Hopewell Culture Amidst Ancient Monuments The Administrative History of Mound City Group National Monument / Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ohio

1 Barbara Bender, "Prehistoric Developments in the American Midcontinent and in Brittany, Northwest France," in Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity, T. Douglas Price and James A. Brown, eds. (Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, 1985), 39-43.

2 Don W. Drago, "The Development of Adena Culture and its Role in the Formation of Ohio Hopewell," Paper 1, in Hopewellian Studies, Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, eds., Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers, Volume 12 (Springfield: State of Illinois, 1964), 3-6, 13-14, 27-34.

3 According to National Park Service Archaeologist Bret J. Ruby of Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, the "charnel houses" probably served many functions unrelated to mortuary activity. Some contained no burials. They served more like a "council house." Most artifacts were deposited in contexts not clearly associated with human remains.

4 Brian M. Fagan, "The Story of Maize," Chapter 13 in People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory, Ninth Edition (New York: Longman Press, 1998), 344-47; Bender, "Prehistoric Developments in the American Midcontinent and in Brittany, Northwest France," in Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, 48-49; and James B. Griffin, "Culture Periods in Eastern United States Archeology," in Archeology of Eastern United States, James B. Griffin, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), 358-61; and William S. Dancey, "Putting an End to Ohio Hopewell," in A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Paul J. Pacheco, ed. (Columbus: The Ohio Archaeological Council, Inc., 1996), 394, 396-97, 402.

5 The Shawnee pronounced the first three syllables of the word in low, guttural tones with the accent on the last syllable. Its meaning is dwelling place, or the place where people live.

6 Parts of this section originates from the following: Clyde H. King, Historical Sketch, Part 6, Archeological Base Map, Mound City Group National Monument, Ohio, 14 September 1956, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, Northeast Regional Office, in Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (hereafter cited as RG 79, FRC/NARA Philadelphia; King, History of the Mound City Group National Monument, no date, park library; and David Arbogast, "Mound City Group National Monument," National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, 1976. Readers desirous of more detailed treatment should consult the plethora of anthropological and archeological literature.

7 Ibid.

8 Terry A. Barnhart, "An American Menagerie: The Cabinet of Squier and Davis," Timeline (December 1985-January 1986), 2; and Robert Silverberg, The Moundbuilders (New York: New York Graphic Society Ltd., 1970), 82-99.

9 E. H. Davis to Senator John Davis, letter, 22 February 1847, Davis letters to the American Antiquarian Society, Worster, Massachusetts, microfilm held by National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.

10 Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley: Comprising the Results of Extensive Original Surveys and Explorations (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Series "Contributions to Knowledge," 1848), 28; and Barnhart, "American Menagerie," 2-4.

11 Davis to S. F. Haven, letter, 12 October 1847, microfilm, Midwest Archeological Center.

12 Davis to Blackmore, February 1864, letter in Ross County Historical Museum, Negative 220-21 in the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park photographic collection, Chillicothe, Ohio.

13 Barnhart, "An American Menagerie," 2-9.

14 Bruce G. Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 106-07; Gordon R. Willey and Jeremy A. Sabloff, A History of American Archaeology, Second Edition (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980), 36; Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn, Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice, Second Edition (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1996), 28; and Terry A. Barnhart, "The Journalist and The Physician" Inquiry Into the Career Association of Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis, Pioneer American Archaeologists," unpublished Master's thesis, Miami University, 1980, pp. 67-74.

15 Thomas C. Patterson, "Who Did Archaeology in the United States Before There Were Archaeologists and Why? Preprofessional Archaeologies of the Nineteenth Century," in Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past, Robert W. Preucel, ed., Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 10, 40-48; Bruce G. Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 104-05; Gordon R. Willey and Jeremy A. Sabloff, A History of American Archaeology, second edition (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980), 15-17; Theresa F. Nichols, "The Hopewell Earthworks," unpublished National Park Service manuscript, 10 January 1979, 1-2; Diana C. Gleasner, "The Native Americans: Moundbuilders of the Midwest and South," Touring America (February 1994), 47; and Robert Silverberg, The Mound Builders (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1986), 44-48.

16 Willey and Sabloff, A History of American Archaeology, 40-43; Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought, 125-26; John B. Carlson, "Hopewell: Prehistoric America's Golden Age," Early Man (no date), 9, found in "Interpretive Operations Plan, Resources Information"; and Robert Silverberg, The Mound Builders (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1986), 130-32, 204-05.

17 Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought, 120-21, 127-29.

18 Patterson, "Who Did Archaeology in the United States Before There Were Archaeologists and Why?," 248.

19 Willey and Sabloff, A History of American Archaeology, 167.

20 N'omi B. Greber and Katharine C. Ruhl, The Hopewell Site: A Contemporary Analysis Based on the Work of Charles C. WIlloughby (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989), 4; Silverberg, The Moundbuilders, 176-77, 204-05; and Willey and Sabloff, A History of American Archaeology, 53, 77. Greber and Ruhl called the Hopewell materials "one of the most spectacular collections recovered from any archaeological site in the Eastern Woodlands."

21 Trigger, A History of American Archaeological Thought, 186-87.

22 Carl E. Guthe, "Twenty-Five Years of Archeology in the Eastern United States," in Archeology of Eastern United States, James B. Griffin, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), 2-3.

23 Willey and Sabloff, A History of American Archaeology, 83.

24 Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought, 72.

25 "Dr. William C. Mills, Assisted by H.C. Shetrone, Directs Successful Season's Field Work for the O.S.A. and H.S.," Columbus Dispatch (5 September 1920), found in OSA&HS Scrapbook, 1920-1921, Ohio Historical Society; and Silverberg, The Moundbuilders, 206-210. According to Bret Ruby, Mills' views on migration were naive, and his evolutionary interpretations were limited by unilinearity and progressivism.

26 William C. Mills, "Exploration of the Mound City Group," Vol. 3, Part 4, Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio (Columbus, Ohio: F. J. Heer Printing Company, 1922), Ross County Historical Society Archives, Chillicothe, Ohio.

27 Olaf H. Prufer, "How to Construct a Model: A Personal Memoir," Chapter 4 in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, William S. Dancey and Paul J. Pacheco, eds. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997), 112.

28 Thorne Deuel, ed., "Introduction," Hopewellian Communities in Illinois, Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers Vol. V (Springfield: State of Illinois, 1952), 7-11. For a good summary of Illinois Hopewell see same volume, Deuel, "The Hopewellian Community," Paper 6, 249-265.

29 Greber and Ruhl, The Hopewell Site: A Contemporary Analysis Based on the Work of Charles C. Willoughby (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989), 9.

30 David S. Brose and N'omi Greber, "Preface," Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Brose and Greber, eds. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), xv-xvii; Willey and Sabloff, A History of American Archaeology, 106-07; and Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought, 190-91.

31 Fred R. Eggan, "The Ethnological Cultures and Their Archeological Backgrounds," in Archeology of Eastern United States, James B. Griffin, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), 35-38; and Richard G. Morgan, "Outline of Cultures in the Ohio Region," same volume, 83, 97-98.

32 James B. Griffin, "Radiocarbon Dates for the Eastern United States," Appendix in Archeology of Eastern United States, James B. Griffin, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952) 367, 369.

33 Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought, 7.

34 Greber and Ruhl, The Hopewell Site, 9.

35 Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips, Method and Theory in American Archaeology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 1-7; Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought, 294-96; and Willey and Sabloff, A History of American Archaeology, 143-44, 185-86.

36 Prufer, "How to Construct a Model: A Personal Memoir," 105-11.

37 Olaf H. Prufer, "The Hopewell Complex of Ohio," in Hopewellian Studies, James R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, eds. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 12, No. 2 (Springfield: State of Illinois, 1964), 40-41.

38 Ibid., 42-49, 66-67. Among others, the defensive thesis has been disputed by Griffin. See his "Interpretations of Ohio Hopewell 1845-1984 and the Recent Emphasis on the Study of Dispersed Hamlets," Chapter 15 in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, William S. Dancey and Paul J. Pacheco, Eds. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997), 416-17.

39 Ibid., 70-71. This pattern is known as Vacant Ceremonial Center-Dispersed Agricultural Hamlet.

40 Edward V. McMichael, "Veracruz, the Crystal River Complex, and the Hopewellian Climax," Paper 5, in Hopewellian Studies, Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, eds. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers, Volume 12 (Springfield: State of Illinois, 1964), 125, 128, 130, 132.

41 Joseph R. Caldwell, "Interaction Spheres in Prehistory," Paper 6, in Hopewellian Studies, Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, eds., Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers, Volume 12 (Springfield: State of Illinois, 1964), 135-38; Stuart Struever, "The Hopewell Interaction Sphere in Riverine-Western Great Lakes Culture History," Paper 3, in same volume, 87-89, 105-06; Renfrew and Bahn, Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice, 364, 367; Willey and Sabloff, A History of American Archaeology, 175; and Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought, 331.

42 James B. Griffin, "An Overview of the Chillicothe Hopewell Conference," in Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, David S. Brose and N'omi Greber, eds. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), 278; and Griffin, "Interpretations of Ohio Hopewell 1845-1984 and the Recent Emphasis on the Study of Dispersed Hamlets," Chapter 15 in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, William S. Dancey and Paul J. Pacheco, eds. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997), 414-415.

43 Bruce D. Smith, "Hopewellian Farmers of Eastern North America," Chapter 9 in Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America, Bruce D. Smith, ed. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992), 201-07; and Brian M. Fagan, "The Story of Maize" in People of the Earth, 346.

44 Barbara Bender, "Prehistoric Developments in the American Midcontinent..." in Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, 25-26; and James B. Griffin, "Interpretations of Ohio Hopewell 1845-1984..." in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, 415-16.

45 William S. Dancey and Paul J. Pacheco, "Preface" in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Dancey and Pacheco, eds. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997), xv-xvii.

46 William S. Dancey and Paul J. Pacheco, "A Community Model of Ohio Hopewell Settlement," Chapter 1 in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Dancey and Pacheco, eds. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997), 3.

47 Bradley T. Lepper and Richard W. Yerkes, "Hopewellian Occupations at the Northern Periphery of the Newark Earthworks: The Newark Expressway Sites Revisited," Chapter 7 in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, William S. Dancey and Paul J. Pacheco, eds. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997), 175, 187-89.

48 Robert P. Connolly, "The Evidence for Habitation at the Fort Ancient Earthworks," Chapter 10 in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, William S. Dancey and Paul J. Pacheco, eds. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997), 251, 268-69.

49 James B. Griffin, "Interpretations of Ohio Hopewell 1845-1984 and the Recent Emphasis on the Study of Dispersed Hamlets," in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, 405.

50 Paul J. Pacheco, "Introduction" in A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Paul J. Pacheco, ed. (Columbus: The Ohio Archaeological Council, Inc., 1996), vi.

51 Quote in James A. Marshall as told to John B. Carlson, "Geometry of the Hopewell Earthworks," Early Man (Spring 1979), 1-2; and Marshall, "Toward a Definition of the Ohio Hopewell Core and Periphery Utilizing the Geometric Earthworks," in A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Paul J. Pacheco, ed. (Columbus: The Ohio Archaeological Council, Inc., 1996), 210, 218-19.

52 Silverberg, The Mound Builders, 218-19.

53 Renfrew and Bahn, Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice, 461, 464.

1 Clyde B. King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date; and "Chillicothe and Ross County" in Works Progress Administration, Federal Writers' Project of Ohio, Ohio: American Guide Series (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938). During the Spanish American War, Chillicothe's Company H of the 42nd Division mustered into service here as well. See G. Richard Peck, The Rise and Fall of Camp Sherman: 'Ohio's World War One Soldier Factory,' second edition (Chillicothe, Ohio: pamphlet privately published, 1972), 21.

2 Peck, The Rise and Fall of Camp Sherman, 1-3.

3 "Camp Sherman Construction," Chillicothe News Advertiser (30 July 1917).

4 Clyde H. King, "Historical Sketch, Part 6, Archeological Base Map, Mound City Group National Monument, Ohio," 14 September 1956, RG 79, FRC/NARA Philadelphia; and King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date.

5 "Mound City Group National Monument Briefing Book, 1974," and Peck, The Rise and Fall of Camp Sherman, 22-23. In 1927, the area immediately south of Mound City Group came under Department of Justice jurisdiction for federal reformatory purposes.

6 "Mound City Relics Formally Turned Over to Ohio Museum," Columbus Dispatch (15 December 1920), found in scrapbook entitled "OSA&HA Newspaper Items Relating to the Society, Its Activities, Parks, Monuments, and Etc., Sept. 1920-Dec. 1921" (hereafter cited as OSA&HA Scrapbook 1920-21); and Theresa F. Nichols, "History of Mound City's Establishment and Administration," unpublished NPS manuscript, 19 March 1979, compiled from data recorded in Proceedings of the Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society journals, 1920 to 1946, Ohio Historical Society. Mound City artifacts were placed on exhibit on the second floor north of Archeological Hall, along with intrusive burial artifacts.

7 William R. Palmer, "Dr. William C. Mills, Assisted by H.C. Shetrone, Directs Successful Season's Field Work for the O.S.A. and H.S.," Columbus Dispatch (5 September 1920), found in OSA&HS Scrapbook, 1920-1921.

8 "Mound Excavation" (5 July 1921) and "Important Finds in Camp Mounds" (16 July 1921), both in Chillicothe Advertiser, OSA&HS Scrapbook 1920-1921.

9 "Rich Scientific Reward from Two Years' Field Work," Columbus Dispatch (21 August 1921), OSA&HS Scrapbook 1920-21.

10 "Reorganization of Ohio Historical Museum Staff Proposed," Columbus Dispatch (12 October 1921), OSA&HS Scrapbook 1920-21.

11 Clyde H. King, Historical Sketch, Part 6, Archeological Base Map, Mound City Group National Monument, Ohio, 14 September 1956, RG 79, FRC/NARA Philadelphia; King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date; and David Arbogast, "Mound City Group National Monument," National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination Form, March 7, 1976.

12 "Dr. Mills May Recommend Camp's Prehistoric Mounds as National Park Site," Chillicothe Adverstiser (29 July 1921), and "Would Use Mounds as National Park," Columbus Citizen (29 July 1921), OSA&HS Scrapbook 1920-21.

13 Louis Ludlow, "Watching Ohioans Run the Government," Columbus Dispatch (15 August 1921), OSA&HS Scrapbook 1920-21.

14 "Government to Retain Title to Mound City," Columbus Dispatch (28 October 1921), OSA&HS Scrapbook 1920-21.

15 Ibid., and Brian Hackett, "Local Rotarians Initiated Idea of Mound City Park," Chillicothe Gazette (17 May 1992). On the same day, President Harding also proclaimed Hovenweep National Monument straddling the Colorado and Utah border. See John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), 291.

16 "Mound City Group National Monument Briefing Book," 1974.

17 Hal K. Rothman, America's National Monuments: The Politics of Preservation (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 89-90, 187-191.

18 Transcribed "Revocable License" in park files.

19 "Glimpses of Our National Monuments," National Park Service pamphlet, Washington, D.C., 1930, found at the Ohio Historical Society. There were a total of sixty-four national monuments. In addition to those of the War Department, sixteen were under Department of Agriculture jurisdiction, and thirty-two were administered by Department of Interior bureaus.

20 Theresa F. Nichols, "History of Mound City's Establishment and Administration," unpublished NPS manuscript, 19 March 1979, compiled from data recorded in Proceedings of the Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society 1920 to 1946 journals, 1922: 42-43, 76-77, 88-89, Ohio Historical Society.

21 Ibid., 1923: 24-25. The price was likely minimal because the 1926 report states the YMCA building was donated.

22 Ibid., 1925: 82-85.

23 Ibid., 1926: 50, 61, 81, 83-84; and Clyde B. King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date [circa 1953].

24 Ibid., 1927: 96. On April 23, 1979, Intake Park Ranger Theresa F. Nichols reported that the owners of the Chillicothe bus station informed her that James Sampson served as caretaker during the years the monument served as a state memorial. Sampson, his wife, and son Albert, lived in the caretaker's residence. They reported that visitors frequently enjoyed digging in the mounds for recreation. See note to files, H24; King confirmed the claim. Sampson was superintendent or supervisor in charge of maintenance for Mound City and other state memorials in south-central Ohio from 1930 until 1946. See King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date [circa 1953].

25 Quote in "City Considering Formal Dedication of Mound Park," Chillicothe News Advertiser (14 February 1929), Albert C. Spetnagel Collection, Ross County Historical Society Museum; and King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date [circa 1953].

26 "Legislative Committee Visits Mound City," Scioto Gazette (6 April 1933), Albert C. Spetnagel Collection, Ross County Historical Society Museum. Locals included Spetnagel, E. S. Wenis and John A. Poland of Ross County Historical Society, Chillicothe Mayor J. Robert Gunning, R. E. Myers of the chamber of commerce, Fred C. Keeler representing organized agricultural interests, and E. F. Greenman of Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society.

27 Executive Order 6166, 10 June 1933 and Executive Order 6228, 28 June 1933, in "Mound City Group National Monument Briefing Book," 1974.

28 Ron Cockrell, A Green Shrouded Miracle: The Administrative History of Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Ohio (Omaha, Nebraska: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1992), chapter 2.

29 Park buildings files, Utility Building (Building 2) and Comfort Station (Building 4); and King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date [circa 1953].

30 Ibid., Residence (Building 1) and Picnic Shelter/Temporary Museum (Building 3).

31 Theresa F. Nichols, "History of Mound City's Establishment and Administration," unpublished NPS manuscript, 19 March 1979, compiled from data recorded in Proceedings of the Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society 1920 to 1946 journals, 1937: 65; and King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date [circa 1953]. The board also sent Director Shetrone to Mound City to investigate "practices involving moral turpitude" involving society employees in connection with WPA projects. Shetrone found no evidence of wrong-doing, but did admonish workers who used state-funded gas and labor on personal vehicles used for WPA-related matters (see 1937: 80-82).

32 The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society at the New York World's Fair, 1939, pamphlet, Ohio State Archives, Ohio Historical Society.

33 "File Finder for Research on Mound City," prepared by George A. Palmer, 27 July 1982, from RG 79, Box 91, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Brahn letter was dated July 1934. On April 14, 1934, Director Cammerer decided not to act on the management issue. See "Note for Mr. Wirth, Mound City Group," G. L. Collins, 5 December 1944, Midwest Archeological Center Files, Lincoln, Nebraska.

34 NPS Director Arno B. Cammerer to Veterans Administration Director/Brig. Gen. Frank T. Hines, letter, 27 May 1937. The roughly ten-foot existing buffer was deemed unsatisfactory, and additional land "would allow for the proper landscape development of the monument." Apparently, the move came as a result of a site visit from the Region One Office in Richmond, Virginia. Because of access road adjustments and the potential relocation of the VA incinerator and warehouse, no agreement was reached.

35 "The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Division of State Memorials, Annual Report, 1940," Ohio State Archives, Ohio Historical Society. Organized geographically into four districts, three supervisors managed all but District One which was managed out of the Columbus central office. The latter included Mound City, Buckeye Furnace, Bigg Bottom, Buffington Island, Fort Hill, Leo Petroglyph, Logan Elm, Seip Mound, Serpent Mound, and Tarlton Cross. In budget terms, Mound City ranked third behind Serpent Mound and Fort Hill, and second in visitation (36,135) behind Serpent Mound (58,719). A 1943 reorganization saw Mound City made a district office headquarters.

36 Mills to Spetnagel, letter, 30 December 1940, Ohio Historical Society, State of Ohio Archives. Mills further worried that public pressure on NPS to expand its system and create additional jobs might imperil the revocable license and recission of state custody of Mound City.

37 Clyde B. King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date [circa 1953]. The average annual spending at Mound City Group "state memorial" was slightly over $3,550. Total state investment stood at $61,618.54.

38 "Archaeological Museum is Opened at Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (26 May 1942), Albert C. Spetnagel Collection, Ross County Historical Society Museum.

39 King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date [circa 1953]. Spetnagel's health may have begun to decline as he took no active public role in opposing the transfer. Upon his death, a newspaper editorial credited him with saving the mounds: "Almost single-handed, he brought about establishment of Mound City as a national monument by his contacts with Camp Sherman commanders and representatives in Washington." See "Al Spetnagel," Chillicothe Gazette editorial (18 June 1946), found in scrapbook volume 4, "About People January 13, 1946-December 28, 1947," Division of State Memorials collection, Ohio Historical Society.

40 "Note for Mr. Wirth, Mound City Group," G. L. Collins, 5 December 1944, Midwest Archeological Center Files, Lincoln, Nebraska.

41 Acting Regional Director George A. Palmer to Director, 10 May 1968, Management Appraisal Report, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-75, RG 79, Midwest Regional Office Records, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City, Missouri.

42 King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date [circa 1953].

43 "Mound City Needs Told in Letter to Rep. Brehmn," Chillicothe Gazette (25 August 1945).

44 Ibid.

45 Ibid. They suggested the British government would be amenable to the gift because Mound City Group, located on the Camp Sherman reservation, was connected to the sacrifice of World War I and II servicemen with the training camp and VA hospital: "The gift of this collection to the United States would constitute a suitable memorial to commemorate these great struggles."

46 Ibid.

47 "Mound City Unchanged," Chillicothe Gazette (1 August 1945), Albert C. Spetnagel Collection, Ross County Historical Society Museum.

48 "Appropriation for Museum at Mound City Requested of Congress by Local Committee," (22 August 1945) and "Chief of Parks at Mound City," (21 August 1945) Chillicothe Gazette, Albert C. Spetnagel Collection, Ross County Historical Society Museum.

49 "Park Plans to Ickes," Chillicothe Gazette (10 September 1945), Spetnagel Collection, Ross County Historical Society Museum. Region One officials reported that the regional landscape architect was hospitalized with severe burns and to expect some delay in accomplishing the survey.

50 "Mound City In Budget," Chillicothe Gazette (26 September 1945), Miscellaneous Clippings Book September 7, 1944-December 26, 1946, Division of State Memorials, Ohio Historical Society.

51 "Architect Visits Mound City Park," Chillicothe Gazette (26 October 1945), Miscellaneous Clippings Book September 7, 1944-December 26, 1946, Division of State Memorials, Ohio Historical Society.

52 "State Society to Go Along," Chillicothe Gazette (10 October 1945), Miscellaneous Clippings Book September 7, 1944-December 26, 1946, Division of State Memorials, Ohio Historical Society.

53 Robert P. Patterson to Oscar L. Chapman, letter, 19 April 1946.

54 Secretary of the Interior to Dr. Henry C. Shetrone, letter, undated [circa spring 1946], Midwest Archeological Center files, Lincoln, Nebraska.

55 Quotes from Harrington to Regional Director Thomas J. Allen, 2 August 1946, Mound City Group History File; "Mound City Returned to the United States," Museum Echoes of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Vol. 19, No. 10; "Mound City Park Passes to U.S.," Columbus Dispatch (1 August 1946) and "Mound City Becomes U.S. Park," Chillicothe Gazette (31 July 1946), both in Albert C. Spetnagel Collection, Ross County Historical Society Museum.

1 King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," no date [circa 1953].

2 Acting Custodian Luckett to Director Newton Drury, 10 September 1946, August 1946 report; Luckett to Drury, 6 October 1946, September 146 report; and Custodian Clyde B. King to Drury, 1 September 1948, August 1948 report. On September 7, 1948, Sampson transferred to the Fire Guard at Patterson Field in Dayton. On September 8, King hired Joseph V. Acton from Adena State Memorial for the position.

3 King to Drury, 1 December 1946, November 1946 report; and King to Drury, 2 February 1947, January 1947 report.

4 King's title changed between the September and October 1948 monthly reports. King routinely carbon-copied Mammoth Cave on all important correspondence to keep that unit informed of Mound City Group activities.

5 King to Drury, 2 July 1947, June 1947 report; and "31,572 Visit Mound City During One Travel Year," Chillicothe Gazette, 7 October 1947.

6 "Museum for Relics of Mound-Builders May be Built on World War Camp Site Near Chillicothe," Columbus Dispatch (9 October 1947), Memorials Misc. Clippings Book 1944-1947, Division of State Memorials, Ohio Historical Society.

7 "Mound City is Popular Even During the Winter," Chillicothe Gazette (1 October 1948); King to Drury, 28 February 1949, February 1949 report; and King to Drury, 31 March 1949, March 1949 report.

8 King to Director Conrad L. Wirth, 1 July 1952, June 1952 report.

9 "National Park Service Chief Finds Mound City Interesting," Chillicothe Gazette (23 August 1950); and King to Drury, 1 September 1950, August 1950 report.

10 Wirth to Fred A. Seaton, "Annual Report of the Director, National Park Service, to the Secretary of the Interior, Fiscal Year 1956," Ohio State Archives, Ohio Historical Society.

11 King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," [circa 1953], 19.

12 "Keep It National," Chillicothe Gazette editorial (13 February 1954).

13 Quote in "Proposal Stirs Fuss: Urge U.S. Retain Mound City Park," Columbus Dispatch (19 February 1954); and "Administrative History of Mound City Group National Monument," unpublished typewritten manuscript, April 1980.

14 Lausche to Wirth, letter, 3 March 1954, L1415, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, Northeast Regional Office, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (hereafter cited as "RG 79 FRC/NARA Philadelphia"); and "Lausche Urges U.S. to Retain Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (5 March 1954). In the March 6 editorial "Lausche Lends a Hand," the newspaper praised the governor's action. Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial at Put-in-Bay, South Bass Island, was the other NPS Ohio unit.

15 Wirth to Lausche, letter, 19 March 1954, L1415.

16 John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), 522. The areas included: Millerton Lake Recreation Area, Platt National Park, Mound City Group National Monument, Moore's Creek National Military Park, Big Hole Battlefield National Monument, Natchez Trace Parkway, and Lehman Caves National Monument.

17 Ibid., 523. It approved for disposition: Hot Springs National Park, Platt National Park, Capulin Mountain National Monument, Mound City Group National Monument, Pinnacles National Monument, Shoshone Cavern National Monument, Verendrye National Monument, Moore's Creek National Military Park, Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site, Cowpens National Battlefield Site, Tupelo National Battlefield Site, White Plains National Battlefield Site, and Millerton Lake National Recreation Area.

18 "Administrative History of Mound City Group National Monument," unpublished typewritten manuscript, April 1980, 4, and see appendix "Memoranda on Turning Over Mound City to the State: 1954-1956."

19 King to Wirth, 2 March 1954, February 1954 report.

20 Ibid. King reported that February visitation alone had increased from the 676 counted in 1953, to 1,060 because of the public debate.

21 "Fight Promised if Mound City Shift Develops," 12 February 1954, and ""Mound City Park 'Safe', Polk Feels," no date, Chillicothe Gazette.

22 Wirth to McKay, 9 June 1954, "Administrative History of Mound City Group National Monument," April 1980.

23 "Area Management Study, Mound City Group," E. V. Bushman to Ben H. Thompson, 2 November 1956 in "Administrative History of Mound City Group National Monument," April 1980. The spate of correspondence is dated 27 December 1954, 2 February 1955, and 1 June 1955.

24 Corbett to Chief, Division of Interpretation, Ben H. Thompson, 29 February 1956. Corbett subsequently became NPS chief archeologist.

25 Ibid.

26 Corbett to Thompson, 27 April 1956, K1815.

27 Ibid.

28 "Administrative History of Mound City Group National Monument," April 1980 (applicable memoranda are dated 20 February, 2 May, and 1 October 1956); and "Threat to Mound City Dissipated," Chillicothe Gazette (no date, circa June 1956), Ross County Public Library microfilm. Senator Bricker discontinued Interior-inspired efforts to introduce transfer legislation.

29 King to Director, 31 January 1949, January 1949 report; 31 March 1949, March 1949 report; 1 March 1951, February 1951 report; and 1 May 1951, April 1951 report. In this last report, King noted he was still working on the final sheet: "This was to have been one depicting precise information on mound sites and sizes as detailed by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. To date I have been unable to locate neither the original survey notes nor the notes made during the restoration in 1926."

30 "Administrative History of Mound City Group National Monument," April 1980. "Data Sheets for Archeological Base Map" were approved by Dr. John L. Cotter, Regional Archeologist of Philadelphia Service Center on 24 May 1961. King credited John Corbett for their development in his 1 July 1961 memorandum for the June 1961 report.

31 King to Director, 1 February 1951, January 1951 report; Acting Chief of Design and Construction Henry Langley to Region One Director Elbert Cox, 2 July 1953, D1815; King to Director, 1 October 1958; September 1958 report; and King to Director, 1 November 1958, October 1958 report.

32 King to Superintendent, Stones River National Military Park, (unidentified, but probably Victor H. Shipley), letter, 18 December 1956. Confessing boredom, King wrote, "If I could just get out of seeming to be on duty it would be even easier. Today I have recorded a grand total of 8 cars."

33 King to Director, 1 April 1955, March 1955.

34 King to Director, 2 January 1947, December 1946 report; and King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," [circa 1953], 18. Tired of reminding ballpayers to go further away from the parking and picnic areas, King planted trees in the spots used for bases. See King to Director, 1 May 1952, April 1952 report.

35 King to Director, 2 June 1952, May 1952 report.

36 "Monument or Park?" Chillicothe Gazette editorial, 12 November 1957. Recognizing that new facilities would draw more tourists, the paper, rationalizing that "monument" gave the impression of a memorial shaft like that at Perry's Victory, urged a name change to "Mound Builder Park," "Park of the Prehistoric Indians," or "Indian National Park."

37 On August 26, 1959, Regional Architect Lawrence B. Coryell visited and prepared a report of survey (request for structural removal) on September 9. The pavilion required $10,000 for rehabilitation with annual maintenance costs set at $1,000. The NPS Regional Board of Survey on October 20 set its value at $800, and stated maintenance would be excessive in comparison to benefit, and cost of razing it would exceed salvage value. The board recommended it be offered free to any public entity providing the recipient pay for dismantling and removal. In case of no takers, NPS should raze it. See Acting Regional Director George A. Palmer to Director Wirth, 23 December 1959.

38 King to Wirth, 1 September 1959, August 1959 report; and "Mound City Shelter House Offered City," Chillicothe Gazette (1 October 1959).

39 King to Tobin, 17 October 1959.

40 King to Tobin, 24 October 1959.

41 L. T. Franklin to Senator Frank J. Lausche, letter, 26 October 1959.

42 "Solon Against Moving of Shelter House," Chillicothe Gazette (27 October 1959).

43 Tobin to King, 29 October 1959. Tobin suggested immediate removal of the museum room exhibits: "Our objective should be to get rid of the structure at the earliest possible date."

44 King to Tobin, 2 January 1960, December 1959 report; "City May Get Shelter House Yet," Chillicothe Gazette (10 December 1959); City Manager C. R. Lukens to Tobin, letter, 11 December 1959; "Shelter House to be Subject of Confab," Chillicothe Gazette (11 December 1959); "Mound City Shelter to be Given to State," Chillicothe Gazette (12 December 1959); L. T. Franklin to Tobin, letter, 13 December 1959; and Chief, Division of Parks, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, to King, letter, 14 December 1959. Ironically, as Assistant Secretary (with NPS oversight responsibility) Roger C. Ernest stood firm and informed the Ohio congressional delegation the pavilion would be removed, Assistant Secretary Royce A. Hardy agreed to instruct Regional Director Tobin to set up the public meeting to discuss the issue.

45 King saw Dill's organization as the most vocal and effective opposition group through its petition-circulating activities and political lobbying. King later noted that Dill's group advocated full road, parking, and shelter repairs, along with winterization of the shelter house; modern restrooms; additional softball grounds with backstops and bleachers; croquet fields; badminton, volleyball, and horseshoe courts; fencing along the river; and regular spraying for flies. See King to Lee, 12 September 1961.

46 Quotes from Palmer to Lee, 5 February 1960; and "Shelter House Issue Aired at Meeting," Chillicothe Gazette (27 January 1960).

47 King to Lee, 3 February 1960, January 1960 report; and King to Lee, 30 January 1960. Following up on the safety hazard theme, King relayed a frequent demand by picnickers that NPS erect barricades along the riverbank to prevent children from falling in and drowning. From the boat landing along the picnic grounds to the southeast boundary, the main channel ran not less than six feet deep with the hazardous riverbank riprapped, in 1925 and 1927 to prevent erosion, with rocks piled atop rolled-wire fencing and Camp Sherman-vintage bunk beds.

48 Acting Regional Director Palmer to King, 4 February 1960.

49 Quotes from King to Lee, 19 February 1960, and Acting Regional Director Palmer to King, 3 March 1960.

50 Quote from Acting Regional Director Palmer to Director Wirth, 29 February 1960; and Acting Director E. T. Scoyen to Lee, 10 March 1960.

51 King to Lee, 3 May 1960, April 1960 report.

52 King to Lee, 1 June 1960, May 1960 report; "Shelter House to Stand at Mound City for While," Chillicothe Gazette (10 May 1960); and Acting Director Hillory A. Tolson to Senator Frank J. Lausche and Senator Stephen M. Young, letters, 17 July 1960.

53 King to Lee, 21 June 1960; and Acting Regional Director to King, 19 July 1960.

54 King to Lee, 2 August 1960, July 1960 report.

55 King to Lee, 2 September 1960, August 1960 report.

56 King to Lee, 1 December 1960, November 1960 report; and King to Lee, 2 August 1961, July 1961 report.

57 Quotations in King to Lee, 12 September 1961; and Acting Regional Director J. Carlisle Croner to King, 6 September 1961.

58 "Mr. Moundbuilder Leaving," Chillicothe Gazette editorial (22 March 1962); and Acting Superintendent Richard D. Faust to Lee, 6 April 1962, March 1962 report. Other than Clyde King's repeated and determined requests to raze the pavilion in spite of decisions already made in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., the files do not explicitly suggest that King's transfer was less than voluntary. However, when local controversies were elevated to the departmental level, traditional Park Service practice was to move a park manager. The conflict blemished an otherwise good record, and King did not receive a comparable assignment. The picnicking strife lived on in the public's memory. According to former park archeologist Lee Hanson: "I found myself having to defend the decision from visitors, who bemoaned the fact that the park wasn't what it used to be. The files contained a spate of letters written in protest at the time and calling for King's dismissal." See Lee Hanson to Naomi Hunt, letter, 15 March 1986.

59 Faust to Lee, 9 August 1962, July 1962 report; and Lee to Director Wirth, 14 December 1962. The new picnic facilities were placed on July 12. From that day to the end of the month, forty-four cars stopped to use the new picnic site.

60 Faust to Lee, 6 September 1962, August 1962 report; and Superintendent John C. W. Riddle to Lee, 10 October 1962, September 1962 report.

61 Riddle to Lee, 12 April 1963, March 1963 report; and Riddle to Lee, 13 May 1963, April 1963 report. One year later, Riddle reported that the area had rejuvenated to such an extent it was almost impossible to detect any trace of the former improvements. See Riddle to Lee, 5 June 1964, May 1964 report.

62 "Mound City Picnic Area Moved," Chillicothe Gazette (15 August 1973); and Superintendent's Report, 1977.

63 Scoyen to King, 20 February 1956.

64 Region Five Chief of Operations J. Carlisle Crouch, Chief of Interpretation Murray H. Nelligan, and Administrative Officer Benjamin F. Gibson, Area Management Study of Mound City Group National Monument, 6-7 June 1956.

65 Ibid. Interpretive planner Nelligan first proposed the name change. King subsequently recommended "Hopewell Indians National Monument" with Mound City Group as the "illustrative exhibit." He expressed the hope that the name change would prompt the state highway department to change its directional signs from "Mound City" to, at the very least, "National Monument."

66 Acting Regional Director George A. Palmer to Director Wirth, 25 January 1957.

67 Ibid. The Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings, and Monuments had at one meeting reversed its prohibition on Mound City Group development, and at the next reinstated it. Dr. John O. Brew, member from April 1952 to June 1958, remainded adamantly against the monument. See Regional Archeologist John L. Cotter to Regional Chief of Interpretation Murray H. Nelligan, 13 November 1957, D18.

68 Acting Director Scoyen to Regional Director Tobin, 31 March 1958, D6215; and Chief, MISSION 66 Staff, W. G. Carnes to Tobin, 13 January 1958. Wirth's concurrence to Palmer's request can be found in Wirth to Tobin, 3 June 1957. Approval of Final Master Plan Drawing NM-MCG 3000B of the General Development Plan came from King via memorandum dated 30 July 1957, D18.

69 Zepp to Tobin, letter, 17 April 1958, D6215.

70 "Mound City Additions to Total $185,900 by 1960," Chillicothe Gazette (11 November 1957).

71 Stewart F. Martin, William R. Sheridan, Hugh R. Barnhill, James A. Wade, Charles D. Harrison, Ramona Charles, R. T. Kerrison, James W. Steele, G. D. Welsh, Charles D. Lee, Darrol Timmons, Robert Schumann, Donald E. Bowman, James E. Hinkle, Leroy D. McManis, and Glen Poff to Senators Frank J. Lausche and John W. Bricker and Representative James G. Polk, letter, 15 November 1957.

72 Scoyen to Senator Frank J. Lausche, letter, 5 December 1957.

73 Dr. L. T. Franklin, president, Ross-Highland Auto Club, to Senator John W. Bricker, letter, 21 December 1957; "Auto Club Spurs Action on Mound City Project," Chillicothe Gazette (2 January 1958); and "Foe of Mound City Expenditure Tells Why," Chillicothe Gazette (4 January 1958). Eisenhower's beating of the Cold War drums against the USSR, led to his 1958 State of the Union message for Americans to sacrifice federal projects for national goals. In a local editorial, eerie parallels were drawn to MISSION 66 at Mound City Group: "Can we leave anything to posterity unless we have the military and financial strength to face up to Russia? The President in calling for sacrifices cited the grave peril confronting the U.S. as result of the Soviet sweep in military science. The $186,000 project for Mound City is a mere drop in the bucket compared with the billions involved in the forthcoming budget. But, we'll gladly forego that project if it will help save the nation from bankruptcy and conquest." See "Economy Begins at Home," Chillicothe Gazette editorial (10 January 1958).

74 Scoyen to Bricker, letter, 23 January 1958; and "Mound City Development Loses Out," Chillicothe Gazette (7 February 1958).

75 Chief, Eastern Office of Design and Construction, Edward S. Zimmer to chief, design and construction division, 11 July 1958; and Tobin to Zimmer, 1 August 1958.

76 King to Tobin, 5 August 1958. Employee levels in 1960 were set at three permanents: superintendent, archeologist, and administrative aide. King did not foresee an "operative staff exceed[ing] 5, including part-time employees." Because original artifacts would be on loan from Columbus, there would not be a large collection for display purposes "and will likely never be in storage at the site."

77 King to Tobin, 1 August 1958, July 1958 report; "Mound City Museum Awaits Funds," Chillicothe Gazette (14 July 1958); and "Funds Awaited: Mound Museum Planned," Columbus Dispatch (3 August 1958).

78 "New Center Planned for Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (27 July 1959).

79 "Work on Mound City Center is Under Way," Chillicothe Gazette (22 September 1959).

80 Gas and Oil House (Building 6) description, 31 March 1960; Visitor Center (Building 5) description and Form 10-174 Completion Report: Construction of a Museum and Visitor Center and Alterations to the Utility Building, Mound City Group National Monument, Contract No. 14-10-0529-1801, 23 June 1961; King to Lee, 3 May 1960, April 1960 report; and King to Lee, 2 August 1960, July 1960 report.

81 King to Lee, 1 June 1960, May 1960 report; "Visitors' Center Gets Moundbuilder Displays," Chillicothe Gazette (2 July 1960); Lee to Wirth, 8 September 1960; and Associate Director Scoyen to Lee, 9 February 1961.

82 King to Lee, 2 September 1960, August 1960 report; and "Mound City in 38th Anniversary," Chillicothe Gazette (2 March 1961).

83 Quotation from "Visitor Center Dedication Speech by Dr. John L. Cotter" in History file; "Dedication Sunday at Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (13 May 1961); and Dedication Program, 14 May 1961. Steering committee included A. P. Story, Chairman; G. S. Dill; Ralph W. Heckel; N. L. Kellenberger; Richard E. Midden; Peavy Schachne; and H. L. Worf. Regular members: Earl Barnhart, Harold Breiel, Lloyd Davis, Raymond Embree, Richard Enderlin, Joseph Epperson, A. E. Gower, Leonard Growdon, John Hershey, Jr., Paul Hydell, Alvin Jones, J. A. MacLeod, Col. David McC. McKell, Merton A. Moore, Truman A. Morris, William H. Nolan, Don H. Placier, Eugene D. Rigney, Maurice Schachne, N. A. Seidensticker, Bernard J. Stacey, and R. M. Stewart.

84 King to Lee, 1 July 1961, June 1961 report.

85 "Mound City Grant Not Clarified," Chillicothe Gazette (21 January 1963); "Mound City Project Clarified," Chillicothe Gazette (24 January 1963); and "Mound City Undergoing Four-Point Development," Chillicothe Gazette (15 June 1963). A cost breakdown for the four projects was as follows: $4,900, $10,100, $10,000, and $60,000.

1 Quotation in John J. Bachensky, "Management Inspection Report," 19 December 1962, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-75, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service/Midwest Regional Office, National Archives and Records Administration, Federal Records Center, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter cited as RG 79, NARA/FRC, Kansas City); Riddle to Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 10 October 1962, September 1962 report; and "New Superintendent on Jobs at Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (15 September 1963).

2 Via secretarial order of September 19, 1985, this unit's name changed to "Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site."

3 Riddle to Lee, 11 December 1962, November 1962 report; Riddle to Lee, 4 June 1965, May 1965 report; "Peterson in Charge at Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (26 June 1965); "Mound City Has New Superintendent," Chillicothe Gazette (21 July 1965); and Coleman to Lee, 12 August 1965, July 1965 report.

4 "Mound City Staff Loses Two," Chillicothe Gazette (27 May 1967); "Named Mound City Superintendent," Chillicothe Gazette (29 July 1969); and Acting Regional Director George A. Palmer to Director Hartzog, March 4-8, 1968, Management Appraisal Report, 10 May 1968, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-1975, RG 79 NARA/FRC, Kansas City.

5 Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, May 1991, 75, 145, 153, 188; and "New National Parks Chief has Many Jobs," Chillicothe Gazette (9 April 1971).

6 "Ohio Group" booklet, circa February 1974, folder MOCI Area General File, Midwest Archeological Center files.

7 Examples include: Boston National Park Service Group (1968-1974); Alaska Group Office (1959-1972); Flagstaff National Park Service Group (1968-1971); Indiana-Illinois National Park Service Group (1971-1974); Rocky Mountain National Park Service Group (1969-1972); Seattle Administrative Group (1969-1971); New York City National Park Service Group (1964-1967); New York Group (1974-1975); Southern Utah Group (1969-1972); and Southern Arizona Group (1971 to present). Similar entities would also include Southeastern National Monuments Headquarters and Southwestern National Monuments Headquarters. See Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, May 1991, above listings.

8 Birdsell to Hartzog, letter, 6 May 1971, P4019.

9 Mound City Group National Monument Briefing Book, 1974. As a GS-12 general superintendent, Birdsell wanted to down-grade the other three superintendents from GS-11 to GS-9. His plan was not adopted. According to his position description, Birdsell was to divide his time as follows: state coordinator sixty percent; Mound City Group fifteen percent; Perry's Victory ten percent; and William Howard Taft fifteen percent. His position description clearly stated that someone else serve as Mound City Group superintendent.

10 "Ohio Group News: Roundup" newsletter, no date (circa February 1975); "Ohio Group" booklet, circa February 1974, folder MOCI Area General File, Midwest Archeological Center files; and Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993.

11 Birdsell to Regional Director Chester L. Brooks, letter, 29 January 1974, A34 (Ohio Group records). From the tone of Birdsell's letter, he regretted leaving the Northeast (renamed Mid-Atlantic) Region. See also Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993.

12 John Kawamoto interview, 21 December 1993. Upon Birdsell's fatal coronary on August 18, 1980, state coordinator duties returned to the Mound City Group superintendent.

13 Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1975; Birdsell to all employees, 18 July 1975, file A6435 Book 1 1968-1975, RG 79, NARA/FRC, Kansas City; Ohio NPS Group staff meeting, 30 June 1975, A40; Mound City Group staff meeting, 22 August 1975, A40; Superintendent Fagergren to Regional Director Volz, 18 November 1975, S42; and Ron Cockrell, A Green Shrouded Miracle: The Administrative History of Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Ohio (Omaha: NPS, Midwest Regional Office, 1992), 311-12. In the interim, Administrative Technician Joan F. Crider served as acting superintendent. Virginia Skaggs and Bonnie Murray helped set up Cuyahoga Valley park headquarters and trained new employees. Maintenancemen Phil Egan and Joe Gothard provided maintenance services. As staff increased at Perry's Victory and William Howard Taft, Mound City Group continued to provide basic services and support.

14 Hugh P. Beattie and Thomas L. Weeks, Operations Evaluation Report, Mound City Group National Monument, February 1976, approved 10 March 1976, A5427 January 1976-December 1979, RG 79, NARA/FRC, Kansas City.

15 Fagergren graduated from the University of Arizona with a bachelor's degree in 1972, and served as an interpretive specialist for Rocky Mountain National Park, Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site, and Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, all in Colorado. Prior to his Ohio assignment, he served as park ranger/archeologist at Effigy Mounds National Monument, Iowa. "Fagergren Family Moves to Florida," NPS news release, 18 February 1981, K3415; and Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993.

16 Ibid., and "New Director to Oversee Mound City Improvements," Chillicothe Gazette (17 July 1981), K3415.

17 Apschnikat to Regional Director Jimmie L. Dunning, Basic Operations Declaration, 18 January 1982.

18 "Mound City to Retain Park Status," Chillicothe Gazette (8 December 1982).

19 "Mound City Sees Increase in Visitors," Chillicothe Gazette (27 February 1982); and "New Jobs Bill to Benefit Mound City," Chillicothe/Ross Advertiser (15 June 1983).

20 Cockrell, A Green Shrouded Miracle, 208, 276-77.

21 Apschnikat to Dunning, 30 September 1983, A64; and Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993.

22 Superintendent's Report, 1982, 1983, and 1984; Riddle to Lee, 10 October 1962, September 1962 report; Fagergren to Dunning, 1 December 1980, A44; and Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993. Another upgrade came in the early 1990s with the advent of FTS 2000. See Superintendent's Report, 1991; and Murray interview.

23 Apschnikat, report on meeting in Midwest Regional Office, 21 February 1985, D2215; Superintendent's Report, 1987; and Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993.

24 Superintendent's Report, 1985; and "National Director Visits Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (3 December 1985).

25 Apschnikat to Regional Director Charles Odegaard, 16 June 1986, A64; and Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993. Apschnikat proposed the name of "Native American Cultural Preservation and Restoration" group with a purpose of advocating historical sites, being an informational source on Native American issues, and encouraging study of native customs and traditions.

26 Superintendent's Orders for Mound City Group National Monument, 25 August 1986, W46 General Regulations.

27 Superintendent's Report, 1987 and 1988; and "Mound City Benefits From Expanded Fee Program," Chillicothe/Ross Advertiser (7 June 1987).

28 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; "Mound City Begins Charging Entrance Fees," NPS press release for July 1, 1988, K3415 Press Releases; and "Mound City Visit Will Soon Cost $1," Chillicothe Gazette (28 June 1988).

29 Superintendent's Report for 1993.

30 Ken Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987"; Superintendent's Report for 1988 and 1994-95; Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; and William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993. The building holds the name without immediate justification, awaiting rehabilitation, as staff remains housed in separate buildings.

31 "New Superintendent Starts at Mound City on Dec. 4," Chillicothe Gazette (23 November 1988). Apschnikat transferred to Manassas National Battlefield Park, Virginia, as superintendent. Gibson's previous service included Morristown National Historical Park, New Jersey; Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, New Mexico; Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (district ranger); and Gateway National Recreation Area, New York (chief of interpretation and resource management).

32 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; chiefs squad meetings, 12 January 1989 and 14 November 1989, A4031 Meetings; and Superintendent's Report, 1989 and 1990.

33 Staff meeting, 27 July 1990, A4031 Meetings; Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993; William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; and Superintendent's Report, 1990. The late 1980s electronic telecommunication program was known as "Seadog," which gave way to cc:Mail in the early 1990s.

34 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993; and Superintendent's Report for 1992.

35 Superintendent's Report for 1993 and 1994-95.

36 Author's observations.

37 Superintendent's Report for 1995-96.

38 Superintendent's Report for 1995-96.

39 Custodian King to Regional Director Allen, 1 December 1946, November 1946 report; King to Allen, 19 March 1947; King to Allen, 9 November 1947; King to Allen, 1 May 1948, April 1948 report; "Mound City Park May Be Expanded," Chillicothe Gazette (1 February 1952); and Clyde B. King, "History of the Mound City Group National Monument," circa 1953.

40 Quotation from Wirth to VA Administrator H. V. Higley, letter, 27 May 1954, L1415 Boundaries, RG 79, NARA/FRC, Philadelphia; King to Cox, 21 May 1954, RG 79, NARA/FRC, Philadelphia; King to Cox, 2 March 1953, February 1953 report; and King to Cox, 1 April 1953, March 1953 report. King noted the new addition, which he intended to permit to reforest naturally, had become a sanctuary for ground-brooding birds such as pheasants. See King to Cox, 2 July 1954, June 1954 report.

41 Quotation in King to Tobin, 1 October 1957, September 1957 report; H. V. Higley to Wirth, letter, 11 June 1954, L1415, RG 79, NARA/FRC, Philadelphia; King to Tobin, 1 August 1956, July 1956 report; and King to Tobin, 1 August 1957, July 1957 report.

42 Cotter to Tobin, 27 February 1959, Mound City Archeology through 1973, Midwest Archeological Center files.

43 King to Tobin, 2 January 1959, December 1958 report; King to Tobin, 3 March 1959, February 1959 report; Regional Chief of Planning Andrew G. Feil, Jr., to Tobin, 20 March 1959, L1427, Mound City Area General File, Midwest Archeological Center files; and "Interpretive Operations Plan and Administrative History of Mound City," no date [circa 1980]. Regional officials were more interested in acquiring the Hopeton Earthworks.

44 "Reformatory to go to State on Dec. 1," Chillicothe Gazette (23 September 1966).

45 Schesventer to Garrison, 19 May 1969, L14 General, MOCI Area General File, Midwest Archeological Center files.

46 This entity began as the Field Office of Design and Construction on June 1, 1954, and became a planning and service center in March 1966. Abolishment and transfer of function to the Washington Planning and Service Center came on September 7, 1969. See Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials (Washington, D.C.: NPS, 1991), 37.

47 Garrison to Schesventer, 17 June 1969, L14; Cotter to Garrison, 18 August 1969; and Golub to Garrison, 15 August 1969, MOCI Area General File, Midwest Archeological Center files.

48 Garrison to Hummel, 16 September 1969, L1415, MOCI Area General File, Midwest Archeological Center files. Such an amendment took almost two decades to schedule and achieve.

49 Birdsell to Regional Director Henry G. Schmidt, 23 July 1971, 23 July 1971, L1417 Surplus Real Property. NPS supported Ross County acquisition of the land, in return for which commissioner Grant MacDonald pledged support for NPS plans, including acquiring Hopeton Earthworks.

50 Birdsell to Regional Director Chester L. Brooks, 7 February 1972, L14.

51 Birdsell to Brooks, 20 April 1972, A3815.

52 Assistant Regional Director, Operations, Nathan G. Golub to Regional Solicitor, 3 July 1972, L14; Thornton to Golub, 21 July 1972, L14 Transfer of Land from VA; and Acting Regional Director Richard P. Schwartz to Chief, Office of Land Acquisition, Phillip Stewart, 22 December 1972, L14 Transfer of Land from VA.

53 "Mound City Growth Areas Outlined for Rotary Club," Chillicothe Gazette (22 August 1972); "Land Freed for Park Near Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (14 October 1972): Birdsell said the tract was not adequate to serve as a picnic grounds, but hoped Department of Justice lands would soon become available for this purpose. Referring to the development of recreation in the area including Great Seal State Park, a proposed riverfront park, and the "Tecumseh" amphitheater on Sugarloaf Mountain, Birdsell said "We believe it is our responsibility to grow, too." "Two Park Tracts Turned Over to County; Mound City Grows 9 Acres," Chillicothe Gazette (3 November 1972).

54 Planning directive for special Denver Service Center study, July 1973, L14 Transfer of Land from VA; Steenhagen to Regional Director J. Leonard Volz, 22 March 1974, L14 Federal Land Acquisition; and Birdsell to Volz, 28 June 1974, L14 Federal Land Acquisition.

55 Legislative Specialist Frosty Freeman to Birdsell, telephone call, 8 July 1974, L14; and Acting Regional Director Merrill D. Beal to Manager, Denver Service Center, John W. Henneberger, 16 July 1974, L14 Federal Land Acquisition. The report's title: "An Evaluation of the Suitability of Including Certain Federal Lands as Part of Mound City Group National Monument."

56 Fagergren to Files, "Land Acquisition, NPS vs. CCI Interests," 13 August 1976; and Fagergren to Regional Director Merrill D. Beal, 14 August 1976, L14 Federal Land Acquisition.

57 While most (20.49 acres) was Department of Justice land, 1.1 acres was VA land maintained as lawn. This latter tract was part of a larger 9.274-acre tract extending west beyond Parcel 5 and was under special use permit by NPS. The remaining 8.174 acres beyond the 1.1 were not needed by NPS.

58 Fagergren to Beal, 28 October 1977, "Legislative Proposal for Adding Certain Federal Lands to Mound City Group National Monument"; Fagergren to all employees, 17 September 1976, W38 Legislation; and Fagergren to files, boundary expansion/federal lands, 1 July 1977, L14 Federal Land Acquisition.

59 Fagergren to Beal, 3 January 1978, L14; and Acting Regional Director Odell A. Hanson to Director, Real Property Division, GSA, Robert H. Crouse, letter, 21 December 1979. With previous Parcel 1 eliminated, the renumbering started over with a new Parcel 1 and the total now at four.

60 Foster Freeman to Fagergren, 28 March 1980; Fagergren to Arthur Eck, 28 March 1980; John Puffer, GSA Real Property, Chicago, to Freeman, 28 March 1980; Fagergren to Bill Dean, 18 April 1980; Freeman to Fagergren, 23 April 1980, all in L14 Federal Land Acquisition; "Federal Land at Correctional Institute Declared 'Surplus,'" Chillicothe Gazette (17 April 1980); and Acting Regional Director Randall J. Pope to Crouse, letter, 25 April 1980, L14 Federal Land Acquisition.

61 Fagergren, meeting minutes of 5 June 1980; Crouse to Dunning, letter, 1 August 1980; Dunning to Crouse, letter, 19 September 1980, all in L14 Federal Land Acquisition. The site is believed to be one of many short-term campsites surrounding Mound City Group. See Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994.

62 Superintendent's Report, 1980 and 1981; "Carter OK's Growth of Mound City Group," Columbus Citizen-Journal (30 December 1980), K3415; and Dunning to Crouse, letter, 9 January 1981. Title 7, Section 701 (b) of PL 96-607 provides that the "Secretary is authorized to acquire lands and waters by donation, purchase with donated or appropriated funds, transfer from any other Federal Agency, or exchange. Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, Federal lands in the vicinity of the Monument which are determined to be surplus to the needs of the United States shall upon the request of the Secretary be transferred to the Secretary for use by him in acquiring lands within the Monument by exchange." NPS requested "any or all 244 acres be transferred... for use in facilitating exchanges with landowners within the boundaries" of the monument.

63 Quotation in Crouse to Dunning, letter, 28 April 1983; Dunning to Crouse, letter, 8 April 1982; Crouse to Dunning, letter, 28 June 1982; and James Watt to Gerald P. Carmen, GSA Administrator, letter, 4 March 1983, a;; in L14 Federal Land Acquisition, folder 2; and Superintendent's Report, 1982. CCI purchased its Justice department lands for $8 million on 27 August 1982.

64 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Superintendent's Report, 1983 and 1984; and Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Briefing Paper, 1987."

65 John L. Cotter, Historic Structures and Grounds Report, Part I on Mound City Group National Monument (Philadelphia: Northeast Regional Office, National Park Service, 1963).

66 Quotation from Riddle to Lee, 11 July 1963, June 1963 report; Riddle to Lee, 8 February 1963, January 1963 report; Riddle to Lee, 13 May 1963, April 1963 report; Riddle to Lee, 10 June 1963, May 1963 report; Lee Hanson to Naomi L. Hunt, letter, 15 March 1986; and "Mound City Mounds to be Put in Place," Chillicothe Gazette (7 May 1963).

67 Quotation from Cotter to Chief, Division of History and Archeology [?], 11 October 1963, Mound City Group archeology through 1973, Midwest Archeological Center files; Riddle to Lee, 7 August 1963, July 1963 report; Riddle to Lee, 11 September 1963, August 1963 report; Riddle to Lee, 4 October 1963, September 1963 report; and Riddle to Lee, 6 November 1963, October 1963 report. A request to use Chillicothe Federal Reformatory labor to perform test work on large circular earthwork on the reformatory grounds met a firm rebuff from the reformatory superintendent who objected only to the use of prison trustees, not the investigation under specific conditions. See Lee to Riddle, 21 April 1964, and Acting Regional Director Palmer to Riddle, 3 June 1964, H2215-CHAA, Mound City Group archeology through 1973, Midwest Archeological Center files.

68 Riddle to Lee, 7 August 1964, July 1964 report; Riddle to Lee, 10 September 1964, August 1964 report; and Riddle to Lee, 12 October 1964, September 1964 report.

69 Riddle to Lee, 4 June 1965, May 1965 report; Coleman to Lee, 8 September 1965, August 1965 report; Coleman to Lee, 13 October 1965, September 1965 report; "Indian Burial Site Displayed for Public at Mound City Memorial," (17 June 1965) and "Mound Five Being Put in Old Place," (4 November 1965) Chillicothe Gazette; Coleman to Lee, 12 November 1965, October 1965 report; and Coleman to Lee, 3 December 1965, November 1965 report.

70 Acceptance of Mound City Revisited, Cotter to Baby, letter, 15 July 1966; and Excavation of Section F, Mound City Group National Monument, Garrison to Baby, letter, 13 January 1966, both found in H24.

71 Coleman to Garrison, 7 July 1966, June 1966 report; Coleman to Garrison, 10 November 1966, October 1966 report; and Lee H. Hanson, Jr., Excavation of Section B, The East Gateway at Mound City Group National Monument, November 1966, Record Group 79, records of Northeast Regional Office, National Park Service, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

72 "Diggers Bare Spot of Original Mound," Chillicothe Gazette (15 May 1968); "Two Mounds Being Relocated," Chillicothe Gazette (5 June 1968); and "Indian Mound Relocation Project Now Under Way Near Chillicothe," Columbus Dispatch (12 May 1968). NPS accepted Saurborn's report, A Re-examination of Mounds 23 and 17, Mound City Group National Monument, when her abstract was submitted (February 1969). See Acting Regional Director Thomas E. Whitcraft to Raymond S. Baby, letter 8 January 1969, H42 Contract--Archeological Excavations.

A request for a $4,500 donation from Eastern National Park & Monument Association, to be combined with a proposed $1,500 in NPS funds, did not transpire for the "central complex" of mounds 3, 7, and 18. See Acting Superintendent Nicholas F. Veloz, Jr., to executive secretary, Eastern National Park & Monument Association, 8 November 1968, Mound City archeology through 1973, Midwest Archeological Center files.

73 Management Appraisal Report, March 4-8, 1968: Palmer to Cotter, 10 May 1968, and Palmer to Hartzog, 10 May 1968, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-75, Record Group 79, records of Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter cited as RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City).

74 Connally to Hartzog, 19 June 1968, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-1975, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

75 "Mounds Relocated at Mound City by Ohio Historic Society Team," Chillicothe Gazette (18 September 1969); and "Mound Restoration Efforts Successful," Chillicothe Gazette (27 September 1969). A proposal to establish an "Archeological Field Study Station" at the park with living accommodations for up to eighteen Ohio State University students came to naught. See Schesventer to Garrison, 16 June 1969, H2215.

76 Schesventer to Library of Congress, letter, 24 November 1970; and Library of Congress Assistant Chief, Manuscript Division, John C. Broderick, to Schesventer, letter, 10 December 1970. The 1954 source book was Bibliographical Society of America, Volume 53, Number 4, pages 309-326.

77 "Explorations Show Mound 24 Not Real," Chillicothe Gazette (8 December 1970); Birdsell to Mrs. D. M. Arnold, letter, 6 April 1971, K1459; Schesventer to Schmidt, 24 February 1971, H24 Contract--Archeological Excavations (work on mounds 11 and 16 cost $1400); "Mound City Team Ending Location Study on Mound 12," Chillicothe Gazette (3 June 1971); "Mound City Relocation Work Planned," Chillicothe Gazette (12 August 1971); and "Prehistoric Clay Pots Found in New Mound City Digs," Chillicothe Gazette (10 November 1971).

78 Acting Superintendent Roberto A. Costales to Brooks, 19 November 1971, H2215; and "Burial Uncovered," Chillicothe Gazette (18 May 1972). NPS also accepted the following report: Raymond S. Baby, Martha A. Potter, and Stephen C. Koeszar, Excavation of Section I and J, Mound City Group National Monument, see Acting Regional Director Palmer to Baby, letter, 31 January 1971, H24 Contract--Archeological Excavations.

79 Birdsell to Brooks, 19 June 1973, H22; Birdsell to Brooks, 25 October 1973 and 18 June 1974, H2215 Jan. 73-Dec. 75, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; "Ancient Evidence," Chillicothe Gazette (20 May 1974); and Birdsell to Carl Falk, telephone call memorandum, 26 November 1974, K18.

80 Birdsell to Calabrese, 6 March 1975, H2215 Jan. 73-Dec. 75, Midwest Archeological Center files.

81 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994.

82 Quotation from Sandy Fosson, "Team Checks Mound City Site," Chillicothe Gazette (18 September 1975); and Acting Superintendent Joan Crider to Regional Director Merrill D. Beal, 12 September 1975, H30.

83 Cooperative Programs Assistant Regional Director Bill W. Dean to Deputy Regional Director Robert Giles, 6 May 1975; and Beal to Executive Secretary, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Robert Garvey, letter, 14 May 1975, H2215 Jan. 73-Dec. 75, Midwest Archeological Center files.

84 Quotation from Fagergren to Beal, 2 April 1976, A5427 Jan. 76-Dec. 79, Midwest Archeological Center files; Fagergren to Calabrese, 18 February 1976, H2215; untitled report on status of interpretive prospectus objectives, circa 1976, A6419; and Superintendent's Report for 1976. NPS accepted Baby's report on mounds 8 and 9 in 1977. See Calabrese to Martha Potter Otto, letter, 6 June 1977, H24.

85 David S. Brose, An Archaeological Testing Beyond the Walls of the Mound City Group, Ross County, Ohio, October 1976.

86 David S. Brose and N'omi Greber, editors, Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979.

87 Staff meeting minutes, 11 July 1979; John Kawamoto interview, 21 December 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1978; and "Tests Aimed at 'New' Mound City Remains," Chillicothe Gazette (29 August 1979). Proton magnetometers and other soil resistivity equipment measure electromagnetic differences between and within soils to assess what might occur there without excavation. Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994.

88 Fagergren to Regional Director Jimmie L. Dunning, 23 August 1979, H22; and Fagergren to Dunning, 15 August 1980, H24.

89 Superintendent's Report for 1982; and Susan A. Monk, A Summary of Identified Vertebrate Remains Recovered from Mound City Group National Monument, Ross County, Ohio (Lincoln, Nebraska: National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, 1985).

90 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994.

91 Ranger Jerry B. Chilton, "Threats to Cultural Resources in the Parks" questionnaire, 27 January 1981; and Apschnikat, 10-238 "Excavate, Verify and Restore 5 Mounds," 10 December 1982, D2215.

92 Lynott to Acting Regional Director Randall R. Pope, 23 November 1983, A26, Midwest Archeological Center files.

93 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994.

94 King to Regional Director Thomas J. Allen, 1 December 1949, November 1949 report.

95 Frank H. Roberts, Jr., director, River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, to Allen, letter, 9 December 1949.

96 David K. Orr, "Arlington Mallery's Mixed Legacy," found in Archeo-Pyrogenics Journal, published by the Archeo-Pyrogenics Society, Columbus, Ohio, Vol. 1, No. 2 (July 1992), Midwest Archeological Center files.

97 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994; William Gibson to J. Louis Bauer, letter, 26 July 1990, A3615; and Ranger Robert Petersen to Dr. Duane Aston, letter, 29 October 1990, D18. One such organization is the New England Antiquities Research Association.

98 Superintendent's Report for 1993.

99 Superintendent's Report for 1994-95.

100 Superintendent's Report for 1995-96.

101 Riddle to Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 12 October 1964, September 1964 report; and Coleman to Lee, 13 October 1965, September 1965 report. Team members included Bernie Grace, Dave Kimball, and Ben Connavo.

102 Master Plan, Mound City Group National Monument, Ohio (Philadelphia: Northeast Regional Office, National Park Service, 1966); and Washington Office Branch of Master Plan Drawings Chief Edward S. Peetz to Lee, 21 February 1966, RG 79, NARA/FRC, Kansas City. Because this represented the only change and to save the expense of reprinting the master plan, Peetz asked "all offices make necessary notations on their present copy to echo the [revision.]"

103 Ibid., Garrison to Peetz, 10 March 1966.

104 Ibid., Washington Office Division of New Area Studies and Master Planning Chief Raymond L. Freeman to Garrison, 1 June 1966. Freeman noted "Resource Studies staff" concurred with the decision.

105 Ibid., Washington Office Archeologist [?] Willcox, handwritten note attached to photocopy of 1 June 1966 Freeman to Garrison memorandum.

106 Ibid., Cotter to Garrison, 14 September 1966.

107 Ibid., Birdsell to Regional Director Chester L. Brooks, 13 November 1972; and Brooks to Associate Director, Administration, J. Leonard Norwood, 14 December 1973, D18.

108 Birdsell to Brooks, 16 February 1973, D18.

109 Birdsell to Brooks, 31 July 1973, L14 Federal Land Acquisition.

110 Midwest Planning and Environmental Quality Chief David N. Given to Ranger Jerry B. Chilton, telephone conversation, 7 August 1986, D18; Superintendent Ken Apschnikat, minutes of 6 January 1987 meeting in Omaha, 13 January 1987, D2215; Apschnikat form letter to Columbus GMP scoping meeting, 26 March 1987, D18; Given to Midwest Cultural Resources Management Chief F. A. Ketterson, Jr., 2 April 1987, D18; Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987"; Deputy Regional Director Schenk to Acting Manager, Denver Service Center, Robert J. Shelley, 26 January 1988, D18; and Schenk to Regional Director Don Castleberry, 1 December 1988, D18. Calumet became part of Keweenaw National Historical Park, Michigan.

111 Other GMP team members were Project Manager Jon Holbrook, Socioeconomist Rich Lichtkoppler, Outdoor Recreation Planner Mary McVeigh, Archeologist Diane Rhodes, Landscape Architect Susan Scherner, and Interpretive Planner Sam Vaughn. Park staff team members were Superintendent John Neal, Chief of Interpretation and Resource Management Bob Burgoon, Archeologist Bret J. Ruby, Maintenance Worker Supervisor Jon Casson, and Administrative Officer Bonnie M. Murray. See General Management Plan, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ohio (Denver: Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 1997), 48.

112 Ibid.; and Superintendent's Report for 1994-95. Tribes consulted were: Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, Eastern Delaware Tribe, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, Loyal Shawnee Tribe, Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, Western Delaware Tribe, and the Wyandotte Tribe of Oklahoma.

113 GMP 1997, 1.

114 Ibid., 2.

115 Ibid., 4.

116 Ibid., 4-5.

117 Ibid., 5.

118 Quotation on page 9, Ibid., 6 and 8.

119 Ibid., 17.

120 Ibid., 20-21 and 23-26.

121 Ibid., 30-33.

122 Ibid., 10-11 and 34-35.

123 Ibid., 36-41.

124 Acting Superintendent Robert F. Holmes to Brooks, 15 November 1973, D50; and "National Park Sites Conserving Energy," Chillicothe Gazette (15 December 1973).

125 Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993; energy committee report, 17 December 1977, staff meeting minutes; Fagergren to Regional Director Jimmie L. Dunning, 6 April 1979, A70; Energy Committee Report, 12 August 1980, staff meeting minutes; Fagergren to Dunning, 29 August 1980, A7021; and Superintendent's Report for 1981.

1 Clyde King to Director Newton B. Drury, 2 February 1947, January 1947 report. A March 4, 1948, fire burned .003 of an acre and "gave the Custodian an opportunity to demonstrate to the maintenance man the use of the backpack can." See King to Drury, 2 April 1948, March 1948 report.

2 King to Director Conrad L. Wirth, 1 May 1952, April 1952 report; King to Wirth, 2 July 1957, June 1957 report; and Acting Regional Director J. Carlisle Crouch to Wirth, 12 July 1957, L1417, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, Northeast Regional Office, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (hereafter referred to as RG79, FRC/NARA, Philadelphia).

3 King to Wirth, 1 September 1959, August 1959 report; 1 October 1959, September 1959 report; 2 August 1960, July 1960 report; 2 September 1960, August 1960 report; and 1 October 1960, September 1960 report; King to Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 15 July 1960, Buildings, Incinerator, Utility file; and VA Assistant Administrator for Construction Whitney Ashbridge to Acting Director Hillory A. Tolson, letter, 24 August 1960, Buildings, Incinerator, Utility File.

4 Fred Fagergren, Jr., to Midwest Regional Director Merrill D. Beal, 7 December 1976, W38 Legislation; VA Assistant Administrator for Construction Whitney Ashbridge to Acting Director Hillory A. Tolson, letter, 24 August 1960, Building, Incinerator, Utility file; Riddle to Wirth, 13 May 1963, April 1963 report and 11 July 1963, June 1963 report; and Riddle to Director George B. Hartzog, Jr., 11 May 1965, April 1965 report and 4 June 1965, May 1965 report.

5 Schesventer to Regional Director Lemuel A. Garrison, 25 February 1970, L24; and Schesventer to Dr. Benjamin S. Wells, letter, 25 February 1970, L24.

6 Schesventer to Garrison, 24 June 1970, L24; Acting Superintendent J. Vernon Acton to Regional Director Henry G. Schmidt, 8 March 1971, L24; Benjamin S. Wells to Regional Medical Director, Region 4, Veterans Administration, 1 April 1971, L1427 Surplus Real Property; General Superintendent William Birdsell to Schmidt, 8 June 1971, S4219; Superintendent Fred Fagergren, Jr., to Regional Director Merrill D. Beal, 7 December 1976, W38 Legislation. Because the area was federal land, legal recording of the railroad right of way was never accomplished and did not have to be extinguished.

7 Lee Hanson to Naomi L. Hunt, letter, 14 March 1986; Riddle to Wirth, 11 December 1962, November 1962 report; Schesventer incident report, 2 August 1968; and Superintendent's Reports for 1984 and 1989.

8 Riddle to Hartzog, 11 May 1965, April 1965 report; Coleman to Hartzog, 10 November 1966, October 1966 report and 13 January 1967, December 1966 report; and Acting Regional Director George A. Palmer to Hartzog, 10 May 1968, Management Appraisal Report conducted 4-8 March 1968, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-1975, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter cited as RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City).

9 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; and Apschnikat to Dunning, 2 November 1981, D5039.

10 Superintendent Arthur Tate, Jr., Chillicothe Correctional Institute, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, to Apschnikat, letter, 17 October 1985, D5039; Apschnikat to Tate, letter, 10 December 1985, D5039; and Superintendent's Report for 1985. In 1989, the park constructed a new sewer line from the visitor center to hook into the main sewer line to CCI. See Superintendent's Report for 1989.

11 VA Medical Center Director Garlond E. Evers to Apschnikat, letter, 4 April 1985, A44; Apschnikat to Midwest Regional Director Charles Odegaard, 9 April 1985, A44; Acting Regional Director Randall R. Pope to Apschnikat, 3 May 1985; Acting Regional Director David Shonk to Apschnikat, 7 June 1985; and Odegaard to Apschnikat, 14 June 1985.

12 Apschnikat to Evers, letter, 18 June 1985, A44.

13 Evers to Apschnikat, letter, 3 October 1985, A44; Apschnikat to Odegaard, 8 October 1985; Acting Regional Director Harold E. Thompson to State Historic Preservation Officer W. Ray Luce, letter, 30 October 1985; Luce to Thompson, letter, 21 November 1985; Ralph O. Canady for the Regional Solicitor to Odegaard, 8 January 1986 [Note: legal authority to contract with VA for drilling and acquiring water comes from 16 USC section 1a-2(e)]; Apschnikat to Evers, letter, 7 January 1986; Evers to Apschnikat, letter, 14 February 1986; Odegaard to Apschnikat, 11 September 1986; Odegaard to Apschnikat, 23 September 1986, D5039; and Superintendent's Report for 1986. At the same time, VA negotiated with state officials to replace the old sewage treatment plant at CCI. VA agreed to fund its prorated share of construction costs in return for a discounted use rate. Flow calculations put it at thirteen percent of plant capacity, or $761,391. See "Facts Concerning the Sewage Plant Project," Chillicothe/Ross Advertiser (7 January 1987).

14 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; John C. W. Riddle to Director George B. Hartzog, Jr., 10 September 1964, August 1964; James Coleman to Hartzog, 12 August 1966, July 1966 report; and Superintendent's Report for 1979, 1983, 1984, and 1986.

15 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Phillip Egan interview, 25 August 1993; Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987"; and Superintendent's Report for 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990. Construction of the water wells cost the VA a half-million dollars and became operational in August 1988.

16 King to Region One Director Thomas J. Allen, 16 February 1947.

17 King to Director Conrad L. Wirth, 1 October 1952, September 1952 report; Riddle to Wirth, 7 January 1963, December 1962 report; and "Reformatory Trio Fails in Escape Try," Chillicothe Gazette (15 December 1962). An employee of the Federal Reformatory tried to commit suicide by drowning, but lost his nerve and presented himself wet and trembling at the superintendent's residence. See King to Wirth, 3 March 1959, February 1959 report.

18 Lee Hanson to Naomi L. Hunt, letter, 15 March 1986; Riddle to Wirth, 10 June 1963, May 1963 report; and Riddle to Hartzog, 12 March 1965, February 1965 report.

19 Riddle to Hartzog, 4 June 1965, May 1965 report; and Coleman to Hartzog, 12 August 1965, July 1965 report, and 8 September 1966, August 1966 report.

20 King to Director Arthur B. Demaray, 1 February 1951, January 1951 report, and 1 March 1951, February 1951 report.

21 Riddle to Wirth, 7 January 1963, December 1962 report; and Riddle to Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 22 July 1964, D22.

22 Coleman to Hartzog, 7 February 1967, January 1967 report; and Superintendent's Report for 1977. To maintain firearms certification, rangers also used the Chillicothe firearms range along with local agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

23 Birdsell to all employees, 18 April 1973, A7615.

24 Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1979; and Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the National Park Service and Chillicothe Correctional Institute, August 1983 (MU6514-3-001). The MOU recognized the wooded park entrance area adjacent to prison land as "the closest logical spot for someone to either wait at night to pick up a prison escapee or to leave a vehicle for him." CCI agree to patrol Mound City Group to contact "late-night visitors," whether they be the "lost, curious, vandals, burglars, partiers, or drug dealers." By frequent patrols, the agencies hoped to "negate potential avenues of escape."

25 "Prison Site Officially Turned Over to State," Chillicothe Gazette (27 August 1982); and minutes of meeting, Ken Apschnikat with Ted Engle and Voinovich, Inc., 17 November 1982, L14 Federal Land Acquisition (2). Omaha officials recommended that the maples specified in the landscape screening plan for CCI 2 be of the hardwood variety. Regional Director Jimmie L. Dunning noted that the state "made an excellent effort to provide appropriate and attractive screening for the new prison facility" and that it constituted a "compliment [to] the monument." See Dunning to Apschnikat, 25 April 1983, L14 Federal Land Acquisition (2).

26 "New Chillicothe Prison First in State Program," (13 July 1983) and CCI-2 Honor Dorm Under Construction," (23 February 1984) Chillicothe Gazette; and Superintendent's Report for 1984. CCI 1 deactivated its guard towers in 1984.

27 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1989; and Gibson to Regional Director Don Castleberry, 25 April 1989, transmitting Memorandum of Understanding between the National Park Service and Ross Correctional Institute, A44 Cooperative Agreements with Federal, State, Local Government.

28 Superintendent's Report for 1993, 1994-95, and 1995-96. Renewal of the agreement with RCI came in July 1996. As in past years, it included haying forty acres at Mound City Group as well as sewage disposal and after-hour security patrols.

29 King to Director Newton Drury, 1 August 1948/July 1948 report, 1 November 1950/October 1950 report, and 1 March 1951/February 1951 report; King to Director Conrad Wirth, 2 June 1952/May 1952 report, 3 November 1953/October 1953 report, and 1 April 1954/March 1954 report. Ohio Highway Department agreed to replace all signage for federal institutions in the Scioto valley in the summer of 1963. For Mound City Group, this meant directional signage at State Route U.S. 35 and State Route 104 as well as State Route 104 and State Route U.S. 22. The signs were in place in early 1965. See Riddle to Wirth, 11 July 1963, June 1963 report; and Riddle to Hartzog, 12 February 1965, January 1965 report.

30 Riddle to Hartzog, 14 July 1964, June 1964 report; and Coleman to Hartzog, 5 October 1966, September 1966 report.

31 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; and Superintendent's Report for 1982, 1989, and 1990.

32 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; and Apschnikat to District 9 Deputy Director Marshall P. Baum, Ohio Department of Transportation, letter, 19 July 1983, A76. The safety suggestions were as follows: "1) lowering the speed limit along this section of SR 104 to at least 45 MPH; 2) posting signs warning drivers of turning vehicles, slow moving traffic, and/or a congested area; 3) eliminating or shortening the passing zones between the VA entrances and the Camp Sherman Memorial Park area; and 4) installing caution lights and signs at strategic points along the road to warn drivers of a hazardous area." Also, see Apschnikat to Baum, letter, 29 August 1985, D66.

33 Riddle to Hartzog, 12 February 1965/January 1965 report and 14 April 1965, March 1965 report; and Coleman to Hartzog, 8 September 1966/August 1966 report and 5 October 1966/September 1966 report.

34 Coleman to Hartzog, 4 March 1966/February 1966 report and 12 May 1966/April 1966 report.

35 Coleman to Hartzog, 8 September 1966, August 1966 report; Birdsell to Mid-Atlantic Regional Director Chester L. Brooks, 7 February 1974, L34; and Ohio National Park Service Group staff meeting minutes, 22 December 1974.

36 Acting Regional Director J. Carlisle Crouch to Riddle, 8 October 1962, N42; Riddle to U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., letter, 15 October 1962, N42; Riddle to Director Conrad L. Wirth, 7 January 1963/December 1962 report and 12 March 1963/February 1963 report. Riddle referred to the device as "our cooperative station" with the "Ohio State Division of Forestry, Chillicothe," suggesting the area's previous gauge may have been relocated to the monument.

37 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; Safety Committee meeting minutes, 11 October 1972, A7619; Superintendent's Report for 1978, 1980, 1981, 1984, and 1985; and Apschnikat to Odegaard, 29 March 1985, A64 Management Efficiency.

38 Hartzog to Schesventer, 23 October 1967, L7019 State Coordinator Monthly Reports.

39 Birdsell to Midwest Regional Director J. Leonard Volz, 28 June 1974, L7019; and Ron Cockrell, A Green Shrouded Miracle: The Administrative History of Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Ohio (Omaha: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1992), 192-93.

40 Coleman to Hartzog, 13 April 1966/March 1966 report and 12 May 1966/April 1966 report.

41 "Park Service," Chillicothe Gazette (28 April 1978); Myshak to Chairman, House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Morris K. Udall, letter, 22 June 1979 (the Act of October 17, 1976, calling for the study was Public Law 94-578, 90 Stat.2447); and "Ground to be Broken for Afro-American Center," Columbus Dispatch (21 November 1982).

42 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; "Ground Broken for Afro-American Center," Columbus Dispatch (21 November 1982); Superintendent's Report for 1988; "Grand Opening, National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center" brochure, 15-17 April 1988, L58; Don H. Castleberry to Assistant Director, Legislative and Congressional Affairs, George K. Rasley, 3 September 1991, L58; and "Black Museum Growth Stunted Financially," Columbus Dispatch (16 December 1991).

43 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1980, 1982, and 1987; "Tourism Group Being Formed," Chillicothe Gazette (18 February 1980); "Convention Members Named," Chillicothe Gazette (6 July 1983); and Ken Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987." The Ross Chillicothe Convention and Visitors Bureau formed in 1983. Apschnikat served on the board of the chamber of commerce and chaired its Recreation Development Committee as well as helped form the Area Attractions Committee, which later dissolved and merged with the Ross Chillicothe Convention and Visitors Bureau. When Mound City Group was inadvertently omitted from the cultural and recreation section of the chamber's "Community Profile" packet, Apschnikat pointed out that "not every county is fortunate to have a National Park within its boundary" and stated his intention to elevate the community's awareness of the park at every opportunity. See Apschnikat to Chillicothe-Ross Chamber of Commerce President John N. Gunning, Jr., letter, 8 June 1984, A38.

44 Quotation in Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987"; Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; and Superintendent's Report for 1982 and 1984.

45 Ibid.; Superintendent's Report for 1990; and review of K3417 file, "Radio and Television Activities."

46 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; "Public Employees May Share Child Care," Chillicothe Gazette (2 October 1987); "Child Care Center Could be Funded," Chillicothe Gazette (31 May 1989); and Superintendent's Report for 1988.

47 "Chamber of Commerce Advocates Purchase of Additional Parklands," Chillicothe Gazette (10 September 1980), K3415.

48 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; and Superintendent's Report for 1989 and 1991; and Gibson to Castleberry, 14 February 1990 and 6 October 1990, L7019 State Coordinator Reports.

49 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; and Gibson to Castleberry, 14 February 1990, L7019.

50 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; Gibson to Castleberry, 6 June 1990 and 5 March 1990, L7019; and Superintendent's Report for 1989, 1990, and 1991.

51 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; Cockrell to Associate Regional Director, Planning and Resource Preservation, David N. Given, 10 May 1989, H34 Wright Brothers; O'Bright, Richardson, and Harlow to Given, 26 June 1989, H34; Superintendent's Report for 1989, 1991, and 1992; Congressman Tony P. Hall to Director James M. Ridenour, letter, 19 October 1989; Gibson to Castleberry, 6 June 1991, H34; and "House OKs National Park Honoring Wright Brothers," Columbus Dispatch (5 March 1992).

52 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993.

1 Transcript of conversation, Raymond Baby, Martha Potter, and George Schesventer, 19 September 1968, found in "Interpretive Operations Plan, Resources Information," no date. Terry A. Barnhart, "The Journalist and The Physician: Inquiry Into the Career Association of Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis, Pioneer American Archaeologists," unpublished Master's thesis, Miami University, 1980, pp. 71-74. A British Museum publication, Flint Chips, featured an 1890 article by E. F. Stephen detailing twenty-nine carved effigy pipes from the Mound City Group. See Regional Archeologist John L. Cotter to Regional Director Daniel J. Tobin, no date [circa 1958], Mound City Archeology through 1973, Midwest Archeological Center files.

2 Ibid. According to Naomi L. Hunt, she saw the handwritten version of the Baby/Potter survey from the British Museum in February 1986 when Hunt accompanied Park Ranger John Mangimeli to visit Potter at the Ohio Historical Society. No copy existed in National Park Service files.

3 Cotter to Tobin, no date [circa 1958], Mound City Archeology through 1973, Midwest Archeological Center files. In an attached note to the memo, Dr. Murray Nelligan, an historic preservation specialist, instructed Cotter "Suggest you initiate action to so recover" to which Cotter responded on 25 November 1958, "No use doing anything until the museum building is in the program again."

4 Associated Press newsclipping published in unspecified newspaper [Columbus Dispatch?], "Old Chillicothe Art Loan Asked" (7 July 1959), Ross County Historical Society Archives. An inquiry at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas, yielded no correspondence on this subject in the Christian W. Herter Papers.

5 Quotation from Palmer to Hartzog, 24 November 1965, H2215; see also Cotter to Mound City Group File, 22 November 1965, Mound City Archeology through 1973, Midwest Archeological Center files.

6 Quotation from Chairman, Smithsonian Institution Office of Anthropology, Richard B. Woodbury, to Dr. John M. Corbett, letter, 16 January 1967; and see also Acting Chief Archeologist Zorro A. Bradley to Superintendent James W. Coleman, Jr., 22 July 1966, Mound City Archeology through 1973, Midwest Archeological Center files.

7 Ibid., Corbett to Regional Director Lemuel A. Garrison, 21 March 1968, H22.

8 Quotation from Peterson to Packard, 1 August 1973, correspondence obtained by Naomi L. Hunt from the Ohio Historical Society; and Acting Park Manager Robert F. Holmes to Ohio Group General Superintendent Bill Birdsell, 9 July 1973, D62.

9 Handwritten note, Pfanz to Birdsell, undated [circa late November 1973].

10 Packard to Cripps, letter, 11 December 1973; and Baby to Packard, letter, 21 December 1973, both obtained by Hunt from Ohio Historical Society files. Hunt also uncovered a December 28, 1973, handwritten note from John Welfinden on British Museum stationery to John Cripps stating, "If museums all round the world started sending everything back to where it came from there would eventually not be much point in having museums."

11 Fagergren to Harpers Ferry Center Chief, Branch of Reference Services, David Wallace, 23 January 1976, D62.

12 Sagan to Assistant Director, Development, Raymond L. Freeman, 7 April 1976, D6223.

13 Freeman to Sir John Pope-Hennessy, letter, 14 May 1976, D6223.

14 Memorandum to the Files, telephone conversation, Benjamin Miller, Harpers Ferry Center, to Fagregren, 1 September 1976; and Midwest Region Briefing Statement: "Squier and Davis collection, British Museum," no date [circa late 1970s], History Division Files, Washington Office. The briefing statement recommends "Formally request a loan from the British Museum in language that will cause no embarassment. Expect that the British Museum will, on record, demur.

15 Fagergren to Dunning, 11 September 1979, D62.

16 Acting Regional Director Randall J. Pope to Fagergren, 6 October 1979, D6223.

17 Quotation from McLeod to Hutchison, letter, 3 December 1979; Official Application Form and Conditions for Loans to Exhibitions from the British Museum, Loans Abroad; and Assistant Director, Cultural Resources, F. R. Holland, Jr., to Dunning, 26 December 1979, H2017.

18 Acting Regional Director Randall J. Pope to Associate Director, Management and Operations, Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., 21 February 1980, H2017; and Fagergren to Dunning, 30 January 1980. Pope stated, "We believe that this allegation must be taken seriously and that any further correspondence with the British Museum must include an inquiry into this matter." Region One Archeologist J. C. Harrington wrote the letter in question [circa 1950] to Clyde King stating, "Actually, there is not a great deal in it. As Dr. Shetrone told me once, the effigy pipes are mostly fragments. It has also come to light that many of the better pieces are caste, the originals having been removed by some clever person in the past and casts substituted. Even the few partially whole pipes are not in too good condition."

19 "Hopewell Clues with a British Accent," Columbus Dispatch Sunday Magazine, no date [circa May 1980]. Martha Potter Otto, head of the archeology department, said that loss of the Davis and other collections resulted in the formation of the society two decades following the 1864 sale. Dr. Otto particularly wished to compare the Davis items to the "Tremper pipes" excavated in the Tremper Mound Group in Scioto County, north of Portsmouth, in 1914 and 1915.

20 Keeper M. D. McLeod to Hunter, letter, 3 August 1982. McLeod indicated that none of the material was on display, rather it remained in storage at a facility a few miles away from the museum accessible by bus.

21 "Ohio Relics Back Home, For A While," Columbus Dispatch (5 December 1986); and Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993.

22 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1986 [Ken Apschnikat attended the exhibit's official opening.]; and Brown to Lynott, letter, 15 June 1983. The drawings, while not showing the earthwall gateways and depicting a more square configuration, confirmed the positioning of a suspected twenty-fourth mound. Brown also began speculating as to the whereabouts of the original documents. An 1850s letter indicated that Davis planned another publication and hired an artist to illustrate the proposed book.

23 Preliminary draft by Clyde B. King, "Museum Prospectus, Mound City Group National Monument, Ohio," October 1957. Quote is handwritten in the bottom margin of page 17.

24 Acting Regional Director George A. Palmer to Director George B. Hartzog, Jr., 5 May 1968 transmittal of "Mound City Group National Monument Management Appraisal Report, March 4-8, 1968," A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-75, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service's Midwest Regional Office, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter cited as RG79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City).

25 Ibid., Cotter to Chief, Division of Archeology Ernest A. Connolly, 28 May 1968.

26 Otto to Calabrese, letter, 15 June 1976. Otto reviewed the proposed exhibit plan and questioned its focus on the mortuary practices of Hopewell culture.

27 Record of telephone call, Fagergren to Archeologist Adrienne Anderson, 10 August 1976; and Fagergren to Ohio Historical Society Director Thomas H. Smith, letter, 11 August 1976, Mound City Group Archeology 1974-82, Midwest Archeological Center files.

28 Fagergren to Regional Director Merrill D. Beal, 4 March 1977, D15; Superintendent's Report for 1976 and 1977; and Patterson to Chapman, letter, 19 April 1946, Mound City Archeology file through 1973, Midwest Archeological Center files. See further discussion of the 1946 letter in Chapter Two.

29 Quotations from Fagergren to Beal, 12 October 1977, D62; Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993; and Fagergren to Otto, letter, 3 February 1977.

30 Fagergren to Otto, letter, 1 November 1978, D62 [The one-year delay may have resulted in time to prepare a comprehensive list.]; Fagergren to Harpers Ferry Center Chief, Division of Museum Services, Arthur Allen, 1 November 1978, D62; Minutes of Mound City Group staff meeting, 11 November 1977 and 13 February 1979; Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993; and Superintendent's Report for 1979.

31 Quotation from Brown to Regional Archeologist Mark J. Lynott, letter, 15 June 1983, Hopewell Culture Annual Archeological File, 1983, Midwest Archeological Center files; and Fagergren to Otto, letter, 27 March 1980, D62.

32 Fagergren, 10-238 funding request to retrofit museum with storm windows, 29 August 1980, D2219.

33 Superintendent John C. W. Riddle to Northeast Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 8 April 1965; and Archeologist Richard D. Faust to Lee, 13 May 1965. Revisions included existence of roofed charnal houses and ceremonial processes of cremations.

34 Riddle to Hartzog, 4 June 1965, May 1965 report; and Coleman to Lee, 8 October 1965, and Washington Office Chief, Branch of Museum Operations, Ralph H. Lewis, to Lee, 9 December 1965, D6215 1965-1972, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

35 Coleman to Hartzog, 13 June 1967, May 1967 report; and Regional Naturalist Earl W. Estes to Regional Director Lemuel A. Garrison, 12 July 1968, D6215 1965-1972, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

36 Schesventer to Garrison, 13 May 1969, D62 Exhibits--General. The Northeast Region programmed for the museum rehabilitation in fiscal year 1970, placing Mound City Group second highest in priority order. Funding was not forthcoming. See Acting Regional Director George A. Palmer to Hartzog, 29 May 1969.

37 Harpers Ferry Center Chief, Branch of Exhibit Production to General Superintendent William C. Birdsell, 18 June 1971; and Harpers Ferry Center Chief, Division of Museums, Russell J. Hendrickson, to Birdsell, 9 July 1971, D6215 1965-1972, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

38 Quotation from Regional Director Chester L. Brooks to Director, Harpers Ferry Center, William C. Everhardt, 1 May 1973, D6215; Birdsell to Harpers Ferry Center Chief, Branch of Exhibits Russell J. Hendrickson, 24 August 1972, D6215; Birdsell to Everhardt, 29 January 1973, D62; Birdsell to Rondo Antel Fabric Corporation, letter, 15 March 1973, D52.

39 Quotation for Harpers Ferry Center Acting Chief, Division of Exhibits, Robert G. Johnsson to Beal, 13 February 1976, D6215; Hendrickson to Beal, 17 July 1975, D6215; and Beal to Hendrickson, 5 August 1975.

40 The United States Government changed its fiscal years which prior to 1976 had always commenced on July 1. This change resulted in an "Interim Fiscal Period" from July 1 to September 30, 1976. On October 1, 1976, fiscal year 1977 began and henceforth all fiscal years commence on October 1.

41 Superintendent's Report for 1975 and 1976; Mound City Group staff meeting minutes for 9 December 1975; and Fagergren to Beal, 27 September 1976, D62. The monument already purchased $5,000 in new audiovisual equipment, and secured a pledge from Eastern National Park and Monument Association for $4,000 to construct a new information desk and sales area display rack.

42 Acting Regional Director Randall J. Pope to Fagergren, 27 October 1977, D6215; Superintendent's Report for 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979; Mound City Group staff meeting minutes, 18 August 1978, A4031 Jan. 1978-Dec. 1979, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; and "Mound City Adds Exhibits," Chillicothe Gazette (23 February 1979). The 1976 break-in resulted in new floodlights to light up the building's exterior.

43 Fagergren, 10-238 funding request for museum retrofit with storm windows, 29 August 1980, D2219; and Superintendent's Report for 1981, 1982, and 1983.

44 Superintendent's Report for 1981.

45 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1986 and 1987; and Report of Accident/Incident, Form DI-134, Chief of Interpretation and Resources Management Jerry Chilton, 20 June 1986, A7623.

46 Physical Security Coordinator John E. Hunter to files, 29 April 1988, A7623 Accidents, Injuries, Death.

47 Superintendent's Report for 1991.

48 John C. W. Riddle to Director Conrad Wirth, 13 May 1963, April 1963 report.

49 James Coleman to Hartzog, 8 September 1965, August 1965 report; and Birdsell to Everhardt, 30 January 1973, K18.

50 Superintendent's Report for 1976, 1977, and 1985; 10-238 funding request for interpretive panels, 25 June 1976, D2215; and untitled report on status of interpretive prospectus objectives, 1976, A6419 1976-1979, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

51 Mica Grave (Building 9) file; Lee to Hartzog, 12 June 1964, D6215; and Riddle to Hartzog, 13 November 1964/October 1964 report, 10 December 1964/November 1964 report, and 11 May 1965/April 1965 report.

52 Presumably, the governor was referring to outhouses he had seen in his native county. Coleman to Hartzog, 13 October 1965, September 1965 report; and Lee Hanson to Naomi L. Hunt, letter, 15 March 1986. As part of a servicewide "Quality Design Campaign," Bill Birdsell submitted the mica grave exhibit as a classic example of "bad design" and asked for assistance. Birdsell to Beal, 6 March 1975, D3415 (1975), RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

53 Coleman to Hartzog, 8 September 1966, August 1966 report.

54 Fagergren to Dunning, 23 May 1979, D24 (Jan. 1976-Dec. 1979), RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; and Superintendent's Report for 1979.

55 Mica Grave (Building 9) file; Superintendent's Report for 1990 and 1991; Safety Committee meeting minutes, 3 June 1991, A7619; 10-238 funding request to rehabilitate Mound 13/Mica Grave, 27 March 1985, D2215; and Ken Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987." The brass falcon and exhibit lettering were also painted black to deter theft.

56 Superintendent's Report for 1995-96.

57 Quotation from Tobin to King, 11 September 1953, History file; King to Regional Director Elbert Cox, 5 September 1953; and King to Wirth, 2 March 1954, February 1954 report.

58 Riddle to Harzog, 14 July 1964/June 1964 report and 4 June 1965/May 1965 report.

59 Riddle to Hartzog, 11 May 1965/April 1965 report and 4 June 1965/May 1965 report; and Coleman to Hartzog, 5 January 1966/December 1965 report and 8 February 1966/January 1966 report.

60 Quotations from Cotter to Chief, Division of Archeology, Philadelphia Service Center, (?), 289 May 1968, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-75, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; Coleman to Lee, 1 October 1965, D6215; Archeologist Nicholas F. Veloz, Jr., to Garrison, 30 October 1967, History file; and Schesventer to Garrison, 12 March 1968.

61 10-238 funding request for collection management plan, 20 April 1984, D2215. The first of its kind for the monument, the product, also called a collection preservation guide, would also address artifacts on display and establish policies for researchers studying the collections. In the interim, Park Technician John Mangimeli prepared a status of collections report for internal use.

62 Fagergren to Beal, development/study package proposal, 13 June 1977, D22; Superintendent's Report for 1977 and 1978; and Dunning to Denver Service Center Manager Denis P. Galvin, revised 10-238 for visitor center expansion, 21 June 1979, D2215. The package deleted the auditorium, but included 2,000 square feet of curatorial work space and storage.

63 10-238 funding request to modify shop basement for artifact storage room, 29 August 1980, D2219. In 1981, park maintenance workers built a masonry wall and installed a security door in anticipation of future funding to complete the curatorial room. See Superintendent's Report for 1981.

64 Superintendent's Report for 1990 and 1991.

65 Odegaard to Chief, Midwest Archeological Center, F. A. Calabrese, and Apschnikat, 7 March 1985, H20; Apschnikat to Regional Director Don H. Castleberry, 30 September 1987, H2017 Acquisition, Gifts, Loans, and Inventories; Apschnikat to Castleberry, 14 April 1988, S7421 Report of Survey; and Gibson to Regional Director William Schenk, 8 April 1991. The brouhaha between the monument and the Midwest Archeological Center, exacerbated by a suggestion from Lincoln that the artifacts could best be managed there, brought a command from Regional Director Charles Odegaard to stop sniping and work together to solve the dilemma.

66 Quotation from Gibson to Alva McGraw, letter, 17 January 1992, H2017 Acquisition, Gifts, Loans, and Inventories; William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994; Gibson to Castleberry, 14 February 1990, L7019 State Coordinator; and Gibson to Castleberry, 8 September 1991, H2017.

67 Quotation from Fagergren to Dunning, 12 December 1978, A6423; and "Indians Battling 'Arrogance,'" Chillicothe Gazette (6 February 1986).

68 Park Ranger Theresa Nichols to the files, 5 December 1979, H20 Collection Management and Preservation.

69 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Associate Director, Cultural Resources, Jerry L. Rogers to Representative Christopher Shays, letter, 6 February 1990, H2215; "Mound City Remains Stay in Ross County Park," Chillicothe Gazette (6 February 1986); and Regional Curator John E. Hunter to Charles Odegaard, 29 December 1986, D6215 Human Remains.

70 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; and Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Briefing Paper, 1987."

71 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; and Johnson to Gibson, 30 March 1989, H20 Collection Management and Preservation.

72 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993; Rogers to Shays, letter, 6 February 1990, H2215; Regional Curator John E. Hunter to Gibson, 25 January 1990, D6215 Human Remains; Superintendent's Report for 1990; and Mound City Group staff meeting minutes, 12 February 1990, A4031 Meetings.

73 Gibson to Castleberry, 29 January 1990, D6215 Human Remains; and Johnson to Gibson, 14 December 1990, D6215.

74 Superintendent's Report for 1994-95.

75 Ibid.; and Superintendent's Report for 1995-96. The workshop and other accomplishments netted the park in April 1996 the Ohio Museum Association's Service Award.

76 Superintendent's Report for 1995-96.

1 Quotations from "Changes Seen in 30 Years at Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (27 January 1979); also Custodian Clyde B. King to Director Newton Drury, 2 March 1947, February 1947 report; and J. Vernon Acton interview with Naomi L. Hunt, 3 March 1985, Chillicothe, Ohio.

2 Acting Custodian William W. Luckett to Drury, 3 November 1946, October 1946 report.

3 King to Drury, 1 November 1947, October 1947 report. A search of park archives failed to produce a written document containing this early planting plan.

4 King to Drury, 1 August 1948, July 1948 report.

5 King to Drury, 1 November 1950, October 1950 report.

6 King to Drury, 1 July 1948/June 1948 report, 1 July 1949/June 1949 report, and 1 September 1949/August 1949 report. In addition to fighting European Elm Bark Beetles, removal programs for fall webworm, tent caterpillar, and bagworms were conducted.

7 Quotation from Wirth to Drury, 1 August 1958, July 1958 report; also King to Director Arthur Demaray, 1 September 1951, August 1951 report; King to Drury, 1 September 1953/August 1953 report, 1 May 1954/April 1954 report, 2 August 1954/July 1954 report, and 1 November 1955/October 1955 report; Donald E. Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 226-29; and R. Douglas Hurt, The Dust Bowl: An Agricultural and Social History (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981), 153-56.

8 King to Wirth, 3 November 1953/October 1953 report, 2 December 1958/November 1958 report, and 1 July 1960/June 1960 report; and Regional Director Daniel J. Tobin to King, no date [circa December 1958].

9 King to Wirth, 1 July 1960, June 1960 report.

10 Coleman to Hartzog, 10 November 1966, October 1966 report; and Schesventer, "Summary Report on New Or Substantially Changed Projects or Programs Using Pesticides, 18 April 1969. Schesventer described the reforestation goal as follows: "to 'reforest' and encourage existing trees and shrubs to grow on all 3 sides of the mound enclosure wall so as to screen out the intrusive view of the prison on the south and farm activities to the north as well as to achieve a wooded environment at the river boundary."

11 Birdsell to [title?] Barney Kolb, 3 August 1972, Y18.

12 John L. Cotter, Historic Structures and Grounds Report, Part I on Mound City Group National Monument, Chillicothe, Ohio (Philadelphia: Northeast Regional Office, National Park Service, 1963). Prepared by the regional archeologist, its only landscape-related narrative reads: "It is proposed to keep the landscaping, that is, the planting of grass and trees, within [the] enclosure in the present mode following the archeological investigations. The archeological field work is not intended to disrupt in any way the net aspect of the present landscape except for the authentication of earthwork contours and locations."

13 Moffitt to Regional Director Lemuel A. Garrison, 25 August 1967, A2623.

14 Phillip Egan interview, 25 August 1993; Birdsell to Superintendent Dixon B. Freeland, Fredricksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park, 27 February 1974, D32; and Birdsell to Regional Director Chester L. Brooks, 8 March 1973, Y46. Produced by U.S. Borax and Chemical Corporation, "Maintain CF125" promised to eliminate or reduce mowing, control broadleaf weeds, retard growth, inhibit grass heading, and improve turf appearance.

15 Lee Hanson to Naomi L. Hunt, letter, 15 March 1986.

16 Birdsell to Environmental Maintenance Specialist [?], 4 August 1971, D32 Mound City 1965-72, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service's Midwest Regional Office, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter cited as RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City).

17 Riddle to Lee, 16 February 1965, and Acting Assistant Regional Director, Operations, Wilbur L. Savage, to Riddle, no date [circa March 1965], both found in D32 Mound City 1965-72, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; Riddle to Hartzog, 4 June 1965, May 1965 report; and Coleman to Hartzog, 13 October 1965, September 1965 report. Using a donated, but defective, fertilizer spreader, the device spread the mixture unevenly. Following several days of heavy rain, the grounds had an embarrassingly uniform streaked pattern.

18 Schesventer to Garrison, 9 July 1969, A36.

19 Hugh P. Beattie and Thomas L. Weeks, Operations Evaluation Report, Mound City Group National Monument, February 1976 (Omaha: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1976), A5427; and Superintendent's Report for 1979. Vern Acton noted that Superintendent Bill Birdsell was a "perfectionist" and his insistence on manicured grounds only added to the maintenance workload burden. See Acton interview transcript by Naomi L. Hunt, 3 March 1985, Chillicothe, Ohio.

20 Fagergren to Dunning, review of drawing 353/80006, 14 May 1980, D32. Fagergren requested screening for the visitor center's large air-conditioning units in full view of the small picnic lunch area as well as plantings to obviate snow fences along the sidewalks.

21 Superintendent's Report for 1984; and Ken Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987."

22 Superintendent's Report for 1983. Records do not detail when these items were first introduced to the prehistoric earthworks area.

23 Superintendent's Report for 1987; and Apschnikat, "Management Briefing Paper, 1987."

24 Superintendent's Reports for 1988 and 1989.

25 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; and "Trees to Line 104 Once Again," Chillicothe Gazette (1 May 1990).

26 Riddle to Hartzog, 12 February 1965/January 1965 report and 12 March 1965/February 1965 report.

27 Gibson to Castleberry, 21 November 1989, and Gibson to Deputy Regional Director William W. Schenk, 24 October 1990, both in D50 Service and Utilities.

28 Phillip Egan interview, 25 August 1993; Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993; Birdsell to Brooks, 20 March 1973, L54; and Fagergren, package 103 visitor center expansion, 16 May 1979, D2215 Water Resource Proposal.

29 Quotation from Beattie and Weeks, Operation Evaluation Report, 1976; and "Accessibility Increased at Park," Chillicothe Gazette (14 January 1983).

30 Phillip Egan interview, 25 August 1993; Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1984; and Apschnikat to Maintenance Division employees Phillip Egan, David Dere, and Doug Wolfe, 13 March 1984, and Apschnikat to Odegaard, 29 May 1984, both in S7215 OMB Circular A-76.

31 Superintendent's Report for 1984; and National Park and Conservation Association open letter to National Park Service superintendents, 30 October 1984, S7215 OMB Circular A-76.

32 David E. Kos, Ohio Department of Health, to Fred Fagergren, letter, 3 July 1979, A76.

33 Superintendent's Report for 1982; Apschnikat to NIOSH, letter, 31 January 1983, A76; NIOSH Industrial Hygienist Raymond L. Ruhe to Apschnikat, letter, 24 March 1983, A76; and Ruhe, NIOSH Report (HETA 83-134), no date [March 1983], A76.

34 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Phillip Egan interview, 25 August 1993; Acting Regional Director Randall J. Pope to Apschnikat, 28 July 1983, A76; and Mound City Group Safety Committee meeting minutes, 12 May 1992, A7619.

35 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Bert Mitchell draft memorandum, undated [circa December 1986] for Midwest Region superintendents, D50; Mitchell to Odegaard, 22 December 1986, D50; Mitchell to Apschnikat, 20 January and 30 April 1987, D50; and Apschnikat to Odegaard, 29 May 1987, D50.

36 Phillip Egan interview, 25 August 1993; and Sinclair to Apschnikat, 4 December 1987, D32.

37 Phillip Egan interview, 25 August 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1988; and Mitchell to Regional Director Don H. Castleberry, 7 January 1988, D32.

38 Superintendent's Reports for 1983, 1990, and 1991; and Gibson to CCI Warden Terry Morris, letter, 20 February 1991, S7219 Construction Contracts (Roads).

39 King to Wirth, 2 November 1961/October 1961 report and Riddle to Wirth, 7 November 1962/October 1962 report.

40 Riddle to Wirth, 10 October 1962, September 1962; Riddle to Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 5 June 1964; Riddle to Hartzog, 14 July 1964, June 1964 report; Superintendent's Report for 1975; and Fagergren to Regional Director Merrill D. Beal, 6 April 1978, D24 Jan. 1976-Dec. 1979, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

41 J. Vernon Acton, Form 10-768 Individual Building Data, for Building 5, 4 October 1974 (prepared to document installation of a steel door); and Birdsell to Environmental Maintenance Specialist [?], 4 August 1971, D32 Mound City 1965-72, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

42 Associate Manager, Denver Service Center, Donald L. Bressler to Regional Director Beal, 7 October 1977, including Visitor Center Expansion Package 103.

43 Fagergren to Dunning, 17 May 1979, D22.

44 Mound City Group staff meeting minutes, 15 May 1979 and 12 September 1979, A4031 Mound City Jan. 1978-Dec. 1979, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

45 Fagergren, 10-238 funding request for improved parking area, no date [circa 1980], D2219; and Superintendent's Report for 1981.

46 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; and Superintendent's Report for 1984.

47 Superintendent's Report for 1985; memorandum of telephone call, Midwest Region Contract Specialist Gerald T. McClarnon to Administrative Technician Bonnie Murray, 26 December 1984; and Maintenance Foreman Jerrold Napier to Regional Director Charles H. Odegaard, 30 April 1985, S7219 Construction Contracts. The original contractor failed to install roofing felt for waterproofing. Park maintenance suspected other developing leaks at various roof drains.

48 Minutes of meeting between Ken Apschnikat, Jerry Chilton, and Ross County engineer [?], 13 December 1984, D24 Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Physical Facilities Program; 10-238 funding request to replace observation deck, 18 September 1981, D2219; and Superintendent's Report for 1983.

49 Apschnikat to Castleberry, 12 February 1988, D24 Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Physical Facilities Program; and Superintendent's Report for 1988. Maintenance workers suspected the problem existed because the roof was never properly joined to the walls, creating low spots at roof drains and fresh air intakes.

50 Park Ranger Robert Petersen, 3 April 1990, report on visitor center roof leak of 1 April 1990, W34 Case Incident Reports 10-343 (1989-91); and Acting Superintendent Bonnie M. Murray to Castleberry, 6 April 1990, F34 Budget Execution. The library first left the visitor center to the interpretive and maintenance area office space in the shop's basement in 1972. See staff meeting minutes, 22 December 1972, A40.

51 Superintendent's Report for 1990; Gibson to Castleberry, 10 October 1991 and McClarnon to Brothers Construction Company, letter, 26 November 1991, both no file code; "Construction Activity at Mound City Group," 10 March 1992, K3415 Press Releases; and Petersen, visitor center roof leak on 8 May 1992, prepared 10 May 1992, W34 Case Incident Reports 10-343 (1992).

52 Gibson to park staff, 4 January 1990, A46 Communications Systems; Gibson, memorandum of telephone call, 19 August 1992; and Superintendent's Report for 1993.

53 Superintendent's Report for 1994-95.

54 King to Regional Director Thomas J. Allen, 28 February 1949, and Allen to King, 1 September 1949, Utility Building (Building 2) File; King to Tobin, 28 April 1959, 12 June 1959, and 4 August 1959, Buildings, Incinerator, Utility File; and Tobin to Chief, Philadelphia Planning and Service Center, Eastern Office of Design and Construction, Edward S. Zimmer, 5 May 1959, Utility Building (Building 2) File.

55 Civil Engineer Joseph J. Monkoski to Garrison, 8 August 1967; and Superintendent's Report for 1975.

56 Superintendent's Report for 1994-95.

57 Regional Administrative Officer John J. Bachensky to Lee, Mound City Group Management Inspections, 26 July 1961 and 19 December 1962, A5427 Management Appraisal.

58 Monkoski to Garrison, 8 August 1967; Birdsell, 10-238 funding request to reside quarters and maintenance buildings, 20 January 1972; Superintendent's Report for 1975; and Fagergren to the files, minutes of pre-construction conference with Anglin Sales and Service Company, 4 May 1979, F74.

59 Birdsell to Northeast Region Environmental Maintenance Specialist [?], 7 February 1972, D3415.

60 Birdsell to Assistant Regional Director, Operations, Nathan B. Golub, 17 August 1973, D50.

61 Superintendent's Report for 1993.

62 Superintendent's Report for 1994-95 and 1995-96.

63 "Mound City Work Good for 20 Jobs," Chillicothe Gazette (17 April 1963); Riddle to Wirth, 13 May 1963/April 1963 report and 10 June 1963/May 1963 report; and Riddle to Hartzog, 9 June 1964, May 1964 report.

64 Phillip Egan interview, 25 August 1993; staff meeting minutes, 8 May 1978, A4031 Jan. 1978-Dec. 1979, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; Superintendent's Report for 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1983; and Acting Superintendent Joan F. Crider to Beal, 1 October 1974.

65 Superintendent's Reports for 1976, 1979, and 1984; and Apschnikat to Dunning, 30 September 1983, A64.

66 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; and Apschnikat to Odegaard, 30 November 1984, F34.

67 Superintendent's Report for 1985, 1986, and 1987.

68 Superintendent's Report for 1982, 1984, and 1987; Apschnikat to Dunning, 5 April 1982, D18; and Superintendent to files on riverdock demolition, 25 October 1982, H30.

69 Superintendent's Report for 1994-95.

70 Superintendent's Report for 1995-96

1 Superintendent's Report for 1982.

2 Acting Regional Director Palmer to Director Hartzog, 10 May 1968, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-75, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter cited as RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City).

3 Lee to Wirth, 31 October 1962, N1427, and Assistant Director Jackson S. Price to Lee, 9 November 1962, N1427, both in Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service's Northeast Regional Office, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (hereafter cited as RG 79, FRC/NARA, Philadelphia); and Riddle to Wirth, 7 November 1962, October 1962 report, and 11 December 1962, November 1962 report.

4 Riddle, "Combined Long Range and Annual Wildlife Management Plans for Mound City Group National Monument," 5 March 1964, N16, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Philadelphia. The summer of 1963 treatment of cyanide dust involved 1,200 entrance holes over a ten-acre area. See Riddle to Wirth, 7 August 1963, July 1963 report.

5 Quotation from Lee Hanson to Naomi L. Hunt, letter, 15 March 1986; Coleman to Hartzog, 4 March 1966/February 1966 report and 13 April 1966/March 1966 report; and Staff Park Ranger Gordon Bruce to Garrison, trip report, no date [circa November 1967], A2623.

6 Ken Apschnikat, 10-238 funding request for ground squirrel impact and mitigation study, 10 December 1982, D2215; and Associate Director, Natural Resources, F. Eugene Hester to Castleberry, 2 July 1991, N50 Pest and Weed Control.

7 Superintendent's Report for 1981; Gibson to Castleberry, 26 April 1990, N50 Pest and Weed Control; U.S. Forest Service Biological Technician Rodney L. Whiteman, (Morgantown West Virginia Office) to Park Ranger Robert Petersen, letter, 10 September 1990, N22 Research Programs; U.S. Forest Service Biological Technician Karen D. Felton, to Midwest Region IPM Coordinator Steve Cinnamon, letter, 9 January 1992, N22 Research Programs; and Superintendent's Report for 1995-96. The other three parks were Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial (Indiana), Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area (Ohio), and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (Indiana).

8 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994; Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Fred Fagergren, funding request 10-238 for riverbank stabilization study, 31 August 1977, D2215; Fagergren meeting with Bill Houser, meeting minutes 31 December 1980, A5431; and Apschnikat to Col. James H. Higman, Huntington District Engineer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, letter, 3 March 1983, A5431. Apschnikat's request came under authority of the section 14, Emergency Streambank Protection Authority, of the Flood Control Act of 1946.

9 Record of meeting between Apschnikat and Larry Workman, Bob Maslowski, and Charlie Riffe, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District, 21 March 1983, D2215; District Engineer John W. Devens to Apschnikat, letter, 6 May 1983, A5431; and Apschnikat to Devens, letter, 17 May 1983, A5431.

10 Apschnikat meeting with Huntington District's Planning and Engineering Division, 3 January 1985, A5431; Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987"; Superintendent's Report for 1990; and Robert Petersen to Jon Casson and Reed Johnson, 11 December 1990, N22 Research Programs.

11 Apschnikat, 10-238 funding request for survey of plant species and update herbarium, 10 December 1982, D2215; Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987"; and Chief, Natural Areas and Preserves, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Richard E. Moseley, Jr., to Midwest Regional Office Natural Resource Specialist Mike Van Stappen, letter, 13 January 1988, N16 Endangered Plants and Animals. The findings were as follows: Upstream: Prenanthes crepidinea (Nodding rattlesnake root)--Ohio threatened; and Downstream: Rorippa sessifolia (Sessile Yellow-cress), Ichthyomyzon unicuspis (Silvery Lamprey)--both Ohio threatened; and Magnonaias neros (Common Washboard Mollusk)--endangered. Note to files, 24 May 1991, N16 Endangered Plants and Animals.

12 Superintendent's Report for 1993, and 1994-95.

13 Superintendent's Report for 1994-95. Spiranthes ovalis erostellata (Lesser Ladies Tresses), found at Mound City Group, is listed by Ohio as potentially threatened, while Eleocharis ovata (Blunt Spike Rush), found at Hopewell, is threatened. Report publication came in March 1996. See Superintendent's Report for 1995-96.

14 King to Newton Drury, 1 May 1947, April 1947 report.

15 King to Drury, 1 March 1959, February 1950 report; and King to Wirth, 1 October 1953, September 1953 report.

16 King to Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 18 March 1962.

17 Acting Superintendent Richard D. Faust to Wirth, 6 April 1962, March 1962; and Riddle to Wirth, 12 March 1963, February 1963 report.

18 Superintendent's Report for 1980. It included fourteen case incidents ranging from theft to vandalism to security alarm responses to drug possession.

19 March 1982 response to Washington Office questionnaire, W30 Jurisdiction. Exclusive jurisdiction is defined as follows: "The Federal Government has received, by whatever method, all the authority of the State with no reservation made to the State except the right to serve civil and criminal process resulting from activities which occurred off the land involved."

20 Ibid.; and Special Assistant to the Director Jackson E. Price to Regional Director Chester L. Brooks, 23 September 1971, W30 Jurisdiction. Concurrent jurisdiction is where a "State reserves to itself the right to exercise jointly the powers granted to the Federal Government."

21 Superintendent's Report for 1975.

22 Fagergren to Milligan, letter, 8 January 1976 and 15 September 1976; Milligan to Fagergren, letter, 15 January 1976 and 27 August 1976; Hogan to Milligan and U.S. District Court Clerk John D. Lyter, letter, 13 August 1976; Fagergren to Regional Director Merrill D. Beal, 26 January 1977; and Lyter to Fagergren, letter, 24 August 1977, all in W34 Law Enforcement Bond Forfeiture; and Hugh P. Beattie and Thomas L. Weeks, "Operations Evaluation Report, Mound City Group National Monument, February 1976," A5427 Jan. 1976-Dec. 1979.

23 Beal to Regional Solicitor, Denver [?], 27 May 1977; Regional Director J. L. Dunning to Governor Rhodes, letter, 29 April 1981; Rhodes to Dunning, letter, 25 May 1981; Director Russell E. Dickenson to Senator James McClure, Chairman, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, letter, no date [circa May 1981]; Dickenson to Rhodes, letter, 20 October 1982; and Rhodes, "Retrocession of Jurisdiction over Mound City Group National Monument," 15 November 1982, all in W30 Jurisdiction; and Superintendent's Report for 1981 and 1982.

24 Acting Regional Director Randall J. Pope to Associate Director, Park Operations, Stanley T. Albright, 2 February 1984, W30 Jurisdiction; Superintendent's Report for 1985; and Acting Regional Director John Kawamoto to Apschnikat, 29 October 1987, W30 Jurisdiction. Omaha officials expressed the desire to seek legislation eliminating the need to petition states each time boundaries changed to cede jurisdiction automatically.

25 Fagergren to Dunning, 9 January 1981, and Apschnikat to Dunning, 5 July 1983, D5027.

26 Regional Radio Coordinator Ralph Dierks to Apschnikat, 30 September 1983, D5027; Apschnikat to Cuyahoga Valley Superintendent Lew Albert, 6 April 1984, D5027 (The radio base station, KPC 754, featured a thirty-watt transmitter, and rangers utilized five-watt handie-talkies); and Hamman to Apschnikat, Agreement for LEADS Service, 2 January 1987, W34 Law Enforcement.

27 J. B. Chilton, Defensive Equipment Policy, 9 February 1981, S38 Fuels; Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987"; and Superintendent William Gibson to Regional Director Don H. Castleberry, 5 June 1991, W34 Law Enforcement. Gibson recommended an additional 1.75 FTE for law enforcement to establish parkwide coverage seven days per week.

28 Superintendent's Report for 1993.

1 King to Director Newton Drury, 2 August 1947/July 1947 report and 1 December 1947/November 1947 report.

2 Quotation from King to Director Conrad L. Wirth, 2 April 1948, March 1948 report; and King to Drury, 1 December 1953, November 1953 report.

3 Quotation from King to Wirth, 2 January 1954/December 1953 report; and 2 February 1954/January 1954 report, 1 April 1954/March 1954 report, and 2 March 1960/February 1960 report. King consulted the Ohio state archeologist to utilize scientific radio-carbon dating data. He updated the informational leaflet in February 1960 to reflect facility development, adjusting the map and figures, and presenting "a more challenging opening." See King to Wirth, 2 September 1960, August 1960 report.

4 Quotation from Bachensky to Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 19 December 1962, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-75, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter cited as RG79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; and Superintendent John C. W. Riddle to Lee, 10 June 1963, May 1963 report. Bachensky noted the topographical bronze wayside reflected the 1846 site map prepared by Squier and Davis. It sparked the necessity for archeologists to determine the validity of the twenty-fourth mound.

5 "Interpretive Prospectus for Mound City Group National Monument," approved by Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 25 April 1963, park history file. August 1963 saw the first four Sunday evening campfire programs presented to a total of 158 visitors with themes of "Songs of the National Parks" and "Indians of Mound City." See Riddle to Wirth, 11 September 1963, August 1963 report. The handbook was to be prepared by Martha Potter Otto and paid for by Eastern National Parks and Monuments Association. When no draft report was submitted by the deadline, the contract was terminated. See Superintendent's Report for 1977.

6 Riddle to Wirth, 11 July 1963/June 1963 report and 7 August 1963/July 1963 report.

7 Riddle to Director George B. Hartzog, Jr., 9 June 1964/May 1964 report and 14 July 1964/June 1964 report. An update of the folder to include the self-guided tour came two years later. See James Coleman to Hartzog, 7 June 1966, June 1966 report.

8 "Interpretive Specialist Goes to Work at Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (26 January 1973).

9 Superintendent's Report for 1976.

10 Superintendent's Report for 1977.

11 "Scioto Scene," Chillicothe Gazette (5 July 1979); and Superintendent's Report for 1979. The programs were: "Night Hikes, Wild Edibles Walk, Summer Flower Identification, Snakes Alive, Dusk Walk, Camp Sherman Program, Camp-Outs for Youth, Herbal Medicine Walk, Bird Walks, Tree Identification, Shrew Movie, Dawn Walk--Coffee With a Ranger, and Native American Legends."

12 Superintendent's Report for 1980, 1981, and 1982.

13 Superintendent's Report for 1987; and "Mound City Looking for Artwork for Celebration," Chillicothe Gazette (31 July 1991), A8215 Diamond Anniversary.

14 Superintendent's Report for 1993, and 1995-96.

15 Superintendent's Report 1995-96.

16 Birdsell to Regional Director Chester Brooks, 15 February 1973, A8215 1968-1975, RG79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; Robert F. Holmes form letter for ESA, 17 September 1973, A98; "Mound City to Host Workshop on Environmental Education," Chillicothe Gazette (24 September 1973); Acting Superintendent Joan F. Crider, form letter to high schools, 12 September 1975, A98; and Superintendent's Report for 1975 and 1976.

17 Quotation from Superintendent's Report for 1983; and Superintendent's Report for 1977 and 1978.

18 Quotation from Apschnikat, form letter to area biology and general science teachers, 15 September 1987, A90 Permits; also Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; and Bonnie Murray interview, 26 August 1993.

19 Alberts to Regional Director Garrison, 16 July 1969, A42 Cooperating Associations. ENP&MA, in a September 11, 1956 letter to Clyde King, indicated willingness to establish a local association at that time. Lack of proper facility development, however, prevented it until late 1960.

20 King to Wirth, 1 July 1961, June 1961 report; Riddle to Wirth, 4 October 1963, September 1963 report; Riddle to Wirth, 9 June 1964, May 1964 report; Eastern National Park and Monument Association and Mound City Group National Monument, "Art and Burials in Ancient Ohio: A Tour of the Mound City Necropolis" (no date) [circa 1961]; and Coleman to Hartzog, 5 October 1966, September 1966 report.

21 Birdsell to ENP&MA Business Manager Robert J. Smentek, letter, 2 August 1972, A42; Birdsell to Rhonda Ford, Franklin and Marshall College, letter, 18 August 1972, K1459; and Superintendent's Report for 1975. A $1,000 ENP&MA donation in 1975 yielded 200,000 flyers depicting the Ohio Group of the National Park Service for distribution at the four parks, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, and the Ohio Travel Bureau.

22 Superintendent's Report for 1976 and 1977; and Fagergren to Pipestone National Monument Superintendent David Lane, 20 July 1976 and 11 February 1977, K14 and K18.

23 Superintendent's Report for 1980 and 1981.

24 Apschnikat to Dunning, 29 September 1982, A38.

25 Apschnikat to ENP&MA Administrator George J. Munnucci, Jr., letter, 13 March 1985, A42.

26 Quotation from Apschnikat to ENP&MA Executive Secretary [?], letter, 7 October 1985; and letter, 22 October 1984, A2621. Fiscal Year 1984 sales were $15,750, and 1985 sales were $16,322. Eastern National Park and Monument Association, "National Park Service Areas in Ohio," four-fold leaflet, 1985.

27 Superintendent's Report for 1990 and 1991.

28 Superintendent's Report for 1994-95.

29 Wirth to Regional Director Daniel J. Tobin, 3 June 1957.

30 King, Form 10-174 Completion Report--Planting, Visitor Center, Parking Area, Mound City Group National Monument, Contract No. 14-10-052901803, $4,474.15, William Reinhold, Landscape Contractor, Flat Rock, Michigan, found in Visitor Center (Building 5) File.

31 Regional Administrative Officer John J. Bachensky to Lee, 26 July 1961 and 19 December 1962, A5427 Management Appraisal 1963-75, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; Riddle to Wirth, 13 May 1963, April 1963 report; and Riddle to Hartzog, 5 June 1964, May 1964 report.

32 George Schesventer to Garrison, 24 March 1970, F22; Purchase order to Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 17 February 1970; Superintendent's Report for 1975; and Birdsell to Boy Scouts of America, Chief Logan Council, Chillicothe, letter, 3 June 1975, Y18 Forestry and Range Construction on Maintenance. The purpose of this planting, accomplished May 24 and 31, 1975, was to recreate the "prehistoric appearance" and screen "modern visual intrusions."

33 John Kawamoto interview, 21 December 1993; Phillip Egan interview, 25 August 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1976; Fagergren to Beal, 18 February 1976, 29 March 1976, and 2 April 1976, D18 Book 2, Jan. 1976-Dec. 1979, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City; and Barbara B. Kalfs, "Authentic Atmosphere Planned at Mound City," Chillicothe Gazette (7 April 1976).

34 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994; Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Fagergren to Beal, 18 February 1977, H22. The mounds were numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 18. See also, Superintendent's Report for 1976 and 1977; and untitled report on status of Interpretive Prospectus objectives, 1976, A6419 1976-1979, RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City.

35 Fagergren, park policy 80-4, "Maintaining the Integrity of our Historic Area," 24 July 1980, H30; and Superintendent's Report for 1979.

36 Quotation from Apschnikat, 10-238 funding request for prehistoric vegetation study, 10 December 1982, D2215; Apschnikat to Dunning, 7 October 1981, F30; and Apschnikat to Odegaard, 14 January 1986, D18, with attached resource management plan project statement, Midwest Archeological Center files. Susan Monk of Midwest Archeological Center based the 1984 faunal remains study on 5,887 specimens.

37 Resource Management Plan project statement MOCI-N6, Prehistoric Vegetation Study, January 1986.

38 Superintendent's Report for 1986.

39 Quotation from Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Briefing Paper, 1987;" and Superintendent's Report for 1987.

40 Gibson to Mound City Group Division Chiefs, 23 March 1989, K18.

41 Ibid.

42 Gibson to Chief, Interpretation and Resource Management, Reed Johnson, 9 June 1989, K18; William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; and attachment, "Briefing Paper, Native Tall Grass Restoration at Mound City Group National Monument as part of Earthworks Management Plan, Spring 1989."

43 Superintendent's Report for 1989. To strengthen the remaining lawn areas, maintenance workers overseeded with tall fescue and rye. See also, H. Reed Johnson, "Managing and Interpreting the Cultural Landscape at Mound City Group National Monument," Interpretation (Spring/Summer 1991).

44 Superintendent's Report for 1990 and 1991.

45 Quotations from "Palynological Studies Associated with the Mound City Group National Monument, Chillicothe, Ohio," completion report 13 April 1991, D18 Resources Management. Linda C. K. Shane, University of Minnesota, accompanied Snyder and Kapp as an author. See also Superintendent's Report for 1988, 1989, and 1991.

46 Gibson to Castleberry, 13 August 1991, A6437 Management Improvement Project, Maintenance Management System.

1 Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley: Comprising the Results of Extensive Original Surveys and Explorations (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge Series, 1848).

2 Ibid. Two buildings associated with the agrarian land is identified as "Cryder's." Within the circle are two more buildings. Leaving the circle and continuing inside to fill the square are trees marked on the lithograph as "orchard."

3 Acting Regional Director J. Carlisle Crouch to Director Conrad L. Wirth, 29 October 1958, H2215.

4 Tobin to Wirth, no date [circa January 1959], H2215.

5 Tobin to Dr. Erwin Zepp, letter, 24 February 1959, H2215. Tobin indicated that Washington's Chief Archeologist, Dr. John Corbett, assisted Cotter in the Hopeton Group site survey.

6 Regional Director Ronald F. Lee to Wirth, 2 September 1960, L58. Hopeton was second only to Nundawao Site, New York, traditional birthplace of the Iroquois, under National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings' archeological theme sites recommended for possible inclusion in the national park system. Two others failed to qualify because they were already state-owned: Cahokia Mound Site, Illinois, and Angel Site, Indiana. Feil's boundary study visit came in March 1959. See King to Wirth, 1 April 1959, March 1959 report.

7 Cotter to Regional Chief of Interpretation [?], 30 November 1960, H2215. Cotter learned from Raymond Baby of Zepp's lack of action. Cotter reported Baby said "Zepp gave no explanation" but added [Hopeton] "won't be pursued in the future."

8 Ibid., 6 December 1960.

9 Lee to Wirth, 23 February 1961, H2215.

10 King to Wirth, 1 April 1961, March 1961 report. King wrote, "It is one of two areas remaining that could be restored without interference from a major highway or railroad, and the only one without modern developments within the area."

11 Riddle to Wirth, 7 November 1962, October 1962 report; and Lee to Wirth, 20 July 1962, L58. Lee reported one property owner, Barnhart, was "in sympathy with conservation," but that Faust would be "maintaining watch on the Hopeton site in case any unanticipated developments are attempted by any of the property holders."

12 "Interpretive Prospectus for Mound City Group National Monument," approved by Regional Director Ronald F. Lee, 25 April 1963, "History" file.

13 Quotation from Cotter, to Chief, Division of History and Archeology [?], 12 March 1963, Hopeton file.

14 Quotation from Riddle to Hartzog, 12 May 1964, April 1964 report; and Ibid., 6 March 1964/February 1964 report and 7 April 1964/March 1964 report.

15 Parks for America: A Survey of Park and Related Resources in the Fifty States, and a Preliminary Plan (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1964), found in State Archives, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio.

16 "Ohio has Four Landmarks on New Interior Dept. List," Columbus Dispatch (19 July 1964).

17 Schesventer to Regional Director Lemuel Garrison, 20 December 1968, H34, Hopeton file. The inflated price was given as two to three thousand dollars more per acre than surrounding agricultural land prices.

18 Birdsell to Regional Director Chester L. Brooks, 27 January 1972, D22. Birdsell did secure an offer to purchase or trade land from Maston M. Sansom, owner of more than forty-five acres adjacent to the Barnhart property at Hopeton. See Birdsell to files, 27 January 1973, L14 Hopeton Earthworks.

19 Acting Chief, Historic Sites Survey, Benjamin Levy to M. D. Vaughn, letter, 8 August 1974, H3417, Washington History Division NHL Files, Hopeton Earthworks Ohio; Staff Archeologist Fran Weiss to files, boundary justification, 12 January 1976. The 1974 boundary included only known earthworks. Because none could be seen extending west from the bluff into the floodplain, that bottomland area was not included. Weiss wrote that if archeological evidence proved sufficient there, the NHL boundary should then be enlarged.

20 David S. Brose, "An Historical and Archaeological Evaluation of the Hopeton Works, Ross County, Ohio" (Cleveland, Ohio: under contract for the National Park Service, 1976); and Superintendent's Report for 1976.

21 Denver Service Center Assistant Manager, Midwest/Rocky Mountain Team, Donald A. Purse to Regional Director Merrill Beal, 24 January 1977 and 30 September 1977; Hagood to Fagergren, telephone call, 10 June 1977; "Hopeton Earthworks Study Team to Visit Chillicothe Next Week," NPS news release, 18 July 1977; "Meeting Thursday on Mound City Plan, Chillicothe Gazette (27 July 1977); and Acting Regional Director Randall J. Pope to Purse, 25 October 1977, all in L14 Hopeton Earthworks.

22 Quotation from Acting Regional Director Randall J. Pope to Fagergren, 23 November 1977; Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994; "City Approves Apartment Plan," Chillicothe Gazette (no date) [circa late October 1977]; Hagood to Fagergren, 28 October 1977; and Fagergren to Beal, 2 November 1977, all in L14 Hopeton Earthworks. Because the development was within Chillicothe's three-mile boundary jurisdiction, the city commission possessed housing code authority. Developers were "HRH Properties, Limited," consisting of Dennis Hartsough, John Roseboom, and Larry Hardin.

23 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994.

24 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994; Superintendent's Report for 1978; and "Organizers Pleased with Hopewell Conference," Chillicothe Gazette (13 March 1978). Key speakers were David Brose, James B. Griffin, Martha Otto, and N'omi Greber.

25 Denver Service Center Associate Manager Donald L. Bressler to Beal, 20 June 1978, L14 Hopeton Earthworks.

26 Fagergren to Beal, 24 May 1978, D18 Book 2 Jan. 1976-Dec. 1979, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, Federal Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City, Missouri (hereafter cited as RG 79, FRC/NARA, Kansas City).

27 "Group Opposes Federal Acquisition of County Land," (22 June 1978) and "Resident Seeks Support in Opposing Land Acquisition," (14 July 1978), Chillicothe Gazette.

28 "Newly Completed Study Explores Possibility of Preserving Hopeton Area within National Park System," NPS news release, 7 July 1978, L14 Hopeton Earthworks; and "Hopeton Earthworks Study Available," (12 July 1978) and "Residents Divided on Land Use for National Park," (22 July 1978), Chillicothe Gazette.

29 Acting Associate Director Robert Stanton to Congressman Harsha, letter, 25 July 1978, L14 Hopeton Earthworks.

30 Harsha to Andrus, letter, 11 August 1978; "On Capitol Hill," The Plain Dealer (26 August 1978); and Andrus to Harsha, letter, 14 September 1978, all in L14 Hopeton Earthworks. Harsha was so incensed he had his letter published under the heading "Federal Bureaucracy" in the August 14 Congressional Record.

31 Superintendent's Report for 1979; Assistant Interior Secretary Bob Herbst to Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Morris K. Udall, letter, 1 February 1979; Fagergren to Harsha, letter, 14 February 1979, L14 Hopeton Earthworks; and "Hopeton Site Approved for National Park," Chillicothe Gazette (19 February 1979). The newspaper reported Hardin's petition drive yielded 250 responses.

32 "Limitations Asked on Federal Park Plan," Chillicothe Gazette (21 March 1979).

33 Quotation from Acting Deputy Director Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., to HUD Deputy Director, Ohio Area Office, Sylvester Angel, letter, 4 May 1979; "Apartment Development Planned Near Hopetown," Chillicothe Gazette (20 December 1978); Fagergren to Assistant Director, Cooperative Planning, Bill W. Dean, telephone call, 1 June 1979; and Dean to Director, HUD Office of Regional Administration, Brenda Head, letter, 4 June 1979, all in L14 Hopeton Earthworks.

34 Fagergren to HUD [title?] Ron Williams, 19 June 1979, L14. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act provides that when federal funds, permits, or licenses are used on properties possessing significant cultural resources, a review process designed to mitigate adverse effects must be undertaken prior to project approval in which the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation is afforded an opportunity to comment. The review process included providing sufficient information and can result in substantial delays on such federal undertakings.

35 Fagergren to Park Planner Frosty Freeman, telephone call, 30 July 1979; Fagergren to Dunning, 9 August 1979; and Dunning to Fagergren, 23 August 1979, all in L14 Acquisition of Hopeton Earthworks.

36 Quotation from Herbst to Janis, letter, 7 September 1979 [Note: Drafted by Washington Office Legislative Affairs Specialist Art Eck on July 11, 1979, this pivotal letter took two months to clear channels.]; North River Place corporate lawyer John Talbott to Fagergren, telephone call, 30 August 1979, L14 Acquisition of Hopeton Earthworks; and MWRO Keyman Arthur Eck to Files, 4 September 1979, Washington Office History Division Files.

37 Fagergren to Dunning, 21 September 1979, L14; and "Apartment Project Launched," Chillicothe Gazette (24 September 1979).

38 Dunning to Fagergren, 26 September 1979, L14 Acquisition of Hopeton Earthworks; and Fagergren to Dunning, 14 November 1979, D18.

39 Fagergren to files, 21 December 1979; and Dunning to Director William J. Whalen, 26 December 1979, L14 Acquisition of Hopeton Earthworks. In attendance were Dunning, Fagergren, and Art Eck, all of NPS, and representing HUD were Sylvester Angel, area manager; Ron Williams and Larry Moore, project supervisors for North River Place; Eric Axelrod, environmental division; and John Yoakum and Edward Towner, appraisers. Barnhart Road subsequently became known as Hopetown Road.

40 Fagergren to Dunning, 23 and 30 January 1980. Larry Moore delivered the new HUD position. Developers were uncertain about getting easements for entrance road realignment.

41 Fagergren, summary of 12 February 1980 Washington Office meeting with Dunning, Eck, Special Assistant to the Director Dave Sherman, Chief Archeologist Doug Scovill, and Archeologist Diane Gelburd; Fagergren, summary of 13 February meeting with Dunning and Gelburd, and Advisory Council members Bob Utley and Charlene Dwin. Utley's letter to HUD Ohio Area Manager Sylvester Angel is dated 29 February 1980. HUD's responded it met its section 106 requirement by meeting with NPS. See Fagergren to Larry Moore, telephone call of 9 April 1980.

42 Fagergren, summary of meeting with Eck, Gelburd, and Congressman Harsha's staff assistant Keith Reicher, 17 March 1980.

43 Quotation from Fagergren, comments on congressional options to Ross County Commissioners, 13 May 1980; and Fagergren to HUD, Larry Moore, letter, 12 May 1980.

44 "Senate Fight Expected on Proposed Park," (21 May 1980) and "Ross Countian About to Win Government Battle," (19 May 1980), Chillicothe Gazette. John Barnhart worked closely with Harsha's staff to exclude most of his 600-acre farm, leaving Merrill Vaughn as the principal landowner.

45 Quotation from section 701 of Public Law 96-607; photocopy of "Parcel X" map; Chief, Office of Legislation [?] to John Barnhart, letter, 6 January 1981, L58; Metzenbaum to Administrative Officer Joan F. Crider, telephone call of 25 June 1980, all in L14 Acquisition of Hopeton Earthworks; and "Mound City to Expand to 321 Acres," Chillicothe Gazette (30 December 1980), K3415.

46 Superintendent's Report for 1981 and 1982; "Boundary Proposal--Hopeton Earthworks," undated report [circa April 1981], L14; and "Ross County Farmers Call Federal Plan to Take Land Unjust," Columbus Citizen-Journal (2 January 1981), and "Attorney Fights to Preserve Prehistoric Site," Chillicothe Gazette (10 February 1982), both in K3415.

47 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994; Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Superintendent's Report for 1983; "Land Plan in the Works," Chillicothe Gazette (18 March 1983); Luce to Congressman Bob McEwen, letter, 8 September 1983, A36; Seiberling to Director Russell Dickenson, letter, 23 September 1983, A36; and response by Randall J. Pope for Dickenson, draft letter, 6 October 1983. The LPP went on public review in mid-1984. It recommended acquiring Hopeton in fee. See "Mound Draft Plan Ready," Chillicothe Gazette (4 May 1984).

48 Superintendent's Report for 1984; Park Planner Dave Given to Associate Regional Director John Kawamoto, trip report, preparation of draft Hopewell Sites Study Task Directive, 1 February 1984; and Apschnikat to Dunning, 19 July 1984, A2623. Although National Parks and Conservation Association first began calling Hopeton a threatened NHL in the early 1980s, NPS first included it in the 1983 NHL Section 8 Report to Congress.

49 Apschnikat to Dunning, 19 July 1984; Apschnikat to Luce and Franco Ruffini, telephone call of 30 May 1984, A2623; Superintendent's report for 1984; and "Chief Cornstalk Sand and Gravel Now in Operation," The Advertiser (19 September 1984). Tests in 1981 determined the premium deposit "one of the best in the South-Central Ohio area."

50 Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994; Superintendent's Report for 1985; Given to Kawamoto, trip report 26 April 1985, D18; Blank, "Results of an Intensive Study of Hopewellian Culture in Ross County, Ohio and Publically Owned Hopewellian Sites in the Remainder of Southern Ohio" (Cleveland: contract with NPS, 1985); Deputy SHPO Franco Ruffini, open letter, 27 November 1985, D18; "Upcoming Meeting Set to Discuss Indian Mounds," Chillicothe Gazette (4 December 1985); Regional Archeologist Mark Lynott to Chief, Midwest Archeological Center, F.A. Calabrese, trip report, 20 December 1985, A2623 Reports, Situations.

51 Superintendent's Report for 1985; and Mott to Apschnikat, letter, 23 December 1985, L14 Acquisition of Hopeton Earthworks.

52 Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993; Apschnikat, "Mound City Group National Monument Management Briefing Paper, 1987": Superintendent's Report for 1986; "Hopeton Earthworks 'Threatened' Again," (22 March 1986), "Gravel Operator Needs Money to Preserve Indian Culture," (7 April 1986), "Mound City on Funding List," (17 September 1986), "Earthworks Part of Bill," (23 October 1986), all in Chillicothe Gazette; and Midwest Region Chief of Land Acquisition Fred Meyer to Assistant Regional Solicitor, 9 July 1986 (regarding "Barnhart Cryder Farms, Ltd., et al vs. United States, Civil No. 354-86L"), L1425. From the mid-1800s to the 1920s, horse-drawn plows caused an inch of erosion per decade. At the end of World War II, diesel-powered tractors brought an erosion rate of one-foot per decade. See "A Battle Over Indian Legacy: Park Service Fights to Save Earthworks," Akron Beacon Journal (7 July 1986).

53 Superintendent's Report for 1987; Order of Judge Joseph P. Kinneary, United States District Court, Southern Ohio District, Eastern Division in Case No. C-2-86-0779 USA v. 87.68 acres of land, more or less, situate in Ross County, State of Ohio, and Gladys C. Vaughn, et al., and Unknown Owners," granted 20 January 1987, W32 Civil Litigation/Court Procedures; Apschnikat, open letter, 12 August 1987, D18; "Environmental Assessment, Hopewell Sites Study, Mound City Group National Monument, Ohio" (Chillicothe, Ohio: NPS, 1987); "Mound City Hopes to Manage More Mounds," (19 August 1987), Chillicothe Gazette; Acting Regional Director William Schenk to Director Mott, 13 August 1987, L7617; and Apschnikat to Castleberry, 18 November 1987, D18. Apschnikat based the name change to emulate the example set by Chaco Culture National Historical Park. See Ken Apschnikat interview, 19 August 1993.

54 Castleberry to Mott, 3 May 1988, L7619; and Given to Kawamoto, trip report 12 July 1988, D18.

55 Superintendent's Report for 1989; Gibson to Castleberry, 5 September 1989, D18; Michel to Gibson, letter, 7 August 1989, A22; and Gibson, letter to Hopewell Sites Study advisors, 6 September 1989, D18. In addition to the real estate, NPS paid more than twice that amount to settle the inverse condemnation lawsuit for a total cost of $289,270. See Chief, Midwest Land Resources, Fred Meyer to Gibson, 25 January 1990, D18.

56 Gibson to Castleberry, 6 June 1990, L7019 State Coordinator; Gibson to Evans, letter, 25 April 1990, H34 Ohio NHLs; and Park Ranger Robert Peterson to Gibson, 17 December 1990, H30.

57 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993.

58 Gibson to Castleberry, 6 October 1990, L7019 State Coordinator; Mound City Group squad meeting minutes, 2 October 1990, A4031 Meetings; Superintendent's Report for 1990; and Jane Schmucker, "National Park Planned: Mound City to Pay $258,000 for Hopewell Land," Chillicothe Gazette (24 September 1990). On September 20, the jury set the price at $258,249, and the Vaughns were permitted to harvest existing crops.

59 Metzenbaum to Interior Secretary Manual Lujan, letter, 11 September 1990, H30; President, Chillicothe-Ross Chamber of Commerce, James L. Doersam, to Congressman Bob McEwen, letter, 16 February 1990, D18; Gibson to Castleberry, 6 November 1990, L7019; and Mound City Group squad meeting minutes, 2 October 1990, A4031.

60 Quotations from Lynott, Hopeton Earthworks Status Report, undated [circa January 1991]; Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994; and Calabrese to Castleberry, 17 January 1991, H30.

61 Mid-Atlantic Regional Director James W. Coleman, Jr., to President, The Shelly Company, Don E. Mill, letter, 8 February 1991, H30; McEwen to Coleman, letter, 22 February 1991, and Coleman to McEwen, letter, 2 April 1991, H30; "Working Together to Preserve Hopewells," editorial (18 February 1991) and Lou Moliterno, "Parks Might Want More Private Land After Find," (15 February 1991), both in Chillicothe Gazette; and "Coalition Asks U.S. to Buy Historic Hopewell Land," The Plain Dealer (10 February 1991).

62 Metzenbaum to Director James M. Ridenour, letter, 9 April 1991; Gibson to Director, National Museum of American History, Roger Kennedy, letter, 4 and 17 January 1991, D18 and H30; "Congress to See Mound City Expansion Pitch," Chillicothe Gazette (23 March 1991); Eastern Regional Director, Archaeological Conservancy, Sylvia Ball, to Members of the Ohio Advisory Committee, 11 April 1991; "S. 749, A Bill to Rename and Expand the Boundaries of the Mound City Group National Monument in Ohio" and remarks of Senator Howard Metzenbaum, The Congressional Record--Senate (21 March 1991), S.4013-14; and Briefing Statement Prepared for Secretary Lujan, 27 March 1991.

63 Mound City Group staff meeting minutes, 26 March 1991, A4031 Meetings; and Lou Moliterno, "Meeting Prompts Optimism: All Sides Looking to Save Indian Remains," Chillicothe Gazette (5 April 1991).

64 "H.R. 2328, To Rename and Expand the Boundaries of the Mound City Group National Monument in Ohio," 102d Congress, 1st Session, 14 May 1991; Gibson to Castleberry, 11 July 1991, L7019 State Coordinator; and Michel testimony, 21 May 1991, before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks and Forests, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate. Michel also spoke for National Parks and Conservation Association and Society for American Archaeology.

65 Gibson to Castleberry, 7 August 1991, L7019 State Coordinator; Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior J. F. Spegnole to Chairman, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Senator J. Bennett Johnston, letter, 27 August 1991; "Major Hopewell Earthworks to be Acquired," The Archaeological Conservancy Newsletter (Summer 1991); Superintendent's Report for 1991; and 25 August 1991 invitation, A8215 Diamond Anniversary.

66 Quotation from Ridenour statement to Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands, House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, on S. 749 and H.R. 2328, 19 November 1991; Congressional Record--Senate, 23 September 1991, S13471; Legislative Affairs Specialist Gerald Tays to Files, 19 November 1991; and Gibson to Castleberry, 12 November 1991, L7019 State Coordinator. Excavators needed eighty tons for a project and promised future pit expansion would be to the north and northwest, not east toward the earthworks.

67 Chairman, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, John F. W. Rogers, to Secretary Lujan, letter, 4 November 1991; Report of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation on the Threat of Surface Mining to Hopeton Earthworks National Historic Landmark, Chillicothe, Ohio, In Accordance with 9(a) of the Mining in the National Parks Act of 1976 (October 1991); Superintendent's Report for 1991; and Gibson to Castleberry, 12 November 1991, L7019 State Coordinator. Historic resources might range from early Anglo-European settlement to troop movements and encampments of General Sherman during the Civil War. See also Mark J. Lynott interview, 20 January 1994. Lynott stated both the Council and SHPO refused to invoke section 106 review on the Ohio Department of Transportation, which used federal funds to purchase much of Ross County's gravel, including that mined at Hopeton Earthworks NHL.

68 Mound City Group squad meeting, 6 December 1991, 27 March 1992, and 21 April 1992, A4031 Meetings; "Mound City Bill Expected to Pass Easily," Chillicothe Gazette (26 March 1992); Congressional Record--House 13 March 1992, D270 and 2 April 1992 [page?]; and Gibson to Castleberry, 11 May 1992, L7019 State Coordinator. A concern voiced by Congressman Bruce Vento that the similarity in names might bring confusion, NPS responded that public education would negate any perceived similarity between Hopewell Culture National Historical Park and Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site. See Gibson to Castleberry, 11 February and 10 March 1992, L7019 State Coordinator.

69 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993; and Gibson to Castleberry, 15 June 1992, L7019, State Coordinator.

70 William Gibson interview, 24 August 1993.

71 Ibid.; and Gibson to Castleberry, 7 January 1993, H34.

72 Leonard to Chairman, Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, Senator Robert C. Byrd, letter, 23 February 1993, L1425. Identical letters were sent to Congressman Sidney R. Yates, chairman, Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies, and Senator J. Bennett Johnston, chairman, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.

73 Superintendent's Report for 1993.

74 Superintendent's Report for 1994-95.

75 Superintendent's Report for 1995-96.

1 Information on secretaries of the interior and bureau management officials can be found in Danz, Harold P., compiler, Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991), with updates from 1995 based on the author's personal observations.

2 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-1989, One Hundreth Congress, Second Session, Senate Document No. 100-34 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989.)

3 With the regionalization of the National Park Service during the Great Depression, four regional offices were established. Ohio came under the purview of the Region One Office upon the establishment of the Richmod, Virginia, headquarters on August 7, 1937. In 1942, this region was redesignated "Southeast Region" and the headquarters relocated to Atlanta, Goergia, on January 9, 1972.

4 The Region Five Office was established in 1955 and redesignated as "Northeast Regional Office" in 1962. Following the January 6, 1974 transfer of parks in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin, to the Midwest Regional Office, the Philadelphia headquarters became known as "Mid-Atlantic Regional Office."

5 The Omaha regional office opened on August 1, 1937, as the Region Two Office, which became known in 1962 as the Midwest Regional Office. With the creation of the Rocky Mountain Regional Office in early 1974, Omaha officials transferred the western states of Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming to the new Denver, Colorado, office. Shifted to the Midwest Region from Philadelphia were Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.

6 The 1995 reorganization of the National Park Service saw the abolition of ten regional offices and the institution of seven "Field Areas," one of which was the Midwest Field Area with a "Field Director's Office" in Omaha incorporating ten states of the previous Midwest Region, and adding Arkansas, South Dakota, and North Dakota. The professional staff of the former Midwest Regional Office were subsequently divided according to geographical ecosystems to form two "system support offices." Ohio parks, along with those in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin were serviced by the Great Lakes System Support Office, which was itself directly accountable to the Midwest Field Director.

7 The 1995 reorganization proved too confusing and the nomenclature returned to the more familiar designations. Midwest Field Area reverted to Midwest Region, and field director titles were similarly changed. System support offices co-located in Philadelphia, Atlanta, Denver, San Francicso, and Omaha, were shuffled back into single "Support Offices." Consequently, the Great Lakes and Great Plains system support offices became the "Midwest Support Office" at the onset of fiscal year 1998.