomas F. Flynn to Sen. Mike Mansfield, May [illegible], 1971; Frank A. Bracken, WASO to Sen. Mike Mansfield, May 24, 1971. Hennesay to Mannix, July 28, 1971, GRKO archives.
46 Frank A. Bracken to Sen. Mike Mansfield, May 24, 1971; Volz to D, NPS, July 21, 1971, GRKO archives.
47 Hennesay to Mannix, July 28, 1971; Volz to Hartzog, July 30, 1971, GRKO archives.
48 "Senators Introduce Bill to Establish Grant-Kohrs Ranch As Historic Site," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, July 9, 1971; Flynn to Legislative Counsel, DOI, July 30, 1971, GRKO archives.
49 "Grant-Kohrs Site to be Inspected," Helena Montana Standard, July 21, 1971, GRKO archives; "Congressional Committee visits Grant-Kohrs Historic Site; Seeks Restoration, Development Funds," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, August 13, 1971; Hennesay to Mannix, August 18, 1971, GRKO archives; Montana Governor Forrest H. Anderson also endorsed the project shortly afterward. Anderson to Hartzog, August 30, 1971, GRKO archives.
50 The Eastern and Western Service Centers were combined into one office in Denver, effective November 15, 1971. "Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials." (Washington, D. C.: National Park Service, 1991), p. 38.
51 This figure included repayment to the NPF. The preliminary master plan proposed acres slightly different from the final figures. "Proposed Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site: Master Plan Concept," ins., July, 1971; John E. Ritchie to Chief, Environmental Planning & Design, WSC, September 9, 1971; Voltz to Hartzog, September 22, 1971; Flynn to Legislative Counsel, DOI, October 26, 1971, GRKO archives.
52 Hennesay to Mrs. Conrad Warren, March 5, 1973, GRKO archives.
53 Deer Lodge Silver State Post, February 12, 1972; That the senators from Montana felt they had been "scooped" was not voiced publicly, yet it is suggested in an article, "Approval for Grant-Kohrs Ranch To Become New National Park Follows Congressman's Testimony," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, May 5, 1972.
54 Con Warren remained bitter toward the community, stating in later years that, "I had no help from the Chamber of Commerce or the City of Deer Lodge. in fact, a few of those worthies suggested that I was getting senile to even dream that a Historic Site was possible." Warren to Lynn Thompson, RD, RMR, May 31, 1974, GRKO archives.
55 "Planning for National Historic Site Told by Congressman, Feasibility, Need for Overpass Being Studied," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, July 14, 1972; "Foundation Purchases Pioneer Cattle Ranch for National Historic Site," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, December 18, 1970.
57 "Senator Testifies On Senate Bill for Grant-Kohrs Ranch," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, July 28, 1972; "House, Senate Pass Bills for Grant-Kohrs Ibid, August 18, 1972; U. S., "Authorizing the Establishment of the Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site: Report to Accompany H. R. 9594, 92nd Cong., 2d Session, 1972, H. Report; Ibid, Senate, Report to Accompany S. 2166. "Grant-Kohrs Bill Signed by President," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, September 1, 1972. Public Law 92-406 established the area, U. S. "Statutes," (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1973), Vol. 86, p. 632.
58 "Deed No. 87449, National Park Foundation to United States of America," November 21, 1972, copy in GRKO archives.
59 "Development of Grant-Kohrs Ranch Awaits Appropriation; Starting Preliminary Inventory," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, September, 29, 1972.
60 Hennesay to Supt., YELL, December 22, 1972; Hennesay to Mrs. Conrad Warren, March 5, 1973, GRKO archives.
Chapter Two
1 "Alternative Studies Report: Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Montana." (San Francisco, Cal.: National Park Service, 1968), p. 13; Ralph Lewis, chief of NPS museum operations, also voiced support for living history activities at the ranch in his memo to Frank Hjort, August 25, 1969, GRKO archives.
2 "Historic Use Agreement Between Conrad K. Warren and National Park Foundation," November 13, 1970, GRKO archives (hereafter cited as "Use Agreement").
3 "Proposed Sale of Land For Creation of the Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site or Park," ins., no date [c. 1970], GRKO archives (hereafter cited as "Proposed Sale"); A ten-year lease-hold agreement provision was included as paragraph 10 in the Historic Use Agreement previously cited.
4 Robert L. Giles, Act. RD, MWR, December 18, 1970, GRKO archives.
5 Joe Holt, AD, NPS to Sen. Lee Metcalf, January 6, 1971, GRKO archives.
6 Bill W. Dean, Act. RD, MWR to D, WSC, March 15, 1971; John S. Adams, acting chief planning and design, WSC to RD MWR, March 26, 1971; Glenn O. Hendrix to D, MWR, April 20, 1971, GRKO archives.
7 This road was constructed in the spring, 1974, Wheeler to Warren, April 9, 1974, GRKO archives.
8 "Proposed Sale," GRKO archives; "Use Agreement," GRKO archives.
9 "Master Plan, Proposed Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Montana," n.d., [c. 1972] p. 20 (hereafter cited as, MP, 1972), GRKO archives. Two early master plans were found in the course of research, neither of which was dated. Although the titles vary slightly, they appear to be nearly identical in content The document referenced throughout this study was somewhat more refined and had the advantage of being uniformly paginated, whereas the other was not. By references therein to land owned by the NPF, it may be inferred that both documents date c. 1972 and pre-date NPS acquisition of the site.
10 Ibid, p. 27; Hendrix to D, MWR, May 20, 1971; Vernon E. Hennesay to J. G. Haviland, Deer Lodge, Montana, October 14, 1971, GRKO archives.
11 Hennesay to Supt. YELL, June 1, 1971, GRKO archives.
13 Ibid, p. 31; Volz to D, NPS, July 21, 1971 forwarding legislative support data, GRKO archives.
14 The city tract and the strip east of the railroads extending from the city limit north to the U. S. 10 approach road to I-90 were designated as Class II lands for visitor accommodations and administrative purposes. The remainder of the Site was classed as natural environment. MP, 1972, pp. 17, 32.
15 Hennesay to Supt., YELL, February 5, 1973; Kenneth R. Ashley, AD, MWR to files, February 22, 1973; Deputy Assist. Secretary Douglas P. Wheeler, DOI to Conrad K. Warren, April 9, 1974; Ashley to files, February 22, 1973, GRKO archives.
16 "Ranch Funding Nears Final Hurdle for $103,000," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, August 10, 1973; "Park Service Plans Access Service Route," Ibid, October 19, 1973; Wheeler to Warren, April 9, 1974, GRKO archives.
17 "Park Access Route Up For Review; Decision in 'Near Future,'" Deer Lodge Silver State Post, October 5, 1973.
18 Hennesay to Supt., YELL, February 5, 1973; Ted J. Mannix to Hennesay, September 20, 1973; Hennesay to Mannix, September 28, 1973, GRKO archives.
19 "Grant-Kohrs Ranch Dying As Result of Bureaucratic Bungle; No Development Money Asked," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, March 15, 1974.
20 The delay in recruiting an area manager resulted from one of the periodic "freezes" on employment, followed by internal reassignments aimed at reducing personnel levels through attrition. "Park Access Route . . .," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, October 5, 1973; "Seek Ways to Expedite Development of Grant-Kohrs Historic Site," Ibid, March 22, 1974.
21 Jay Sahd, WASO, truthfully denied that any money had been requested for GRKO for FY 1974. This was probably because the area requests had not made the regional priority list and thus, were not forwarded to the Washington level for consideration. "Grant-Kohrs Ranch Dying As Result of Bureaucratic Bungle; No Development Money Asked," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, March 15, 1974.
22 Wheeler to Warren, April 9, 1974;
23 "Seek Ways to Expedite Development of Grant-Kohrs Historic Site," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, March 22, 1974.
24 Hennesay to Director, MWR, no date [c. April 1973], GRKO archives.
25 The park's first historian perceived an antagonistic relationship between Warren and the community of Deer Lodge. Interview with Paul R. Gordon, October 21, 1996; However, former superintendent Richard Peterson recalled that Nell Warren's invalided condition kept Con largely confined to the ranch, except for brief trips into town to conduct necessary business. It was Peterson's impression that by the time of his arrival in 1974, Con had relatively few contacts in town. He did maintain a relationship with his close friend, Frank Shaw, a Deer Lodge resident. In earlier times, before Nell's condition became serious, the Warrens apparently socialized to a greater extent with the town's leading people. Personal communication, Richard R. Peterson, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, June 25, 1997; Con mingled less with the townspeople as his lifestyle changed, a combined result of Nell's illness, his own age, and the dispersal of the registered cattle herd. Shaw remembered that Con had "a lot of friends," but he wasn't a social bug." He also commented that Con's perception of a lack of support for preserving the ranch may have stemmed from the fact that Warren himself did not reveal much about his dealings with NPS. Therefore, the townspeople simply were not fully aware of the effort and its implications. Personal communication, Frank Shaw, Deer Lodge, Montana, with the author, June 26, 1997.
26 Warren to Lynn Thompson, RD, RMR, May 31, 1974, GRKO archives.
29 Sen. Mike Mansfield to Warren, June 24, 1974; Sen. Lee Metcalf to Warren, June 25, 1974; Cong. Dick Shoup to Warren, June 27, 1974; GRKO archives.
30 Ronald H. Walker, D, NPS to Mansfield, June 17, 1974; John B. Cook, Assoc. D, NPS to Warren, June 18, 1974; Thompson to Warren, June 25, 1974, GRKO archives. Shoup, eager to get credit for resolving the issue, prematurely notified the press that he and the NPS had reached a consensus on the south boundary access. "Congressman Shoup Receives Accord for Advancing Grant-Kohrs Park Development," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, June 7, 1974.
31 "Money Asked To Push Park Opening for Summer of 1975," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, July 14, 1975.
32 "Funding for Grant-Kohrs in Appropriations Bill in House," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, July 26, 1974; "Park Personnel Arrive, Seek Office Location," Ibid, August 9, 1974.
33 Interview with Richard R. Peterson, February 5, 1997.
34 "Grant-Kohrs Ranch Stalled; Previous Decisions Rescinded," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, October 18, 1974; "No Approximate Time Given for Opening of Grant-Kohrs; Bureaucracies Move Slowly," Ibid, November 29, 1974.
35 "Grant-Kohrs Ranch to Open By Summer; Park Service Director Vetoes Delay," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, December 6, 1974.
36 Superintendent's Annual Report, 1975, (hereafter cited as, SAR) GRKO archives.
37 Ibid. By this action, Peterson concurrently was elevated to superintendent.
38 "Record of Comments for Environmental Assessment, Grant-Kohrs Ranch," March 26, 1974, pp. 18-20 (hereafter cited as "Record of Comments"); Forty-seven persons attended the meeting, while four others responded by mail. Richard R. Peterson to RD, RMR, April 28, 1975, GRKO archives.
39 "Record of Comments," pp. 24-25; While claiming to represent environmental groups, Jean Warren, first wife of Conrad Warren II, may have reflected a family bias. Nevertheless, no one else refuted her opinion. "Express Opinions At Park Service Public Hearing," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, April 13, 1975; With the ploy defeated, the City of Deer Lodge and the Powell County Commissioners eventually collaborated to develop a railroad crossing at Milwaukee. Ibid, February 6, 1976.
40 Peterson declared that an environmental impact statement would not be needed for this undertaking and that the assessment would be subject only to clearance under Section 106 of the 1966 Historic Preservation Act. Peterson to RD, RMR, April 28, 1975, GRKO archives.
41 "Summer Opening Set For Ranch-Park; Plan Pedestrian Overpass," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, May 15, 1975.
42 "Grant Kohrs Historical Park May Open Before Bicentennial," The Missoulian, November 22, 1974.
43 Glen T. Bean, Act. RD to Manager, DSC, May 5, 1975; Bean to Congressman Max Baucus, June 27, 1975, GRKO archives.
44 Peterson to chief, contracting and property management, RMR, May 7, 1975, GRKO archives.
46 Donald A. Purse, DSC to Peterson, May 10, 1976, GRKO archives.
47 "Review Draft, Draft General Management Plan: Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Montana." (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, November, 1978), pp. 23-24.
53 Personal communication, Nan V. Rickey, Evergreen, Colo., with the author, February 13, 1997.
54 Interview with Thomas G. Vaughan, October 22, 1996.
55 "General Management Plan," (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1980), pp. 31, 33, GRKO archives.
Chapter Three
1 "Proposed Sale of Land For Creation of the Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site or Park," n.d. [c. 1970], GRKO archives.
2 All quotations are from, Merrill J. Mattes, "Alternatives Study Report: Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Montana." (San Francisco, Cal.: National Park Service, 1968), pp. 3, 7, 13-15.
3 "Offer to Sell Real Property" attached to Peter Meloy to C. K. Warren, April 1, 1970; Eugene F. Lyttle to M. K. Daniels, n.d. [c. October, 1970), GRKO archives. Discrepancies in the acreages exist among various documents. The most reliable figures, detailed in the final legislative support data package, are shown here. The easement included approximately 77 acres containing the Warren residence and some pasture. J. Leonard Volz, MWR to D, NPS, September 30, 1971, GRKO archives.
4 Roger J. Contor, MWR, to D, NPS, March 30, 1971; Volz to D, NPS, July 30, 1971, GRKO archives.
5 Phillip R. Iversen, MWR, to D, NPS, October 15, 1971, GRKO archives.
6 U. S., Congress, "Authorizing the Establishment of the Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site: Report on H. R. 9594," 92nd Congress, 2d Session, 1972, Report 92-1222.
7 "Statement of Asst. Secretary Nathaniel P. Reed, Department of the Interior, in Support of Legislation to Authorize the Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, April, 1972," [cite primary source]; P. L. 92-406, U. S. Statutes at Large," (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1973), Vol. 86, P. L. 92-406; J. Leonard Norwood, assoc. director for administration, advised that the NPF should be reimbursed by reprogramming funds from the FY 73 appropriation, since the FY 74 budget submission was still a year away. Norwood, WASO to D, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, August 8, 1972; "Deed, National Park Foundation to United States of America," November 21, 1972, GRKO archives.
8 Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers. (Washington, D. C.: Resources for the Future, Inc., 1984), pp. 223-25, 23744. (hereafter cited as, America's National Parks).
9 Vernon B. Hennesay to RD, MWR, n.d. [c. April 1973], GRKO archives.
10 Ibid.; Hennesay to RD, MWR, February 5, 1973, GRKO archives.
11 Hennesay to RD, MWR, n.d. [c. April, 1973], GRKO archives.
12 Hennesay to Supt., YELL, March 7, 1973, GRKO archives.
13 Robert D. Cox, MWRO, December 28, 1973; Hennesay to Warren, February 12, 1973, GRKO archives. The parcel was in shape of a right angle. It is shown on Map 451/80,014 contained in the Land Acquisition Plan.
14 Supt. Jack K. Anderson, YELL to RD, MWR, August 2, 1973; Cox to Mr. and Mrs. Conrad K. Warren, December 28, 1973, GRKO archives.
15 The exact location and purpose in acquiring this tract has not been determined. It was sold to NPS for $1,000. Sherman W. Swenson, RMR, to Mr. and Mrs. C. K. Warren, September 3, 1975, GRKO archives.
16 Oral history interview, Conrad Warren, July 10, 1980, GRKO archives.
17 Supt. Richard R. Peterson to Mr. and Mrs. Conrad K. Warren, September 4, 1975, Superintendent's Annual Report, 1976 (hereafter cited as, SAR), GRKO archives.
18 Warren to Willys E. Bramhall, RMR, March 28, 1977, GRKO archives.
19 "Corporate Offer to Sell Real Property," December 14, 1977, GRKO archives.
20 Secretary of the Interior to Sen. Robert C. Byrd, n.d., [c. fall, 1977], GRKO archives.
21 This fund, created in 1964, provided funds to federal land managing agencies to acquire recreational lands from private owners. A discussion is found in Foresta, America's National Parks, p. 237.
22 Frank Wilson, DOI to Cleo Layton, Fish, Wildlife and Parks, DOI, March 10, 1978, GRKO archives.
23 Vaughan admitted that he probably went "over the line" in suggesting to Con Warren that he write to his friend Senator Melcher to get this opinion overruled. But, Vaughan said, "There was a chance there. It could have been done. . . He was just too damned stubborn to do it." Interview with Thomas G. Vaughan, October 22, 1996.
24 Art Eck, WASO to RD, RMR, March 20, 1978, GRKO archives. The fact that the NPS catered to Warren's desire to preserve his ranching operation is revealed in Kenneth R. Ashley, RMR to Chief, Office of Legislation, WASO, May 1, 1978, GRKO archives.
26 "Telephone Message Record," Eck to Roy C. Slatkavitz, RMRO, March 17, 1978, GRKO archives.
27 Ashley to Chief, Legislation, WASO, May 1, 1978, GRKO archives.
29 U. S., Statutes at Large, Vol. 92, P. L. 95-625.
30 Glen T. Bean, RMR to Warren, February 2, 1979, GRKO archives.
31 Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., Act. D, NPS to Regional Director, RMR, August 29, 1979, GRKO archives.
32 "Land Acquisition Plan," April 28, 1980 (hereafter cited as, LAP, 1980).
33 Robert Herbst, DOI to Congressman Stewart B. McKinney, May 21, 1980, GRKO archives.
34 Nell Warren died in November 1979, following a long illness and confinement in a Great Falls rest home. SAR, 1979; Vaughan to Warren, June 10, 1980, GRKO archives. Interview with Mike McWright, September 17, 1996.
35 This letter was copied to the entire Montana delegation, the governor, RMR regional director, NPS director, and the Secretary of the Interior. Warren to Vaughan, June 13, 1980, GRKO archives.
36 LAP, 1980; Vaughan to Congressman Ron Marlenee, July 28, 1980, GRKO archives.
37 Vaughan to RD, RMR, June 23, 1980; "Historic Site Use Agreement Between Conrad K. Warren and National Park Foundation," November 13, 1970; Hennesay to Supt., YELL, March 7, 1973; Lorraine Mintzmyer to Warren, July 1, 1980, GRKO archives. That the confrontation resulted from circumstances beyond Vaughan's control is supported by Interview with Rodd L. Wheaton, December 12, 1996. Another perspective of the incident is in McWright interview.
38 Ed Jahns, curator, RMR to RD, RMR, August 16, 1974, GRKO archives.
39 Vaughan interview; Vaughan to Warren, July 28, 1980, GRKO archives.
40 Sen. John Melcher to Secretary of the Interior Cecil D. Andrus, July 2, 1980; Andrus to Melcher, August 4, 1980, GRKO archives.
41 Melcher to Warren, August 15, 1980, GRKO archives.
42 The purchase of 840.55 acres was authorized by U. S., Statutes at Large, P. L. 96-607, Vol. 94; Russell E. Dickenson to WASO Directorate and RD, RMR, February 11, 1981; The original boundary had been delineated as Survey No. 1, accomplished by contract in the fall, 1973, Gordon E. Sorenson, Missoula, Mont., November 21, 1973, GRKO archives.
43 The deed was granted on August 11, 1987 for the price of $10. Lawrence A. Farin to Richard A. Young, RMRO, February 12, 1988; Taylor to Young, July 27, 1988, GRKO archives.
44 Young to Chief, Land Resources Div., WASO, September 25, 1991, GRKO archives.
45 Deer Lodge Silver State Post, December 25, 1980.
46 Interview with Jimmy D. Taylor, September 30, 1996; A change was made in the land records correcting the total easement from 1102.48 to 1105.48. The 3-acre error was found in tract 106, which was corrected by Change Order 78-40, August 10, 1978. Wes Wolfe to Taylor, GRKO, January 12, 1981, GRKO archives.
47 Taylor to Warren, April 1, 1981, GRKO archives.
48 The Utah and Northern formed a link with the Northern Pacific at Garrison, Montana, a few miles north of Deer Lodge in 1883. The Milwaukee line had been a presence since its construction in 1907. John Albright, "Historic Resource Study and Historic Structure Report," pp. 47-48, 99-100, and n.138.
51 "Land Protection Plan," May 21, 1985, p. 11.
54 The acreages in the various tracts and the improvements thereon are summarized in Young to Gary Hughes, Norwest Capital Management, Helena, Mont., May 3, 1988; Lloyd L. Garrison, RMRO to Files, May 6, 1988, GRKO archives.
55 Taylor to Warren, June 15, 1988; "Bill of Sale for Warren Property," June 16, 1988; Taylor to Park Staff, June 17, 1988; Young to Taylor, June 17, 1988, GRKO archives.
56 Young to RD, RMR, April 22, 1988; SAR, 1990, GRKO archives. Personal communication with Young by the author, February 24, 1997; GMP/DCP, 1993, p. 11.
57 Young to Powell County Title Company, Deer Lodge, Mont., June 1, 1988; "Bill of Sale," Conrad K. Warren to National Park Service, June 16, 1988; The stocks were issued to the U. S. effective July 25, 1988, GRKO archives. "Notice of Location and Appropriation of Water Right," West Deer Lodge Ditch Company, June 28, 1889, Book 2, Water Right Location Records, Powell Co., Montana, copy in Natural Resources Division files, GRKO; Stock Certificate No. 32, West-Side Ditch Company, "Certificate Making Capital Stock Available," June 29, 1917, GRKO archives.
58 "Deed, NPF to USA," November 21, 1972, GRKO archives. 40 miner's inches is equivalent to 1 cubic foot of water, thus 6 miner's inches equals .15 cubic foot. This a minuscule amount that is totally inadequate for irrigation purposes. Asked why he sold the NPS such a tiny amount of water, on this and other parcels, Con Warren replied that it was all the NPS had requested. Taylor interview.
59 "Affadavit," Conrad K. Warren to Powell County, Montana, July 20, 1988 appended to Taylor to Ken Czarnowski, RMRO, July 27, 1988; An abstract of the water rights attached to the Warren lands is found appended to Hughes to Taylor, April 28, 1988; This is supplemented by Young to Chief, Water Rights Branch, April 6, 1988, GRKO archives.
61 "Statement for Interpretation," Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS, 1996, p. 14, Chief Interpreters Files, GRKO.
62 Interview with Eddie L. Lopez, September September 18, 1996.
63 Lopez to Hughes, March 25, 1993; SAR, 1993, GRKO archives.
64 "GMP/DCP," 1993, p. 11; Mark D. Harvey to Files, GRKO, October 20, 1986, GRKO archives; According to a staff member, the Burlington Northern Railroad indicated a willingness to donate the pit area to the NPS in 1988, but management did not respond to the offer. A few years later, however, neither the Burlington nor the Western Montana, which had purchased the right-of-way, was certain about title to the borrow pit specifically. Apparently, both companies are willing to negotiate with the NPS. Anthony J. Schetzsle to the author, June 16, 1997, with attached comment by Cheryl L. Clemmensen.
Chapter Four
1 John R. Douglass to Supt., YELL, November 11, 1970, GRKO archives.
2 Vernon E. Hennesay to Supt., YELL, November 27, 1970, GRKO archives.
3 Ibid; Dale H. Nuss to Supt., YELL, December 3, 1970; Jack K. Anderson to Mayor Anthony Sneberger, December 4, 1970; J. B. Kendrick to Anderson, n.d., c. December 10, 1970, GRKO archives.
4 Interview with Mike McWright, September 17, 1996; Douglass to Supt., YELL, December 21, 1970, GRKO archives.
5 Hennesay to Supt., YELL, January 21, 1971, GRKO archives. "Park Service Employee Moves to Warren Ranch," Deer Lodge Silver State Post. February 26, 1971.
6 Pettet was still at the ranch in August, 1971, but Griggs's presence is noted in September, 1971. "Conrad Kohrs Home Holds Rare Heirlooms," Butte Montana Standard, August 29, 1971; "Superintendent's Annual Report,"1975 (hereafter cited as SAR).
7 Ed Jahns, to RD, RMR, August 16, 1974; Hennesay to Supt., YELL, December 22, 1972, GRKO archives; The office trailer was positioned in front of HS-16, at least by early in 1975. Personal communication Mike McWright with the author, February 27, 1997.
8 "Planning Directive," March 17, 1971, GRKO archives.
9 Douglas P. Wheeler, DOI, to Conrad Warren, April 9, 1974, GRKO archives.
10 Interview with Richard R. Peterson, February 5, 1997; Interview with Paul R. Gordon, October 21, 1996.
11 Hennesay to files, February 22, 1973, GRKO archives; Gordon interview; Gordon remembered that he moved into town in 1976, but this is contradicted by SAR, 1975, GRKO archives.
12 Peterson to RD, RMR, n.d. [winter, 1974], GRKO archives.
14 SAR, 1975; McWright interview.
15 "Congressman Shoup Receives Accord For Advancing Grant-Kohrs Park Development," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, June 7, 1974; "Appropriations Approved for Grant-Kohrs Park by House Subcommittee," Silver State Post, June 28, 1974; Grant-Kohrs Ranch to Open By Summer; Park Service Director Vetoes Delay," Silver State Post, December 6, 1974.
16 NPS Press Release, May 16, 1975; D. Peinovich, BNRR to Peterson, November 7, 1974; Lynn Thompson to Peinovich, April 16, 1975, GRKO archives. " 'No Approximate Time Given for Opening of Grant-Kohrs; 'Bureaucracies Move Slowly,' " Deer Lodge Silver State Post, November 29, 1974.
17 Peterson to Chief, Contracting and Property Procurement, RMR, May 7, 1975; Vernon D. Dame to Roy C. Slatkavitz, RMR, May 14, 1975; Dame to ARD, Cooperative Activities, RMR, May 19, 1975, GRKO archives. Gordon interview; McWright interview.
18 The contract for $97,596.00 was awarded to Lyle States, Grand Junction, Colorado. "Granary to Become Visitors' Center; Parking Contract Let," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, July 31, 1975; "Completion Report, Work Order No. 1586-7601-503, Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS, GRKO archives; Rodd L. Wheaton to Dame, RMR, November 5, 1975; GRKO archives.
19 Wheaton to Dame, November 5, 1975; SAR, 1975, GRKO archives.
20 Peterson to John Willard, BNRR, Billings, Montana, April 13, 1976, GRKO archives.
21 Slatkavitz to John R. Little, regional solicitor, DOI, May 12, 1976; Glen T. Bean to BNRR, Billings, Montana, June 4, 1976, GRKO archives.
22 "Advisory Board Hears of Historic Ranch's Problems," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, June 17, 1976; William J. Briggle to Peterson, August 13, 1976, GRKO archives.
23 Donald A. Purse, DSC to RD, RMR, August 13, 1976; See Sherman W. Swenson, BNRR to Purse, May 25, 1977 for contract date September 7, 1976, GRKO archives.
24 The Milwaukee RR completed its portion in December, 1976. "Bridge Work Promised by Spring For Grant-Kohrs," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, December 19, 1976; Lynn Thompson to BNRR, Billings, Montana, March 3, 1976; Completion Report, No. 503, GRKO archives.
25 SAR, 1977; McWright interview; This flag pole was replaced by a metal one in 1982. SAR, 1982, GRKO archives. Deer Lodge Silver State Post, May 27, 1977.
27 Harold P. Danz to Chief, Programming and Budget, WASO, October 20, 1977, GRKO archives.
29 Richard A. Strait, RMR to Assist. Manager, DSC, July 11, 1979; Vaughan to RD, RMR, August 31, 1979, GRKO archives.
30 "New Water Line Okayed to Grant-Kohrs Ranch," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, October 18, 1979; "Grant of Water Pipe-Line Right-of-Way Easement," November 5, 1979; Vaughan to Warren, February 6, 1980; SAR, 1979, GRKO archives.
33 Ibid; SAR, 1983; Interview with Jimmy D. Taylor, September 30, 1996.
34 The equipment room in HS-4 was upgraded by the replacement of most equipment during PRIP in 1982. McWright interview; "Development/Study Proposal,"August 12, 1982; SAR, 1982, GRKO archives.
35 "Development/Study Proposal," March 6, 1984; Ibid, revised, approved June 7, 1984; Strait to Taylor, May 16, 1984; Supt. Peterson initiated the first request for a visitor center. "Development/Study Proposal," November 30, 1976, GRKO archives.
36 SFM, 1995, p. 12, GRKO archives.
37 At the present time, the apartment in HS-1 still is utilized for storage of the Warren furniture and cleaning supplies.
38 McWright interview; The rest rooms were installed in HS-3 in 1981. SAR, 1981; In 1992 a small theater and office were added to HS-3. SAR, 1992.
40 SAR, 1975; Ibid. 1976; Interview with Lyndel Meikle, September 17, 1996; McWright interview.
Chapter Five
1 Haines's personal reaction to the site was somewhat at variance with his official report, which noted the good condition of the buildings. At the time, however, he was aware that NPS was already being pressured politically to do something with the ranch. Personal communication, Aubrey L. Haines with the author, January 30, 1997; Conrad K. Warren to Theodor R. Swem, July 12, 1969, GRKO archives.
2 Press release, Department of the Interior, December 9, 1970; Ralph Lewis, chief of the Service's Branch of Museum Operations, made an official visit to the ranch in 1969. Lewis to Frank Hjort, WASO, August 25, 1969; John R. Douglass to Supt., YELL, November 17, 1970, GRKO archives.
3 Edward R. Griggs, to Regional Historian, RMR, April 20, 1974; Griggs and his wife, Jean, were working long hours on the buildings and doing what they could to conserve the collections. Ed Jahns to RD, RMR, August 16, 1974, GRKO archives.
4 Merrill D. Beal to AD, Professional Services, WASO, February 13, 1973; Kenneth R. Ashley to files, February 22, 1973, Hennesay located a surplus fire-proof safe at the parent park and had it brought to the ranch, where it was placed in the basement of HS-1 to house records and paintings. Hennesay to Supt., YELL, March 7, 1973, GRKO archives.
5 The quotation is from Warren to Lynn Thompson, RMR, May 31, 1974, GRKO archives; Supplemental information is found in Interview with Mike McWright, September 17, 1996; Interview with Paul R. Gordon, October 21, 1996; Interview with Rodd L. Wheaton, December 12, 1996.
6 Jahns to Regional Historian, RMR, August 16, 1974, GRKO archives.
7 This was Wes Wolfe, Regional Chief of Interpretation. Wheaton interview.
9 Wheaton to David Dame, ARD, RMR, October 3, 1974; Warren had previously refused access for HABS recordation. John N. DeHaas, Jr. to Peterson, October, 30, 1974, GRKO archives.
10 Glen T. Bean to Peterson, January 14, 1975; Wheaton to Dame, March 6, 1975; Bean to Ashley C. Roberts, March 30, 1975; and "Superintendent's Annual Report," 1975 (hereafter cited as SAR), GRKO files.
11 Paul R. Gordon to John Albright, regional historian, RMR, April 1, 1975, GRKO archives.
12 Wilfred D. Logan, DSC to Manager, DSC, April 23, 1975; Winifred M. Brown to Logan, April 25, 1975; The result of the investigation, including a test of the prehistoric site for possible National Register significance (24PW1078) is found in, Brown to Logan, July 18, 1975 GRKO archives. The latter site, hardly more than a lithic scatter, was determined to have no particular significance.
13 John Albright, "Historic Resource Study and Historic Structure Report," (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1977), p. 158 (hereafter cited as FIRS); Gordon interview; Wheaton interview; SAR, 1975, GRKO archives.
15 Peterson to Rudy E. Endresse, August 29, 1975; Wheaton to ARD, RMR, November 5, 1975; GRKO archives.
16 Roy Kohen, DSC to Peter Snell, DSC, October 2, 1975; Dame to Asst. Manager, DSC, January 16, 1976; Kohen to Assoc. Manager, DSC, February 6, 1976, GRKO archives.
17 Thompson to Ron G. Holliday, July 17, 1976 GRKO archives; SAR, 1976, 1977.
18 The team report is with Jahns to Snell, March 4, 1977, GRKO archives.
19 Florence Prickett Warren remarried after Robert Warren's death.
20 Bean to Florence Hershey, July 18, 1977; Wheaton to ARD, RMR October 5, 1977; Wheaton to Thomas G. Vaughan, June 29, 1978; Wheaton to Mrs. E. W. Bache, Piedmont, Calif., October 30, 1978, GRKO archives. Much detail regarding this relationship is contained in Wheaton interview.
22 Interview with Thomas G. Vaughan, October 22, 1996.
26 The first contract with Joel Berstein apparently was let in 1975, SAR, 1975; Vaughan to Arthur C. Allen, HFC, December 9, 1977; Allen to Vaughan, December 28, 1977; Vaughan to Allen, January 16, 1978; SAR, 1978, GRKO archives.
27 Vaughan to RD, RMR, November 17, 1977, GRKO archives.
29 Wheaton to ARD, RMR, January 24, 1978, GRKO archives; Wheaton interview.
30 Snell to Asst. Manager, DSC, March 27, 1978; GRKO archives. Vaughan interview.
31 Wheaton to ARD, RMR, April 21, 1978; Wheaton to Vaughan, June 29, 1978; SAR, 1978, GRKO archives.
32 SAR, 1978 - 1984; Harrison Goodall to Vaughan, May 18, 1980, GRKO archives.
33 SAR, 1978, 1979; Wheaton to ARD, RMR, June 6, 1979; Vaughan to RD, RMR, June 10, 1980; Wheaton to RD, RMR, July 11, 1980, GRKO archives.
34 Richard A. Strait, RMR to Asst. Manager, DSC, December 19, 1978; RD, RMR to Asst. Manager, DSC, n.d. [c. January, 1979]; Purse to RD, RMR, March 15, 1979, GRKO archives.
35 Estimating Detail for Package No. 113, revised July 27, 1979, GRKO archives.
36 Vaughan to RD, RMR, May 29, 1979, GRKO archives.
37 Vaughan to RD, RMR, November 14, 1979, GRKO archives; Vaughan interview.
38 Purse to RD, RMR, December 6, 1979, GRKO archives.
39 Vaughan to RD, RMR, December 12, 1979, GRKO archives.
40 Kenneth R. Ashley to Vaughan, January 7, 1980; GRKO archives.
42 This group also determined that the second floor of HS-1 would not be publicly accessible. All quotations are from, Bean to Vaughan, January 11, 1980, GRKO archives.
43 Vaughan to RD, RMR, June 25, 1980, GRKO archives.
44 Vaughan transferred to HFC as chief of the museum conservation laboratory effective July 28, 1980, Vaughan interview.
45 Robert J. Shelley, DSC to RD, RMR, July 29, 1980.
46 Wheaton to Mrs. Florence Hershey, September 30, 1981, GRKO archives.
48 Wheaton to Supv. Historical Architect, RMRO, May 8, 1981; SAR, 1980, 1981, 1982, GRKO archives.
50 Wheaton to ARD, RMR, September 16, 1980, GRKO archives. Wheaton interview.
51 Patricia Warren to Jimmy D. Taylor, January 29, 1982, GRKO archives.
52 P. Warren to Nicholas L. Scrattish, June 3, 1982; P. Warren to Mintzmyer, June 5, 1982, GRKO archives. This remark was aimed at Florence Hershey and Anna Bache. See 56n.
53 Wheaton to P. Warren, June 21, 1982, GRKO archives.
54 Mintzmer to P. Warren, July 30, 1982, GRKO archives.
55 Scrattish to P. Warren, August 5, 1982, GRKO archives.
56 The antagonism between these factions of the family originated with Con's marriage to Nell, the daughter of a Deer Lodge railroadman. Many in the family felt that he had married "beneath" his class, yet Augusta Kohrs always favored and protected Con during her lifetime. Wheaton interview.
58 The contract totalled $206,000.00. SAR, 1983, 1984: Interview with Jimmy D. Taylor, September 30, 1996.
59 Taylor interview; Completion Report, "Treat and Relocate Museum Objects," October 29, 1984, GRKO archives.
61 SAR, 1978, 1979, 1980; Interview with Christine M. Ford, September 18, 1996. Not all of these buildings were used concurrently, but at various times as need arose to shift storage from one place to another to avoid stabilization projects.
64 SAR, 1984. The removal of the furnishings may have prompted the drafting of a "curatorial policy" for the Site. This informal document generally addressed the needs of the both study collections and exhibit areas. The curator outlined a series of rules relating to how the park staff should handle and document the objects. "Curatorial Policy, Grant Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site," April, 1984.
65 SAR, 1984; Personal communication, Christine M. Ford, GRKO, with the author, March 19, 1997.
66 SAR, 1983, 1988, 1989; Wheaton to Supt., Grant-Kohrs Ranch, October 3, 1989, GRKO archives. "Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site Collection Management Plan." (Ithica, NY: Maines and Assoc., 1991), p. 2.
67 Wheaton interview; SAR, 1993. Apparently, Con had discussed donating his possessions to the NPS, but, inexplicably, park management did not follow up on the offer; After the sale, the heirs donated perhaps the most important object, Conrad Kohrs's pommel bags, used during his business travels. "Comments," June 16, 1997.
69 "Record of Decision," October 22, 1993; Supt. Tony Schetzsle to All Employees, GRKO, October 20, 1994, GRKO archives.
Chapter Six
1 Edwin Bearss to Chief, Office of History & Historic Architecture, WASO, November 17, 1970, GRKO archives.
2 Interview with Paul R. Gordon, October 21, 1996.
3 "Planning Directive: Master Plan/Development Concept Plan/Interpretive Prospectus, Grant-Kohrs National Historic Site." September 13, 1974, GRKO archives. Gordon interview.
4 "Superintendent's Annual Report," 1976 (hereafter cited as SAR); Albright arranged to have the Kohrs Papers at the Montana Historical Society in Helena microfilmed and he scrounged a second-hand reader machine, both of which he delivered to the Site in the summer, 1978. John Albright to Regional Chief Scientist, RMR, July 12, 1978, GRKO archives.
5 SAR, 1975; Citing "the lack of a real business approach and organization," Supt. Jim Taylor shifted the park's affiliation from Yellowstone to the Glacier Natural History Association in March, 1984. Taylor to RD, RMR, January 16, 1984; Meeting Minutes, Glacier Natural History Association, March 8, 1984, GRKO archives.
6 Bruce Hopkins, HFC to Supt., GRKO, December 24, 1974; SAR, 1975; Conrad Warren also contributed information to this first brochure. Supt. Richard Peterson to Conrad Warren, March 25, 1976; GRKO archives. The quotation is from SAR, 1976; A revised and expanded park folder was developed by park staff and published in 1982. SAR, 1980, 1981, 1982.
10 Jay Anderson, Time Machines: The World of Living History, (Nashville: Association for State and Local History, 1984), pp. 36-37.
11 Merrill J. Mattes, "Alternatives Study Report: Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Montana." (San Francisco: National Park Service, 1968), pp. 1.
13 U. S., Congress, House, Congressional Record, 92nd Congress, 2d Session, 1972, Vol. 118, pt. 21: 28105 (hereafter cited as, Congressional Record).
14 U. S. Congress, House, "Authorizing the Establishment of Grant-Kohrs Ranch: Report to Accompany H. R. 9594, 92nd Congress, 2d Session, pp. 3-4 (hereafter cited as, House Report No. 92-1222).
15 Bill W. Dean, MWR, to D, NPS, March 28, 1972, GRKO archives.
16 "Master Plan: Proposed Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Montana." n.d. (c. 1972).
17 "Dasher, Prancer Arrive at Grant-Kohrs," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, January 23, 1975.
18 Gordon interview; "Grant-Kohrs Ranch Add Belgians from LBJ Ranch," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, August 14, 1975.
19 SAR, 1975; Interview with Mike McWright, September 17, 1996; Interview with Lydel Meikle, September 18, 1996.
21 Interview with Joe Launderville, September 17, 1996.
22 Details are found in the various SAR; Launderville interview.
23 Launderville interview; Interview with Anita Dore, September 18, 1996; SAR, 1982,1989.
25 "Ranch Dedication Followed by Steady Visitor Attendance," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, July 21, 1977; SAR, 1977.
26 "Warren Family Come for Ranch Dedication," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, July 28, 1977; Interview with Rodd L. Wheaton, December 12, 1996; Wheaton to ARD, RMR, October 5, 1977, GRKO archives.
29 Wes Wolfe to ARD, RMR, May 20, 1977, GRKO archives.
34 Vaughan to RD, RMR December 12, 1979, GRKO archives.
35 Personal communication John Albright by the author, March 24, 1997.
36 Both the 1978 draft and the final version contain identical wording. "General Management Plan: Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Montana." (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1980), pp. 24-25 (hereafter cited as GMP, 1980).
37 Congressional Record, August 14, 1972, pp. 28103-106.
38 House Report No. 92-1222, p. 4.
40 "Statement for Interpretation: Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS," FY 82, chief interpreter's files, GRKO (hereafter cited as SFI).
41 Congressional Record, August 14, 1972, p. 28104.
42 "Environmental Impact Statement - General Management Plan - Development Concept Plan: Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site." (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1993,) pp. 5, 20 (hereafter cited as GMP/DCP). "Cultural Landscape Inventory and Analysis: Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site." (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1991,) p. 7; An operations evaluation conducted August 20-23, 1990 reiterated the theme "of the frontier cattle era." RD, RMR to Supt., GRKO, October 10, 1990.
43 Bill Sontag to RD, July 21, 1982, GRKO archives.
49 Ibid; RD, RMR to Supt., GRKO, October 10, 1990 with attached evaluation, GRKO archives; SFI, 1991; Meikle interview.
54 Sontag to RD, RMR, July 21, 1982; GMP, 1993, p. 5; Both Superintendents Peterson and Taylor submitted package requests for a visitor center. "Development/Study Package Proposals" approved November 30, 1976 and June 7, 1984, GRKO archives.
55 SAR, 1992; A slide program, using a small random-access unit, was placed in the contact station in 1985 to provide a year-around introduction to the area. SAR, 1985.
56 RD, RMR to Supt., GRKO, October 10, 1990 (see attached operations evaluation), GRKO archives.
57 "Foundation Purchases Pioneer Cattle Ranch for National Historic Site," Deer Lodge Silver State Post, December 18, 1970.
58 SAR, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1984; SFI, 1996; Personal communication, Lyndel Meikle with the author, June 30, 1997.
60 SAR, 1983; Meikle interview; Interview with Jim Taylor, September 30, 1996.
61 SFI, 1993; Ibid. 1994, GRKO archives.
Chapter Seven
1 U. S., Congress, House, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, "Authorizing the Establishment of the Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site: Report to Accompany H.R. 9594," 92nd Congress, 2d Session, 1972, H. Report 92-1222, p. 2.
2 "Master Plan: Proposed Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Montana," n.d. [c.1972], p. 23.
3 Vernon E. Hennesay to Superintendent, YELL, March 7, 1973, GRKO archives.
4 "Trip Report," Kit B. Sutherland, Soil Conservation Service, n.d. [c. January, 1978], GRKO archives.
5 Superintendent Thomas G. Vaughan to RD, RMR, February 15, 1978,GRKO archives.
6 The program also identified the presence of the Columbian ground squirrel in the park. "Superintendent's Annual Report," 1979 - 1984 (hereafter cited as SAR). GRKO archives.
7 "Statement for Interpretation," 1985 (hereafter cited as SFI); Ibid, 1987, chief interpreter's files, GRKO.
10 SAR, 1980; Vaughan to RD, RMR, May 27, 1980; Ibid, July 1, 1980, GRKO archives.
11 Conrad Kohrs had suffered damages from mining-related pollution and filed claim against the Anaconda Cropper Company. Conrad Kohrs to John Bielenberg, November 22, 1915, GRKO archives.
12 SAR, 1980; Ibid, 1984. The so-called "Superfund," managed by the Environmental Protection Agency, derived its funds from fines levied against industry for violations of environmental law.
16 The development of a grazing plan became a cooperative effort with the SCS in 1993, as did a wetlands assessment with the Atlantic-Richfield Co., SAR, 1993; Eddie L. Lopez to Robin Bullock, June 15, 1993, GRKO archives.
17 Interview with Anthony J. Schetzsle, September 17, 1996.
22 Interview with Ken Marchand, September 17, 1996; GRKO was selected as a pilot park for developing and testing GIS in a List of Classified Structures application. SAR, 1992-1995. Mapping knapweed patches, for example, is still drone visually with the aid of aerial photographs. Interview with Scott Jackson, September 18, 1996.
23 "Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site Cultural Resources Boundary Evaluation Report, 1980-1981," GRKO archives.
24 "Cultural Landscape Analysis: Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site," (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1987), pp. 10, 27-31; A later request defined the need for baseline studies of the additional 1200 acres purchased from Warren in 1988. Eddie L. Lopez to RD, RMR, September 1, 1989, GRKO archives.
25 Thomas G. Keohan, "Cultural Landscape Inventory and Analysis: Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site," (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1991), pp. 2 (included as an appendix in 1993 GMP).
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