Guadalupe Mountains An Administrative History

1 Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail, ed. Lyle H. Wright and Josephine M. Bynum (San Marino, California: The Huntington Library, 1942), 73-74.

2 Wallace Pratt to The Editor, San Angelo (Texas) Standard Times, February 8, 1967, in file C45.3B, #10-Guadalupe, 1966-1970, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

3 For more information about the prehistoric uses of the Guadalupe Mountains by humans see Paul R. Katz, "An Inventory and Assessment of Archeological Sites in the High Country of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas," Archaeological Survey Report no. 36 (San Antonio, Texas: University of Texas, Center for Anthropological Research, 1978) and James E. Bradford, "Upper Dog Canyon Archeology: Guadalupe Mountains National Park," (Santa Fe: National Park Service, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, 1980).

4 Grant Foreman, Marcy and the Gold Seekers: The Journal of Capt. R.B. Marcy, with an Account of the Gold Rush Over the Southern Route (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939), 351.

5 For a description of the Pinery stagestop and the route of the Butterfield Mail through the park lands see Roscoe P. Conkling and Margaret B. Conkling, The Butterfield Overland Mail, 1857-1869, Vol. 1 (Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1947), 389-396.

6 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1972, 1; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1973, 1; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1975, 1; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1976, 2; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1980, 2; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1987, 2-3.

7 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1972, numerous references; Donald Dayton, interview with author, May 20, 1987.

8 Statement for Management, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, January 1988, 18; John Cook, interview with author, May 20, 1987; Bobby L. Crisman, personal communication to author, June 1988.

1 Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1984, pp. 9-13.

2 Carlsbad Current-Argus, March 1, 1927.

3 Ibid., March 11, 1927.

4 Roger W. Toll report to A. B. Cammerer, Director, National Park Service, February 21, 1934, p. 25, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

5 Ibid.

6 National Geographic, 48(September 1925): 301, 316-17.

7 Roger W. Toll report to A.B. Cammerer, Director, National Park Service, February 21, 1934, p. 25, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

8 Carlsbad Current-Argus, March 16, 1928.

9 Ibid., August 10, 1928.

10 Ibid., September 18, 1928.

11 Ibid., February 1, 1929.

12 El Paso Times, July 22, 1931.

13 Roger W. Toll report to Director, National Park Service, January 20, 1932, p. 7, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

14 Ibid., February 27, 1931 and March 4, 1931.

15 Roger W. Toll, report to Director, National Park Service, January 11, 1932, p. 1, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

16 George M. Wright, Joseph S. Dixon, Ben H. Thompson, Fauna of the National Parks of the United States: A Preliminary Survey of Faunal Relations in National Parks, Contribution of Wildlife Survey, Fauna Series No. 1, May 1932, Washington, D.C., 1933, 89-90; Roger W. Toll, report to Director, National Park Service, January 11, 1932, p. 59, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

17 Ibid., 71.

18 Ibid., 44.

19 Ibid., 47-50a.

20 Ibid., 2.

21 Roger W. Toll report to Director, National Park Service, January 20, 1932, p. 1, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

22 Ibid., pp. 2-3.

23 Roger W. Toll report to A.B. Cammerer, Director, National Park Service, February 21, 1934, p. 15, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

24 Ibid., pp. 25-26.

25 Ibid., p. 13.

26 Ibid., cover letter.

27 Ibid. p. 28.

28 George M. Wright and Ben Thompson, Fauna of the National Parks of the United States: Wildlife Management in the National Parks, Contribution of Wildlife Division, Fauna Series No. 2, July 1934, Washington, D.C., 1935, p. 103.

29 "Proposed Guadalupe National Park in Texas," p. 1, in file 1950-59 Land File--CACA, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

30 Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1934 through June 30, 1945, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office).

31 Herbert Maier, Outline of Investigations and Conclusions, 1938, p. 2, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

32 El Paso Times, October 5, 1938.

33 Ibid., October 7, 1938; October 16, 1938; November 6, 1938.

34 D.D. Obert, Narrative Report on McKittrick Canyon, Culberson County, Texas for the Texas State Parks Board, pp. 8-11, typescript in Folder C45.4A, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

35 El Paso Times, November 3, 1938; November 4, 1938; November 15, 1938.

36 H. Maier to Director, NPS, August 18, 1939, in Report of Wendell Little to Director, August 1, 1940, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

37 Memorandum to Director, August 1, 1940, in Report of Wendell Little to Director, August 1, 1940, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

38 Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, (Lincoln, Nebraska and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), 136-37.

39 Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 43-52; Susan R. Schrepfer, "Newton B. Drury (1890-1978)," in Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History, ed. Richard C. Davis, Vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1983), 136.

40 Ben Thompson to Regional Director, June 4, 1945, in file GUMO Basic Data--Administrative History, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

41 E.H. Simons to Roger Toll, December 22, 1931, in Roger W. Toll report to Director, National Park Service, January 20, 1932, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

1 American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 66(September 1982): 1415; interview with Wallace E. Pratt by William C. Griggs, Texas Tech University, December 29, 1973 (hereafter Pratt interview), transcription, p. 25, in file History File--GUMO, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

2 Pratt interview, 4-5.

3 Ibid., 26-27.

4 Vance Phenix, History of Pratt Lodge, 1981, typescript in V.F. 578, V.F. Box 15, in library, Guadalupe Mountains National Park (hereafter Phenix) and Wallace Pratt to Donald Dayton, dated June 13, 1974, in file Wallace Pratt--Interviews and Letters, Guadalupe Mountains NP--Historical Data, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

5 Ibid.

6 National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Pratt, Wallace Residence, p. 2; Wallace Pratt to Donald Dayton, dated June 13, 1974, in file Wallace Pratt--Interviews and Letters, Guadalupe Mountains NP--Historical Data, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

7 Ibid.

8 Wallace Pratt to Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns, March 20, 1958, in file Wallace Pratt--Interviews and Letters, Guadalupe Mountains National Park--Historical Data, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

9 Background of Wallace Pratt Land Donation, compiled by Peter Sanchez, typescript, in file Wallace Pratt--Interviews and Letters, Guadalupe Mountains National Park--Historical Data, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

10 Ibid.; Director, NPS, to Wallace Pratt, June 19, 1961, in Background Book #4, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

11 In Texas, mineral rights to any sections designated as Public School Lands (PSL) belong to the State. If PSL land is purchased, the purchaser may act as the agent for the State and enter into oil, gas, or mineral extraction contracts. Bonuses, royalties, or rents accruing from those leases are shared on a 50-50 basis by the landowner and the State of Texas. PSL mineral rights can only be waived by an act of the Texas legislature.

12 Deed from Wallace E. Pratt and Iris Colderhead Pratt to United States (4,942 acres), dated December 14, 1959 and Deed from Wallace Pratt and Iris Colderhead Pratt to the United States (690 acres), dated January 2, 1961, in Background Book #4, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

13 Pratt interview, 27.

14 Wallace Pratt to Frank Tolbert, February 27, 1961, in file Wallace Pratt--Interviews and Letters, Guadalupe Mountains National Park--Historical Data, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

15 Ibid.

16 J.C. Hunter to Wallace Pratt, March 3, 1961, in file GUMO Basic Data--Administrative History, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

17 Wallace Pratt to J.C. Hunter, March 5, 1961, in file GUMO Basic Data--Administrative History, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

18 Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln, Nebraska and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), 49, 188-89.

19 "Guadalupe Mountains of Texas: An Area Investigation Report," (National Park Service, Southwest Region, Santa Fe, March 1962, revised September 1962), 7-8.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid., 12-22.

22 Ibid., 28.

23 Ibid., 2.

24 Acting Director, National Park Service to Secretary of the Interior, July 11, 1962, in Box 5, V.F. 45, in library, Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

25 Ben Thompson, Assistant Director to Regional Director, Southwest Region, October 11, 1962 in Box 5, V.F. 45, in library, Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

26 Biggs to Olin Ashley, July 8, 1963, in file C45.3A #3, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

27 Within a few weeks after introducing H.R. 3100 (February 1963) Joe Pool wrote to Biggs to ask him to "let future press comment about the proposed park stem from this office." Pool noted that he had begun receiving clippings from around Texas and many of them quoted Biggs and stressed the commercial side of the venture, an aspect Pool wanted to play down. (File C45.3A #1, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.)

In 1964 Pool wrote to Hunter, asking that Biggs restrict his contacts in Washington. He suggested that Biggs annoyed some busy Congressmen with his persistence. Hunter responded to Pool's charges, however, by writing that Biggs only attended meetings or conferences to which he had been invited during the trip in question. (File C45.3B #5, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.)

28 J.C. Hunter to McMahon, July 5, 1962, in Background Book #4, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Biggs to Olin Ashley, July 8, 1963, in file C45.3A #3, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest [ missing text???]

1 Biggs to Olin Ashley, July 8, 1963, in file C45.3A #3, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

2 J.C. Hunter to Wallace Pratt, February 18, 1963, in file C45.3A #1, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

3 Wallace Pratt to J.C. Hunter, February 28, 1963, in file C45.3A #1, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

4 Wallace Pratt to J.C. Hunter, March 11, 1963, in file C45.3A #1, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

5 References throughout file C45.3A #3, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

6 Abilene (Texas) Reporter-News, August 3, 1963.

7 Biggs to Richard Yarborough, August 28, 1963, in file C45.3A #3, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

8 J.B. Shepperd to County Chairmen, September 5, 1963, in file C45.4A, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

9 Bobby L. Crisman, interview with author, April 13, 1987; Louis Whitlock, telephone interview with author, January 24, 1988.

10 Abilene (Texas) Reporter-News, November 1, 1963; Carlsbad Current-Argus, November 1, 1963.

11 Ibid.

12 Carlsbad Current-Argus, November 8, 1963, December 12, 1963; Abilene Reporter-News, November 22, 1963; Ralph W. Yarborough, The Guadalupe Mountains: A Congressional Record Bibliography, 1971, typescript, p. 1-2, in Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

13 Glenn Biggs to Dan Ponder, December 10, 1963; Dan Ponder to John Connally, December 20, 1963, in file C45.3A #4, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

14 Stewart Udall to John Connally, December 27, 1963, in file C45.3B #5, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

15 John Connally to Stewart Udall, January 17, 1964, in file C45.3B #5, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

16 Jack Campbell to Dan Ponder, February 10, 1964, in file C45.3B #5, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

17 Glenn Biggs to various Chamber of Commerce Presidents, C45.3B #6, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

18 Carlsbad Current-Argus, July 16, 1964.

19 Glenn Biggs to Joe Pool, July 16, 1964, Folder C45.3B #6, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

20 Ralph Yarborough, A Congressional Record Bibliography, 3-5.

21 Carlsbad Current-Argus, December 13, 1964.

22 J.C. Hunter to Jim Bowmer, March 10, 1965, in file C45.3B #8, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

23 References throughout file C45.3B #9, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

24 Stanley Cain to Wayne Aspinall, July 14, 1965, Background Book #4, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

25 Stanley Cain to Henry Jackson, July 14, 1965, Background Book #4.

26 Abilene (Texas) Reporter-News, July 18, 1965.

27 El Paso Times, July 21, 1965.

28 Ibid.; Wallace Pratt to J.C. Hunter, Jr., March 11, 1963, in file C45.3A #1, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

29 Ibid.

30 El Paso Times, March 2, 1966.

31 Memorandum from John M. Kelly to the Director, March 22, 1966, pp. 1-4, in Background Book #4, in Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

32 El Paso Times, March 11, 1966.

33 Ibid.

34 House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas: Report to Accompany H.R. 698, 89th Cong., 2d sess., 1966, H. Rept.1566, 1, 2, 5.

35 June 20, 1966, Congressional Record, 89th Cong., 2d sess., 13027-31.

36 El Paso Times, April 14, 1966. The negative results of this stratigraphic test would later be added to the growing accumulation of evidence against the probability of finding extensive oil or gas reserves within the park boundaries.

37 San Angelo Standard-Times, April 14, 1966.

38 Senate Subcommittee on Parks and Recreation of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Hearings on S. 295 and H.R. 698, July 21, 1965 and August 9, 1966, 89th Cong., 1st and 2d sess., 1965 and 1966, 69-70.

39 Ibid., 71.

40 Ibid., 72-76.

41 Ibid., 76.

42 Ibid., 78-87.

43 Ibid., 88.

44 Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas: Report to Accompany H.R. 698, 89th Cong. 2d sess., 1966, H. Rept. 1682, 3, 5-6.

45 El Paso Times, January 24, 1967.

46 Ibid., February 10, 1967.

47 San Angelo Standard-Times, February 23, 1967. Texaco found no oil or gas, but the drilling logs from this well later proved valuable when hydrologists were selecting the location for the water well that would support park development in the Pine Springs area.

48 El Paso Times, February 24, 1967.

49 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns to Regional Director, SWRO, May 5, 1967 and December 5, 1967 in V.F. 128, Box 7, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

50 Dallas Morning News, April 22, 1968; Abilene (Texas) Reporter-News, April 25, 1968.

51 San Angelo Standard-Times, June 20, 1968 and June 21, 1968; El Paso Times, July 12, 1968.

52 El Paso Times, November 3, 1968.

53 Ibid., January 16, 1969 and September 23, 1969.

54 Federal Register, 37(October 6, 1972): 21193.

55 December 1, 1975, Congressional Record, 94th Cong., 1st sess., 37883.

56 Ibid., 37884.

57 Carlsbad Current-Argus, March 18, 1970.

58 Ibid.

59 El Paso Herald Post, March 18, 1970.

60 Carlsbad Current-Argus, May 15, 1970.

61 Ibid., May 21, 1970; June 9, 1970; July 22, 1970; July 31, 1970.

62 Ibid., October 13, 1971; Bobby L. Crisman, letter to author, April 1988.

63 Ibid., November 19, 1971 and November 22, 1971.

64 El Paso Times, October 17, 1972.

65 Senate Subcommittee on Parks and Recreation of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Hearing on S. 2976, 95th Cong., 2d sess., 1978, 25.

66 Richard Smith, interview with author, April 14, 1987; Bobby L. Crisman, interview with author, April 14, 1987 and letter to author, April 1988.

67 John Ise's book, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore: Resources for the Future, Inc. by the Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), provides a good, though dated, perspective on the legislative processes required to establish and administer the national parks. Most parks, like Guadalupe Mountains, required little Congressional attention after authorization. Others, such as the Everglades, have been beset by problems requiring Congressional intervention.

1 Chief, Division of Land and Water Rights to Director, April 6, 1964, p. 4, in Background Book #4, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

2 Ibid., 5.

3 Ibid., 6.

4 San Angelo Standard-Times, July 19, 1967.

5 Ibid., November 2, 1967.

6 Trip report by Thomas Kornelis and J. H. Cameron, October 24-26, 1967, in file L1425, GUMO, General, Part I, in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

7 Howard Cameron to Tom Kornelis, 13 October 1967, in file L1425, GUMO, General, Part I, in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

8 Trip report by Thomas Kornelis and J.H. Cameron, October 24-26, 1967, in file L1425, GUMO, General, Part I, in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

9 Exchange Officer to Chief, Office of Land and Water Rights, SSC, undated, p. 1, in file L1425, GUMO, General, Part I, in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

10 J.C. Hunter to Neal Guse, Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns, December 10, 1969, in file L1425, GUMO, General, Part I, in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

11 Glenn Biggs to Robert Barrel, January 21, 1964, file C45.4A, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

12 Regional Chief to Assistant Regional Director, Cooperative Activities, May 22, 1964, V.F. 45, Box 5, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

13 Ibid.; Regional Director to Director, May 27, 1964, in Background Book #4, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

14 Regional Director to Director, May 27, 1964, p. 3, in Background Book #4, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

15 Ibid., 2.

16 Ibid., 3-4.

17 Chief, Acquisition Section to Chief, Office of Land Acquisition and Water Resources, Western Service Center, February 4, 1970, in file L1425, GUMO, General, Part II, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Exchange Deed dated November 12, 1970, between the Six Bar Ranch, Inc. and the United States of America, in file "Deed Covering Exchange with Six-Bar Ranch, Inc. on Tract 01-113 + (000003)-GMNP"; Special Warranty Deed No. 6604 in file "Deed to Tract 01-111 + (000001) (Texas Pacific Land Trust) (exchange with Meyers)", both files kept in safe at Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

18 Mr. and Mrs. Ed Hammack to Ralph Yarborough, April 6, 1964, file C45.35 #5, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

19 Regional Director to Director, May 27, 1964, in Background Book #4, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

20 C. Gordon Fredine, Acting Assistant Director to Ralph Yarborough, June 16, 1964, file C45.3B #6, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

21 George Hartzog to Ralph Yarborough, February 16, 1966, in Background Book #4, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

22 Public Law 89-667, 80 Stat. 920, signed October 15, 1966.

23 Scenic Easement, in file "Scenic Easement Deed on Tract 01-116 (Hammack) GMNP" kept in safe at Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

24 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks to Regional Director, Southwest Regional Office, May 30, 1978, p. 6, in file L1425, General, #3, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

25 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1979, 15.

26 Bobby L. Crisman, telephone conversation with author, May 29, 1987.

27 Glenn Biggs to Robert L. Barrel, January 21, 1964, in file C45.4A, Land Ownership, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

28 Glenn Biggs to Noel Kincaid, January 21, 1964, file C45.4A, Land Ownership, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

29 Paul Wykert to Robert Barrel, March 5, 1964; Leslie Arnberger to Noel Kincaid, March 12, 1964; V.F. 45, Box 5, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

30 Regional Chief, National Park Systems Studies to Assistant Regional Director, Cooperative Activities, May 22, 1964, V.F. 45, Box 5, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library; Glenn Biggs to Mr. and Mrs. Walter Glover, March 16, 1964, file C45.3B #5, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

31 Glenn Biggs to Mr. and Mrs. Walter Glover, April 1, 1964, file C45.3B #5, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

32 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns to Regional Director, March 27, 1964, in V.F. 45, Box 5, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library; Louis Whitlock, telephone interview with author, January 24, 1988.

33 Regional Director to Director, May 27, 1964, in Background Book #4, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

34 Ibid., 3.

35 Howard Cameron to File, January 15, 1968, in file Civil No. P-70-CA-29, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

36 J.E. Williamson, Negotiator's Progress Record, December 12, 1969, in file Civil No. P-70-CA-29, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

37 Ibid., 3.

38 J.E. Williamson, Negotiator's Progress Record, January 10, 1970, in file Civil No. P-70-CA-29, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

39 Assistant Director to Regional Director, Southwest Regional Office, March 3, 1970, in file Civil No. P-70-CA-29, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

40 Acting Director to Chief, Office of Land and Water Rights, Western Service Center, March 24, 1970, in file Civil No. P-70-CA-29, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

41 J.E. Williamson, Negotiator's Progress Report, April 14, 1970, in file Civil No. P-70-CA-29, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

42 Robert H. Alsover, Chief, Appraisal Section to Anthony C. Liotta, Chief, Land Acquisition Section, September 21, 1971, GUMO Tract Files, Appraisals, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

43 Judgment on Stipulation #13,081, United States District Court, Western District of Texas, Pecos Division, Civil No. P-70-CA-29, Tract No. 01-112, file L1425-Glover, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Bobby L. Crisman, note to author, May 1988.

44 J.C. Hunter, Jr. to Bill Orr, November 13, 1964, file C45.3B #8, Glenn Biggs Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.

45 Ibid.

46 Thomas Kornelis and J.H. Cameron, trip report for October 24-26, 1967, file L1425, GUMO, General, Part I, in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

47 Howard Cameron to File, February 29, 1968, in file L1425- Shivers, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

48 Howard Cameron to File, April 3, 1968, in File L1425-Shivers, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

49 J.E. Williamson, Negotiator's Progress Record, December 8, 1968, in file L1425-Shivers, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

50 Ibid.

51 A.W. Gray, trip report, December 18, 1969, in file L1425, GUMO, General, Part II, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

52 J.E. Williamson, Negotiator's Progress Report, 24 July 1970, in file L1425-Shivers, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

53 Ibid.

54 Chief, Office of Land Acquisition and Water Resources, Western Service Center,to Director, July 28, 1970, in file L1425-Shivers, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

55 Director, Southwest Region, to Assistant Director Edward A. Hummel, Washington Office, August 5, 1970, in file L1425- Shivers, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

56 Chief, Office of Land Acquisition and Water Resources, Western Service Center, to File, August 17, 1970, in file L1425-Shivers, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

57 Chief, Office of Land Acquisition and Water Resources, Western Service Center to Director, National Park Service, Attn: Chief, Division of Land Acquisition, November 2, 1970, in file L1425-Shivers, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

58 Donald Dayton, interview with author, May 13, 1987; Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Director, Southwest Region, April 30, 1973, in file L1425-Edwards/Pratt I, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

59 Ibid.

60 Donald Dayton to Mrs. Fletcher Pratt, December 1973, in file L1425-Edwards Pratt I, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

61 Assistant Chief, Division of Land Acquisition, Southwest Region to Chief, Division of Land Acquisition, Southwest Region, April 10, 1973, in file L1425-Edwards Pratt I, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

62 Brewster Lindner to File, March 8, 1974; Acting Regional Director Theodore R. Thompson to Mrs. Fletcher Pratt, March 21, 1974, in file L1425-Edwards Pratt I, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

63 Donald Dayton, interview with author, May 13, 1987; Odessa American, June 24, 1973.

64 Alice E. Pratt to Brewster Lindner, March 2, 1976, in file L1425-Edwards Pratt II, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1980, 1.

65 Deed to Right-of-Way and Scenic 'Easement Across' Section 30 for West Side Access Road--S.E. Corner--GUMO Exchange D-18, Tract 01-124, Deed files, kept in safe at Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

66 Ibid.

67 Donald Dayton, note to author, August 1988; Cooperative Agreement between the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior and the Department of Highways and Public Transportation, State of Texas, in file A-44, Cooperative Agreements, State of Texas, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

68 Ibid.; William Dunmire to Joe M.Battle, February 22, 1985, in file A-44, Cooperative Agreements, State of Texas, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; April 1986 Log, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 2, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Bobby L. Crisman, note to author, May 1988.

69 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Regional Director, Southwest Region, May 30, 1978, in file L1425, General, #3, Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

1 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns to Regional Chief of Operational Plans and Requirements, April 26, 1963, Box 5, V.F. 45, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

2 Ibid.

3 Master Plan Brief for Proposed Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

4 Ibid.

5 Donald Dayton, interview with author, May 20, 1987.

6 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns to Files, November 26, 1969, in Master Plan Brief for Proposed Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

7 Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and their Keepers (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, Inc., 1984), 59-67.

8 See pages 91-93.

9 Wilderness Recommendation, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas, (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, August 1972).

10 Master Plan, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, October 6, 1976), 17-21.

11 Ibid., 21.

12 Ibid., 22.

13 Ibid.

14 Ibid., 25-26.

15 Ibid., 26-30.

16 Ibid., 28-29.

17 Ibid., 37-39.

18 Tramway Study, Pine Springs Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, undated), 1-6.

19 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Regional Director, Southwest Region, January 7, 1975, file W3815-Proposed Legislation, closed December 1977, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

20 Carlsbad Current-Argus, March 3, 1975.

21 National Park Courier, September 1975, 3.

22 Carlsbad Current-Argus, November 6, 1975.

23 Ibid., November 13, 1975.

24 El Paso Times, January 6, 1976.

25 Final Development Concept Plan, Pine Springs, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, October 1976), 9.

26 Final Development Concept Plan, Pine Springs, 5-10.

27 Ibid., 11-16.

28 Donald Dayton, interview with author, May 20, 1987.

29 Final Development Concept Plan, Pine Springs, 18-21.

30 Master Plan, errata sheet.

31 Environmental Assessment, Buildings and Utilities, McKittrick Canyon (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, October 1976).

32 Environmental Assessment, Development Concept Plan, Upper Dog Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, April 1978), 2-3.

33 Ibid., 18-27.

34 Ibid., 29-35.

35 Statement for Management and Planning, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, prepared by Neal G. Guse, Superintendent, March 2, 1970, Box 5, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

36 Statement for Management, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, January 1976), 5-10.

37 Ibid., 13-14.

38 Ibid., 14-15.

39 Interpretive Plan, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, February 4, 1977, in V.F.47, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library, 6-25.

40 Ibid., 25-35.

41 Ibid., 36-38.

42 Ibid., 38-39.

43 Ibid., 39.

44 Ibid., 41-41a.

45 Ibid., 40-41.

46 Ibid., 42-45.

47 Ibid., 46-49.

48 Cave Management, Natural Resources Management Plan for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, January 1975, pages unnumbered.

49 Backcountry Management Plan, Natural Resources Management Plan for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, January 1975, pages unnumbered.

50 Ibid.

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid.

53 Ibid.

54 Ibid.

55 Natural Resources Management Plan for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, January 1975 (pages unnumbered).

56 Ibid.

57 Fire Management Plan, Natural Resources Management Plan for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, January 1975 (pages unnumbered).

58 Archeological Management Plan, Historical Management Plan, Natural Resources Management Plan for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, January 1975 (pages unnumbered).

59 Donald Dayton, interview with author, May 20, 1987.

60 Phil Koepp, interview with author, June 3, 1987.

61 Roger Reisch, interview with author, July 21, 1987.

62 Joseph L. Sax, Mountains Without Handrails: Reflections on the National Parks (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1980), 63.

1 Ralph Harris, interview with author, June 4, 1987.

2 Economic Feasibility/Market Study, Guadalupe Mountains National Park (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Professional Support Division, Branch of Concessions Management, undated).

3 The Hammack family owns the sections controlled by scenic 3 easement. For a discussion of this situation see pages 109- 112.

4 Environmental Assessment for the Master Plan Supplement, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, November 1980), 1.

5 West Side Boundary Study, Guadalupe Mountains National Park (National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office, April 1987), 13.

6 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Regional Director, Southwest Region, September 2, 1980, in file D18, History Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

7 West Side Boundary Study, 2-9.

8 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, March 1984, 4.

9 Ibid., 4-5.

10 Ibid.

11 Ibid., Resources Planning Sheet for Natural Resources, 1.

12 Ibid., 19-20.

13 Backcountry Management Plan and Environmental Assessment for Guadalupe Mountains National Park (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, January 1984), 7.

14 Ibid., 7-8, 31.

15 Ibid., 18-19.

16 Ibid., 19-20, 31.

17 Ibid., 21-24, 26, 35.

18 Ibid., 25.

19 Ibid., 27.

20 Ibid., 29-30.

21 Ibid., 34.

22 Ibid., 66-67.

23 Ibid.

24 Ibid., 94.

25 Phil Koepp, interview with author, June 3, 1987.

26 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 1-4.

27 Ibid., 37, 50.

28 Ibid., 64-65.

29 Mountain Lion Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico and Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, undated), 9-10.

30 Resources Management Plan recommended February 1987, 68-69.

31 First Draft, Statement for Management, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, prepared by Guadalupe Mountains National Park and Division of Planning and Design, Southwest Regional Office, National Park Service, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 8-11.

32 Ibid., 12-13.

33 Ibid., 15-29.

34 Ibid., 29-31.

35 Ibid., 34.

1 Roger Reisch, interview with author, July 21, 1987.

2 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1983; Briefing Statement, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, revised January 1980, in V.F. 15, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

3 Donald Dayton, note to author, August 1988.

4 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976.

5 Notes from meetings held September 7, 1977, by Christopher Larson of Pacheco and Graham, in V.F. 634, Box 5, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

6 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981; National Park Service News Release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, December 18, 1979, from news release file, Operations Headquarters, Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

7 Briefing Statement, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, revised January 1980, in V.F. 15, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

8 Ralph Harris, interview with author, June 4, 1987; National Park Service News Release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, October 14, 1980, new release file, Operations Headquarters, Gudalupe Mountains National Park; Donald Dayton, note to author, August 1988.

9 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1981; John W. Bright, Assistant Manager, SE/SW Team, Denver Service Center to Regional Director, Southwest Region, June 23, 1981 in file D30-Roads and Trails (closed 12/83), Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

10 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1982, 1983; Park Log, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, March 1982.

11 Park Log, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, February 1986.

12 See Chapter IV: Mineral Rights and Land Acquisition, McKittrick Canyon Right-of-Way Exchange.

13 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1977, 1978, 1979.

14 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1980, 1981, 1982; Park Log, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, June 1982, October 1982.

15 Park Log, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, November 1982, May 1983.

16 Notes from interview with Laurie Kincaid, 6/28/78, by Bobby L. Crisman and Roger Reisch, in file L3027-Dog Canyon Road (closed 12/78), Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

17 Negotiations Regarding Dog Canyon Road Access, in file Dog Canyon History, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

18 Ibid.; Carlsbad Current-Argus, April 20, 1973.

19 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Field Solicitor, Gayle Manges, through Regional Director, Southwest Region, July 9, 1976 in file Dog Canyon History, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Gayle E. Manges to Victor R. Ortega, August 25, 1976, in L1425-General #3, Part III, July 1, 1971- , Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Donald A. Dayton to Mike McCormick, February 17, 1977 in file Dog Canyon History, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

20 Carlsbad Current-Argus, July 26, 1977, September 7, 1977; Donald A. Dayton to James B. Grant, November 10, 1977 in file L1425-General #3, Part III, July 1, 1971- , Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

21 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Regional Director, Southwest Region, August 23, 1978 in file L3207-Dog Canyon Road (closed 12/78), Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; National Park Service News Release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, May 22, 1980, news release file, Operations Headquarters, Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

22 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1979, 1985; National Park Service News Release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, May 22, 1980, news release file, Operations Headquarters, Guadalupe Mountains National Park; Park Log, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, March 1986.

23 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977.

24 Roger Reisch, July 21, 1987; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1979, 1980, 1981.

25 Park Log, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, October 1980.

26 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984.

27 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1979, 1983; Richard Smith, interview with author, April 14, 1987; Bobby L. Crisman, interview with author, April 14, 1987.

28 Outdoor Recreation Planner, DSC, TSE/SW to Superintendent, CACA-GUMO, September 5, 1980 in file D30-Roads and Trails, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

29 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1979.

30 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Regional Director, Southwest Region, August 31, 1979 in file D30-Roads and Trails, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Donald Dayton, interview with author, May 20, 1987.

31 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1979, 1980.

32 Ralph Harris, June 4, 1987; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1980.

33 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1982, 1983; Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Regional Director, Southwest Region, June 7, 1982 in file D30-Roads and Trails, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Ralph Harris, June 4, 1987.

34 Trail Construction Summary, compiled 6/21/83, from Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Outdoor Recreation Planner, DSC/TSE-SW to Superintendent, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, September 22, 1982 in file D30-Roads and Trails (closed 12/83), Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

35 1986 FY Construction Funding Needed, in file History of Development of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

36 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980.

37 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, l981, 1982, 1983, 1984; Bobby L. Crisman, personal communication to author, May 1988.

38 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985.

39 William Dunmire to A.O. Anderson, July 23, 1982, in file D46-Other Structures, GUMO (closed 12/84), Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

40 Ibid.; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1982, 1983.

41 Resource Management Specialist to Superintendent, April 3, 1984 in file D46-Other Structures, GUMO (closed 12/84), Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

42 Notes on Meeting Held August 30, 1984, National Park Service Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico on Hinson/Estes Water Issue, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, in file L54, main files, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

43 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1985; Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 1.

44 See Chapter IV: Mineral Rights and Land Acquisition, West Side Access Road Right-of-Way.

45 Environmental Assessment for Rerouting of the Initial 2.6 Miles of the Williams Ranch Road, Guadalupe Mountains National Park (undated); Ralph Harris, June 4, 1987.

46 Ibid.; Bobby L. Crisman, note to author, August 1988.

47 House Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, Hearings, Ninety-Fourth Congress, Second Session, 1976, 24, 29, 53; Donald Dayton, note to author, August 1988.

48 Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Pine Springs Operational Headquarters/Visitor Center, in file History of the Development of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

49 Ibid.; Ralph Harris, June 4, 1987; Assistant Manager, Southeast/Southwest Team, DSC to Regional Director, Southwest Region, June 23, 1981 in file D30-Roads and Trails (closed 12/83), Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

50 Ralph Harris, June 4, 1987; Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Pine Springs Operational Headquarters/Visitor Center in file History of Development of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

51 Acting Associate Regional Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, Southwest Regional Office to Manager, Denver Service Center, Attn: Assistant Manager, Central Team, April 28, 1987 in file D18-1986-88, main files, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; El Paso Times, December 19, 1987.

52 John Cook, interview with author, May 20, 1987; Ralph Harris, June 4, 1987.

53 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1977, 1978.

54 The Temporary Frijole Contact Station (Double-Wide Trailer) Interior and Exterior Design Objectives in file D3415- Buildings, GUMO (closed 12/79), Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

55 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1983; Ralph Harris, June 4, 1987.

56 Ralph Harris, June 4, 1987; William Dunmire, tape recorded responses to author's questions, February 1988.

1 Water Resources Management Profile, approved October 1984, appended to Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, approved March 1984, D-19.

2 Ibid., D-21; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1978.

3 Water Resources Management Profile, D-20; Ralph Harris, interview with author April 14, 1987; Vidal Davila, letter to author, September 16, 1987; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1975, 1976, 1985.

4 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 28-29.

5 Ibid., 21-27.

6 Ibid., 11; Backcountry Management Plan and Environmental Assessment for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, January 1984 (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, May 23, 1983, in news release file, Operations Headquarters, Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

7 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 10.

8 Phil Koepp, interview with author, June 3, 1987.

9 Superintendent's Annual Reports, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1976, 1979.

10 Richard Smith, interview with author, April 14, 1987; Phil Koepp, June 3, 1987.

11 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, approved March 1984, 15-16.

12 Outdoor Recreation Planner, Denver Service Center, TSE/SW to Superintendent, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, February 25, 1981, in file D30-Roads and Trails, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1985.

13 National Park Service News Release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, March 29, 1983, in news release file, Operations Headquarters, Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

14 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, approved March 1984, 12; Superintendent's Annual Reports, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981.

15 William Dunmire, tape recorded responses to author's questions, February 1988.

16 Mountain Lion Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico and Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, undated) 3, B-2.

17 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981.

18 Mountain Lion Management Plan, 3-4.

19 Ibid., 4; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1982.

20 Mountain Lion Management Plan, 5-8.

21 Decision Document and Finding of No Significant Impact for the Mountain Lion Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico and Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas.

22 National Park Service News Release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, August 14, 1987, in news release file, Operations Headquarters, Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

23 El Paso Times, February 1, 1985.

24 Ibid., April 12, 1987; Rick Smith, April 14, 1987.

25 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1983, 1984, 1985; Park Log, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, October 1986; Phil Koepp, June 3, 1987.

26 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 45.

27 Ibid., 46.

28 Ibid., 47-49; Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact for Barbary Sheep Management Program, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks.

29 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 40.

30 Ibid; Vidal Davila, letter to author, September 16, 1987.

31 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1977, 1984.

32 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 43.

33 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 37-38.

34 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 59; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1980.

35 Final Environmental Impact Report, Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Celeron/All American and Getty Pipeline Projects, California State Lands Commission and Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, January 1985, in file Oil Pipelines, Bobby L. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

36 Roger Reisch, interview with author, July 21, 1987; Ralph Harris, interview with author, April 14, 1987; Bobby L. Crisman, interview with author, April 14, 1987; Richard Smith, interview with author, April 14, 1987.

1 College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Park Administration and Horticulture, "A Survey of Historical Structures, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas" (Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 1973), cover letter, James W. Kitchen to Bill Brown, September 27, 1973, (hereafter "A Survey of Historical Structures, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas") in library, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

2 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Regional Director, December 7, 1973 in file H30-Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation-Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

3 Acting Regional Director, Southwest Region to Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains, January 11, 1974, in file H30 Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation-Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

4 Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Master Plan, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, April, 1976), 43-44;Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1975, 4; James W. Kitchen to Bill Brown, September 27, 1973 in "A Survey of Historic Structures, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas; Survey Historian, Division of History, Southwest Region to Associate Regional Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, SWR, April 14, 1983, in file H30 Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation-Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

5 Statement for Management, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, January 1976), 3-4.

6 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1972, 2-3.

7 Dava McGahee Davy, The Pinery Station (Carlsbad Natural History Association, undated); David G. Battle, "Guadalupe Mountains National Park: The Pinery, Historic Structure Report" (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office, Division of History, February 1973), 4-5.

8 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1972, 2-3; Battle, "The Pinery," 6.

9 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1973, 4; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1974, 5; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1975, 4; Jane E. Scott, "Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Overview of Historical Research: Annotated Bibliography and Recommendations for Future Studies" (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Division of History, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Santa Fe, New Mexico, October 1978), 13.

10 V. H. Brown to J. C. Hunter, Jr., May 19, 1955; V. H. Brown to J. C. Hunter, Jr., June 29, 1958 in file C45.4A--Guadalupe: The Pinery, 1952-1964 and undated, in Glenn Biggs Collection, The Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Fort Worth Star-Telegram, September 30, 1958; Bobby L. Crisman, personal communication to author, June, 1988.

11 Donald Dayton to Dr. F. T. Darvill, January 22, 1975; Acting Regional Director, Southwest Region, Monte E. Fitch to Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains, February 25, 1975 in file Guadalupe Peak Pilot Memorial, Bobby L. Crisman personal file, Guadalupe Mountain National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

12 Survey Historian, Division of History, SWR to Associate Regional Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, SWR, November 7, 1986, in file H30 Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation-Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Melody Webb, personal communication to author, June 1988.

13 Ibid.; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1980, 4.

14 Ibid.

15 Historian, Division of History, SWR to Associate Regional Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, SWR, April 4, 1987 in file H30-Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation-Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

16 West Side Boundary Study, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, (U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office, April 1987, 7; LaVerne Herrington to John E. Cook, September 29, 1986 in file H4217-GMNP- Section 106, History Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; LaVerne Herrington to John Cook, January 7, 1987 in file D18-1986-88-GUMO, Main Files, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1987, 10.

17 The Williams Ranch House folder (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service); First draft for interpretive material about Williams Ranch, in file K1817 closed 12/78, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; taped interview with Thomas Williams, July 1983, Tape A.T.52, Cat.6, History, in Guadalupe Mountains National Park audio tape file (tape is marked "Hammack interview"; Melody Webb, personal communication to author, June 1988.

18 Environmental Impact Appraisal, signed by Donald A. Dayton 6/23/72, in file L-Lands and REc Planning-GUMO, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Master Plan, 1976, 41.

19 Exhibit Specialist, Division of Conservation, Southwest Cultural Resources Center to Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns, May 5, 1977, in file Williams Ranch, Bobby L. Crisman personal fiels, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Melody Webb, personal communication to author, June 1988.

20 Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Master Plan, 41; Wallace Pratt to Donald Dayton, June 13, 1974, in file Wallace Pratt Interviews and Letters, B. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

21 Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Master Plan, 41.

22 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1975, 4; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1976, 5; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1977, 4; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1980, 4; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1981, 6; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1983, 5; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1984, 6; "History of Pratt Lodge" by Vance Phenix, 1981, typescript, V.F. 578 in V.F. Box 15, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

23 Dave Kangas, Guadalupe Mountains to Jerry Hoddenback, Southwest Region, March 5, 1985 in file H30 Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation-Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

24 National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form, "Guadalupe Ranch," prepared by Dwight Pitcaithley, NPS Historian, August 1977; "The Frijole Ranch Complex" typescript by David Madden, September 1980, in Guadalupe Mountains National Park Library.

25 "Guadalupe Ranch" National Register Nomination Form; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1978, 7; Statement for Management, Guadalupe Mountains National Park (U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office,Division of Planning and Design, Santa Fe, New Mexico, January 1987), 15.

26 See Statement for Management, 1976, 4; Natural Resources Management Plan for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, January 1975, pages unnumbered; Master Plan, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, October 6, 1976), 15; Final Development Concept Plan, Pine Springs, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas (U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, September 20, 1976), 10; Guadalupe Mountains National Park Interpretive Plan, approved February 4, 1977, 23, 38; Roger Reisch, interview with author, July 21, 1987.

27 Master Plan, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 44; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1976, 5: Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1977, 4.

28 Survey Historian, Division of History, Southwest Region to Associate Regional Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, SWR, April 14, 1983 in file H30 Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation-Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Historical Architect, Southeast/Southwest Team, DSC to Assistant Manager, Southeast/Southwest Team, DSC, undated trip report, June 10-11, 1983 in file D46-Other Structures GUMO, closed 12/84, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Survey Historian, Division of History, Southwest Region to Associate Regional Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, SWR, June 15, 1983, in file H30 Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation- Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center,Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1983, 5; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1985, 8, 11.

29 Peter Flagg Maxon to John Poston White, October 29, 1985, in file Pratt Residence-"Ship", B. Crisman personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination form, "Pratt, Wallace Residence" prepared by John P. White, Architect, November 1985, in file H30 Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation-Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

30 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1983, 7; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1984, 8; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1985, 10; Park Log, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, September 1986, 2.

31 Chief, Division of Conservation, SWR to Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns/Guadalupe Mountains, September 12, 1986 in file H30 Historic Sites and Structures Management and Preservation-Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

32 James E. Bradford, "Upper Dog Canyon Archeology, Guadalupe Mountains National Park" (U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Santa Fe, 1980), 2-14; Final Environmental Statement, Development Concept Plan, Pine Springs, 43-44.

33 Final Environmental Statement, Master Plan, 48-49; Resources Management Plan and Environmental Statement for Guadalupe Mountains National Park, recommended February 1987, 77.

34 Final Environmental Statement, Master Plan, 51; Final Environmental Statement, Development Concept Plan, Pine Springs, 44-45; Carlsbad Current-Argus, August 11, 1974.

35 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1976, 6; Paul R. Katz, "An Inventory and Assessment of Archaeological Sites in the High Country of Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas," Archeological Survey Report, No. 36 (Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1978, typescript) 64; Resources Management Plan, 1987, 4; Ron Ice, personal communication to author, June 27, 1988.

36 Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Regional Director, Southwest Region, December 8, 1978 in file H2215-(1970-79)-GUMO, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; James E.Bradford, "Upper Dog Canyon Archeology, Guadalupe Mountains National Park" (U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Santa Fe, 1980), 45-46; Archeologist, Division of Anthropology, Southwest Region to Associate Regional Director, Planning and Cultural Resources, Southwest Region, April 12, 1985 in file H2215 (85-)-GUMO, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

37 Chief, Division of Anthropology, Southwest Region to Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns/Guadalupe Mountains, June 4, 1980 in file H2215-(80-84)-GUMO, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns & Guadalupe Mountains to Chief, Division of Anthropology, Southwest Region, March 25, 1981 in file H2215-(80-84)-GUMO, Southwest Cultural Resource Center, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Research Archeologist, Division of Anthropology, SWR to Regional Archeologist, Southwest Region, January 29, 1982 in file H2215-80-84)-GUMO in History Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

38 Resources Management Plan, 1987, 77, 81.

39 Information Background, Pine Springs Store/Cafe, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, revised 9/87 in V. Davila personal files, Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

40 Area Manager to Superintendent, November 17, 1982 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; W. E. Bramhall to Mrs. Mary Hinson, September 21, 1982, in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Regional Director, Southwest Region to Associate Director, Cultural Resources Management, WASO, October 12, 1982 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

41 USA Today, October 26, 1982; El Paso Times, December 23, 1982; William Dunmire, tape recorded responses to author's questions, February 1988.

42 William Dunmire to Honorable Lloyd Bentsen, November 2, 1982 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

43 Associate Director, National Park Service To Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, November 10, 1982, in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Gloer, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

44 William Dunmikre to Ms. Mary Hinson, November 20, 1982; William Dunmire to Honorable Lloyd Bentsen, December 1, 1982 both letters in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, NEw Mexico.

45 William Dunmire to Honorable Richard C. White, November 24, 1982 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

46 William Dunmire, taped responses to author's questions, February 1988.

47 Briefing statement, Mary Hinson/J.C. Estes Water Issue, undated, in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; William Dunmire to Ms. Mary Hinson, September 17, 1984 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

48 LaVerne Herrington to Robert Kerr, 12/14/83, in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

49 Chief, Division of History, Southwest Region to Superintendent, Carlsbad Caverns/Guadalupe Mountains, January 18, 1984 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

50 Superintendent Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains to Regional Director, Southwest Region, April 24, 1986 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

51 Acting Regional Director to Associate Director, Park Operations, WASO, June 6, 1986 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

52 Richard Smith to Honorable Lloyd M. Bentsen, Jr., June 20, 1986 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

53 Richard Smith to Ms. Mary Hinson, June 26, 1986 in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

54 Richard Smith to Ms. Mary Hinson, July 22, 1986, in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

55 Carlsbad Current-Argus, September 22, 1986; Washington Post, September 25, 1986.

56 Richard Smith to Honorable Lloyd Bentsen, March 13, 1987; Richard Smith to Ms. Mary Hinson, March 16, 1987 both in GUMO Tract Files, 01-112/Glover, Bertha/GUMO in Land Resources Office, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Bobby L. Crisman, personal communication to author, June 1988.

1 Van Horn (TX) Advocate, September 23, 1982.

2 News release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, September 26, 1972, in file GUMO Basic Data-- Administrative History, Bobby L. Crisman personal file, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

3 Van Horn (TX) Advocate, September 23, 1982; news release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, September 26, 1972, in file GUMO Basic Data--Administrative History, Bobby L. Crisman personal file, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1972, 1.

4 Van Horn (TX) Advocate, September 23, 1982; news release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, September 26, 1972, in file GUMO Basic Data--Administrative History, B. Crisman personal file, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

5

6 All of the local newspapers carried stories about the anniversary celebration: Carlsbad Current-Argus, May 9, 1982; Van Horn (TX) Advocate, May 13, 1982; Hudspeth County (TX) Herald-Dell Valley Review, May 14, 1982; Eddy County (NM) Times, May 14, 1982; William Dunmire to various media representatives in Texas and New Mexico, May 4, 1982, in file Dog Canyon Dedication, Bobby L. Crisman personal file, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico; William Dunmire, individual letters to Mary Lynch, Perry Denton, Mrs. (Jack) Lee Black, and George Crump, in file Dog Canyon Dedication, Bobby L. Crisman personal file, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

7 Carlsbad Current-Argus, May 9, 1982; Van Horn (TX) Advocate, May 13, 1982; Hudspeth County (TX) Herald-Dell Valley Review, May 14, 1982; Eddy County (NM) Times, May 14, 1982; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1982, 3.

8 News release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, September 18 and 29, 1982, in News Release File, Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

9 Ibid.; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1982, 3.

10 Ibid.

11 Carlsbad Current-Argus, October 27, 1971.

12 Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1972, 4; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1973, 7; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1974, 8; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1976, 8; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1978, 14; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1979, 16; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1980, 7; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1981, 10; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1983, 6.

13 Robert Valen, Chief, Interpretation and Visitor Services, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, interview with author, June 4, 1987; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1986, 1; News release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, October 2, 1987, in news release file, Guadalupe Mountains National Park; Superintendent's Annual Report, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 1987, 6.

14 Superintendent to Area Manager GUMO, June 10, 1975; typescript of schedule for climb; News release, Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Park, July 24, 1975, all in file GUMO Basic Data--Administrative History, Bobby L. Crisman personal file, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

15 Ibid.

16 Bob Crisman, "Paraplegics Make History Conquering Guadalupe Mountains' Highest Peak," typescript in file Wheelchair Climb of Guadalupe Peak by POINT, 7/12-17/82, Bobby L. Crisman personal file, Guadalupe Mountains National Park Headquarters, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

17 Ibid.

18 Ibid.