KATMAI / ANIAKCHAK Isolated Paradise: An Administrative History of the Katmai and Aniakchak National Park Units

¹ As Chapter 12 notes, it was not until 1954 that scientists concluded that Novarupta, not Mount Katmai, was the primary site of the 1912 eruption.

² Unless otherwise specified, the term "park" will refer to all of the area within both Katmai National Park and Katmai National Preserve.

³ NPS, The National Parks: Index 1989 (Washington, GPO), 1989. By way of contrast, the combined area of the two largest parks in the Lower 48 states -- Yellowstone and Everglades -- is 2,618,728 acres.

⁴ For a brief description of natural resources in the old (pre-1978) Katmai National Monument, see John A. Hussey, Embattled Katmai (San Francisco, NPS, August 1971), 1-13; for a more lengthy description, see Victor Cahalane, A Biological Survey of Katmai National Monument (Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, 1959).

⁵ Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement (FES), Proposed Katmai National Park, Alaska, 1974, 37; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 6.

⁶ APG, FES, Katmai, 37.

⁷ Ibid., 48-49.

⁸ Louis R. Huber, "Flight to Katmai," Alaska Sportsman 16 (April 1951), 40; Frank Dufresne, "Katmai Adventure," Field and Stream 56 (February 1952), 42; APG, FES, Katmai, 53, 57, 61.

⁹ APG, FES, Katmai, 32.

¹⁰ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 42-45; APG, FES, Katmai, 63-64.

¹¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 45; Federal Register, December 18, 1992, 60248.

¹² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 46-47.

¹³ Ibid., 79-82, 86-87.

¹⁴ APG, FES, Katmai, 64.

¹⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 77, 87, 123.

¹⁶ Ibid., 123, 128-29.

¹⁷ Ibid., 87, 104, 123, 129, 131.

¹⁸ Ibid., 150, 157-58.

¹⁹ Ibid., 157-65.

²⁰ Ibid., 171-74.

²¹ Ibid., 173, 176, 178, 227.

²² Ibid., 190-96, 208-09.

²³ Ibid., 178-80, 190. The ACC held monopolistic control of the Katmai area fur trade through most of the late nineteenth century. For a short time during the early 1880s, however, the Western Fur and Trading Company had a station at Douglas, and probably one at Katmai as well. Other competitors may have come and gone as well.

²⁴ Ibid., 220-23; NPS, Kukak Valley (49Mk6), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, NRHP Files, AKSO-RCR Collection.

²⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 214, 226-258.

²⁶ Ibid., 202-04, 210-11, 231-32. The schooner fleet appears to have been most active in Kamishak Bay; between sailings, the hunters holed up in "low structures of rocks, canvas, and drift logs" which were located on the low, barren islands near the bay's southern shore.

²⁷ Ibid., 185-87.

²⁸ Ibid., 187-89.

²⁹ Ibid., 213-18.

³⁰ Ibid., 244, 260.

³¹ Ibid., 263, 269, 272-75.

³² Ibid., 275-89.

³³ Ibid., 290-98.

³⁴ Ibid., 299-310.

³⁵ Ibid., 312-15.

³⁶ W. R. Smith and Arthur A. Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," Mineral Resources of Alaska: Report on Progress of Investigations in 1992, USGS Bulletin 755 (Washington, GPO, 1924), 205. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Puale Bay was called Cold Bay. This report has used the term Puale Bay, both to be consistent with present usage and to distinguish this bay from the better-known Cold Bay which is located 300 miles to the southwest.

³⁷ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 323-27.

³⁸ Ibid., 317-20, 326.

¹ Robert F. Griggs noted that if the eruption had been on Manhattan Island, the smoke and steam would be seen in Albany; the sound of the explosions would be heard in Chicago, and the sulfuric fumes would eat clothes on lines in Denver. Ashes would be a foot deep in Philadelphia, and there would be no point to rescue workers in New York City ... it would have been opened in yawning chasms, and the lava that boiled up would overflow everything, covering all but the tips of the tallest buildings. Griggs, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (Washington, National Geographic Society, 1922), 1.

² The lone victim, a woman who lived in the Kodiak area, died three days after the eruption. She had been suffering from tuberculosis and nephritis for some time; the ash-filled atmosphere and the stress surrounding the evacuation of area residents were doubtless the primary contributors to her premature demise. John A. Hussey, Embattled Katmai: A History of Katmai National Monument (San Francisco, NPS, 1971), 355.

³ Howard A. Powers, "Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands," Howel Williams, ed., Landscapes of Alaska (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1958), 64-67.

⁴ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 334-35; Powers, "Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands," 64.

⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 329-32.

⁶ Ibid., 336.

⁷ On June 12, they were finally picked up by the U.S. Revenue Cutter Manning and taken to Afognak. Hussey, Embattled Katmai, pp. 356-59 notes that the Manning brought 114 refugees to Afognak "from a region that is dangerous to human life." It is not known if all came from Kaflia Bay.

⁸ Ibid., 331, 336-39.

⁹ Ibid., 343-44. Popular accounts are unanimous in calling the Katmai eruption one of the largest in recorded history. Father Bernard Hubbard, for example, called it "the most stupendous cataclysm of Nature that has occurred during man's existence on earth." (Bernard Hubbard as told to Barrett Willoughby, "Volcanoes Packed in Ice: an Explorer's Adventures in Alaska," Saturday Evening Post 203 (August 23, 1930), 18.) Others, however have given the dubious honor of the greatest historic volcanic eruption to the 1815 explosion of Tambora, on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, which killed 92,000 people. (Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 351; Powers, "Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands," 71.) Still others have declared that the greatest eruption was the 1883 eruption of Krakatau, an island west of Java, which killed 35,000; Santorini (Thera) Volcano in the Aegean Sea, which erupted in 1500 B.C.; a volcano which erupted in New Zealand in 186 A.D.; or the eruption of Mt. Etna, on Sicily, in 1669. (R. J. Blong, Volcanic Hazards: A Sourcebook on the Effects of Eruptions (Sydney, Australia, Academic Press, 1984), 11; Stuart and Doris Flexner, The Pessimist's Guide to History (New York, Avon Books, 1992), 387.) The "size" of a volcanic eruption can be estimated in any one of several ways, but the recently-developed volcanic explosivity index--which combines the volume of eruptive products, the height of the eruption cloud, and the duration of the main eruptive phase--suggests that Tambora's eruption was the largest in historic times. Katmai, Santorini, and Karakatau all run a close second. (Blong, Volcanic Hazard, 11.)

¹⁰ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 343-44.

¹¹ Ibid., 356, 359.

¹² NPS, "Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument," c. 1957, Inactive File A98, KATM; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 343-45.

¹³ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 344-46.

¹⁴ Ibid., 346-47; New York Times, June 8, 1912, 4.

¹⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 339-40.

¹⁶ Ibid., 347-48, 373, 389, 397, 406.

¹⁷ Ibid., 370-71, 375-78.

¹⁸ Ibid., 349.

¹⁹ Ibid., 360.

²⁰ Ibid., 353, 362.

²¹ Ibid., 362-63; J. S. Osmund to F. Barker, April 14, 1925, in "1925 Correspondence" folder, Columbia River Packers Association collection, Columbia River Maritime Museum.

²² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 364-68; Alaska Department of Labor, Alaska Population Overview, 1990 Census and Estimates (Juneau?, July 1991), 95.

²³ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 367-68.

²⁴ Ibid., 368-69.

²⁵ Ibid., 368-69.

²⁶ Ibid., 371, 381.

²⁷ Ibid., 371-75.

²⁸ Ibid., 381-82.

²⁹ Ibid., 382-388. As noted below, Griggs's other four NGS Katmai trips took place in 1916, 1917, 1919, and 1930.

³⁰ Griggs, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 63.

³¹ Ibid., 64.

³² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 389-400.

³³The "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes" was a dramatic if somewhat hyperbolic appellation provided by Griggs shortly after his visit. Ibid., 399-400.

³⁴ Ibid., 401-08.

³⁵ Ibid., 408.

³⁶ Ibid., 273-74.

³⁷ Ibid., 321-22.

³⁸ Ibid., 378.

³⁹ Griggs as quoted in Dave Bohn, Rambles Through an Alaskan Wild: Katmai and the Valley of the Smokes (Santa Barbara, Capra Press, 1979), 36; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 395.

⁴⁰ Griggs as quoted in Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 398.

⁴¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 399, 408. To satisfy his curiosity in that regard, the expedition he led the following year included a search for a better harbor. As part of his 1917 trip, he led a scouting party east from the Katmai Lakes area that hoped to find a good harbor on Shelikof Strait, perhaps at Kinak Bay. The party, however, took a wrong turn and was unable to find such a harbor.

⁴² Ibid., 403-04.

⁴³ Ibid., 407.

⁴⁴ Ibid., 400-01.

⁴⁵ Ibid., 410-11; William E. Brown, A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, Alaska (Santa Fe, NPS, 1991), 92.

⁴⁶ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 409-10.

⁴⁷ Ibid., 410; Larry Rice, Gathering Paradise: Alaska Wilderness Journeys (Golden, Colo., Fulcrum, 1990), 10.

⁴⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 411. On page 75 of his autobiography, The Birth of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-33 (Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1985), Horace Albright mentioned that the Cosmos Club meeting took place in the spring of 1917, not 1918, and that only he and Grosvenor attended. Perhaps two such meetings took place.

⁴⁹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 411-12.

⁵⁰ John M. Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska: A History of Its Establishment and Revision of Its Boundaries (Washington, NPS, July 1954), 2.

⁵¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 412.

⁵² United States Code, 1982 edition. Titles 16 and 18 (Washington, GPO, 1983), 334.

⁵³ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 412.

⁵⁴ Ibid., 411-12, 415; Horace Albright to Thomas Riggs, November 9, 1918, in File 42, RG 101, ASA.

⁵⁵ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 5a.

⁵⁶ Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, 75.

⁵⁷ The only private land in the monument, in fact was a 13.74-acre Russian Orthodox Mission Site at old Katmai village. The site was granted a patent on July 27, 1914, despite the fact that it had been uninhabited and buried by ash for the past two years. U.S. Patent 423847 (Entry J 01276), at BLM State Office, Anchorage.

⁵⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 324-25, 327-28.

⁵⁹ Large-scale mineral exploitation of the Katmai district was never a threat; therefore, Warren Bielenberg's statement that "The [National Geographic] Society's interest in protecting the Katmai volcanic crater and Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes from mining exploitation led to the establishment of Katmai National Monument" must be considered hyperbolic. William H. Sontag, ed., National Park Service, The First 75 Years: Preserving Our Past For The Future (n.p., Eastern National Park and Monument Association, 1990), 16.

⁶⁰ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 410, 417-18; Donald J. Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, USGS Professional Paper 567 (Washington, GPO, 1967), 612-13; Albright to Riggs, November 9, 1918, in File 42, RG 101, ASA.

⁶¹ Albright, as quoted in Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 7.

⁶² James B. Trefethen, Crusade for Wildlife (Harrisburg, Pa., Stackpole, 1961), 221.

⁶³ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 4-5; Horace M. Albright to Governor Thomas C. Riggs, November 9, 1918, in File 42, RG 101, ASA. Griggs in a May 1918 letter to Gilbert M. Grosvenor, noted that he had decided, on his own, what the various boundary alternatives would be. If so, Charles Sheldon's claim that he had "suggested ... the limits of the area occupied by this national monument" is false. Sheldon, of course, may have wanted to operate on a sub rosa level in order to avoid any discussion of wildlife values. But he did not know the Katmai area, so he was hardly in a position to provide information to Griggs, an area expert. No evidence, moreover, has surfaced to suggest that Sheldon contacted Griggs or tried to influence the location of Griggs's alternative boundary lines.

⁶⁴ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 415.

⁶⁵ Ibid., 412-13.

⁶⁶ Ibid., 413-14.

⁶⁷ Ibid., 414. Sayre and Hagelbarger found no slackening in volcanic activity; they also found two areas of mud pots that had not been noted before.

⁶⁸ "By the President of the United States of America, A Proclamation [No. 1487, Sept. 24, 1918, 40 Stat. 1855];" Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 415.

⁶⁹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 416. According to the most current calculation, the area of the original monument was 922,018 acres.

⁷⁰ Proclamation No. 1487, Sept. 24, 1918; 40 Stat. 1855.

⁷¹ In a somewhat apologetic note to Governor Thomas Riggs, Acting NPS Director Horace Albright mentioned that "The question of making a monument of the Katmai district was brought to the attention of Secretary Lane about the time you left Washington and he immediately approved of the project." Mather wrote Riggs about the matter on August 9, but Riggs was on an extended trip around the territory. By the time Riggs was able to reply, the monument was a reality. Albright to Riggs, November 9, 1918, and Riggs to Mather, November 19, 1918; both in File 42, RG 101, ASA.

⁷² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 456; Riggs to Mather, November 19, 1918, in File 54, RG 101, ASA.

¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 417.

² Albright to Riggs, November 9, 1918, in File 42, RG 101, ASA.

³ Joan Antonson and William S. Hanable, Alaska's Heritage, Alaska Historical Commission Studies in History No. 133 (Anchorage, Alaska Historical Society, 1985), 428, 432; Clarence C. Hulley, Alaska, Past and Present, third edition (Portland, Binfords and Mort, 1970), 303.

⁴ Thomas C. Riggs to Stephen Mather, November 19, 1918, in File 54 (1917), RG 101, ASA; U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska for 1919 (p. 45) and 1920 (p. 33).

⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 420; USDI, Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska, 1918, 60-61.

⁶ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 421; Robert F. Griggs, "Our Greatest National Monument," National Geographic Magazine 40 (September 1921), 285-90; Griggs, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 79-80. Ivan Petroff, in 1880, had noted the existence of Brooks Falls, but the first known generally-available information describing the Brooks River salmon runs appeared in 1920 edition of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries' Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries. The 1921 National Geographic article was the first publication that was directed to a broad, popular audience.

⁷ Kirtley F. Mather, "Mineral Resources of the Kamishak Bay Region," pp. 159-182, and Walter R. Smith, "The Cold Bay-Katmai District," pp. 183-208; both in the A. H. Brooks and others, Mineral Resources of Alaska, Report on Progress of Investigations in 1932, USGS Bulletin 773 (Washington, GPO), 1925. See especially Mather, pp. 172, 174, 180, and Smith, p. 204.

⁸ Griggs, "Our Greatest National Monument," 289. Also see, Glimpses of Our National Monuments, (Washington, GPO, 1926), 31, and Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 364.

⁹ Arno Cammerer to Scott Bone, January 5, 1923, in File 42, RG 101, ASA.

¹⁰ USDI, Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska for 1922 (p. 13) and 1923 (p. 5).

¹¹ NPS, Glimpses of Our National Monuments, 31; USDI, Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska for 1924 through 1931.

¹² Frank Norris, "Showing Off Alaska: The Northern Tourist Trade, 1878-1941," Alaska History 2 (Fall 1987), 7; Norris, Gawking at the Midnight Sun: The Tourist in Early Alaska (Anchorage, Alaska Historical Commission Studies in History No. 170), June 1985, 89-92.

¹³ Thomas H. Colby, "Katmai's First Tourists," Alaska 38 (April, 1972), 26; NPS, Public Use of the National Parks; a Statistical Report, 1904-1940, 6; Anchorage Daily Times, August 28, 1925.

¹⁴ Kenneth W. Munden, The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States; Feature Films 1921-1930 (New York, R. R. Bowker, 1971), 12, 82, 834. Robertson made a second trip to Alaska between 1926 and 1930; it is not known if he made a second trip to Katmai.

¹⁵ Norris, Gawking at the Midnight Sun, 91; Alaska Travel Publications, Exploring Katmai National Monument and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (Anchorage, the author, 1974), 26; Alaska Weekly,Januaryy 9, 1931; E. G. Moore to Director NPS, December 18, 1931, in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

¹⁶ Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska (New York, Random House), 1954.

¹⁷ NPS, "Superintendent's Monthly Report," Mount McKinley National Park (hereafter known as SMR, MOMC), June 1921 through October 1928, at DENA.

¹⁸ NPS, Glimpses of Our National Monuments, 1926, 70; Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1989), 127-30, 138, 166-70; G. Frank Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time:" The National Park Service and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (Denver, NPS, September 1985), 18.

¹⁹ Arno Cammerer to Governor Scott Bone, January 5, 1923, and Stephen T. Mather to Rep. Frank Murphy, February 13, 1925; both in File 42, RG 101, ASA.

²⁰ O. A. Tomlinson to Director NPS, April 29, 1949, KATM; SMR, MOMC, passim.

²¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 421; Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska; A History of Its Establishment and Revision of Its Boundaries, 7-8.

²² Hubbard, after his 1929 trip, presciently predicted that "Alaskan aviators will soon be taking tourists by plane, into this remote but interesting region." Barrett Willoughby, Alaskans All (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1933), 20-21, 41.

²³ "Bernard R. Hubbard," Current Biography, 1943, 320-23. Major writings describing his Katmai trips include Mush You Malemutes (New York, American Press, 1932), 71-98, 101, 103, 115; Cradle of the Storms (New York, Dodd, Mead, 1935), 186, 224; "Volcanoes Packed in Ice: An Explorer's Adventures in Alaska," Saturday Evening Post 203 (August 23, 1930), 18-19; and "The Heart of Fire Mountain," Saturday Evening Post 209 (July 1932), 14-15.

²⁴ Peter Ward, A Bibliography of Katmai National Monument, Alaska (King Salmon, NPS, February 1971), 5. No published record of his 1930 trip chronology is readily available, but Griggs probably entered the valley by way of Naknek Lake.

²⁵ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 8-9; Griggs to Sawyer, November 22, 1930, in KNM Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB.

²⁶ NPS, Glimpses of Our National Monuments, 1926, 31.

²⁷ Stewart Edward White, "An Emergency is Declared to Exist," Saturday Evening Post 202 (April 12, 1930), 5; Stewart Edward White, "Parking the Brown Bear," Saturday Evening Post 205 (March 7, 1931), 38; Anna Rothe, ed., Current Biography, 1946 (N.Y., H. W. Wilson and Co., 1947), 637.

²⁸ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 9-10, 12.

²⁹ Ibid., 10-11.

³⁰ Ibid., 11.

³¹ Ibid., 13-14. The proposed monument was all public land except for two Orthodox Church Mission Sites. The 2.07-acre site at Kaguyak village and the 3.20-acre at Kukak village had both been patented in July 1914; neither site, however, had been occupied since June 1912. U.S. Patent 423849 (Entry J 01278), at BLM State Office, Anchorage.

³² Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 15-17.

³³ Ibid., 17-18.

³⁴ Ibid., 18-19.

³⁵ Proclamation No. 1950, April 24, 1931; 47 Stat. 2453.

³⁶ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 19. Ruth Griggs Higbie, in "In the Land of the Fumaroles and Williwaws," New York Times, March 18, 1973, noted that Katmai had the largest land area in the NPS system, if both land and water were included, Glacier Bay was the largest NPS unit.

³⁷ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 19; Washington Star, May 20, 1931.

³⁸ New York Times, May 31, 1931, III:2.

³⁹ Anchorage Daily Times, April 27, 1931, 1.

⁴⁰ Seward Daily Gateway, April 29, 1931, 4.

⁴¹ E. G. Moore to Director NPS, December 18, 1931, and H. C. Bryant to Director NPS, December 16, 1932; both in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 20.

⁴² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 423; John Monsen to Alaska Game Commission, September 10, 1936, in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁴³ E. G. Moore to Horace M. Albright (Director NPS), December 18, 1931; HMA to EGM, January 15, 1932; Frank Reedy to Horace M. Albright, May 19, 1933; HMA to FR, June 5, 1933; all in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁴⁴ Norris, Gawking at the Midnight Sun, 91; Robert Stevens, Alaskan Aviation History (Des Moines, Wash., Polynyas Press, 1990), 875, 907; Kay Kennedy, interview with author, June 7, 1991.

⁴⁵ C. M. Carson Wildlife Agent, Alaska Game Commission) to Frank T. Been (Supt. MOMC), June 15, 1940, in Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB. Soon afterward, Walatka established his own air service; by the late 1940s he was working for Northern Consolidated Airlines.

⁴⁶ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 369. Natives gathered their herds in corrals on the Northwest Arm of Naknek Lake; the remains of those corrals, and an adjacent reindeer herders' cabin, can still be spotted along the lake shore. Mike Tollefson to Supt. KATM, March 21, 1977, KATM.

⁴⁷ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 34; W. C. James to V. H. Cahalane, "Master Plan Development Outline, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, Forestry," January 4, 1954, at KATM; Frank T. Been, Field Notes of Katmai National Monument Inspection (McKinley Park, Alaska, NPS, November 12, 1940), 8.

⁴⁸ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 12; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 423.

⁴⁹ James W. McBurney (Surf Canneries) to Harold Ickes, February 4, 1936, in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁵⁰ Commissioner GLO to Director NPS, March 17, 1936; Director NPS to Commissioner GLO, March 28, 1936; both in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁵¹ Proclamation No. 2177, June 15, 1936; 49 Stat. 3523.

⁵² U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries (Washington, GPO), editions of 1920 through 1925; Ronald F. Lee to Director, Region Four, September 6, 1951, in "Katmai Rules and Regulations" folder, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁵³ For specifics on these programs, see Harlan D. Unrau and G. Frank Williss, Administrative History: Expansion of the National Park Service in the 1930s (Denver, NPS, September 1983), 75-106.

⁵⁴ John C. Paige, The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933-1942 (Washington?, NPS, 1985), 125, 207; SMR, MOMC, June 1937 through September 1939, and March 1940.

⁵⁵ Joan M. Antonson and William S. Hanable, Administrative History of Sitka National Historical Park (Anchorage, NPS, December 1987), 61; Unrau and Williss, Administrative History: Expansion of the NPS in the 1930s, 235-38; SMR, MOMC, August 1926, July 1931, and June 1936.

⁵⁶ SMR, MOMC, June 1936.

⁵⁷ Harry J. Liek to Director NPS, March 24, 1936, in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA NC; Ernest P. Walker, Report of the Executive Officer to the Alaska Game Commission, December 1, 1935 to October 31, 1936. Liek's report refers to "Weatherspoon." But local historian John Branson (personal conversation, January 30, 1996) notes that there was no one in the area by that name. Harry Featherstone, however, had a cabin at the time near the Savonoski River, and was probably the person in question.

⁵⁸ Frank Dufresne to Director NPS, April 1, 1936; Homer Jewell (Alaska Game Warden) to Harry J. Liek, May 8, 1936; both in RG 79, Entry 7, KNM Box 1, NARA DC. Harry J. Liek to Frank Dufresne, April 22, 1936, in "General Correspondence Concerning Katmai 1936 to 1946" file, KATM Annex.

⁵⁹ Arno B. Cammerer to Harry J. Liek, February 18, 1936; Harry J. Liek to Director NPS, March 24, 1936; Frank Dufresne to A. E. Demaray, May 6, 1936; all in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁶⁰ A. E. Demaray to Hillory Tolson, July 14, 1936; Jennings to A. E. Demaray, both in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; A. E. Demaray to Harry J. Liek, July 30, 1936, and Hillory Tolson to Harry Liek, October 16, 1936, both in Hanable Research Notes, AKSO-RCR.

⁶¹ SMR MOMC, for October and November 1936 and June 1937; Supt. MOMC to Director NPS, August 20, 1936, in Hanable Research Notes, AKSO-RCR Collection.

⁶² SMR, MOMC, June and July 1937; Frank T. Been (Supt. MOMC) to Victor H. Cahalane, March 24, 1941, in RG 79, Box 312, File 201, NARA SB; Harry J. Liek to Director NPS, March 1, 1938, in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC. Corbley was gone for 25 days from his home park, and spent $305.85 of the $600 allotted to the monument's budget.

⁶³ U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries in 1921 (Washington, GPO, 1922), 17l; George J. Eicher, "History of the Bristol Bay Investigation," unpublished mss., Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, April 25, 1937, 1-3.

⁶⁴ C. M. Carson to Supt. MOMC, March 4, 1948, at KATM.

⁶⁵ The first known protest took place in 1993--long before the enforcement effort began--when John J. Coffey, a Kodiak attorney, asked Anthony J. Dimond, the Alaska Delegate, to take "whatever action you deem advisable" that would legalize the continuation of trapping, hunting, and fishing in the monument. John J. Coffey to A. J. Dimond, June 10, 1933, in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁶⁶ John Monson to Alaska Game Commission, September 10, 1936; Stephen M. Scott to Anthony J. Dimond, December 2, 1937; both on KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC. Scott was locally known as "Portland Packer Scotty" because he worked for Portland Packers in Naknek. (Several NPS documents have erroneously called him "Important Packer Scotty.") John Branson, interview by author, January 30, 1996.

⁶⁷ Anthony J. Dimond to Arno B. Cammerer, April 16, 1937 and December 16, 1937; Director NPS to Anthony J. Dimond, April 21 and December 25, 1937; Gunnar Berggren, etc. to Anthony J. Dimond, October 1, 1937; Fred M. Johnson (Commissioner GLO) to Director NPS, January 18, 1938; all in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁶⁸ S. M. Scott to Anthony J. Dimond, December 2, 1937, in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁶⁹ Frank Dufresne to A. E. Demaray, January 24, 1938, in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; Arno B. Cammerer to Anthony J. Dimond, November 8, 1939, in File 610, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁷⁰ A. C. Kinsley to Commissioner GLO, January 19, 1939; Antolnette Funk (Assistant Commissioner GLO) to Director NPS, May 17, 1939; both in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁷¹ Arno B. Cammerer (NPS Director) to Anthony J. Dimond (House of Representatives), November 8, 1939, in Folder 610, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB. Fure had a cabin in the Bay of Islands area; Scott's cabin was just south of the Brooks River, between Brooks and Naknek lakes; and Monsen lived on the south shore of Iliuk Arm, near the mouth of the Savonoski River. Joaqlin Estus, Harvey M. Shields, and David Snow, Historic Structure Report, Fure's Cabin, Bay of Islands, Naknek Lake, Katmai National Park and Preserve (Anchorage, USDI, 1984), 10; Frank T. Been, Field Notes of Katmai National Monument Inspection (November 12, 1940), 12-13.

⁷² Arno B. Cammerer to Anthony J. Dimond, November 8, 1939, in File 610, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB. The GLO consistently spelled Paul Chukan's last name as "Chugan."

⁷³ C. M. Carson to J. W. Kehoe, June 15, 1940; telegram, C. M. Carson to Ernie Allen, April 17, 1940; both in File 208-06, KNM Box 311, Entry 7, TG 79, NARA SB.

⁷⁴ Arno B. Cammerer (NPS Director) to Commissioner GLO, November 8, 1939, in Folder 610, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; Appeal from the General Land Office, July 29, 1940, in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁷⁵ Arno B. Cammerer to Commission GLO, March 12, 1937; Fred R. Lucas to O. A. Tomlinson, January 17, 1938; A. E. Demaray to Commissioner GLO, April 11, 1939; George A. Parks to Harry J. Liek, April 22, 1939; Victor Cahalane to Files, March 29, 1940; all in KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁷⁶ Been, Field Notes of KNM Inspection, 4; Frank T. Been to George A. Parks, December 11, 1940 and January 30, 1941; A. E. Demaray to Supt. MOMC, February 24, 1941; all in RG 79, Entry 7, KNM Box 1, NARA DC. From 1925 through 1933, Parks had served as Alaska's Governor.

⁷⁷ SMR, MOMC, December 1939; Frank T. Been to Director NPS, April 15, 1940. Been had been the assistant naturalist at Sequoia National Park; Liek left to become superintendent at Wind Cave National Park, Alaska Weekly, June 23, 1939.

⁷⁸ SMR, MOMC, February-March 1940; Frank T. Been to U.S. Deputy Marshal Allen, April 14, 1940, KATM; Anchorage Weekly Times, April 26, 1940, 4.

⁷⁹ Frank T. Been to Director, NPS, April 14, 1940; Been to C. M. Carson, April 14, 1940, both at KATM; SMR, MOMC, April 1940.

⁸⁰ SMR, MOMC, May 1940; C. M. Carson to J. W. Kehoe, June 15, 1940, in File 208-06, Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁸¹ Cahalane had entered national park work in 1934 via the Civilian Conservation Corps. Two years later he became the Acting Chief of the NPS's Wildlife Division. In January 1940, the work was transferred to the Biological Survey (soon to become the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) and he became in charge with its Section on National Park Wildlife. In later years, he became the chief NPS biologist. Victor Cahalane to Ernest Gruening, n.d. (c. 1942), in File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA; William E. Brown, A History of the Denali-Mt. McKinley Region, Alaska, 199.

⁸² Been, Field Notes of KNM Inspection; "Discover 9995 Smokes Missing from Valley," Anchorage Daily Times, October 1, 1940; "Park Chief Visits Valley of Wonders," The Alaskan (weekly), October 11, 1940.

⁸³ Been to Director, NPS, April 15, 1940.

⁸⁴ Been, Field Notes of KNM Inspection, 12, 30-31, 47.

⁸⁵ Ibid., 39-40, 46; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 424.

⁸⁶ Been, Field Notes of KNM Inspection, 46-47.

⁸⁷ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 21-22.

⁸⁸ Ibid., 22.

⁸⁹ As Alaska Game Commission agent Jack Benson noted, Cahalane and Been were incorrect in thinking that Talki Island did not have a fox-farming lease. Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 24.

⁹⁰ Ibid., 22-25; SMR, MOMC, December 1940, 2.

⁹¹ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 25; SMR, MOMC, January 1941.

⁹² Fred W. Johnson to Director, Division of Investigations, April 7, 1941, in RG 79, Entry 7, KNM Box 1, NARA DC. Kinsley was the man who, in 1938, had investigated trapping conditions on the west side of the monument.

⁹³ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 25-26. Jack Benson, the AGC agent, had arrested Smith for taking fur within the monument in the fall of 1940. He was convicted on December 21, and given a $150 fine and a 60-day suspended jail sentence. Alaska Game Commission official Frank Dufresne charged that Smith "had used this island merely as a blind to shield illegal trapping on the Monument." Frank Dufresne to Frank T. Been, December 23, 1940, in KNM Box , Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; "Kamishak Bay-Katmai Region" map (with notations by Jack Benson), in KNM Box 2, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; SMR, MOMC, December 1940.

⁹⁴ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 27; Harold L. Ickes to Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 24, 1942, KATM.

⁹⁵ Proclamation No. 2564, August 4, 1942; 56 Stat. 1972.

⁹⁶ Because of Smith's violation, his fur farm lease was canceled on May 9, 1942. Butler, however, was allowed to keep his lease long after the monument's boundaries were expanded. The BLM did not close his lease until October 30, 1950. W. S. Binley to Director NPS, May 29, 1942, in RG 79, Entry 7, KNM Box 1, NARA DC; Chief, Land Planning Division, NPS, to Supt. MOMC, June 11, 1942, in Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; Historical Index for T18S, R26W, S.M., BLM State Office, Anchorage.

⁹⁷ SMR, MOMC, June 1940; Been, Field Notes of KNM Inspection, 31.

⁹⁸ Frank T. Been to RD/R4, May 4, 1940, in Hanable Research Notes, AKSO-RCR Collection; A. E. Demaray to Supt. MOMC, November 26, 1940; Frank T. Been to Director NPS, December 19, 1940; Herbert Maier to Supt. Been, February 19, 1941, KATM.

⁹⁹ Been RD/R4, March 13, 1941, KATM.

¹⁰⁰ Dixon to Director, Region Four, March 25, 1941, KATM; H. Maier to Director, NPS, March 26, 1941, KATM.

¹⁰¹ Superintendent to RD/R4, June 5, 1941, KATM.

¹⁰² SMR, MOMC, May 1941 and November 1941; Victor H. Cahalane to Thomas C. Vint, March 30, 1942, in Folder 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹⁰³ Frank T. Been to RD/R4, January 14, 1942; Victor H. Cahalane to Mr. [Thomas C.] Vint, March 30, 1942; both in File 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹⁰⁴ Been, Field Notes of KNM Inspection, 1940, 46; NPS, Glimpses of Our National Parks, 1926, 31.

¹⁰⁵ Frank T. Been to RD/R4, March 16, 1942, in Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; E. A. Davidson to Director, Region Four, April 26, 1942; H. Maier to Superintendent MOMC, April 30, 1942, both at KATM; Victor H. Cahalane to Thomas C. Vint, March 30, 1942, in Folder 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹⁰⁶ Bernard F. Manbey (ARD/R4) to Supt. MOMC, August 5, 1942; Frank T. Been to RD/R4, September 112, 1942, both at KATM; Hillory A. Tolson to RD/R4, June 29, 1944, in Folder 600-03, KNM Box 2, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

¹⁰⁷ The base was renamed King Salmon Air Station in the 1950s.

¹⁰⁸ Victor H. Cahalane, A Biological Survey of Katmai National Monument, 5; Ray Peterson, interview by the author, August 9, 1990; Been, Field Notes of KNM Inspection, 1-3, 19, 43; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 425.

¹⁰⁹ Raymond I. Peterson, interview by author, August 9, 1990; Michael Branham to author, March 12, 1992.

¹¹⁰ Alaska Travel Publications, Exploring Katmai National Monument, 778, 83; Raymond I. Peterson, interview by William Hanable and Janis Meldrum, November 23, 1988.

¹¹¹ Grant Pearson, telegram to RD/R4, September 26, 1946, in Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB. The U.S. Fisheries Commission, a Department of the Commerce agency whose workers had blasted out the north end of Brooks Falls in 1921, was replaced in 1940 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which was an arm of the Interior Department. As noted below and in Chapter 8, the F&WS had erected facilities at the head of Brooks River in 1940 and 1941.

¹¹² Kuehl, the regional office's landscape architect, accompanied the superintendent because he was the de facto Alaska expert in Region Four. In that capacity he returned to Katmai in August 1947, August 1948, September 1949, and June 1950. He served as a liaison between the park, the regional director and the Washington office. Kuehl to RD/R4, April 20, 1948, at KATM; O. A. Tomlinson to Director NPS, July 29, 1948, in KNM Box 2, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; SMR, MOMC, for September 1949 and June 1950.

¹¹³ Kuehl was so unimpressed with the monument's resources that he suggested, after a 1947 boundary reconnaissance, that Katmai's area be reduced by 25 percent by lopping off portions at the west end of the monument. Three years later, he noted that "it would be a gross exaggeration to call [the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes[ a tourist attraction." Note attached to Oscar Chapman's letter to the Naknek Civic Club, June 9, 1950, in File 201; January 10, 1952 note in File 207; both in Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹¹⁴ Grant H. Pearson with Philip Newill, My Life of High Adventure (New York, Ballantine Books, 1962), 200-02.

¹¹⁵ Charles L. Peterson (Acting Supt. MOMC) to Alfred Andree (Koggiung, Alaska), February 26, 1946, at KATM; Alfred C. Kuehl, "Report on Katmai National Monument, Alaska" [report on trip of August 19-30, 1945), 2, 4.

¹¹⁶ Benson may have been the same man who, as noted earlier in this chapter, had served as the Kodiak Fish and Game agent in 1941.

¹¹⁷ R. R. Lyons to Grant H. Pearson, October 16, 1945, in Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB; SMR, MOMC, September 1945; Alaska Weekly, November 2, 1945.

¹¹⁸ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 15; NPS, "Public Use of the National Parks" for 1904-1940 and 1941-53.

¹¹⁹ SMR, MOMC, September 1945; Newton Drury to Ernest Gruening, March 23, 1945; Alfred C. Kuehl (Landscape Architect) to Ernest Gruening, February 4, 1946, both in File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA. Old Kasaan, an abandoned Native village in southeastern Alaska that had once had a large number of totems, was proclaimed a national monument in October 1916. The park service, however, never funded operations there. A major fire, weathering, and vandalism too their toll. By the late 1940s agency representatives recognized that the site was no longer up to NPS standards, and the site was delisted in July 1955. Alan Hogenauer, "Gone, But Not Forgotten: America's Delisted National Park Service Sites" (unpub. mss., given at a meeting of The Travel and Tourism Research Association, Banff, Alberta, June 1983), 47-48.

¹²⁰ Newton B. Drury (NPS Director) to Ernest Gruening (Governor of Alaska), January 30, 1950; Arthur B. Demaray (Director NPS) to Assistant Secretary Dale E. Doty, June 29, 1951; both in File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA; Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 16-17.

¹²¹ Neither the NPS nor any other agency had any idea of how much wartime trapping took place in the monument. When Kuehl and Pearson made a brief visit in August 1945, they encountered no trapping trails and were told that the only poacher in the area, probably Stephen M. Scott, had left the area. Kuehl, "Report on Katmai National Monument, Alaska" [trip report], 2.

¹²² Jack O'Connor (F&WS, Juneau) to Frank T. Been, March 26, 1947; Alfred C. Kuehl to RD/R4, April 20, 1948, both at KATM.

¹²³ Alfred C. Kuehl, "Report on Katmai National Monument, Alaska," September 1945, 3; George A. Parks to Frank T. Been, September 22, 1947, KATM; Frank T. Been to RD/R4, May 20, 1948; George H. Parks to RD/R4, April 19, 1950; both in File 602, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹²⁴ Occasional calls for a boundary survey were made as late as the mid-1960s. No action, however, resulted from those plans. Even today, virtually none of the pre-1978 monument, and little of the present park and preserve, has been professionally surveyed. NPS, Master Plan Brief for Katmai National Monument, September 3, 1965, 16.

¹²⁵ C. M. Carson to Supt. MOMC, March 2, 1948; Carson to Supt., March 4, 1948; both at KATM; SMR, MOMC, March 1948.

¹²⁶ Frank T. Been to RD, May 19, 1948; Tolson to RD, April 23, 1948, both at KATM; G. B. Kelez (Supervisor of Fisheries, USF&WS, Seattle to Chief, Branch of Alaska Fisheries, USF&WS, Washington, D.C., February 17, 1950, in File 208, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹²⁷ USDI, "Katmai National Monument, Alaska, To Have Visitor Accommodations" (Press Release), April 30, 1950, in "Katmai Concession Contract" binder, AKSO-EC files.

¹²⁸ C. M. Carson, Enforcement Agent, USF&WS to Supt. MOMC, March 2, 1948; Carson to Frank T. Been, March 4, 1948; Alfred C. Kuehl to RD/R4, August 23, 1948, all at KATM; Raymond I. Petersen to Dave Morris [Supt. KATM], October 27, 1982.

¹²⁹ Frank T. Been to RD, Region 4, December 13, 1948, at KATM.

¹³⁰ C M. Carson to Supt. MOMC, March 14, 1948; Carson to Supt. MOMC, July 12, 1948; both at KATM.

¹³¹ Hillory Tolson to RD/R4, April 21, 1948; Tolson to RD/R4, April 23, 1948; both at KATM; Herbert Maier to Director NPS, May 4, 1948, and Hillory A. Tolson to RD/R4, May 17, 1948; both in KNM Box 2, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

¹³² Alfred C. Kuehl to RD/R4, August 23, 1948, at KATM.

¹³³ Frank T. Been to RD/R4, May 20, 1948; O. A. Tomlinson (RD/R4) to Dir. NPS, May 26, 1948; Tomlinson to Supt. MOMC, June 26, 1948; all at KATM.

¹³⁴ Been to RD, Region 4, June 28, 1948; SMR, MOMC, June 1948, 5.

¹³⁵ O. A. Tomlinson to Director NPS, July 14, 1948; Tomlinson to Supt. MOMC, August 18, 1948, both at KATM; SMR, MOMC, July 1948, 2; Tomlinson to Dir. NPS, July 28, 1948, in Box 312, RG 9, NARA SB; Hillory A. Tolson to RD/R4, July 22, 1948, and O. A. Tomlinson to Director NPS, July 29, 1948, both in Folder 801, KNM Box 2, RG 79, NARA DC; Herbert Maier to Director NPS, November 18, 1948, in Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹³⁶ E. L. Bartlett to Oscar L. Chapman (Sec. of Interior), February 1, 1950, at KATM.

¹³⁷ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 424; J. C. Roehm, "Summary Report of Mining Investigations in the Kvichak Precinct, Alaska, June 13 to July 6, 1941," Alaska Territorial Department of Mines Report 195-31, 1.

¹³⁸ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 27-28; E. L. Bartlett to Julius A. Krug (Sec. of Int.), May 21, 1947, in File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA; Hillory A. Tolson (Acting Dir. NPS) to E. L. Bartlett, December 31, 1948, at KATM.

¹³⁹ Session Laws of Alaska, 1946, 179-81; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 426.

¹⁴⁰ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 29; Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 22; Newton B. Drury (NPS Director) to Fred M. Packard, February 12, 1947, in Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; House Joint Memorial No. 1, in Session Laws of Alaska, 1947, 314-15; C. L. Wirth to Mr. Slaughter, February 25, 1947; Conrad L. Wirth to Files, November 19, 1946; in both RG 79, Entry 7, KNM Box 2, NARA DC; Antonson and Hanable, Alaska's Heritage, 286; Claus-M. Naske and Herman Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State (Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1979), 148-49.

¹⁴¹ Jessen's Weekly, October 29, 1948; SMR, MOMC, October 1948, 2.

¹⁴² Helen C. Tibbetts (Naknek Civic Club) to E. L. Bartlett, January 3, 1950; Bartlett to Oscar L. Chapman (Sec. of Interior), February 1, 1950; Gunnar Berggren, John Monsen, and Mike Shapsnikoff to E. L. Bartlett, June 4, 1950; Bartlett to Netwon B. Drury (NPS Director), June 14, 1950; all in Bartlett Collection, NPS/Box 1 (1946-52), UAF; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 427-28.

¹⁴³ Newton B. Drury (NPS Director) to Fred M. Packard, February 12, 1947, in Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; E. L. Bartlett to Helen C. Tibbetts (Naknek Civic Club), February 1, 1950, Oscar L. Chapman (Secretary of the Interior) to E. L. Bartlett, June 9, 1950; both in NPS/Box 1 (1946-52), Bartlett Collection.

¹⁴⁴ Conrad L. Wirth to Files, November 19, 1946, in KNM Box 2, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

¹⁴⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 426-27. Also see Chapter 11.

¹⁴⁶ Pearson replaced Frank Been as Mount McKinley's superintendent in February 1949.

¹⁴⁷ O. A. Tomlinson to Director NPS, April 29, 1949; Tomlinson to Director, May 6, 1949; both at KATM; Raymond E. Hoyt (Assistant Regional Director, R4) to Roy Lindsley (Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak), May 16, 1951, in File 208, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB. Prior to Pearson's action, aircraft landings in the monument had been prohibited during the wintertime to discourage trapping operations; they were also prohibited during the summer except for official or emergency purposes

¹⁴⁸ Herbert Maier (Acting RD/R4) to Director NPS, November 18, 1948; "Monthly Report of Field Obligations and Expenditures," June 30, 1949, both at KATM; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 426.

¹⁴⁹ C. M. Carson to Grant H. Pearson, September 17, 1949; Tomlinson to Director NPS, April 27, 1949; both at KATM.

¹⁵⁰ The location of these improvements was not specified. Having only the 1942 PCP forms as evidence, the structures would probably have been located in and around Geographic Harbor, while the trails would have been in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.

¹⁵¹ O. A. Tomlinson to Director NPS, April 27, 1949; Tomlinson to Director, April 29, 1949; both at KATM; Alaska Field Committee, A Six Year Integrated Program for the Department of the Interior in Alaska, 1950-1955 (unpub. mss., July 1949), 61-62, 79-80, in Alaska Administrative History Collection, Box 1, HFC.

¹⁵² Joseph T. Flakne (Chief, Alaska Branch, Division of Territories and Island Possessions, Department of the Interior) to Gov. Ernest Gruening, October 13, 1949, in File 40-10 (1933-50), RG 101, ASA.

¹⁵³ O. A. Tomlinson to Supt. MOMC, January 18, 1950, at KATM; Newton Drury (Director NPS) to Gov. Ernest Gruening, January 30, 1950, in File 40-10, RG 101, ASA.

¹⁵⁴ NPS, "Statement Relating Appropriations Estimate [for Alaska Program] to Current Appropriation" (c. April 1950), 3-6, in File 40-10, RG 101, ASA.

¹⁵⁵ Charles A. Richey (Land Planning Division, WASO) to Conrad Wirth (Assistant Director, NPS), December 19, 1949, in File 900, Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB; Raymond I. Peterson to William Warne (Assistant Secretary of the Interior), January 21, 1950, in "Katmai Concession Contract History" binder, AKSO-EC.

¹⁵⁶ Concessions Permit No. I-34np-299 (draft), in "Katmai Concessions Contract History" binder, AKSO-EC; Concession Permit NO I-34np-299, in File 900, Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹⁵⁷ Grant Pearson (Supt. MOMC) to Wyman R. Rice (Operations Manager, NCA), March 21, 1950, in "C38 - Concessions Contract & Permits, KATM 1949-1966" file, AKSO-EC; Pearson to RD/R4, April 27, 1950, at KATM.

¹ O. A. Tomlinson (RD/R4) to Director NPS, September 26, 1950, at KATM; SMR, MOMC, September 1950.

² Anchorage Daily Times, June 22, 1950; Willie (Nancarrow) to Marvin (?), July 6, 1950; Grant H. Pearson (Supt. MOMC) to RD/R4, April 27, 1950; Herbert Maier (Acting RD/R4) to Supt. MOMC, May 11, 1950; all in KATM files.

³ William J. Nancarrow (Ranger KNM) to Supt. MOMC, "Monthly Narrative Report for Katmai for July 1950", July 27, 1950), in File A2827 (Reports to Chief Ranger, January 1950) to November 1954), DENA; William J. Nancarrow, interview by William S. Hanable, August 1, 1988; Morton S. Wood to Supt. MOMC, December 3, 1951 and Photo C1, both in File 207, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB; Ginny Hill Wood, "Valley of Seven Smokes," Alaska Sportsman 19 (January, 1953), 7.

⁴ Nancarrow, July 27, 1950); Nancarrow interview, August 1,1988; O. A. Tomlinson (RD/R4) to Director NPS, September 26, 1950), in KATM files.

⁵ NPS, "Mission 66 Prospectus, Katmai National Monument," April 1956, 3, in KATM Box 2, HFC; Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, April 24, 1951, KATM.

⁶ Virginia Wood, telephone interview by Bill Tanner, May 10, 1983, in Melgenak Case File, in Bill Hanable, "Brooks Camp" draft chapter, 23, in AKSO-RCR Collection; Wood, "Valley of Seven Smokes," 7; Morton S. Wood to Supt. MOMC, December 3, 1951, in File 207, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁷ SMR, MOMC, June 1948, 5; Wood, "Valley of Seven Smokes," 7; Grant H. Pearson to RD/R4, May 28, 1952, KATM.

⁸ Lawrence C. Merriam to Supt. MOMC, February 27, 1952; Frank T. Hirst (Chief Ranger, MOMC) to George B. Chaffee, June 23, 1952 and July 29, 1952; Charles E. Krueger (Park Landscape Architect, WODC) to Chief WODC, July 21, 1955; all at KATM.

⁹ In Fiscal Year 1952, it requested $15,000 for a permanent ranger, a seasonal ranger-naturalist, office space, a boat and airplane charter, and in FY 1953, it requested funds sufficient to provide for a superintendent, park ranger, office space rental and airplane charter, O. A. Tomlinson to Director NPS, September 26, 1950, KATM; Wirth to Gruening, December 23, 1952, in File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA; Wirth to Gruening, January 10, 1953, in File 15-14-a (1953-58), RG 101, ASA.

¹⁰ Director NPS to Dale E. Doty (Assistant Secretary of the Interior), June 29, 1951, in File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA.

¹¹ Conrad L. Wirth to Gov. Ernest Gruening, June 11 and December 23, 1952, both in File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA.

¹² Ann Lage, George L. Collins, The Art and Politics of Park Planning and Preservation, 1920-1979: An Interview Conducted by Ann Lage in 1978 and 1979 (Berkeley, University of California Oral History Project, 1980), 177-78, 184.

¹³ Williss, 29; Russ Olsen, Administrative History: Organization Structures of the National Park Service, 1917 to 1985 (Washington?, NPS, September 1985), 61, 69; Newton B. Drury to Gov. Ernest Gruening, January 30, 1950, in File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA; Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, GPO, 1950), 338; Lage, George L. Collins, 181, 183.

¹⁴ Williss, 29-30; Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1954 (p. 357) and 1955 (p. 358).

¹⁵ Collins, a career NPS employee, had worked in the Director's office from 1937 through 1945 before heading west to the Region Four office. During the late 1950s, he was involved in new area studies; then, in 1962, he served as the Secretary-General of the First World Conference on National Parks, which was held in Seattle that year. Lage, George L. Collins, 163, 169; April 5, 1962 letter in File 882, Series 41, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁶ SMR, MOMC, June 1950; Nancarrow to Supt. MOMC, July 27, 1950.

¹⁷ G. L. Collins to RD/R4, August 19, 1951, in File 609-01, Box 312; RD/R4 to Director NPS, August 20, 1952, in File 600, Box 311; both in RG 79, NARA SB; Lage, George L. Collins, 180-81.

¹⁸ George L. Collins to RD/R4, two memoranda dated July 19, 1950, in File 201, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹⁹ Chief, Alaska Survey, to RD/R4, July 18, 1952, in Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

²⁰ Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, July 29, 1952, in File 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

²¹ RD/R4 to Director NPS, August 20, 1952, in File 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

²² E. L. Bartlett to Conrad L. Wirth, February 8, 1951, KATM; Ernest Gruening to Joseph T. Flakne (Chief, Alaska Division, Office of Territories), June 1, 1951; Conrad L. Wirth to E. L. Bartlett, February 16, 1951; Bartlett to Wirth, February 17, 1951; all in NPS/Box 1 (1946-52), Bartlett Collection.

²³ Lowell Sumner, "Recommendation for Boundary Revision, Katmai National Monument, Alaska," October 21, 1952; George L. Collins to RD/R4, July 19, 1950; both in File 602, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

²⁴ Sumner, 1952, 2.

²⁵ Sumner, 1952, 3.

²⁶ Sumner, 1952, map.

²⁷ Sumner, 1952, 23-24.

²⁸ Sumner, 1952, 21.

²⁹ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 30-31.

³⁰ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 33-35; George L. Collins to Robert F. Luntey, August 7, 1953, KATM.

³¹ B. Frank Heintzleman to Nils R. H. Gronn, December 17, 1953, in File 15-15 (1953-58), RG 101, ASA; Gunnar Berggren to E. L. Bartlett, January 3, 1954, in NPS/Box 1 (1953-58), Bartlett Collection; Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 35-36. The primary reason that petition gatherers hoped to move the monument boundary eight miles east was the "The beavers are taking over the spawning grounds of the salmon in the above mentioned area," and "we wish to trap these beavers in the coming spring." One of the most avid petition supporters was Gunnar Berggren; he was one of several local residents whose trapping cabins would be outside the monument if the boundary had been moved.

³² E. L. Bartlett to Douglas McKay, December 18, 1953, in NPS/Box 1 (1953-58), Bartlett Collection.

³³ Gunnar Berggren to Rep. Howard W. Pollock, January 29, 1969, in File NR/1-2, Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

³⁴ Douglas McKay to E. L. Bartlett, February 1, 1954, in NPS/Box 1 (1953-58), Bartlett Collection; B. Frank Heintzleman to William C. Strand (Director, Office of Territories), October 26, 1953; Chief of Cooperative Activities to Director NPS, February 17, 1954; both in File 15-15 (1953-58), RG 101, ASA; Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 36-37.

³⁵ Conrad L. Wirth to B. Frank Heintzleman, April 29, 1954, in File 15-14a (1953-58), RG 101, ASA; Robert Luntey, Katmai Project, Interim Report, Katmai National Monument, Alaska (Washington, NPS, March 1954).

³⁶ B. Frank Heintzleman to Conrad L. Wirth, March 5, 1954, in File 15-14-a (1953-58), RG 101, ASA.

³⁷ Orme Lewis to E. L. Bartlett, May 12, 1954, in NPS/Box 1 (1953-58), Bartlett Collection.

³⁸ USDI, "Katmai Scientific Study Continued Another Year" (press release), August 4, 1954.

³⁹ C. L. Wirth to B. F. Heintzleman, July 28, 1954, in File 15-14-a (1953-58), RG 101, ASA; E. L. Bartlett to Fred A. Seaton, (Secretary of the Interior), February 16, 1959, in NPS/Box 1 (1959-64), Bartlett Collection.

⁴⁰ E. L. Bartlett to Orme Lewis, January 3, 1955; Orme Lewis to E. L. Bartlett, January 26, 1955; both in RG 101, File 15-14-a (1953-58), RG 101, ASA; USDI, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1955, 358; Conrad Wirth (NPS Director) to RD/R4, May 9, 1957, in KATM History Division Files, WASO.

⁴¹ Robert F. Griggs hatched the idea for the article in September 1953, in a letter to Lowell Sumner; the story was based on a June 1954 Katmai visit of Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert M. Grosvenor. Griggs to Sumner, February 9 and September 2, 1953, in Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB; Elsie May Bell Grosvenor, "Alaska's Warmer Side," National Geographic Magazine 109 (June 1956), 737-775.

⁴² E. L. Bartlett to Fred A. Seaton, February 16, 1959, in NPS/Box 1 (1959-64), Bartlett Collection.

⁴³ Daily Alaska Empire (Juneau), February 17, 1959; Anchorage Daily Times, February 18, 1959, 8.

⁴⁴ Leslie Yaw to E. L. Bartlett, March 21, 1959; John H. Lee to Bartlett, March 27, 1959; both in NPS/Box 1, Bartlett Collection; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 330, 338, 370-71.

⁴⁵ E. L. Bartlett to Charles F. Herbert, February 24, 1958, in Bartlett Collection.

⁴⁶ Roy Selfridge to Ralph J. Rivers, September 27, 1961, in Folder 64, Box 7, Executive Departments and Independent Agencies, Ralph J. Rivers Collection, UAF.

⁴⁷ NPS, "Topography of Brooks Camp, NCA" (map), July 30, 1963, KATM file, AKSO-EPD; Lawrence C. Merriam (RD/R4) to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, AKSO-EC.

⁴⁸ RD/R4 to Director NPS, December 6, 1954, in "D18 Master Plan, Katmai, 1953-1959" folder, KATM Box 1, HFC; Lawrence C. Merriam (RD/R4) to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, AKSO-EC.

⁴⁹ Thomas C. Vint (Chief, Division of Design and Construction) to Chief, Western Division, Division of Design and Construction, October 11, 1955, in "Serendipity File," KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁵⁰ Charles E. Krueger (Park Landscape Architect, Region Four) to Chief, Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, July 21, 1955, at KATM.

⁵¹ Herman Porter (Director, Alaska Department of Aviation) to Supt. MOMC, December 9, 1955; A. F. Ghiglione (Commissioner of Roads, Alaska Road Commission) to Supt. MOMC, December 7, 1955; both in "D18 Master Plan, KATM, 1953-1959" folder, KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁵² Merriam to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960; NPS, Contract No. 14-10-434-80, February 20, 1956, in "Katmai Concession Contract History" binder, AKSO-EC. A second three-year contract, Contract No. 14-10-434-212, was signed on March 31, 1958 for the 1958 through 1960 seasons.

⁵³ NCA patented the airstrip on November 2, 1960. Raymond I. Peterson to Thomas H. Floyd (Land Law Examiner), August 10, 1956, in Case File A-030370, FRC/Washington, DC; BLM, "Application for Patent: Proof of Use," August 6, 1958, in same case file; summary sheet, same case file, BLM Alaska State Office, Anchorage; Petersen interview, November 23, 1988, II/7; Charles E. Krueger (Park Landscape Architect, Region Four) to Chief, Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, July 21, 1955, at KATM; Ernest Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," National Geographic Magazine 123 (June 1963), 804.

⁵⁴ Annual Report of the Secretary of Interior for 1955, 331, 334-36; Annual Report for 1956, 307; Carleton Knight III, "The Park Service as Client: II," Architecture 73 (December 1984), 48.

⁵⁵ Williss, 31; USDI Information Service press release, April 24, 1961, in File 311.2, Series 41, RG 01, ASA; Lage, George L. Collins, 169-70.

⁵⁶ USDI Information Service press release, April 21, 1956, in NPS/Box 1, Bartlett Collection.

⁵⁷ USDI Information Service press release, April 21, 1956, in NPS/Box 1, Bartlett Collection; NPS, "Mission 66 Prospectus," April 1956, in KATM, Box 2, HFC; Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, August 27, 1957, KATM.

⁵⁸ The report in its draft form, was written by the Mount McKinley staff in January 1957. Supt. MOMC to Director NPS, Monthly Narrative Report, February 6, 1957, in DENA Archives.

⁵⁹ NPS, Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument (Washington?, the author, May 1957), 4, in NPS/Box 1 (1959-64), Bartlett Collection; Conrad Wirth to RD/R4, May 9, 1957, in KATM History Division Files, Box 1, WASO.

⁶⁰ Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument, 5.

⁶¹ Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument, 6-8.

⁶² Conrad Wirth to RD/R4, May 9, 1957, in Katmai History Division Files, Box 1, WASO.

⁶³ Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, August 27, 1957, KATM; NPS, "Master Plan Development Outline, General Development," November 1957, 1, in KATM, Box 1, HFC.

⁶⁴ Bob Peterson, interview by William S. Hanable, June 24, 1988.

⁶⁵ NPS, "Master Plan for Katmai National Monument, Mission 66 Edition, Volume I, Master Plan Narrative," 1960-61, in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960" file, KATM Box 1, HFC; NPS, "Master Plan Volumes I and III," in KATM Box 2, HFC.

⁶⁶ USDI Information Service press release, April 21, 1956, in NPS/Box 1, Bartlett Collection.

⁶⁷ NPS, Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument, 6-7; NPS, "Master Plan Development Outline, General Development," November 1957, 3.

⁶⁸ Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, February 22, 1958, in "D18 Master Plan, 1953-1959" file; Neil J. Reid to Supt. MOMC, June 3, 1958; both in KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁶⁹ Herbert Maier (Acting RD/R4) to Director NPS, April 16, 1958, in "D18 Master Plan, KATM, 1953-1959," in KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁷⁰ Lawrence C. Merriam to Director NPS, January 13, 1960, in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960" file, KATM Box 1, HFC; NPS, "Control Schedule, Mission 66 Development Program, Roads, and Trails," December 1958, in Bartlett Collection.

⁷¹ The outline specifically suggested that the road "should be developed ... primarily for administrative use." "Master Plan Development Outline, General Development," November 1957, 3, in KATM Box 2, HFC; NPS, Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument, 4, 7.

⁷² Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, June 24, 1957, in "D18 Master Plan, KATM, 1953-1959" folder, KATM Box 1, HFC; NPS, "Master Plan Development Outline, General Development," November 1957, 3.

⁷³ Neil J. Reid (Park Naturalist, MOMC) to Supt. MOMC, June 3, 1958, in KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁷⁴ George L. Collins to RD/R4, July 19, 1950, in File 201, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁷⁵ George L. Collins to RD/R4, two memoranda dated July 19, 1950, in File 201, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁷⁶ Chief, Alaska Survey, to RD/R4, July 18, 1952, in Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁷⁷ RD/R4 to Director, NPS, August 20, 1952, in File 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁷⁸ Lawrence C. Merriam to Wirth, December 14, 1960; NPS, "Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument," n.d. (c. March 1959), 4 6-8, in NPS/Box 2, Bartlett Collection.

⁷⁹ "Ted" (Roeder, KATM Ranger) to "Jake" (Duane Jacobs), July 17, 1958; Supt. MOMC to T.S. Roeder, July 25, 1958; both in "D18 Master Plan, KATM, 1953-1959," KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁸⁰ Robert L. Carper, List of Classified Structures Inventory, Katmai National Monument (Denver, NPS, April 1976), 1; "Description of the Proposal" (for Brooks Camp Utility System), in Box 13, NARA ANC; NCA, Brooks Camp Log Book, September 15, 1956.

⁸¹ Raymond I. Petersen to George L. Collins (Chief, Alaska Recreation Studies, Region Four, NPS), September 26, 1950, in Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB; Lawrence C. Merriam (RD/R4) to Supt. MOMC, February 27, 1952, at KATM; Raymond I. Petersen, interview by William Hanable, November 23, 1988.

⁸² Petersen interview, November 23, 1988; Ray Petersen, interview by author, April 17, 1991.

⁸³ Jackson E. Price (Assistant Director, NPS) to RD/R4, March 8, 1961, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, AKSO-EC.

⁸⁴ Ray Petersen interview, by Hanable and Meldrum, November 23, 1988; Evangeline Atwood and Robert N. DeArmond, comp. Who's Who in Alaskan Politics (Portland, Binford & Mort, 1977), 97; Katmailand, "Greetings from Katmailand" (Christmas brochure), 1985, 3.

⁸⁵ Petersen was pleasantly surprised by Senator Gruening's reaction to his plight; he had never been an active Gruening supporter. But the Senator had had long experience in territorial affairs including the directorship of Territorial and Island Possessions as well as a fourteen-year stint as the Governor of Alaska, and as a result, he "smelled injustice" when he saw it. Petersen interview, April 17, 1991.

⁸⁶ Robert L. Petersen to Supt. MOMC, April 3, 1961, in "D18 Master Plan Correspondence 1960," KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁸⁷ Charles E. Krueger (Supervisory Landscape Architect) to Regional Director, Region Four, September 12, 1961, in KATM Box 1, HFC; Raymond I. Petersen to Rep. Ralph Rivers, December 23, 1965; Edward A. Hummel to E. L. Bartlett, November 22, 1968; both in NPS/Box 2, Bartlett Collection; Petersen interview, November 23, 1988; Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 812, 827-828, 831; NPS, "Project Construction Program Proposal," February 1, 1962, in KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁸⁸ Lawrence C. Merriam (RD/WRO) to Supt. MOMC, December 3, 1962; Oscar T. Dick to RD, WRO, March 19, 1963; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, AKSO-EC; Raymond I. Petersen, Testimony in Palakia Melgenak Transcript, II/136; Conrad Wirth (NPS Director) to Regional Director, Western Region, December 10, 1962, in "D18 Master Plan Correspondence 12960," in KATM Box 2, HFC.

⁸⁹ NPS, Project Construction Program, n.d. (late 1962?), KATM; USDI, "U.S. Department of the Interior Budget Justifications" books, passim.

⁹⁰ Darrell L. Coe (Management Assistant, KATM), "National System of Trails, Memo L58," August 23, 1965, at KATM.

⁹¹ Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," 828.

⁹² PCP for Windy Creek Trail Camp, 1962, in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960," KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁹³ The cabins now serve as employed residences. The boathouse as a winter storage area for agency water craft for the next year or two; by 1964, however, it was being used as a VIP residence. Bob Peterson, interview by Bill Tanner, May 19, 1984, in Palakia Melgenak Transcripts, I/128; Bob Peterson interview by William Hanable, June 24, 1988, 2; W. Laubmann, "Katmai National Monument, Topography of Brooks Camp, NCA" (map), July 30, 1963, AKSO-EPD; Supt. MOMC, "Annual Report for Information and Interpretive Services, KATM," 1962; Petersen (Jr. and Sr.) interview, April 17, 1991; PCP for Brooks River-Windy Creek Trail Buildings, 1962, in KATM Box 1, HFC; Gil Blinn, interview by author, May 24, 1993.

⁹⁴ Been to RD/R4, January 14, 1942, in KNM Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁹⁵ Joseph S. Dixon to RD/R4, February 2, 1942, in File 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁹⁶ House Resolution No. 14, in Session Laws of Alaska, 1959, 412-13.

⁹⁷ House Concurrent Resolution No. 13, in Session Laws of Alaska, 1961, 232; Robert L. Peterson (Ranger-in-Charge, KATM) to Supt. MOMC, April 3, 1961, in KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁹⁸ Ernest Gruening to William A. Egan, February 26, 1962; Ernest Gruening to Conrad L. Wirth, February 26, 1962; both in File 883.1, Series 41, RG 01, ASA; Conrad Wirth to Ernest Gruening, March 19, 1962, in "Geological Survey in Katmai National Monument Area" folder, Box 73, General Subject File, Gruening Senatorial Papers, UAF.

⁹⁹ House Resolution No. 6, in Session Laws of Alaska, 1963, 150.

¹⁰⁰ E. L. Bartlett to Conrad L. Wirth, November 6, 1963; Bartlett to Jay Hammond, November 6, 1963; A. Clark Stratton (Assistant Director NPS) to Bartlett, November 27, 1963; all in NPS/Box 1 (1959-64), Bartlett Collection.

¹⁰¹ No master plan was completed that year, only a patchwork revision of portions of the 1960 master plan. A year later, a Master Plan Brief was prepared. E. L. Bartlett to A. Clark Stratton, December 4, 1963; Stratton to Bartlett, December 11, 1963; both in NPS/Box 1 (1959-64), Bartlett Collection

¹⁰² Jay Hammond to Bob Bartlett, January 17, 1964; Hammond to Bartlett, April 6, 1964; Bartlett to Hammond, April 13, 1964; all in E. L. Bartlett Collection, NPS/Box 1 (1959-64), UAF. Pearson, after a thirty-year career, had retired from the NPS in November 1956. Department of the Interior Information Service, "Grant Pearson to Retire," October 19, 1956, in NPS/Box 1 (1953-58), Bartlett Collection.

¹⁰³ Sumner, "Special Report on the Katmai Master Planning Field Study, September 5-13, 1963," KATM.

¹⁰⁴ NPS, Master Plan Brief, 1965, 14, 21.

¹⁰⁵ Senate Joint Resolution No. 41, Session Laws of Alaska, 1965, 126.

¹⁰⁶A. F. Ghiglione (Bureau of Public Roads) to Ralph Soberg, March 17, 1967; C. S. Matlock (Alaska Department of Highways) to Ralph Soberg, August 4, 1967; George Sundborg to George B. Hartzog, February 28, 1967; all in NPS/Box 1 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection; John Walatka (Camp Manager and Director, NCA) to George Hall, November 27, 1967, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-72" file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁰⁷ Howard W. Baker (Assistant Director, NPS) to Ernest Gruening, March 29, 1967, in NPS/Box 1 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection.

¹⁰⁸ Warren Gonnason to George B. Hartzog, November 30, 1967, in NPS/Box 1 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection.

¹⁰⁹ George B. Hartzog to Warren Gonnason, January 15, 1968, in NPS/Box 1 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection.

¹¹⁰ Keith H. Miller to E. L. Bartlett, March 25, 1968; Senate Joint Resolution 37, 1968; both in NPS/Box 1 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection.

¹¹¹ Bristol Bay Borough Assembly Resolution No. 56; City of Anchorage Resolution No. 46-R-68; Kenai Peninsula Resolution on July 2, 1968; Kodiak Island Borough Resolution No. 68-25-R; City of Homer Resolution No. 68-15; all in NPS/Box 1 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection.

¹¹² Edward A. Hummel (Assistant Director, NPS) to Keith H. Miller (Secretary of State of Alaska), April 15, 1968, in File 883.1, Series 41, RG 01, ASA; Johannes E. N. Jensen (Associate Director) to E. L. Bartlett, August 28, 1968, in NPS, Box 1, Bartlett Collection.

¹¹³ Frank T. Been to Regional Director, Region Four, January 14, 1942, in File 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹¹⁴ George L. Collins to RD/R4, two memoranda dated July 19, 1950, in File 201, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹¹⁵ King Salmon was not Collins's first choice, but he was pleased to find that when he expressed interest in a site there to other agency heads, "it appeared that a location could be obtained there if desired." Chief, Alaska Survey, to RD/R4, July 18, 1952, in Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹¹⁶ Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, July 29, 1952; Lawrence C. Merriam (RD/R4) to Director NPS, August 20, 1952; both in File 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB; Duane Jacobs (Supt. MOMC) to RD/R4, June 3, 1959, in "Katmai Master Plan-1969" folder, KATM Box 1, HFC; Grant H. Pearson (Supt. MOMC) to RD/R4, August 13, 1956, in "D18 Master Plan, 1953-1959" folder, KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹¹⁷ USDI Information Service press release, April 21, 1956, in NPS/Box 1, Bartlett Collection.

¹¹⁸Lawrence C. Merriam (RD/R4) to Supt. MOMC, May 25, 1959, in "Katmai Master Plan-1969" folder, KATM Box 1, HFC; Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument (1957), 4.

¹¹⁹ "Master Plan Development Outline," November 1957, 2.

¹²⁰ Supt. MOMC to Director NPS, Monthly Narrative Report, March 5, 1957, in DENA Archives; Supt. MOMC to Chief, Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, April 22, 1957, in "D18 Master Plan, KATM, 1953-1959" folder, KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹²¹ NPS, "Superintendent's Annual Report," Mount McKinley National Park (hereafter known as SAR, MOMC), for 1957; "Master Plan Development Outline, Developed Areas, King Salmon Headquarters," November 1957, in KATM Box 1, HFC; Drawing NM-KAT 2100, June 19, 1957; Drawing NM-KAT 2104-A, August 1957.

¹²² Supt. MOMC to T.S. Roeder, July 25, 1958; RD/R4 to Supt. MOMC, March 25, 1958, in "D18 Master Plan, KATM, 1953-1959" folder; both in KATM Box 1, HFC; USDI, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1958, 308; Supt. MOMC to Director NPS, Monthly Narrative Report, July 6, 1959, in DENA Archives; KATM, "Management Prospectus," 1963 (Report TIC-127/D21), 2.

¹²³ Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, February 22, 1958, in "D18 Master Plan, 1953-1959" folder, KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹²⁴ Merel S. Sager to Chief, Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, May 14, 1959, in "D18 Master Plan KATM 1953-1959," KATM Box 1, HFC; Lawrence C. Merriam (RD/R4) to Supt. MOMC, May 25, 1959, in Katmai Master Plan-1969" folder, KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹²⁵ Thomas C. Vint (Chief of Design and Construction) to Chief, Western Office of Design and Construction), July 2, 1959, in "D18, Master Plan, KATM 1953-1959," KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹²⁶ Supt. MOMC to Regional Director, Region Four, March 22, 1961; Regional Director to Supt. MOMC, March 31, 1961; both in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960," KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹²⁷ Richard C. Young (Federal Aviation Agency) to Regional Director, Region Four, March 22, 1962, in D18 Master Plan Correspondence 1960," KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹²⁸ Lawrence C. Merriam to Richard C. Young, March 27, 1962; Merriam to Supt. MOMC, March 30, 1962; both in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960," KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹²⁹ Samuel A. King (Supt. MOMC) to Regional Director, Region Four, April 2, 1962; Charles Krueger to Regional Director, Region Four, April 13, 1962; Regional Chief of Operations and Maintenance to Assistant Regional Director, October 26, 1962; all in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960," KATM Box 1, HFC; Federal Register, November 7, 1962, p. 10833; Bob Peterson, interview by William Hanable, June 24, 1988.

¹³⁰ Sen. Ernest Gruening, Press Release of March 17, 1964, in NPS/Box 1 (1959-64), Bartlett Collection.

¹³¹ NPS, Master Plan Brief for Katmai National Monument, 1965, 18; Supt. MOMC to RD/WRO, Annual Narrative Report, May 26, 1965, at MOMC, in Hanable Research Notes, AKSO-RCR Collection.

¹³² Oscar T. Dick to RD/WRO, April 23, 1963, in "D18 Master Plan Correspondence 1960," in KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹³³Oscar Dick to Files, August 16, 1963, in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960," KATM Box 1, HFC; Larry Rice, Gathering Paradise; Alaska Wilderness Journeys (Golden, Colo., Fulcrum, 1990), 1.

¹³⁴ Supt. MOMC to Dave Bogart, KATM, August 26, 1963.

¹³⁵ Lowell Sumner, "Special Report, Katmai, Master Plan Field Study, September 5-13, 1963" (Washington, NPS), October 1963; E. A. Hummel to Director NPS, October 24, 1963; Joe E. N. Jensen (Assistant Director, Design and Construction) to RD/WRO, November 12, 1964; both in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960," KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹³⁶ Stanley A. Cain, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, "Trip Report ... Accompanying the Advisory Board on National Parks, Buildings, Historic Sites and Monuments on its Annual Field Trip -- July 30 to August 10, 1965, in Alaska," pp. 9-11, in NPS/Box 2 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection.

¹³⁷ NPS, Master Plan Brief, September 3, 1965, p. 18, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹³⁸ NPS, Master Plan Brief, September 3, 1965, pp. 10-11.

¹³⁹ NPS, Master Plan Brief for Katmai National Monument, May 1967, TIC; "Master Plans for Katmai National Monument," January 1967, in NPS History Collection, Serendipity File, HFC.

¹⁴⁰ John Walatka (President, ACV, Inc.) to Lawrence Merriam, December 6, 1960; Lawrence C. Merriam to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-66" file, AKSO-EC; Lawrence C. Merriam to Director NPS, January 13, 1960, in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960" file, KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹⁴¹NPS, Master Plan Brief, 1965, 14.

¹⁴² E. B. Martin (Acting ARD, Operations, WRO) to Supt. KATM and MOMC, July 28, 1967, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-72" file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁴³ George A. Hall (Supt. MOMC) to RD, WRO, November 16, 1967; John Walatka (Camp Manager and Director, NCA) to George Hall, November 27, 1967; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-72" file, AKSO-EC; Lee Svoboda (OAS pilot), interview by author, February 27, 1992.

¹⁴⁴ Wyman Rice (Vice President, Operations) to E. L. Bartlett, March 24, 1967; John Walatka to Sen. Ernest Gruening, March 24, 1967; Sen. Ernest Gruening to George B. Hartzog (Director NPS), April 3, 1967; all in NPS/Box 1 (1966-68), Bartlett Collection.

¹⁴⁵ Harthon Bill (Deputy Director, NPS) to Sen. Ernest Gruening, May 2, 1967, in NPS/Box 1 (1966-68), Bartlett Collection; George A. Hall (Supt. MOMC) to RD/WRO, December 18, 1967, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-72" file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁴⁶ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, June 13, 1974, 3, 65.

¹⁴⁷ Master Plan Brief, 1965, 6, 14, 21; Ralph J. Rivers to George Hartzog, August 27, 1965, in NPS/Box 1 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection.

¹⁴⁸ NPS, "Katmai D18 Master Plan Team Field Study Notes, September 1-9, 1965," in KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹⁴⁹ NPS, Master Plan Brief, 1967, 15.

¹⁵⁰ NPS, Master Plan Brief, 1965, 6.

¹⁵¹ NPS, Master Plan Brief, 1965, 18.

¹⁵² O. T. Dick, Project Construction Proposal for Mortuary Cove jeep trail, May 16, 1966, KATM Box 1, HFC; Management Assistant to Supt. MOMC, Monthly Narrative Report, October 1, 1966, in DENA Archives; Acting Director, PNRO to Director, DSC, May 24, 1972, in NARA ANC, Box 13; Blinn interview.

¹⁵³ NPS, "Mission 66 for Katmai National Monument," n.d. (May 1957), in NPS/Box 2, Bartlett Collection; Supt. MOMC, "1956 Annual Report," in File A2621 (Annual Reports, 1953-1972), DENA.

¹⁵⁴ John Walatka (President, ACV, Inc.) to Lawrence Merriam, December 6, 1960, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁵⁵ W. Laubmann, "KNM, Topography of Brooks Camp, NCA" (map), July 30, 1963, AKSO-EPD files; Project Construction Proposal for "220-foot steel frame suspension bridge," May 16, 1966," in "Katmai Master Plan Engineering Data" file, KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹⁵⁶ USDI, "USDI Budget Justifications," 1950-59, WASO-AB Collection; Monthly Narrative Report, MOMC, for May 1959 and September 1960, both in DENA Archives. See Appendix A.

¹⁵⁷NPS, Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Katmai National Monument, Chapter 4, Section B, September 30, 1960.

¹⁵⁸ Darrell L. Coe, interview by William S. Hanable, August 5, 1988.

¹⁵⁹ USDI, "USDI Budget Justifications," FY 1964 through 1970; Chief, Information and Education, PNRO to Asst. Dir., Cooperative Programs, PNRO, August 11, 1970, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁶⁰ O. A. Tomlinson (RD/R4) to Director NPS, September 26, 1950, 2, KATM.

¹⁶¹ William Nancarrow, interview by William Hanable, August 1, 1988; Frank T. Hirst (Chief Park Ranger, MOMC) to George B. Chaffee (KNM Ranger), June 23, 1952, in KATM files.

¹⁶² SAR, MOMC, 1957; Grant H. Pearson to RD/R4, May 7, 1952, in File 201, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹⁶³ Becharof National Wildlife Refuge (King Salmon, Alaska), Annual Narrative Report, 1979, 9, in F&WS-Alaska office files.

¹⁶⁴ Bob Peterson, interview by William S. Hanable, June 24, 1988; Stanley A. Cain, "Trip Report ... Accompanying the Advisory Board," 9-11, Bartlett Collection.

¹⁶⁵ KATM Management Assistant, Monthly Narrative Report for October and November 1966, DENA archives.

¹⁶⁶ Ranger-in-Charge, KNM, to Supt. MOMC, November 7, 1966, copy of memo in personal files of Darrell Coe, Harding Lake, Alaska. Management Assistant, KNM, Monthly Report for October 1966 and November 1966, both in File A2615, DENA archives; Christian Science Monitor, August 2, 1969, 3.

¹⁶⁷ Darrell Coe, interview by William S. Hanable, August 5, 1988, in AKSO-RCR Collection.

¹⁶⁸ Coe interview, August 5, 1988; George A. Hall to Bill Hanable, personal communication, November 14, 1989.

¹⁶⁹ Christian Science Monitor, August 2, 1969, 1; Christian Science Monitor, November 18, 1969, 22; Anchorage Daily News, June 4, 1971, 2; George A. Hall to William S. Hanable, November 14, 1989.

¹⁷⁰ Chief, Information and Education, PNRO to Asst. Dir., Cooperative Programs, PNRO, August 11, 1970, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁷¹ Bailey Breedlove (Park Planner) to RD/WRO, Monthly Narrative Report, April 27, 1967, Hanable Research Notes, AKSO-RCR Collection; Christian Science Monitor, August 2, 1969, 1.

¹⁷² Gilbert Blinn, interview by William Hanable, August 26, 1988, 9.

¹⁷³ Cecil E. Rhode, "When Giant Bears Go Fishing," National Geographic 106 (August 1954), 198; Bill Sherwonit, "Battle of the Bears," Anchorage Daily News, September 6, 1992, K6-7; Bill Sherwonit, "McNeil River; Where the Bears Come First," Alaska Geographic 16 (1989), 65; Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Katmai National Park, Alaska, 1974, 32; Alaska Northwest Books, The Alaska Wilderness Milepost (Bothell, Wash., the author, 1990), 222.

¹⁷⁴ BLM, Case File Number A-054574 through A-054580 and A-054629, Alaska State Office, Anchorage; State of Alaska, Session Laws, 1967, Chapter No. 108; Una G. Swain, National Natural Landmarks in Alaska (Anchorage, Nature Conservancy, December 1990), 64-75.

¹⁷⁵ Anchorage Daily News, September 15, 1991, A9; Anchorage Daily News, September 6, 1992, K13.

¹⁷⁶ Raymond I. Petersen to George L. Collins, September 26, 1950, in "Katmai-Concessions" folder, Box 313; George L. Collins to RD/R4, July 19, 1950, in File 201, Box 311; both in RG 79, NARA SB.

¹⁷⁷ Chief of Cooperative Activities to Director NPS, February 17, 1954, in File 15-15 (1953-58), RG 101, ASA.

¹⁷⁸ Ernest Gruening to Phil Holdsworth (Alaska Department of Natural Resources), March 21, 1961; Holdsworth to Egan, March 27, 1961; Clarence L. Anderson (Commissioner of Fish and Game) to Egan, April 17, 1961; Egan to Gruening, April 18, 1961; all in File 883.1, Series 41, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁷⁹ Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, March 22, 1961, in "D18 Master Plan and Correspondence 1960," KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹⁸⁰ Stanley Cain, "Trip Report ... Accompanying the Advisory Board," 9-11, Bartlett Collection; NPS, Master Plan Brief, 1965, 6, 8, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁸¹ George B. Hartzog to Walter J. Hickel, December 7, 1967, in File 882, Series 41, RG 01, ASA.

¹ Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State (Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1979), 154-55.

² Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 61-67.

³ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 34-41; NPS (Alaska Task Force), Operation Great Land, 1965, 6-8, in Box 1, Alaska Administrative History Collection, HFC; William T. Ingersoll, "Lands of Change: Four Parks in Alaska," Journal of the West 7 (April 1968), 173.

⁴ NPS, Master Plan Brief, 1965, 6, 8, 10.

⁵ NPS (Alaska Task Force), Operation Great Land, 34; BLM, Case File Numbers A-054574 through A-054580 and A-054629, Alaska State Office, Anchorage.

⁶ Congressional Record 113 (1967), 8193; NPS, Master Plan Brief, 1967, 6.

⁷ Exceptions to the classification order were given for purposes of mineral appropriation, mineral leasing, and Native land selections in designated areas. Raymond L. Freeman (Chief, Division of New Area Studies and Master Planning) to Chief, Office of Resource Planning, SSC, August 10, 1966, in KATM Box 1, HFC; Federal Register, March 8, 1967.

⁸ Federal Register, October 28, 1967 and November 22, 1967; File AA 818, BLM State Office, Anchorage. A statewide land freeze, which formalized this and other BLM regulations, was imposed by Secretary Udall during the waning days of the Johnson administration. The incoming Interior Secretary, Walter Hickel, opposed the freeze, but agreed to it in order to gain Congressional approval for his nomination. Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 67.

⁹ Raymond L. Freeman (Chief, Division of New Area Studies and Master Planning) to Chief, Office of Resource Planning, San Francisco Service Center, August 10, 1966, in KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹⁰ George B. Hartzog to Walter J. Hickel, December 7, 1967, in File 882 (1967), Series 41, RG 01, ASA; George B. Hartzog to E. L. Bartlett, December 7, 1967, in NPS/Box 1 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection.

¹¹ James H. Husted, History of the Johnson Proclamations, 1968-69, September 21, 1970, in ANILCA Box 1, HFC.

¹² Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 57-59; New York Times, January 21, 1969, 1.

¹³ Anchorage Daily Times, January 24, 1969, 2.

¹⁴ Howard W. Pollock to Gov. Keith Miller, January 23, 1969; Miller to Pollock, February 3, 1969; both in File NR/1-3 (1969), Series 88, RG 01, ASA; Anchorage Daily Times, January 25, 1969, 2.

¹⁵ Alaska Environmental Fund, "Alaska, 1970, An Environmental Crisis" (pamphlet), 10, in Box 2, Alaska Administrative History Collection, HFC; Anchorage Daily Times, January 27, 1969, 10.

¹⁶ Gov. Keith Miller to Pollock, February 3, 1969, in File NR/1-3 (1969), Series 88, RG 01, ASA; Augie Reetz to Gov. Miller, January 23, 1969; Gunnar Berggren to Howard W. Pollock, January 29, 1969; both in File NR/1-2 (1969), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁷ Al Henson (Project Leader, ATF) to Asst. Dir., Cooperative Activities, WASO, March 13, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Ogden Williams, "Katmai and Its Future," National Parks and Conservation Magazine 52 (March 1978), 6.

¹⁸ Williss, 41; "USDI Budget Justifications;" Christian Science Monitor, August 2, 1969, 3.

¹⁹ This office, which had jurisdiction over the Alaska park units, was created in January 1969 as a subsidiary of the Western Regional Office. That December, it became the Northwest Regional Office, with Rutter at its head. The office was renamed the Pacific Northwest Regional Office in August 1970, a name it retained until the mid-1990s.

²⁰ Gil Blinn, interview by William S. Hanable, August 26, 1988; NPS, Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials (Washington?, NPS, May 1, 1986), 106; Blinn, interview by the author, May 24, 1993.

²¹ Gil Blinn, interview by William S. Hanable, August 26, 1988; Ogden Williams, "Katmai and Its Future," 7-8.

²² Blinn interview, by Hanable.

²³ Blinn interview, by Hanable; Ogden Williams, "Katmai and Its Future," 7-8; Blinn to author, email, April 11, 1996.

²⁴ Blinn interview, by Hanable.

²⁵ William S. Hanable and Carol Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and the National Park Service: A Report on the Initial Response (Anchorage, NPS, 1990), 5, 7; Federal Water Quality Administration (USDI), "Kodiak Oil Pollution Incident February-March 1970, Summary Report," May 1970, at KATM; Richard G. Prasil (Acting Supt. Alaska Group Office) to Oscar E. Dickason (Federal Water Pollution Control Administration), March 17, 1970, in File N3617, KATM.

²⁶ Ralph Root, "Comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Lower Cook Inlet Oil and Gas Lease Sale," August 24, 1976, in Box 14, NARA ANC; Gilbert E. Blinn to RD/PNRO, "Important Issues Concerning Wilderness Proposal for Katmai National Monument," February 24, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Pat Richardson, "$400 Million in High Bids at OCS Sale," Alaska Construction and Oil 18 (December 1977), 34.

²⁷ John Walatka (President, ACV, Inc.) to Lawrence Merriam, December 6, 1960; Lawrence C. Merriam (RD/R4) to Director, NPS, December 14, 1960; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1949-1966" file, AKSO-EC.

²⁸ Chief Engineer, WODC, to RD/WRO, February 20, 1964, "Utilities Study, Brooks Camp Area, Katmai," in NPS History Collection, Serendipity File, KATM, in Hanable Research Notes, AKSO-RCR Collection.

²⁹ Chief Engineer, WODC, to RD/WRO, February 20, 1964, "Utilities Study, Brooks Camp Area, Katmai," in NPS History Collection, Serendipity File, KATM, in Hanable Research Notes; note from "Glenn" to "Hal" attached to August 1971 Master Plan, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

³⁰ Office of Environmental Planning and Design, Western Service Center, "Design Directive, Brooks Camp, Katmai" (draft), October 29, 1970, in File D18, AKSO; NPS, Drawing No. NM-KAT 3028, October 1967, AKSO-EPD.

³¹ George A. Hall (Supt. MOMC) to RD, WRO, November 16, 1967, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, AKSO-EC; George Hall to ARD, Operations, WRO, January 30, 1969; George Hall to RD/WRO, March 25, 1969; both in "C58 - Buildings & Other Facilities, KATM, Wien Air Alaska, Inc., 1967-1976" file, AKSO-EC.

³² John Walatka to George Hall, December 26, 1968; Gilbert E. Blinn (Supt. KATM) to State Director, Alaska Group, June 15, 1972; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, AKSO-EC.

³³ John Walatka to George Hall, December 26, 1968, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, AKSO-EC.

³⁴ NPS, Katmai National Monument, a Master Plan (preliminary working draft), August 1971, 14-17.

³⁵ Stanley T. Albright (Acting RD/PNRO) to General Supt. Alaska Group, October 15, 1970, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, AKSO-EC; Office of Environmental Planning and Design, Western Service Center, "Design Directive, Brooks Camp, Katmai." Draft was dated October 29, 1970; final was dated February 18, 1971. Both located in File D18, AKSO-RCR.

³⁶ Bennett T. Gale (Acting Director, PNRO) to Director, DSC, May 24, 1972, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Commerce Business Daily (Chicago, U.S. Dept. of Commerce), January 15, 1973; NPS, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Katmai National Monument" (hereafter known as SAR, KATM), 1974, 8; NPS Drawing 127-41,001A, sheet 1, AKSO-EPD.

³⁷ Blinn interview, by Hanable.

³⁸ NPS, "Katmai National Monument," September 11, 1967; NPS, "Summary-Development Concepts, Katmai National Monument, Alaska," 1969; both in "Katmai Master Planning 1968-70" file, KATM; NPS Drawing NM-KAT 3028, October 1967, AKSO-EPD.

³⁹ Glenn O. Hendrix (Chief, Office of Environmental Planning and Design, WSC) to General Supt. Alaska Office, November 10, 1970, 2, 13-14; Office of Environmental Planning and Design, WSC, "Design Directive, Brooks Camp, Katmai," February 18, 1971, 2, 11; both in "File D18 Design Directives KATM 1970," AKSO.

⁴⁰ NPS, Drawing No. NM-KAT 3028, October 1967; NPS Drawing 127-41, 001A, sheet 26; both in AKSO-EPD files.

⁴¹ SAR, KATM, 1974, 1.

⁴² Blinn interview; Ernest J. Borgman (Gen. Supt. Alaska Group Office, NPS) to RD, Alaska Region, NMFS, April 23, 1971, in "Correspondence (General - Brooks Lake)" folder, in BCF Collection, Auke Bay Station, NMFS; SAR, KATM, 1972, 3.

⁴³ SAR, KATM, 1974, 3.

⁴⁴ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 43-44; Howard W. Baker to Ernest Gruening, March 20, 1967, in NPS/Box 1 (1965-68), Bartlett Collection.

⁴⁵ Chief, Office of Resource Planning, SSC to RD/WR, April 29, 1968; Acting RD/WRO to Supt. MOMC, June 28, 1968; both in KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁴⁶ Raymond O. Mulvany (Acting RD/WRO) to Director NPS, January 10, 1968, in "C38 - Concessions Contracts and Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, AKSO-EC.

⁴⁷ Robert S. Luntey to Bailey Breedlove, Alaska Field Office, May 17, 1968, in KATM Box 1, HFC; SAR, KATM, 1972, 4.

⁴⁸ Lowell Sumner, Special Report, Katmai, Master Planning Field Study, September 5-13, 1963 (Washington, NPS, October 1963. It may be recalled that Lowell Sumner had brought up the value of wilderness in his boundary revision report of October 1952. He also wrote a Sierra Club Bulletin article ("Magnificent Katmai," December 1952) on the subject. The Mission 66 Prospectus of 1957 had also touted the monument's wilderness.

⁴⁹ NPS, Drawing NM-KAT 3018-A, in Master Plan Brief, Katmai National Monument, 1965, 10.

⁵⁰ Raymond L. Freeman (Acting Assistant Director, Cooperative Activities) to Chief, Office of Resource Planning, SSC & WSC, April 10, 1968, in KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁵¹ Bailey O. Breedlove (Park Planner), Preliminary Draft, Basic Data, Advance Master Plan/Wilderness Research, Katmai National Monument, Shelikof Strait-King Salmon, Alaska, (Anchorage, NPS, June 1969), in Box 13, NARA-ANC and KATM Box 2, HFC.

⁵² William L. Bowen (RD/WRO) to Supt. MOMC, February 6, 1969; John A. Rutter (Director, Northwest District Office) to John Walatka, November 3, 1969; John Walatka to John Rutter, January 13, 1970; all in "C38 - Concessions Contract & Permits, KATM, 1967-72" file, AKSO-EC; Robert S. Luntey (Chief, Office of Resource Planning, SSC) to Director, Northwest District, August 6, 1969, in KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁵³ Breedlove may have gotten the idea of limiting Brooks Camp development from Robert Hafferman, who wrote in 1967 that the camp was "nearing the saturation point." Robert T. Hafferman to Supt. MOMC, October 18, 1967, in KATM Box 1, HFC.

⁵⁴ NPS, Summary-Development Concepts, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, n.d. (1969), in "Katmai Master Planning, 1968-70" file, KATM.

⁵⁵ Edward Stondall, interview by William S. Hanable, September 15, 1989.

⁵⁶ Supt. KATM to General Superintendent Alaska Office, April 1, 1971, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Ernest J. Borgman to RD/PNRO, July 17, 1970; Thomas F. Flynn, Jr. (Deputy Director, NPS) to RD/PNRO, January 7, 1971; both in "C38 - Concessions Contracts & Permits, KATM, 1967-1972" file, AKSO-EC.

⁵⁷ John A. Rutter (RD, PNRO) to Keith Miller, July 24, 1970, in File NR/1-6 (1970), Series 88, RG 01, ASA; Charles J. Gebler (Public Programs Officer, PNRO) to Assistant Director, Cooperative Programs, PNRO, January 6, 1971, Box 13, NARA ANC; NPS, Katmai National Monument, a Master Plan, March 1971, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁵⁸ NPS, Katmai National Monument, A Master Plan, August 1971, 8, 11, 15, 17.

⁵⁹ NPS, Katmai National Monument, a Master Plan, August 1971, 14-17.

⁶⁰ Gil Blinn (Supt. KATM) to General Superintendent, Alaska Office, April 1, 1971; James S. Rouse (Wilderness Coordinator, PNRO) to Director NPS, September 9, 1971; "Important Issues Concerning Preliminary Wilderness proposal for Katmai National Monument," 1971; all in NARA ANC 13.

⁶¹ NPS, "Wilderness Study, Katmai National Monument," August 1971.

⁶² NPS, "Wilderness and Master Plan Drafts Released on Glacier Bay and Katmai National Monuments" (press release), September 17, 1971, AKSO-RCR Collection. The hearings were originally scheduled for September 1970; they were apparently delayed because completion of the two studies took longer than expected. Anchorage Daily Times, April 22, 1970, 2.

⁶³ Blinn interview, by Hanable.

⁶⁴ "Tabulation of responses, KNM wilderness proposal," n.d. (August 1972?), in Box 13, NARA ANC; NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument Alaska, June 13, 1974, 64.

⁶⁵ Hearings held at the same time as Katmai's generated 368 responses in support of wilderness for Glacier Bay in comparison to the 256 responses for strong wilderness protection at Katmai. Had similar hearings been held for Mount McKinley, the number of responses would doubtless have exceeded those for both Glacier Bay and Katmai. NPS, Wilderness Recommendations, GLBA, May 1972, 22; NPS, Final Environmental Statement, MOMC, January 1975, 267.

⁶⁶ Dave Bohn, Rambles in an Alaskan Wild: Katmai and the Valley of the Smokes (Santa Barbara, Capra Press, 1979), 21-23, 165.

⁶⁷ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument Alaska, June 13, 1974, 64-65; Jay Hammond (Alaska Senate) to Egan, November 22, 1971, in File NR/1-6 (1971), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

⁶⁸ B. A. Campbell (Commissioner, Department of Highways) to Gov. William A. Egan, July 8, 1971; Wallace H. Noerenberg (Commissioner, Department of Fish and Game) to William A. Egan, November 1, 1971; Lloyd Pike (President, Igloo #4, Pioneers of Alaska, Fairbanks) to Hearings Officer, NPS, November 8, 1971; all in Files NR/1-3 or NR/1-6 (1971), Series 88, RG 01, ASA; also Egan to J. W. Huff, Alaska Miners' Association, March 31, 1972, in File NR/1-6 (1972), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

⁶⁹ "Statement of Raymond I. Petersen, President of Wien Consolidated Airlines, Inc.," December 17, 1971, in Box 13, NARA ANC; NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska (FES 74-35), June 13, 1974, 76; Petersen interview, April 17, 1991.

⁷⁰ Blinn interview, by Hanable.

⁷¹ Blinn interview; Hammond to Egan, November 22, 1971, in File NR/1-6 (1971), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

⁷² Blinn interview.

⁷³ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 68-69, 87-89.

⁷⁴ Ibid., 87-88, 91-92. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries was asked to plan the national wildlife refuges, while the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation was placed in charge of the wild and scenic rivers studies as well as other recreation planning. In 1977, the BOR was absorbed into the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service in 1977; HCRS, in turn, was terminated in 1981, most of its functions being absorbed into the NPS.

⁷⁵ Ibid., 92.

⁷⁶ Ibid., 95-97.

⁷⁷ Ibid., 76-79.

⁷⁸ Ibid., 98-110.

⁷⁹ Ibid., 104-09; William A. Egan to J. W. Huff (Alaska Miners' Association), March 31, 1972, in NR/1-6, Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

⁸⁰ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 111-12.

⁸¹ The task force team members which investigated Katmai were Urban E. Rogers, John Dennis, James Isenogle, and Keith Trexler. Gil Blinn, who was Katmai's superintendent at the time, remembers that in "late May or early June" the team came out to the park and "we spread out the maps at Brooks Camp and looked at possible additions to the park and, even then, began to look at the proposals that might be developed." The Katmai staff, however, was not involved in the proposal effort. Williss, 115; Al Henson, "Katmai - Briefing Statement" (folder), September 12, 1972, 2, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Blinn interview.

⁸² Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 120-22, 127.

⁸³ Blinn interview, by Hanable.

⁸⁴ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 124.

⁸⁵ SAR, KATM, 1972, 4.

⁸⁶ Bennett T. Gale (Acting Director, PNRO) to State Director, Alaska, July 6, 1972, in Box 13, NARA ANC; John A. Rutter (RD/PNRO) to Project Leader, Alaska Task Force, March 27, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁸⁷ Al Henson, "KATM-Briefing Statement" (folder), September 12, 1972, 2, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁸⁸ Fifteen months earlier, before the passage of ANCSA, NPS planner Bailey Breedlove had previewed a "twenty-year development plan" for Katmai to a meeting of the Alaska Conservation Society. At that meeting, he mentioned that the NPS hoped that Katmai would become a national park in order to give the place more prestige. "National park status," Breedlove noted, "would give Katmai the impetus it needs. We wouldn't administer Katmai any differently as a national park. It would just let more people know about the place." The 1971 draft master plan was indeed a long-range development plan, but it gave no mention of interest in a national park. Anchorage Daily News, June 4, 1971, 2.

⁸⁹ Williss, 130-31.

⁹⁰ Al Henson (Project Leader, Alaska Task Force) to Assistant Director, Cooperative Activities, WASO, March 13, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁹¹ John A. Rutter (RD/PNRO) to Project Leader, Alaska Task Force, March 27, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁹² Gil Blinn, Katmai Superintendent, represented the NPS at several meetings in southwest Alaska: in the Iliamna area, at Dillingham, Tununak (on Nelson Island), Holy Cross and Cold Bay. In the Naknek-King Salmon area, opposition to the park service continued to run strong; the Bristol Bay Borough passed several resolutions which opposed any additions to the park. Williss, 138-39; Blinn interview, by Hanable.

⁹³ Williss, 118, 137, 142-43, 149; Alaska Planning Group, Katmai National Park, Alaska, A Master Plan, December 1973, 3, 45-46.

⁹⁴ The terminology in the master plan and DEIS was skewed in that both documents treated the expanded park as if it were a fait accompli. The master plan noted, for instance, that "Katmai National Park comprises 2.8 million acres redesignated from Katmai National Monument status on the upper Alaska Peninsula and 1.8 million acres legislatively added from surrounding public lands. The 4.6 million-acre park is administered as a natural area by the National Park Service." The introduction noted, by way of explanation, that the plan "was prepared necessarily in the form of a completed action in order to provide a more definitive basis for the required environmental statement. Its publication should not be construed as representing either the approval or disapproval of the Congress or the Secretary of the Interior." Alaska Planning Group, Katmai National Park, Alaska, A Master Plan, December 1973, ii, 1.

⁹⁵ Alaska Planning Group, Katmai National Park, Alaska, A Master Plan, December 1973, 28-34; Edward J. Kurtz (Acting RD/PNRO) to Project Leader, Alaska Task Force, July 13, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁹⁶ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, June 13, 1974, 3, 65, 72.

⁹⁷ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, June 13, 1974, 3; Bennett T. Gale (Acting RD/PNRO) to State Director, Alaska, July 6, 1972, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁹⁸ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, June 13, 1974, 64-65, 77; Jay Hammond (Alaska Senate) to Egan, November 22, 1971; Kenai Peninsula Borough resolution #71-32R, December 7, 1971; Bristol Bay Borough resolution #108, December 8, 1971; all in File NR/1-6 (1971 or 1972), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

⁹⁹ In December 1971, B. A. Campbell, the Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Highways, told Jay Hammond that in 1968, "we saw no purpose in writing then [Interior] Secretary Udall [about a Katmai road] and have not pursued the matter further since that time." NPS, Katmai National Monument, A Master Plan, August 1971, 3; NPS, Final Environmental Statement, June 13, 1974, 40, 62, 64-65; B. A. Campbell to William A. Egan, July 8, 1971; B. A. Campbell to Jay Hammond, December 2, 1971, in RG 01/88, NR/1-3 or 1-6 (1971), ASA.

¹⁰⁰ Blinn interview, by Hanable.

¹⁰¹ Item 5 in Breedlove, 1969, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁰² NPS, Final Environmental Statement, June 13, 1974, 151-55; APG, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Katmai National Park, Alaska, 1974, 214-216.

¹⁰³ NPS, Revisions to Preliminary Wilderness Plan, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, May 1972, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Blinn interview, May 24, 1993.

¹⁰⁴ NPS, Revisions to Preliminary Wilderness Plan, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, July 1972, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁰⁵ John H. Farrell (Environmental Project Review staff) to Director, Environmental Project Review, August 30, 1972, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁰⁶ John Rutter (RD/PNRO) to State Director, Alaska, October 25, 1972, in Box 13, NARA ANC; NPS, Revised Draft Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, February 12, 1973.

¹⁰⁷ Acting RD/PNRO to State Director, Alaska, May 25, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁰⁸ Richard Curry (Assoc. Dir., Legislation) to PNRO, February 26, 1974; Bea Thompson (PNRO) to Al Henson, Alaska Task Force, March 25, 1974; both in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁰⁹ Ted Stevens to William A. Egan, June 13, 1974, in File NR/1-6, Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

¹¹⁰ Blinn interview, by Hanable; APG, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Katmai National Park, 1974, 185.

¹¹¹ The fate of Battle Lake and its surrounding watershed was not decided until the last minute. The NPS and the BLM both wanted it. Assistant Secretary Laurence E. Lynn ruled in favor of the BLM, and placed the lake in the proposed Iliamna National Ecological Range. APG, Proposed Katmai National Park, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, 3; Ted Swem (Chairman, Alaska Planning Group) to Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, October 31, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹¹² The AEC concept had first been suggested in July 1972 for boundary proposals of the proposed Gates of the Arctic National Park; by December 1973, AECs had been suggested for all but one of the proposed park areas. Land in each of the three Katmai AECs had been claimed by other federal or state agencies. Williss, 118, 137, 142-43, 149; Alaska Planning Group, Katmai National Park, Alaska, A Master Plan, December 1973, 3, 45-46.

¹¹³ Of the 162 letters from individuals, 116 were apparently generated by an environmental organization and contained identical comments. APG, Proposed Katmai National Park, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, December 1973, 1; APG, Final Environmental Statement, 1974, 186-87; Williss, 160.

¹¹⁴ Blinn interview.

¹¹⁵ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 160.

¹¹⁶ APG, Proposed Katmai National Park, Draft Environment Impact Statement December 1973, 3; APG, Final Environmental Statement, 1974, 1.

¹¹⁷ Williss, 159-60.

¹¹⁸ Williss, 155-59.

¹¹⁹ R. Gerald Wright, "The Issue of Sport Hunting in the Proposed Alaskan Parks, A Review of Data, Philosophies, and Recommendations," April 28, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹²⁰ Frank Norris, Tourism in Katmai Country (NPS, Anchorage, 1992), 156-57; "Registered Bear Hunting Camps, 1973-1976, Proposed Katmai Additions," n.d. (c. 1976) in Box 15, NARA ANC; "Briefing Paper, Existing and Potential Uses, Proposed Katmai Additions," February 8, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹²¹ Alaska Professional Hunters Association, "Proposals for Disposition of 80 Million Acres Under Terms of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act," n.d. (1972-73), 21, 23, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹²² "Notes for Bryan Harry for Talk Before the APHA," December 14, 1975, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹²³ Williss, 122, 147, 153-54.

¹²⁴ Williss, 166-68.

¹²⁵ Ted Swem to Toby Cooper (National Parks and Conservation Association), December 31, 1974, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹²⁶ Williss, 166-68.

¹²⁷ Breedlove, 1969, Item 5, in NARA ANC, Box 13; APG, Proposed Katmai National Park, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, December 1973, 292.

¹²⁸ APG, FES, 116, 214-18.

¹²⁹ "Additions, Katmai National Park, Areas of Conflict, Questions and Answers," November 1977, in Box 15, NARA ANC.

¹³⁰ APG, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, 287-93.

¹³¹ Jules V. Tileston (Alaska Task Force Leader, BOR) to Al Henson (Project Leader, ATF, NPS), November 6, 1972, in NPS, Katmai National Park, A Master Plan, December 1973, 60-63.

¹³² APG, Katmai National Park, A Master Plan, December 1973, 18, 46, 62; APG, Katmai National Park Final Environmental Statement, 1974, 551-56; NPS, Alagnak Wild River Management Plan, November 1983, 1.

¹³³ As time would tell, he had good reason to worry. Only one of the three streams he mentioned, Kamishak River, was included in what is now Katmai National Park and Preserve. Ralph R. Root to Project Leader, ATF, January 26, 1976, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

¹³⁴ Root to Project Leader, AAO, September 3, 1976, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

¹³⁵ APG, Katmai National Park, A Master Plan, December 1973, 30.

¹³⁶ Rollie Ostermick (ATF) to Ralph Root (Park Planner, ATF), November 14, 1975, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹³⁷ Ralph Root to Project Leader, AAO, September 3, 1976, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

¹³⁸ Gilbert E. Blinn (Supt. KATM) to State Director, Alaska, n.d. (mid-August 1972), in "C-2823, Concessions Contracts and Permits, General Correspondence, 1968-1977," AKSO-EC; Ralph R. Root to Project Leader, AAO, September 3, 1976, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

¹³⁹ Edward Stondall, interview by William Hanable, September 15, 1989, 4.

¹⁴⁰ As noted in previous chapters, shallow water was encountered at both the Lake Camp and Brooks Camp ends of the trip. Carl C. Lamb (Concessions Manager, PNRO) to Russell E. Dickenson (RD-PNRO), September 8, 1976, in "Wien Air Alaska, KATM, 1969-1978" file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁴¹ Carl C. Lamb (Concessions Manager, PNRO) to Russell E. Dickenson (RD-PNRO), September 8, 1976, in "Wien Air Alaska, KATM, 1969-1978" file, AKSO-EC; NPS, "Evaluation of Concessioner's Performance, Wien Air Alaska," 1976, Schedule 9.

¹⁴² In the summer of 1983, a company called Frontier Hovercraft briefly revived the concept, when it instituted hovercraft operations between the western boundary of Katmai and Brooks Camp. The company's boat, however, was ill-suited for the run. It was able to complete just six of the eleven runs it attempted; even the successful runs were marred by equipment breakdowns. The company pulled out of the market after its first season, and by 1984 regulations had been instituted prohibiting further hovercraft operations in the park. Petersen interview, April 17, 1991; "Frontier Hovercraft" Commercial Use License file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁴³ "Budget Estimates, Proposed Katmai National Park," January 1975, in Box 14, NARA ANC; Ed Stondall, "Development Cost Estimate for Proposed Katmai National Park, Three Year Staffing and Development Needs," October 27, 1976, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁴⁴ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, June 13, 1974, 51, 76.

¹⁴⁵ Chuck Petersen to Gary Everhardt (Director, NPS), December 9, 1976, 2 in "Wien Air Alaska, KATM, 1969-1978" file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁴⁶ Edward J. Kurtz (Acting RD, PNRO) to Chief, Office of Legislation, NPS, October 21, 1976, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Chuck Petersen to Gary Everhardt (Director, NPS), December 9, 1976, 2 in "Wien Air Alaska, KATM, 1969-1978" file, AKSO-EC; Blinn to author, email, April 11, 1996.

¹⁴⁷ Russell Dickenson to Chuck Petersen, December 1, 1976; Chuck Petersen to Gary Everhardt (Director, NPS), December 9, 1976, 2; both in "Wien Air Alaska, KATM, 1969-1978" file, AKSO-EC. Also Gunnar Naslund to Gary Everhardt, December 14, 1976; Donald T. Nuttall to Gary Everhardt, December 28, 1976; Sen. Ted Stevens to Gary Everhardt, December 15, 1976; all in "Wien Air Alaska, Inc., 1973-1978" file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁴⁸ Gary Everhardt (Director, NPS) to Chuck Petersen, January 7, 1977, in "Wien Air Alaska, Inc., 1973-1978" file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁴⁹ That usage has continued to the present day. ANILCA, passed in December 1980, gave Congressional approval to the administratively-designated Katmai wilderness. Section 1307 of the act, however, ensured that services that were active on or before January 1, 1979, could continue to operate if they were "consistent with the purposes for which such unit is established or expanded." Katmai staff have interpreted that motorboat usage on the lake has been consistent with the intent of that section.

¹⁵⁰ Edwin W. Seiler to Jay S. Hammond, and Edwin W. Seiler to Gary E. Everhardt; both on May 11, 1977, in File NR/1-3 (1977), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁵¹ William J. Whalen to Edwin W. Seiler, August 26, 1977, in File NR/1-3 (1977), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁵² SAR, KATM, 1977, 3, 5.

¹⁵³ SAR, KATM, 1978, 6, 8-9.

¹⁵⁴ SAR, KATM, 1980, 6, 9.

¹⁵⁵ Rebecca M. Anderson to PNRO, September 25, 1978; Temple A. Reynolds (ARD, Management and Operations, PNRO) to Rebecca M. Anderson, October 5, 1978; Ed Stondall, interview by William Hanable, September 15, 1989, 17-18.

¹⁵⁶ David K. Morris, interview by William S. Hanable, November 2, 1989; SAR, KATM, 1979, 1.

¹⁵⁷ Williss, 172-75.

¹⁵⁸ Williss, 173-74.

¹⁵⁹ John Wood (Wood's Alaska Sport Fishing) to Supt. KATM, January 13, 1977; John Wood to Gov. Jay Hammond, January 14, 1977; both in File NR/1-3 (1977), Series 88, RG 01, ASA; South Naknek Village Council, Resolution No. 77-3, February 1, 1977; Bristol Bay Borough, Resolution No. 77-3, January 17, 1977.

¹⁶⁰ Glenn D. Gallison (Acting RD, PNRO) to Supt. KATM, etc., March 7, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁶¹ Glenn D. Gallison (Acting RD/PNRO) to Supt. KATM, etc., February 25, 1977; Russell E. Dickenson (RD/PNRO) to Chief, Office of Legislation, NPS, March 30, 1977; both in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁶² Williss, 179-81; Ogden Williams, "Katmai and Its Future," National Parks & Conservation Magazine 52 (March 1978), 8-9.

¹⁶³ Williss, 184-85.

¹⁶⁴ Ralph Root to Project Leader, ATFO, December 16, 1975, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

¹⁶⁵ "Proposed Katmai National Park Briefing Paper, Lowland Tundra Addition," n.d. (1976?), in Box 14, NARA ANC.

¹⁶⁶ John Wood (Wood's Alaska Sport Fishing) to Supt. KATM, January 13, 1977, in File NR/1-3 (1977), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁶⁷ William J. Briggle to John Wood, February 14, 1977; Acting Director, NPS to Gary D. Bradford (Bristol Bay Borough), February 25, 1977; both in KATM subsistence files.

¹⁶⁸ Blinn interview, by Hanable; G. E. Blinn to Assistant to Director, Alaska, May 18, 1977, in Box 15, NARA ANC; SAR, KATM, 1977, 9-10. The Bristol Bay Borough resolution was numbered 77-12; it passed May 16, 1977.

¹⁶⁹ Williss, 185-86, 188; Director NPS to Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, "Report on H.R. 39," August 12, 1977, pp. 14-15, in Box 15, NARA ANC.

¹⁷⁰ Williss, 190-93; KATM maps 90,002 and 90,003; USDI press release on the Andrus proposal, September 15, 1977, in Box 14, NARA ANC; "Briefing Statement, Proposed Katmai National Park," September 9, 1977, in Box 15, NARA ANC.

¹⁷¹ Williss, 201.

¹⁷² For a review of how the preserve concept developed, see Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time", 122, 147, 153, and 166.

¹⁷³ Roger Contor (Assistant to the Director for Alaska) to Director NPS, January 21, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC; R. Gerald Wright, "The Issue of Sport Hunting in the Proposed Alaskan Parks, A Review of Data, Philosophies and Recommendations," April 28, 1977, p. 10, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁷⁴ John M. Kauffmann to Area Director, January 31, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Williss, 122, 166-68.

¹⁷⁵ Williss, 174, 186.

¹⁷⁶ Williss, 203-04.

¹⁷⁷ Williss, 205-14; "Summary of Energy Committee's Decisions on Alaska Lands Bill," October 5, 1978, in Box 15, NARA ANC.

¹⁷⁸ Williss, 217-21.

¹⁷⁹ Williss, 231-35.

¹⁸⁰ The House had called for the Battle and Kulik watersheds to be in the preserve; the Senate called for the two watersheds to be in the park. Regarding lands south of the Alagnak River, however, the Senate proposed a preserve while the House proposed a park.

¹⁸¹ Congressional Record, November 12, 1980, H10532, H10540, H10542, and H10550.

¹⁸² The acreages are as given in Congressional testimony. More recently, personnel at the Alaska System Support Office have remeasured the areas involved using more exact instrumentation, and found that slightly over 1,095,000 acres was added to the old monument to create Katmai National Park, and that the size of the preserve is slightly over 423,000 acres.

¹ [NPS], "Assessment of the Environmental Impact of the Proposed Concession Contract, Katmai National Monument," October 1974, in "Wien Air Alaska, Inc., 1973-1978" file, AKSO-EC.

² R. Phillip Parker (Acting ARD, Management and Operations, PNRO) to Associate Director, Management and Operations, NPS, May 10, 1978, in "Wien Air Alaska, Inc., 1973-1978" file, AKSO-EC.

³ SAR, KATM, 1980, 10; NPS, Combined Environmental Assessment and Development Concept Plans for Concession Facilities, Operations and Services Within the Brooks Camp and Grosvenor Camp Areas, Katmai National Monument, Alaska (October, 1980), 1, 3. It is not known if this document was ever distributed outside of the Alaska Area Office.

⁴ Richard J. Stenmark to Director, Alaska Area, November 14, 1980; Raymond I. Petersen, interview by the author, April 17, 1991.

⁵ Robert Peterson (Associate Director, Management and Operations, ARO) to Ralph Stemp (Vice President, Industrial Marketing, WAA), May 8, 1981; John E. Cook to Ralph Stemp, May 29, 1981; Ralph Stemp, interview by the author, February 4, 1992.

⁶ NPS, Environmental Assessment, Draft Development Concept Plan, Brooks Camp and Grosvenor Camp, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska, January 1982, 29-31.

⁷ Frank Norris, Tourism in Katmai Country (Anchorage, NPS, 1992), 103-04.

⁸ Stondall interview; SAR, KATM, 1978, 6; "Brooks River Floating Bridge, Brooks Camp, Katmai National Monument" (map), January 24, 1980, in AKSO-EPD; David Morris, interview by William Hanable, November 2, 1989.

⁹ Dave Morris interview, by Hanable; SAR, 1983, 9.

¹⁰ SAR, 1980, 8; SAR, 1983, 1, 12; Management Assistant KATM to Supt. MOMC, Monthly Narrative Report, July 4, 1967, in File A2615, "Chief Ranger's Monthly Report," 1957-1968," DENA.

¹¹ Blinn interview, by the author, May 24, 1993; Morris interview, June 1, 1993; SAR, 1983, 1-2. By 1984, the park staff had grown to 22 or 23 seasonal workers; budgetary cutbacks between 1984 and 1987, however, resulted in a reduced seasonal staff.

¹² John T. Graham to Gov. Jay Hammond, February 2, 1979, File NR/1-3 (1979); John Cook (RD/ARO) to Sen. Ted Stevens, April 2, 1981, File NR/1-2 (1981); both in Series 88, RG 01, ASA; Morris interview, by Hanable; SAR, KATM, 1984, 6-7; (King Salmon-Naknek) Borough Post, November 24, 1989, 13.

¹³ Federal Register, April 6, 1983, 14980-81.

¹⁴ "Resolution of the Alaska Land Use Council Land Use Advisory Committee," April 13, 1983; Donald F. Neilsen (Bristol Bay Native Corporation) to John Cook, RD/ARO, April 15, 1983; Ken Owsichek to RD/ARO, April 30, 1983; all in File NR/1-2, Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁵ NPS, Draft General Management Plan, Land Protection Plan, and Wilderness Suitability Review (hereafter known as Draft GMP), December 1985, 21-22.

¹⁶ Bristol Bay Native Association, "Resolution No. 83-27," September 9, 1983, in File NR/1-2 (1983), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁷ Bill Bradley (D-NJ) to Bill Sheffield, June 9, 1983; Dale Bumpers (D-AR) to Bill Sheffield, June 15, 1983; both in File NR/1-2 (1983), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁸ Congressional Record 129 (1983), pp. 3755, 8264, 20515.

¹⁹ NPS, King Salmon Headquarters Development Concept Plan/Environmental Assessment, January 1983, 4; SAR, 1974, 3, and SAR, 1985, 1; Stondall interview, 30, 34; Janis Meldrum (former KATM RMS), interview by the author, December 29, 1992.

²⁰ NPS, King Salmon Headquarters Development Concept Plan/Environmental Assessment, January 1983, 5; Stondall interview, 28-29; SAR, 1982, 8.

²¹ SAR, 1982, 7; NPS, King Salmon Headquarters Development Concept Plan/Environmental Assessment, January 1983, 2, 9, 21.

²² SAR, 1983, 10; Stondall interview. The duplex was intended for use as seasonal housing, but permanent staff are the only ones who have lived there.

²³ Williss, 218-24, 275-76, 279.

²⁴ P.L. 96-487, Sec. 202(2).

²⁵ Federal Register, June 17, 1981, 31836-64; Federal Register, April 6, 1983, 14978. Regulations dealing with other CFR titles were issued in later years, but some regulations were never enacted into the CFR.

²⁶ Williss, 293.

²⁷ NPS, "Application for Business License," n.d. (1980?), in CUL file, AKSO-EC; Alaska Travel Publications, Exploring Katmai National Monument and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (Anchorage, the author), 41.

²⁸ The 18 miles nearest to Kvichak Bay had already been conveyed to Levelock Natives Limited; without management authority, the NPS had little reason to consider it in the wild and scenic river system.

²⁹ NPS, Alagnak Wild River Management Plan, November 1983, 4, 12.

³⁰ Team Captain, Katmai General Management Plan (Kevin Apgar) to Supt. KATM, "Alagnak River Trip Report," August 19, 1982, in KATM Annex Files.

³¹ NPS, Alagnak Wild River Management Plan, November 1983, 2.

³²NPS, Alagnak Wild River Management Plan, November 1983, 12.

³³ NPS, Alagnak Wild River Management Plan, November 1983, 18-20.

³⁴ SAR, KATM, 1982, 7. One of the students, Joan Beattie (now Joan Darnell), currently works in the agency's Alaska System Support Office.

³⁵ NPS, "Alternatives Workbook," July 1983, 3-7.

³⁶ NPS, "Alternatives Workbook," July 1983; SAR, 1983, 9; SAR, 1984, 2.

³⁷ NPS, Draft General Management Plan, Environmental Assessment, Land Protection Plan, Wilderness Suitability Review (for) Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska (Denver, the author, March 1985), iii, 23-31, 72, 97-100.

³⁸ NPS, Draft GMP, March 1985, iv, 57-60.

³⁹ SAR, 1985, 2; NPS, Draft GMP, March 1985, inside front cover.

⁴⁰ NPS, General Management Plan, Wilderness Suitability Review, Land Protection Plan (for) Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska (Denver, the author, October 1986), inside front cover, iv; SAR, 1986, 2.

⁴¹ NPS, GMP, October 1986, iii.

⁴² IBLA, "Contest No. AA-7604," September 12, 1985, 4.

⁴³ NPS, Draft Land Status Maps, KATM, at AKSO-EL.

⁴⁴ BLM, "Alaska Native Allotment Application and Evidence of Occupancy," March 31, 1971; USDI, Interior Board of Land Appeals, "Katmailand, Inc. et al." (IBLA 83-508), December 5, 1983, 349; Harlan F. Hobbs (Realty Specialist, PNRO) to Chief, Lands and Mining, ARO; USDI, Office of Hearings and Appeals, Contest No. AA-7604, September 12, 1985, 2; all in File AA-7604, BLM, Alaska State Office, Anchorage. Trefon Angasan Sr., Melgenak's grandnephew, was determined to be her sole heir following a probate hearing on September 28, 1976. But Trefon was 62 years old at the time of Melgenak's death, and by February 1984, his son Ralph had also been included as an heir. Trefon died on May 12, 1988; since that time, Ralph Angasan has served as the primary heir. Ted Stevens to Curtis McVee (Director, ASO, BLM), February 29, 1984; Anchorage Daily News, May 14, 1988.

⁴⁵ IBLA 83-508, 349, 351.

⁴⁶ IBLA 83-508, 350-51; IBLA, "Contest No. AA-7604," September 12, 1985, 11; Chief, Branch of Lands and Minerals Operations, BLM to Supt. BIA, Anchorage, January 21, 1977; Director BLM to State Director, Alaska, April 7, 1977; Donald Juneau and Bruce Twomley (ALSC) to Robert E. Sorenson (BLM), March 2, 1977; all in AA-7604.

⁴⁷ Terry R. Hassett (Acting Chief, Branch of Lands, BLM) to Bureau of Indian Affairs, Branch of Realty, Anchorage Agency, March 7, 1983; IBLA 83-508, 350.

⁴⁸ Michael V. Finley (Acting RD/ARO) to Raymond F. Petersen, June 3, 1986, in AKSO-EC files.

⁴⁹ Robert L. Peterson (Acting RD/ARO to Division of ANCSA and State Conveyance, BLM, March 30, 1983; IBLA, Contest No. AA-7604, September 12, 1985, 2; both in AA-7604.

⁵⁰ Albert D. Kahklen (Supt. BIA, Anchorage Agency) to Dave Morris, April 15, 1983; Kahklen to RD/ARO, May 9, 1983; Craig Davis (Acting Chief, Division of Cultural Resources) to RD/ARO, April 11, 1983; Alan D. Eliason (Supt. KATM) to Ralph Angasan, August 6, 1990, all in AA-7604; also Raymond F. Petersen to Roger Contor, May 2, 1986, in AKSO-EC files.

⁵¹ IBLA 83-508, 352, 360; IBLA, "Contest AA-7604," September 12, 1985, 3; Morris interview, by the author, June 1, 1993. The first question was a point of contention because the application was dated March 31, 1971, but BLM did not acknowledge its receipt until April 13, 1972.

⁵² Robert W. Arndorfer (Acting State Director BLM) to Senator Ted Stevens, March 26, 1984; Mary Jane Clawson (Chief, Branch of Lands, BLM) to Heirs of Palakia Melgenak, February 10, 1984; both in AA-7604.

⁵³ IBLA, "Contest AA-7604," September 12, 1985, 3; "Declaration of William Tanner," June 10, 1986; both in AA-7604.

⁵⁴ IBLA, "Contest AA-7604," September 12, 1985, 5, 8, 15.

⁵⁵ M. V. Finley (Acting RD/ARO), "Notice of Appeal," October 10, 1985; Garey Coatney (Chief, ARO-OL) to Paul Hunter (ARO-OL), February 18, 1988; both in AA-7604.

⁵⁶ Tred Eyerly (ALSC) to Will A. Irwin (IBLA), January 30, 1986, in AA-7604.

⁵⁷ F. Christopher Bockmon (USDI Office of the Solicitor) to Tred D. Eyerly (ASLC), March 17, 1986; Eyerly to Bockmon, April 16, 1986; both in AA-7604.

⁵⁸ John W. Burke to Harvey C. Sweitzer, November 28, 1988; IBLA, "Appeal to Contest No. AA-7604," June 20, 1986; Garey Coatney to Paul Hunter, February 18, 1988; all in AA-7604.

⁵⁹ "Declaration of William Tanner," June 10, 1986; Gary M. Ahlstrand, "Age Determination of a Brooks Camp Cabin Ruin, Katmai National Park and Preserve," September 1985; both in AA-7604.

⁶⁰ IBLA, "Order" on IBLA 86-32, May 11, 1988; Tred Eyerly (ALSC), "Memorandum in Support of Motion for Expedited Hearing," May 17, 1988, in AA-7604.

⁶¹ John W. Burke (Interior Department Solicitor's Office), telephone call to Richard Stenmark (Deputy RD/ARO), May 23, 1988; Richard O'Guin (Acting RD/ARO) to Burke, June 3, 1988); both in AA-7604.

⁶² Burke to RD/ARO, June 21, 1988; Richard O'Guin, telephone call to Jack Burke, July 8, 1988; O'Guin to Burke, August 23, 1988; Gary M. Ahlstrand, "Age Determination of Brooks Camp Cabin Ruins, Katmai National Park, Alaska," August 1988, 13; all in AA-7604.

⁶³ Paul Hunter, telephone call to Jack Burke, November 29, 1988; Tred Eyerly (ALSC) to Burke, December 8, 1988; Burke to Eyerly, February 21, 1989.

⁶⁴ John Burke to RD/ARO, July 18, 1989; Paul Hunter, telephone call to David Meko, July 26, 1989.

⁶⁵ Harvey C. Sweitzer, (USDI Office of Hearings and Appeals), "Amended Notice of Hearing," July 10, 1989.

⁶⁶ USDI Office of Hearings and Appeals, "Transcript of Proceedings Before the Honorable Harvey C. Sweitzer, August 30, 1989;" John W. Burke, "National Park Service's Post Hearing Brief, Findings and Conclusions," October 27, 1989, 5-9; Tred Eyerly, "Contestee's Post Hearing Brief, Findings and Conclusions," December 7, 1989, 2, 4, 6; Harvey C. Sweitzer, "Findings of Fact," January 4, 1990.

⁶⁷ Tred Eyerly to Harvey C. Sweitzer, October 27, 1988; Eyerly, "Motion to Clarify Scope of Hearing" and "Memorandum in Support of Motion to Clarify Scope of Hearing," both August 22, 1989.

⁶⁸ Burke, "National Park Service's Opposition to Contestee's Motion to Clarify Scope of Hearing," October 27, 1989; Eyerly, "Reply to National Park Service's Opposition to Motion to Clarify Scope of Hearing," December 7, 1989.

⁶⁹ NPS, "Brooks Camp Appeal, Case Status/Prognosis," August 24, 1990; IBLA, "United States v. Palakia Melgenak, IBLA 86-32," September 24, 1993, 225, 244, in Melgenak File, AKSO-EL.

⁷⁰ "Alaska Native Allotment Application and Evidence of Occupancy," AA 6212, registered March 5, 1971; BLM, "Native Allotment Held for Approval, Village Selection Rejected in Part," March 1, 1984; both in AA-6212, BLM, Alaska State Office, Anchorage.

⁷¹ Jesse H. Johnson (Chief, Lands and Locatable Minerals Section, BLM) to Ms. Pamela [sic] D. Peters, April 15, 1976, in AA-6212.

⁷² State of Alaska, "State of Alaska Protest Form," May 20, 1981; BLM, "Native Allotment Held for Approval, Village Selection Rejected in Part," March 1, 1984; both in AA-6212.

⁷³ Michael J. Thompson, Realty Specialist, BLM, "Native Allotment Field Report," January 10, 1980; BLM, "Native Allotment Held for Approval, Village Selection Rejected in Part," March 1, 1984; Chief, Branch of Southwest Adjudication, BLM to Chief, ARO-OL, January 27, 1992; all in AA-6212.

⁷⁴ BLM, "U.S. Survey No. 9197, Alaska, and the Retracement of a Portion of U.S. Survey No. 5712," October 16, 1987.

⁷⁵ Supt. KATM to RD/ARO, July 6, 1981, in AA-6212.

⁷⁶ Acting Supt. KATM to Chief, ARO-OL, Nov. 16, 1988, in AA-6212. In the 1986 General Management Plan, Peters' parcel was proposed for acquisition, but the NPS considered it no more or less important than Katmai's other native allotments. NPS, General Management Plan, Wilderness Suitability Review, Land Protection Plan, Katmai National Park and Preserve (Denver, NPS, 1986), 84-86.

⁷⁷ Garey E. Coatney (Chief, ARO-OL) to Chief, Branch of Southwest Adjudication, BLM State Office, April 6, 1990, in AA-6212.

⁷⁸ Mary Jane Clawson (Chief, Branch of Southwest Adjudication, BLM) to Chief, ARO-OL, April 23, 1990; Chief, Branch of Southwest Adjudication, BLM to Chief, ARO-OL, January 27, 1992; both in AA-6212.

⁷⁹ The road from King Salmon to Naknek Recreation Site #2 had been roughed out in the late 1950s; the spur road to the Lake Camp dock had been constructed a decade later.

⁸⁰ Garey E. Coatney (Chief, ARO-OL) to Chief, Branch of Southwest Adjudication, BLM State Office, May 23, 1990, in AA-6212. Also see Robert E. Sorenson (Chief, Branch of Lands and Minerals Operations, BLM) to Bob Baker, January 13, 1978, and Paul Hunter, NPS, to Janice Yankus, Land Law Examiner, BLM, November 28, 1990, in same file.

⁸¹ Sandra Dunn (Assistant District Manager, Lands, BLM to Chief, Branch of Southwest Adjudication, BLM, September 25, 1991, in AA-6212.

⁸² Certificate of Allotment No. 50-92-0420, July 9, 1992; BLM, "Conformance to Plat of Survey," January 24, 1992, both in AA-6212.

⁸³ Charles Gilbert (Chief, ARO-OL) to Ray O'Neill, December 17, 1991, in AA-6212.

⁸⁴ Morris interview, June 1, 1993.

⁸⁵ SAR, 1972-1983.

⁸⁶ SAR, 1978, 3.

⁸⁷ SAR, 1982, 6.

⁸⁸ SAR for 1983, 7-8; 1984, 5-6; 1985, 5-6; 1986, 5; and 1988, 3.

⁸⁹ SAR, 1985, 5-6; 1986, 5.

⁹⁰ Janis Meldrum, interview by the author, May 11, 1993; SAR, 1991, 7-8.

⁹¹ ANILCA (P.L. 96-487), Sec. 1317 (a).

⁹² NPS, Draft GMP, March 1985, 68; NPS, Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Wilderness Recommendation, Katmai National Park and Preserve (Denver, the author), April 1988, iii.

⁹³ NPS, Draft GMP, March 1985, 68.

⁹⁴ NPS, Draft EIS for Wilderness, 5-6, 90.

⁹⁵ NPS, Draft EIS for Wilderness, 8, 93. The document was dated April 1988 but was not released to the public until June 17.

⁹⁶ NPS, Draft EIS for Wilderness, iii-vi.

⁹⁷ NPS, Draft EIS for Wilderness, 20-23.

⁹⁸ NPS, Draft GMP, March 1985, 65; NPS, Draft EIS for Wilderness, 23-26.

⁹⁹ National Park Service, Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Wilderness Recommendation, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska (Denver, the author, September 1988), 93.

¹⁰⁰ NPS, Final EIS for Wilderness, i, iv.

¹⁰¹ Robert G. Hadfield (King Salmon) to Governor Steve Cowper, August 26, 1988; Bristol Bay Borough, "Resolution 88-14," August 1, 1988; both in File 1004 (1988), Series 88, RG 01, ASA.

¹⁰² Dick Sellers to Sterling Eide, September 29, 1982; Dick Sellers to Carl Yanagawa, October 12, 1982; both in KATM subsistence files.

¹⁰³ Superintendent KATM to RD/ARO, October 29, 1982.

¹⁰⁴ In the Alternatives Workbook which had been distributed to the public the previous July, a similar plan had been proposed; it called for the reopening of fishing areas closed by the 1969 monument expansion, the reopening of hunting and trapping areas closed by the Alaska Lands Act, and the movement, five miles to the east, of the park's westernmost boundary.

¹⁰⁵ Adelheid Herrmann to Dave Morris, January 13, 1984; "Proposed Kamishak-Katmai Land Trade;" David K. Morris to Rep. Adelheid Herrmann, February 6, 1984; all in KATM subsistence files.

¹⁰⁶ Dick Sellers to W. Lewis Pamplin, Jr., March 20, 1984, in KATM subsistence files.

¹⁰⁷ Lance Trasky to Norman Cohen and Lew Pamplin, May 9, 1984; Roger J. Contor (RD/ARO) to Rep. Adelheid Herrmann, June 22, 1984; Debby Clausen to Lance L. Trasky, July 10, 1984; all in KATM subsistence files.

¹⁰⁸ Dennis D. Kelso (ADF&G) to Tom Hawkins (DNR), August 2, 1984; C. Wayne Dolezal (ADF&G) to Veronica Gilbert (DNR), June 9, 1988; Dick Sellers to Wayne Dolezal, August 13, 1987; Larry Aumiller (ADF&G) to John Westlund, April 18, 1988; all in KATM subsistence files.

¹⁰⁹ Roger Contor (RD/ARO) to State Director, BLM, Alaska, September 5, 1984, in KATM subsistence files. By 1988, all of the parcels which had been suggested for disposal had been found unsuitable for that purpose. Debra Clausen (ADF&G) to Ray Bane, May 10, 1988, in KATM subsistence files.

¹¹⁰ Larry Aumiller (ADF&G) to Dan Timm, March 20, 1985; Richard A. Sellers to Roger Contor, May 10, 1985; both in KATM subsistence files.

¹¹¹ G. Ray Bane (Supt. KATM/ANIA) to RD/ARO, April 19, 1988; Lance L. Trasky (ADF&G) to Gary Gustafson (DNR), May 4, 1988; C. Wayne Dolezal (ADF&G) to Veronica Gilbert (DNR), June 9, 1988; all in KATM subsistence files; Bane to author, email, April 19, 1996.

¹¹² Stephen Hurd (Acting Supt. KATM) to Veronica Gilbert (ADNR), June 28, 1989; G. Ray Bane (Supt. KATM/ANIA) to Gary Gustafson (ADNR), July 25, 1989; Charles Gilbert (ARO-OL) to ARD Operations, et.al., October 18, 1989; all in KATM subsistence files.

¹¹³ SAR, 1991, 1; Morris interview, by Hanable.

¹¹⁴ Stondall interview; SAR, KATM, 1986, 1. The agency's space in their new facility was expanded in 1987 and again in 1992. SAR, 1987, 2; SAR, 1991, 5.

¹¹⁵ Janis Meldrum, interview with the author, December 29, 1992; SAR, KATM, for 1985, 3; 1986, 3; 1988, 7; and 1991, 4; Stondall interview; Morris interview. The two Fish and Wildlife trailers hauled to the property in 1988 were not set, skirted or provided utility hookups until 1991.

¹¹⁶ SAR, 1991, 4; NPS Briefing Statement, July 22, 1992, in AKSO-EL files. Barrie Gilbert, the Utah State University bear expert, had advocated the construction of such a platform as early as 1985. Gilbert to NPS, "Draft Problem Analysis/Bear Behavior," August 3, 1985, in File CX 9700-4-0019, at KATM.

¹¹⁷ Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and the National Park Service: A Report on the Initial Response (Anchorage, NPS, 1990), 5.

¹¹⁸ The primary NPS historical documents dealing with the spill have been William S. Hanable and Carol Burkhart's The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and the National Park Service and Rick Kurtz's Lessons to Be Learned: An Administrative History and Assessment of NPS Activities Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.

¹¹⁹ Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 22.

¹²⁰ Ibid., 2, 39, 40; Ray Bane to author, email, April 19, 1996.

¹²¹ Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 39.

¹²² Ibid., 39, 43, 79; Ray Bane to author, email, April 19, 1996. The Superintendent's Representative was Cordell Roy.

¹²³ Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 3, 43-45.

¹²⁴ Ibid., 49-50, 56, 59.

¹²⁵ Ibid., 77, 79, 88.

¹²⁶ Ibid., 79.

¹²⁷ Ibid., 80; Ray Bane to author, email, April 19, 1996.

¹²⁸ Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 3, 81.

¹²⁹ Ibid., 49-50, 80-81.

¹³⁰ Ibid., 81-82.

¹³¹ Ibid., 82; Kurtz, Lessons to be Learned, 40.

¹³² Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 3, 82; Janis Meldrum interview, May 11, 1993.

¹³³ Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 82.

¹³⁴ Kurtz, Lessons to be Learned, 50-51; Janis Meldrum interview, May 11, 1993.

¹³⁵ Kurtz, Lessons to be Learned, 52-53.

¹³⁶ FOSC Master Segment Files, located at FOSC office, Anchorage.

¹³⁷ Kurtz, Lessons to be Learned, 56.

¹³⁸ Ibid., 56.

¹³⁹ Ibid., 56-57.

¹⁴⁰ Ibid., 58.

¹⁴¹ Ibid., 59; Master Segment Files, located in Anchorage FOSC office.

¹⁴² G. Ray Bane (former Supt. KATM), interview by author, February 7, 1991.

¹⁴³ NPS, General Management Plan, Wilderness Suitability Review, and Land Protection Plan, KATM, October 1986, iv-vi, 127.

¹⁴⁴ NPS, GMP, iii, v, vi, 32, 43.

¹⁴⁵ SAR, 1984, 6.

¹⁴⁶ SAR, 1988, 5; Ray Bane, interview by author, June 13, 1991.

¹⁴⁷ Bane's closure order hearkened back to a previously-established pattern. Until 1985, the camp had closed on September 10, but in 1986 and 1987, it had remained open until the 17th. David Manski (Acting RMS, KATM) to Supt. KATM/ANIA, December 24, 1987; G. Ray Bane to Raymond F. Petersen, December 30, 1987; Bane interview, June 13, 1991; Bane to author, email, April 19, 1996.

¹⁴⁸ Compilation of statistics from CUL folders, AKSO-EC.

¹⁴⁹ In 1988, the first year in which the tour package was offered, a side-trip was offered to Naknek as well as Brooks Camp. The Katmai trip proved more successful, however, so the Naknek excursion was eliminated after the 1988 season. Janis Meldrum, interview by author, December 20, 1990.

¹⁵⁰ Gil Blinn, interview by William Hanable, August 26, 1988, 23-24.

¹⁵¹ [NPS], Katmai National Park and Preserve, Resources Management Plan (draft), April 15, 1982, 68-69.

¹⁵² David K. Morris to Richard Mathews [sic], April 2, 1985, in American Creek Permit file, AKSO-EC.

¹⁵³ "Commercial Use License Superintendent's Directions, Aircraft Operations in the Vicinity of Brooks Camp, KATM" (pilot's map), May 12, 1990; Bane interview, February 7, 1991; SAR, FY 1988, 2, 8.

¹⁵⁴ NPS, "Brooks Camp DCP Meeting Agenda," February 23, 1988, in BLM File AA-7604; SAR, 1988, 5-6.

¹⁵⁵ SAR, 1990, 3.

¹⁵⁶ [NPS], Katmai National Park and Preserve, Brooks River Area Development Concept Plan, Alternatives Workbook, Summer 1991, 19, 29, 39, 51.

¹⁵⁷ SAR, 1991, 1; Larry Norris (DSC), "Analysis of Public Comments on the Brooks River Development Concept Plan, Summer 1991 Alternatives Workbook," 3.

¹⁵⁸ Office of Environmental Planning and Design, Western Service Center, "Design Directive, Brooks Camp, Katmai," February 18, 1971; Bill Heubner, interview by author, February 8, 1993.

¹⁵⁹ Heubner interview, February 8, 1993; SAR, 1983, 10.

¹⁶⁰ Heubner interview; NPS, "Archeological Clearance Survey Form No. 002-91-KATM," June 20, 1991, at AKSO-RCR.

¹⁶¹ Heubner interview, February 8, 1993.

¹⁶² Anchorage Daily News, January 11, 1993, A1, A8.

¹ George L. Collins to RD/R4, July 19, 1950, in KATM Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB; Nancarrow to Supt. MOMC, July 27, 1950, Monthly Narrative Report for July 1950, in File A2827 (Reports to Chief Ranger), at DENA.

² "General Pictorial Report for KATM, Summer 1951," in File 207, Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB.

³ File 504, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴ KNM Box 2, NPS Archives, HFC.

⁵ Yeager to Biologist Lowell Sumner, SEKI, August 25, 1955, in File N1423 (Fish), 1946-1959, at KATM. According to the NCA's Brooks Camp log book, Yeager arrived on July 17, 1955.

⁶ NPS, "Mission 66 Prospectus," April 1956, 9, in KNM Box 2, NPS Archives, HFC.

⁷ Richard G. Prasil, "Annual Report of Information and Interpretive Services, MOMC," 1956, at KATM; Neil J. Reid, (Park Naturalist), "Annual Report on Information and Interpretive Services, MOMC," 1957, at KATM.

⁸ Neil J. Reid (MOMC Park Naturalist), "Annual Report on Information and Interpretive Services, MOMC," 1957, at KATM; Supt. MOMC to Director NPS, "Monthly Narrative Report for May 1958," June 5, 1958, at DENA.

⁹ Reid to Supt. MOMC, June 3, 1958, in KNM Box 1, NPS Archives, HFC.

¹⁰ Reid, "Annual Report on Information and Interpretive Services, MOMC," 1957 and 1958, both at KATM; NPS, Master Plan Brief for Katmai National Monument, 1965, 5.

¹¹ Reid, "Annual Report on Information and Interpretive Services, MOMC," 1959; Supt. MOMC, "Annual Report of Information and Interpretive Activity, KATM," 1960; both at KATM.

¹² Reid, "Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Katmai National Monument, Volume I, Chapter 4, Park Operations Outline, Section E, Interpretive Operations," September 18, 1960, 9-12, at KATM.

¹³ Supt. MOMC, "Annual Report of Informational and Interpretive Activity, KATM" for 1961 through 1964, in File K-1819, KATM Annex.

¹⁴ Robert L. Peterson to Supt. MOMC, April 3, 1961; Gruening, "Lonely Wonders of Katmai," National Geographic Magazine, June 1963, 828; Management Assistant, KATM, Monthly Narrative Report, March 1967, KATM.

¹⁵ Former MOMC Superintendent George Hall recalled that women were chosen to work at Brooks Camp because they were shorter in stature than men (and thus better qualified to stand up in the concessioner's small bus) and because they were perceived to be naturalists rather than protective personnel. Women continued to ride the buses through the early 1970s. Hall to William Hanable, November 15, 1989; SAR, 1972, 1.

¹⁶ Supt. MOMC, "Annual Report, Information and Interpretive Activity, KATM," 1963, at KATM.

¹⁷ Stanley A. Cain, "Alaska Trip Report," July 30 to August 10, 1965, 10, in NPS/Box 2, Bartlett Collection; "Statement of Raymond I. Petersen, President of WCA," December 17, 1971, in Box 13, NARA ANC; NPS, Master Plan Brief (1965), 4.

¹⁸ Management Assistant KATM to Supt. MOMC, Monthly Narrative Report for June 1967, at KATM; Darrell L. Coe, "Katmai National Monument," Alaska Sportsman 35 (March, 1969), 33; Chief, Information and Education, PNRO to Assistant Director, Cooperative Programs, PNRO, August 11, 1970, 2, in Box 13, NARA ANC. Also see Stanley A. Cain to Gov. William A. Egan, December 13, 1965, in File 883.1, Series 41, RG 01, ASA; and Ranger in Charge, KATM, Monthly Narrative Report, May 1966, at KATM.

¹⁹ Supt. KNM, "Annual Report, Information and Interpretive Services, Katmai, 1969," at KATM; Donald E. Dumond, "Prehistoric Dwellings in Katmai National Monument, Alaska," n.d. (1969?); Dumond, "Reconstruction of an Aboriginal Dwelling in Katmai National Monument, Alaska," January 15, 1969; both in KATM files, History Division Collection, WASO.

²⁰ Gilbert Blinn, interview by Bill Hanable, August 26, 1988, 6; Chief, Information and Education, PNRO, to Assistant Director, Cooperative Programs, PNRO, August 11, 1970, in Box 13, NARA ANC. The process of greeting spread, for awhile at least, to every aspect of the visitor's trip. In the summer of 1970, Charles Gebler noted that "the approximate 1400 visitors to Brooks Camp are probably personally greeted more than any other visitors in the National Park System. Almost all visitors are greeted by a clerical employee at King Salmon as they disembark from the airplane by the clerical employee. She does an amazingly effective job at making them feel at home. All incoming plane flights to Brooks Camp are then greeted by one of the park staff. As a third stage to the greeting procedure, the visitors to the lodge are given a short talk after their first meal."

²¹ Lowell Sumner, Special Report, Katmai Master Planning Field Study, September 5-13, 1963 (Washington, NPS, 1963), 5.

²² NPS, Master Plan Brief for Katmai National Monument, 1965, 9, 12.

²³ Charles C. Schmid (Acting General Supt., Alaska Group Office), January 19, 1971, in File 22, KATM. The prospectus was not updated until 1991. SAR, 1991, 7.

²⁴ Alaska Planning Group, Katmai National Park, Alaska, A Master Plan (Washington, D.C., NPS, December 1973), 37.

²⁵ Since the prospectus was published, several Statements for Interpretation have been prepared. NPS, "Interpretive Prospectus, Katmai National Monument," May 4, 1973, passim.; SAR, KATM, 1991, 6; Mark Wagner, interview by author, March 3, 1993.

²⁶ NPS, "Katmai National Monument" (brochure), editions of 1952, 1963, and 1968, in KATM Box 2, NPS History Collection, HFC; "Alaska's Land of Steaming Volcanoes," Sunset 118 (April 1957), 32.

²⁷ Keith Ryder, "On Foot in the Valley of Fire and Ice," Alaska Sportsman 30 (September 1964), 24; Darrell L. Coe, "Katmai National Monument," National Parks Magazine 40 (June 1966), 9.

²⁸ "Item 18, Backcountry Visitor Use," in Bailey Breedlove, Advance Master Plan/Wilderness Research, Katmai National Monument, Shelikof Strait-King Salmon, Alaska, June 1969, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

²⁹ John Henneberger, "Backcountry Use," Katmai National Monument Master Plan, Preliminary Working Draft, August 1971, 36.

³⁰ "Visitation Figures - Parks in Alaska," in File A2615 (inactive) at KATM shows that 98 people visited Katmai's backcountry in 1972. Another 80 did so in 1973.

³¹ During the late 1970s and early 1980s, bus-tour patrons may have been considered backcountry users; during the mid-1980s, the only bona fide users were overnight campers. Since then, it appears that both day-trippers and campers have been considered backcountry users.

³² One indicator of the Katmai's popularity as an overnight destination has been the number of licensed companies sponsoring camping, backpacking, mountaineering, and ocean touring trips. Six such companies operated these trips in 1981. In 1985, seven companies were active, and in 1989 the number of involved companies remained at seven. Many Katmai campers, of course, are not affiliated with guiding companies, and park staff have had no reliable way of tabulating the number of independent campers. Some campers fill out NPS backcountry permits before commencing their explorations, but there is no requirement to do so and many do not. Source: Commercial Use License statistics, AKSO-EC; Janis Meldrum, interview by author, February 25, 1993.

³³ See Larry Rice, Gathering Paradise: Alaska Wilderness Journeys (Golden, Colo., Fulcrum Pub., 1990), 8; Janis Meldrum, interview by author, February 25, 1993.

³⁴ Commercial Use License statistics, AKSO-EC; Norris, Tourism in Katmai Country, Tables 1 and 2.

³⁵ SAR, passim.; Frankie Barker (ANHA), interview by author, February 24, 1993.

³⁶ Frankie Barker interview; David K. Morris (Supt. KATM) to RD/ARO, November 4, 1985, "Semiannual Report to Congress," in File A7221, KATM.

³⁷ The Bear Facts, vols. 1-3; Mark Wagner to author, June 1995.

³⁸ Chief, Information and Education, PNRO, to Assistant Director, Cooperative Programs, PNRO, August 11, 1970, 2, in Box 13, NARA ANC; SAR, 1978-1979, 1; NPS, "End of Season Interpretive Report, KATM," September 10, 1985.

³⁹ NPS, "End of Season Interpretive Report, KATM," September 10, 1983.

⁴⁰ SAR for 1973, 1; 1977, 1; and 1978, 1; Janis Meldrum, interview by author, February 25, 1993; Mark Wagner to author, June 1995.

⁴¹ Norris, Tourism in Katmai Country, 43, 71, 80, 85, 104.

⁴² Raymond F. Petersen to Roger Contor, May 2, 1986; SAR, 1986, 4. NPS staff may have encouraged Petersen to complain about the matter to a wide range of officials both in and out of the Service, in hopes that funding for the bus tours might be restored.

⁴³ Gil Blinn to Bruce Jones (Wien Air Alaska), June 22, 1977, in "Wien Air Alaska, Inc., 1973-1978" file, AKSO-EC; SAR, KATM, for 1978, 1; 1979, 2.

⁴⁴ SAR, 1982, 1; NPS, "End of Season Interpretive Report, KATM" for 1983 through 1985, at KATM.

⁴⁵ SAR, 1977, 1.

⁴⁶ Bruce Kaye (Park Ranger) to Robert A. Riggs, REDW, February 12, 1980, in File N615, AKSO; NPS, "End of Season Interpretive Report, KATM," September 10, 1983, at KATM. The handout was entitled "Alaskan Brown Bear of Katmai."

⁴⁷ SAR, passim.

⁴⁸ Chuck Peterson to Gil Blinn, January 14, 1977, in "Wien Air Alaska, Inc., 1973-1978" file, AKSO-EC; SAR, KATM, 1977, 1.

⁴⁹ SAR, 1979, 2; NPS, "End of Season Interpretive Report, KATM," September 10, 1987, at KATM.

⁵⁰ SAR, 1979, 2; SAR, 1980, 2; Janis Meldrum, interview by author, February 25, 1993; Mark Wagner to author, June 1995.

⁵¹ SAR, 1987, 7; Morris interview; Janis Meldrum, interview by author, February 25, 1993.

⁵² SAR, 1986, 4; NPS, "KATM Parkwide Wayside Exhibit Proposal," September 26, 1991; Chief, Division of Wayside Exhibits, HFC to RD/ARO, January 9, 1992, in File D6215, KATM.

⁵³ Mark Wagner (KATM Interpretive Specialist), interview by author, March 3, 1993; Wagner to author, June 1995.

⁵⁴ Loren Casebeer to RD/ARO, June 8, 1987, in "Katmai Concessions, vol. III, packet 2" file, AKSO-EC.

¹ Ross C. Kavanagh (ARO) and Charles P. Meacham (Commercial Fish Division, ADF&G), interview by William F. Hanable, November 15, 1989.

² Kavanagh and Meacham interview.

³ National Park Service, "Draft Environmental Assessment - Fishing Regulations, Katmai National Park and Preserve," 7, ms. in files of AKSO-RCR.

⁴ Don E. Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula: The Naknek Region, 1960-1975, University of Oregon Anthropological Papers No. 21 (1981), 6, Table 6-13.

⁵ National Park Service, Draft Environmental Assessment, Fishing Regulations, Katmai National Park and Preserve, August 15, 1986, 9.

⁶ NPS, Draft EA, Fishing Regulations, August 15, 1986, 7-8.

⁷ Robert F. Griggs, Leader, Katmai Expedition, November 22, 1930, to Ernest Walker Sawyer, USDI, in Griggs Collection, National Geographic Society.

⁸ Patricia Roppel, Salmon from Kodiak; An History of the Salmon Fishery of Kodiak Island, Alaska (Anchorage, Alaska Historical Commission Studies in History No. 216), 1986, 6; Antonson and Hanable, Alaska's Heritage, 439.

⁹ Lewis G. MacDonald, "Chronological History of Salmon Canneries in Central Alaska," Alaska Fisheries Board Annual Report 3 (1951), 78, 83; U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries (Washington, GPO), various issues, 1923 to 1936.

¹⁰ Because of confusing Federal agency name changes, the following historical summary is provided to assist the reader in understanding and tracking Federal involvement in Katmai fishery management and research.

In 1871 the U.S. Fish Commission was established as an independent agency of the Federal government. In 1903 the Commission was renamed the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and placed in the newly-established Department of Commerce and Labor. (The Bureau became part of the Department of Commerce when the department split apart in 1913.) In 1940 the Bureau of Fisheries merged with the U.S. Biological Survey, which had been in the Department of Agriculture, to become the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The new agency was placed within the Department of the Interior. In 1956 the Fish and Wildlife Service was reorganized and two bureaus were created within it: the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. In 1970 the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries was renamed the National Marine Fisheries Service, and it became part of the new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the Department of Commerce. "100 Years of BCF and Its Predecessors," Commercial Fisheries Review 32 (October 1970), 2.

¹¹ U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries, 1920 (Washington, GPO, 1921), 31-32.

¹² U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries (Washington, GPO) for 1920 (p. 32) and 1921 (p. 17); NPS, Draft Environmental Assessment, Brooks Falls Fish Ladder, Katmai National Park and Preserve, May 1987, 16. Many sources have stated that the original cut was located where the fish ladder was later built. Both the USBF and Frank Been's Field Notes of Katmai National Monument Inspection (p. 11), however, confirm that the 1920-21 activity took place across the river from the fish ladder.

¹³ U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries (Washington, GPO), 1920-25 editions; Frank T. Been, Field Notes of KNM Inspection, November 12, 1940, 8; Alaska Travel Publications, Inc., Exploring Katmai National Monument and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (Anchorage, the author, 1974), 76.

¹⁴ U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries, 1936, 284; George J. Eicher, "The Effects of Laddering a Falls in a Salmon Stream," n.d. (1956?), AKSO-RCR Collection.

¹⁵ George J. Eicher, "History of the Bristol Bay Investigation," April 25, 1967, 1, ms. in files of the Auke Bay [Alaska] Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service.

¹⁶ Eicher, April 25, 1967, 1. Later it was discovered that Brooks Lake was the least typical of the Bristol Bay spawning and nursery areas.

¹⁷ F. A. Davidson, Director (Seattle office), Bureau of Fisheries, to National Park Service, D.C., April 16, 1940, in File N1423, ("Fish 1946-1959"), KATM (also in File 205, KNM Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB); A. E. Demaray (Acting Director, NPS) to Acting Commissioner, Bureau of Fisheries, May 14, 1940, in RG 79, Box 312, NARA SB.

¹⁸ Hillory A. Tolson (Acting Director, NPS) to Acting Commissioner, Bureau of Fisheries, April 25, 1940; A.E. Demaray to Acting Commissioner, Bureau of Fisheries, May 14, 1940; both in Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB. Also Supt. MOMC to Director NPS, April 23, 1941 and George Eicher, telephone interview with Bill Tanner, August 18, 1984; both in Melgenak Case File, AKSO-EL.

¹⁹ Eicher, April 25, 1967, 3.

²⁰ Eicher, April 25, 1967, 4-5.

²¹ Revised figures are from Eicher, 1971, as quoted by Carl Burger, with James Lundeen and Anders Danielson, "Biological and Hydrological Evaluations of the Fish Ladder at Brooks River Falls, Alaska" (draft report), U.S. F&WS, National Fishery Research Center, Anchorage, June 1, 1985, copy in AKSO-RNR files. No count is available for 1943.

²² Annual Reports of Alaska Fisheries Investigations, 1943-1944, 1944-1945; Section of Alaska Fishery Investigations, September 1 to September 30, 1945, in Box 294, BCF Collection, 1904-1960, RG 22, NARA Anchorage; George J. Eicher to William S. Hanable, September 1, 1989, in AKSO-RCR files.

²³ Eicher, April 25, 1967, 7.

²⁴ The NPS did not know that Brooks Falls had been blasted by Bureau of Fisheries personnel until Mount McKinley National Park Superintendent Frank Been visited the site in September 1940. Been was matter-of-fact in reporting on the modifications to the falls. His superiors, however, apparently felt that the falls had been blasted during the past few years. They would have protested the action, but chose not to do so because the offending agency (the Bureau of Fisheries) no longer existed. Been, Field Notes of KNM Inspection, 10; Ronald F. Lee (Acting Director, NPS) to RD/R4, September 6, 1951, in "Katmai Rules and Regulations" folder, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB.

²⁵ Annotated copy of "Kamishak Bay-Katmai Region" (map), USGS/1923, in File 601, KNM Box 2, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; Hillory Tolson (Acting Director NPS) to Edwin G. Arnold (Director, Division of Territories and Island Possessions), April 12, 1946, at KATM; William R. Heard, Richard L. Wallace, and Wilbur L. Hartman, Distribution of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska and their Zoogeographical Implications, Special Scientific Report--Fisheries No. 590 (Washington, USF&WS), October 1969, 2.

²⁶ U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries (Washington, GPO), 1947 through 1955 editions.

²⁷ Eicher, September 1, 1989.

²⁸ Eicher, April 25, 1967, 9.

²⁹ Ranger (Willie) Nancarrow to Supt. MOMC, August 26, 1950, in File A2827, Reports to Chief Ranger, January 1950-November 1954, DENA archives.

³⁰ Alfred C. Kuehl to Assistant Regional Director, Design and Construction, Region Four, August 21, 1951, in File N1423 ("Fish, 1946-1959"), KATM; George J. Eicher to Dean Paddock, March 21, 1987, in AKSO-RNR files.

³¹ Alfred C. Kuehl to Assistant Regional Director, Design and Construction, Region Four, August 21, 1951, in File N1423 ("Fish, 1946-1959"), KATM.

³² George L. Collins to RD/R4, NPS, July 19, 1950, in "Katmai NM" folder, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB.

³³ O. A. Tomlinson (RD/R4) to Director NPS, July 31, 1950, in File 714, KNM Box 312, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB.

³⁴ O. A. Tomlinson (RD/R4) to Director NPS, July 31, 1950; Hillory A. Tolson (Acting Director, NPS) to Director, F&WS, August 25, 1950; M.C. James (Acting Director, F&WS) to Director NPS, September 27, 1950; all in File 208, KNM Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB; Eicher, September 1, 1989.

³⁵ Alfred C. Kuehl to Assistant Regional Director, Design and Construction, Region 4, August 21, 1951, in File 208-06, Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB.

³⁶ George L. Collins, July 19, 1950 letter; Eicher, September 1, 1989.

³⁷ Raymond I. Petersen, Affidavit, May 31, 1983, in Melgenak Case File, AKSO-EL.

³⁸ Subsequent Public Land Orders withdrawing land at the sites took place in 1944, 1945, and 1946. Historical Index for T17S, R43W and T18S, R44W, Seward Meridian.

³⁹ R. R. Lyons (Captain, U.S. Navy, Commanding Officer, Kodiak Naval Operating Base) to Supt. MOMC, October 16, 1945; Grant Pearson (Supt. MOMC) telegram, September 9, 1946; both in File 901, Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴⁰ Grant Pearson (Supt. MOMC) to RD/R4, September 26, 1945 telegram, in "KNM-Permits" file, KNM Collection, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB; Alfred C. Kuehl, Memorandum to RD/R4, August 23, 1948, in "General Correspondence Concerning Katmai, 1946-1953," in KATM Annex Files.

⁴¹ Lt. Col. Ernest B. Walters, USAF, to Regional Administrator, BLM, May 29, 1949; also Charles P. Mead to Acting Director, Alaska State Office, BLM, October 23, 1986; both in Case File AO 23000, BLM Anchorage.

⁴² Public Land Order 3700, in Federal Register, June 10, 1965, 7899.

⁴³ U.S. Air Force, History of the Alaska Air Command, 1 January 1976-31 December 1976 (Anchorage, the author), 1977.

⁴⁴ Frank T. Been (Supt. MOMC) to RD/R4, May 20, 1948, in File 710, KNM Box 312, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB; George B. Kelez (Supervisor of Fisheries, Seattle) to Chief, Branch of Alaska Fisheries, Washington, D.C., February 17, 1950, in File 208, KNM Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴⁵ Hillory A. Tolson (Assistant Director NPS) to RD/R4, April 23, 1948, in File 208, KNM Box 311, RG 79, Entry 7, NARA SB.

⁴⁶ Raymond I. Petersen to Dave Morris (Supt. KATM), October 27, 1982, in AKSO-EC; Frank T. Been to RD/R4, December 13, 1948, at KATM.

⁴⁷ Raymond I Petersen to George L. Collins (Chief, Alaska Recreation Studies, Region 4), September 26, 1950, in Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB; George B. Kelez (Supervisor of Fisheries, Seattle) to Chief, Branch of Alaska Fisheries, Washington, D.C., February 17, 1950, in File 208, KNM Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁴⁸ Hillory A. Tolson (Assistant Director, NPS) to RD/R4, April 23, 1948, in File 208, KNM Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴⁹ Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Southwest Alaska Rainbow Trout Management Plan (Juneau?, the author, December 1988), 3; Superintendent, Camp Operations, Anglers Paradise, July 14, 1950, in Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB. In a May 16, 1951 letter from Raymond E. Hoyt (ARD/R4) to Roy Lindsley (F&WS, Kodiak), the regulation was cited not as one treble hook but as two single hooks.

⁵⁰ Clarence J. Rhode (Alaska Regional Director, F&WS) to Director, F&WS, July 25, 1951, in File N1423 ("Fish, 1946-1949"), KATM.

⁵¹ Acting RD, Region 4 to Director NPS, August 3, 1951, in File N1423, KATM.

⁵² Acting RD, Region 4 to Director NPS, August 3, 1951, in File N1423, KATM.

⁵³ A. E. Demaray (Director NPS) to Secretary of the Interior, September 19, 1951, in File 208, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁵⁴ Lawrence Merriam (RD/R4) to Director NPS, August 29, 1951, in File 208, KNM Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁵⁵ RD/R4 to Director NPS, August 29, 1951, in "Katmai Rules and Regulations" folder, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁵⁶ A. E. Demaray (Director NPS) to Director F&WS, October 3, 1951, in File 208, KNM Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁵⁷ Chief Counsel, NPS, to RD, Region 4, March 10, 1952, in File N1423, KATM.

⁵⁸ Federal Register, May 28, 1952.

⁵⁹ "APK" to Mr. (Douglas) McKay (Secretary of the Interior), July 13, 1953, in File N1423, KATM.

⁶⁰ John Greenbank (Fishery Management Biologist, F&WS), "Sport Fish Survey, Katmai National Monument, Alaska," n.d. (c. 1955), in File N1423, KATM.

⁶¹ Greenbank, c. 1955, 30.

⁶² Dorr G. Yeager (Chief of Interpretation, Region 4) to Lowell Sumner (Biologist, SEKI), August 25, 1955, in File N1423, KATM.

⁶³ USDI, Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska, 1956, 69.

⁶⁴ Neil J. Reid to Supt. MOMC, "Report on Katmai Visit, May 29 to June 1, 1958," in "D-18 Master Plan, Katmai, 1953-59" file, KNM Box 1, HFC.

⁶⁵ Chief, Division of Design and Construction, NPS, October 11, 1955, NPS History Collection, Serendipity File, KATM.

⁶⁶ "Policies for the Protection and Management of Fishery Resources," in National Park Service Administrative Manual;, Vol. IV, Ranger Activities, Part 2, Chapter 5, August 1959, 3-7.

⁶⁷ William W. Redmond (Regional Solicitor, Department of the Interior) to Supt. MOMC, May 23, 1961, in File N1423 ("Fish, 1960-74"), KATM; William A. Egan to Ernest Gruening, April 18, 1961, in File 883.1, Series 41, RG 01, ASA.

⁶⁸ Folder 45 (Naknek Advisory Committee), Series 556 (Local Advisory Committee files), RG 11 (Fish and Game Records), ASA; SAR, KATM, 1986, 7.

⁶⁹ Ranger-in-Charge, KNM, to Supt. MOMC, July 6, 1966, in DENA files.

⁷⁰ Reetz to Keith Miller, January 23, 1969, in File NR/1-2, Series 88, RG 01, ASA; Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Southwest Alaska Rainbow Trout Management Plan, December 1988, 4; Bailey O. Breedlove (Park Planner, Alaska Field Office) to RD/WRO, April 7, 1969, in File 22 (Professional Services Proposals, KATM), AKSO files.

⁷¹ Gil Blinn, interview by William Hanable, August 26, 1988; Chief, Information and Education, PNRO to Assistant Director, Cooperative Programs, PNRO, August 11, 1970, in "Katmai NM Correspondence 1971-75" file, Box 13, RG 79, NARA ANC.

⁷² "Annual Aquatic Resources Report for 1973, Katmai, January 14, 1974," in File N1423 ("Fish, 1960-74"), KATM; Alaska Travel Publications, Inc., Exploring Katmai National Monument and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 160.

⁷³ SAR, KATM, for 1972, 2, and 1974, 2; ADF&G, Division of Sport Fish, Southwest Alaska Rainbow Trout Management Plan (December 1988), 4. In 1974, the salmon returns were so poor throughout the area that President Nixon declared Bristol Bay an economic disaster area. NPS, Draft Environmental Assessment, Brooks Falls Fish Ladder, KATM (May, 1987), 13, in AKSO-RCR files.

⁷⁴ 36 CFR 7.46 for 1972 and 1973.

⁷⁵ Chief, Information and Education, PNRO to Assistant Director, Cooperative Programs, PNRO, August 11, 1970, in "Katmai NM Correspondence 1971-75" file, Box 13, RG 79, NARA ANC; Supt. KATM to State Director, Alaska, August 17, 1972, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁷⁶ Aleutian Island and Bristol Bay Order No. 11-2-74, May 16, 1974, ADF&G, Division of Sport Fish, in File N1423 ("Fish, 1960-1974"), KATM; Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Alaska Sport Fishing Seasons and Bag Limits, 1976 (Juneau, 1976), 39.

⁷⁷ Eicher, April 25, 1967, 10-12.

⁷⁸ Frank T. Been to Director NPS, April 23, 1941, in Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; "Brooks Lake Real Property" file, "Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Brooks Lake" folder, AKSO-RCR Collection.

⁷⁹ William R. Heard, Richard L. Wallace, and Wilbur L. Hartman, Distribution of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska and their Zoogeographical Implications, Special Scientific Report--Fisheries No. 590 (Washington, USF&WS), October 1969, 1; F. W. Stokes (BCF Administrative Officer) to GSA Seattle, March 31, 1960, in "Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Brooks Lake Files" folder, AKSO-RCR Collection.

⁸⁰ NPS, Master Plan Brief for Katmai National Monument, 1965, 17 (map).

⁸¹ Most of the structures erected outside of the BCF's three main temporary camps were built rudely and deteriorated quickly. Item 17, "Inventory of Backcountry Facilities and Structures," in Breedlove, 1969; Robert L. Carper, List of Classified Structures Inventory (Denver, NPS), April 1976; NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Katmai Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska (FES 74-35), June 13, 1974, 31, 37; William R. Heard, Richard L. Wallace, and Wilbur L. Hartman, Distribution of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska and their Zoogeographical Implications, Special Scientific Report--Fisheries No. 590 (Washington, USF&WS), October 1969, 1-2; NPS, "Important Issues Concerning Preliminary Wilderness Proposal for Katmai National Monument," in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁸² NPS, Draft Environmental Assessment, Brooks Falls Fish Ladder, KATM, May 1987, 18. But Superintendent Gil Blinn, who arrived in September 1969, recalled that the weir was "discontinued about my first summer or so." Blinn interview, August 26, 1988.

⁸³ Ross C. Kavanagh interview, October 27, 1989; Richard Wilmot with Carl Burger and Pierre Steinbeck, "Genetics of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska," report sponsored and funded by the NPS (Anchorage, F&WS, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Office of Research, May 1, 1986), 18-19.

⁸⁴ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Katmai Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, June 13, 1974, 29; SAR for 1973 (p. 2) and 1974 (p. 2). Harry Reitz, the NMFS Alaska Director, noted in 1978 that the agency "had not maintained an active research program there since 1972." Reitz to RD/PNRO, March 20, 1978, in "Buildings" file, KATM.

⁸⁵ Gilbert E. Blinn (Supt. KNM) to Area Director, Alaska, NPS, Memorandum on Salmon Research by NMFS, August 2, 1976, in AKSO-RNR files; Ross C. Kavanagh, October 27, 1989; NPS, "Important Issues Concerning Wilderness Proposal for Katmai National Monument," February 24, 1977, in "Wilderness Katmai" file, Box 13, RG 79, NARA ANC.

⁸⁶ "Brooks Lake General Correspondence" file, BCF folder, AKSO-RCR Collection; SAR 1978, 6; Morris interview, November 2, 1989.

⁸⁷ Carper, List of Classified Structures Inventory, 4-5; Janis Meldrum interview, June 9, 1993.

⁸⁸ George J. Eicher's analysis, "The Effects of Laddering a Falls in a Salmon Stream," (unpublished mss., USF&WS), c. 1956. Eicher ascribed the post-ladder sockeye salmon decline to overfishing in Bristol Bay and not to the presence of the fish ladder. He argued that the population of three salmon species--pinks, cohoes, and chums--were healthier in the 1950s (after ladder construction) than in the 1940s. But the average numbers of those three species (both before and after ladder construction) were less than one-tenth of one percent of the red salmon population. Contemporary biologists consider any differences in the number of pinks, cohoes, and chums to be so small as to be insignificant and inconclusive.

⁸⁹ Darrell L. Coe (Management Assistant, KNM) to Supt. MOMC, March 27, 1967; George A. Hall (MOMC) to Assistant RD, WRO, August 19, 1967; both in AKSO-RNR files.

⁹⁰ Vernon C. Betts (Chief Ranger, KNM) to Management Biologist (Alaska Office, NPS), July 21, 1970, in AKSO-RNR files.

⁹¹ Cahalane, A Biological Survey of Katmai National Monument, 178.

⁹² Samuel A. King (Supt. MOMC) to Dexter F. Lall (ADF&G, Kodiak), June 22, 1962; Special Use Permit KATM-1-62; both in Item 13 ("Special Use Permits"), Breedlove 1962; Robert F. Cooney, "Preamble to Master Plan for Katmai National Monument," September 10, 1963; Kathy Jope to author, email, April 8, 1996.

⁹³ Gil Blinn (Supt. KATM), "Revised Statement for Management, KATM," June 7, 1976, 5; SAR for 1977 (p. 4) and 1978 (p. 5).

⁹⁴ Kavanagh interview, November 15, 1989.

⁹⁵ Kavanagh interview, November 15, 1989; Eugene H. Buck et.al., "Bibliography, Synthesis, and Modeling of Naknek River Aquatic System Information," September 1979, report prepared for USDI, NPS, PNRO by AEIDC, Anchorage, in AKSO-RNR files.

⁹⁶ Morris interview, November 2, 1989.

⁹⁷ Kavanagh, November 15, 1989; Louis A. Gwartney, "Naknek Drainage Rainbow Trout Study in the Katmai National Park and Preserve," Anchorage, ADF&G Division of Sport Fish and USDI, NPS, 1985, 75-78.

⁹⁸ Kavanagh, November 15, 1989; Carl V. Burger and Louis A. Gwartney, "A Radio Tagging Study of Naknek Drainage Rainbow Trout," December 1, 1986, report sponsored and funded by the Alaska Regional Office, NPS; copies at AKSO-RNR.

⁹⁹ Kavanagh, November 15, 1989; Wilmot, Burger, and Steinbeck, "Genetics of Sockeye Salmon," May 1, 1986.

¹⁰⁰ Carl Burger with James Lundeen and Anders Danielson, "Biological and Hydrological Evaluations of the Fish Ladder at Brooks River Falls, Alaska" (Anchorage, NPS, June 1, 1985), 3, 19-21, in AKSO-RNR files; SAR 1985, 7.

¹⁰¹ William R. Heard to George R. Snyder, May 21, 1986, in AKSO-RNR files.

¹⁰² Theodore R. Merrell, Jr. to Carl Burger, December 1985, in AKSO-RNR files; Burger, Lundeen, and Danielson, "Biological and Hydrological Evaluations," 1985, 19-20, 24, 35.

¹⁰³ Heard to Snyder letter, May 21, 1986.

¹⁰⁴ Burger, Lundeen, and Danielson, "Biological and Hydrological Evaluations," 1985, 36-37.

¹⁰⁵ Janis Meldrum interview, June 9, 1993.

¹⁰⁶ G. E. Horton and J. Reynolds, "Effects of Jet Boats on Salmonid Reproduction in Alaskan Streams," unpub. M.S. thesis (by Horton, with an executive summary by Reynolds), University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1994.

¹⁰⁷ Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Southwest Alaska Rainbow Trout Management Plan, December 1988, 3-4; Kathy Jope to author, email, April 9, 1996.

¹⁰⁸ Barrie K. Gilbert to NPS, August 3, 1985, "Draft Problem Analysis/Bear Behavior," 1, in "File CX-9700-4-0019 Bear Study," at KATM.

¹⁰⁹ Federal Register, August 8, 1988, 29746-48; SAR 1986, 7; SAR 1987, 3-4; NPS, Draft Environmental Assessment, Fishing Regulations, Katmai National Park and Preserve, August 15, 1986, in AKSO-RCR Collection.

¹¹⁰ SAR 1988, 2; "Katmai Country," Alaska Geographic 16 (1989), 60; Federal Register, August 8, 1988, 29746; Federal Register, May 1, 1989, 18491-94; Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Alaska Sport Fishing Regulations Summary, 1990, 46.

¹¹¹ Edwin W. Seiler to National Park Service, February 9, 1952; Grant H. Pearson (Supt. MOMC) to Edwin W. Seiler, February 18, 1952; both in KATM files.

¹¹² Region 4 (NPS) telegram to Supt. MOMC, April 8, 1952; Supt. MOMC telegram to Region 4, April 8, 1952; RD/R4 to Director NPS, April 16, 1952; all in File N1423 ("Fish, 1946-1959"), KATM and RG 79, Box 312, NARA SB. Also Ronald Lee (Asst. Dir. NPS) to RD/R4 (telegram), April 7, 1952 and Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, April 10, 1952; both in File 208, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹¹³ George M. Peters to Gunnar Berggren, July 5, 1953, in File N1423 ("Fish, 1946-1959"), KATM.

¹¹⁴ Oscar T. Dick (Supt. MOMC) to Walter Kirkness (Commissioner, ADF&G), March 30, April 23, and May 7, 1965; Howard W. Baker (Assistant Director NPS) to Hon. Ralph J. Rivers, March 26, 1965, in File N1423 ("Fish, 1960-1974"), KATM.

¹¹⁵ Ralph Root and Fred Eubanks (Park Planners) to Project Leader, Alaska Task Force, May 27, 1976, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

¹¹⁶ SAR, KATM, 1972, 2.

¹¹⁷ NPS, Environmental Assessment for Proposed Revision of Fishing Regulations for Naknek River, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, n.d. (October 1975?), in Box 13, NARA ANC; NPS, Environmental Review, Proposed Revision of Fishing Regulations for Naknek River, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, January 13, 1976 (NPS Report 127/D-9, TIC).

¹¹⁸ 36 CFR 7.46, effective July 1, 1977.

¹¹⁹ U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries (Washington, GPO), 1914 through 1924 editions.

¹²⁰ Richard B. Nickerson, A Critical Analysis of Some Razor Clam (Siliqua patula, Dixon) Populations in Alaska (Juneau?, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, July 1975), 23; F. H. Oliphant, "Report on Clam and Salmon Packing" (brochure), c. 1924; F. W. Weymouth, H. C. McMillan, and H. B. Holmes, "Growth and Age at Maturity of the Pacific Ocean Clam, Siliqua patula (Dixon)," Document No. 984, in Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries 41, 1925 (Washington, GPO, 1927), 69th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. 230, 201, 208.

¹²¹ James McBurney (Surf Canneries) to Harold Ickes, February 4, 1936, in "General 1930-38" file, KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

¹²² U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries (Washington, GPO), editions from 1924 through 1936; F. H. Oliphant, "Report on Clam and Salmon Packing" (brochure), c. 1924.

¹²³ Robert F. Griggs to Ernest W. Sawyer, November 22, 1930, in National Geographic Society Collection; Hillory A. Tolson (Acting Director NPS) to Director USF&WS, February 24, 1944, in RG 79, Box 313, "Katmai - Concessions" file, NARA SB; Herbert Maier (Acting RD/R4) to Director NPS, December 14, 1949, in "Katmai-Permits" file, Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB; Fred W. Johnson (BLM) to Director NPS, August 28, 1946, in File 601, KNM Box 2, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; A. C. Kinsley (USDI Division of Investigations) to Dale B. Whiteside, August 11, 1941, in File 602, Box 311, Entry 7, NARA SB.

¹²⁴ Frank L. Beals (Under Refuge Manager, Alaska Game Commission, Fish and Wildlife Service) to Herbert Maier, NPS, November 1, 1944, in "General 1930-38" file, KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; Hillory A. Tolson (Acting Director, NPS) to Mr. Crouch, F&WS and Clinton H. Hartstrom, April 30, 1945, in "Katmai-Permits" File, Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹²⁵ Hillory A. Tolson (Acting Director NPS) to Joseph T. Jones, Cape Douglas Canning Corp., March 27, 1946, at KATM.

¹²⁶ Hillory A. Tolson to Jones, March 27, 1946; Tolson to Clinton H. Hartson, April 9, 1946, at KATM.

¹²⁷ Tolson to Jones, March 27, 1946; Warner W. Gardner (Assistant Secretary of the Interior) to Director NPS, December 12, 1946; Cape Douglas Canning Corporation to Acting Director, NPS, December 21, 1946; Warner W. Gardner, "Permit," January 28, 1947; all in File N1423 ("Fish, 1946-1959"), KATM; also see File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA.

¹²⁸ "Authority of the Secretary to Administer Tidelands Adjoining Katmai National Monument in Alaska," in Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Katmai National Park, Alaska, 1974, 529-31. Also located in USDI, Decisions of the Department of the Interior 59 (Washington, GPO, 1952), 360-63.

¹²⁹ F. L. Ekholm (President, Cape Douglas Canning Corporation) to Warner W. Gardner, September 8, 1947, in File N1423, KATM; Lewis G. MacDonald, "Chronological History of Salmon Canneries in Central Alaska," Alaska Fisheries Board Annual Report 3 (1951), 83.

¹³⁰ Walter A. Fuhrer to Julius A. Krug (Secretary of the Interior), September 2, 1948, in Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹³¹ William E. Warne (Assistant Secretary of the Interior), "Permit, January 1, 1949 to January 1, 1954," January 6, 1949; Warne to Walter Fuhrer (President, Mainland Fisheries, Inc.), October 6, 1950; both in File N1423, KATM. The permit was listed with the BLM as serial number ANC 011285; it required a payment to the NPS of $50 per year.

¹³² Walter A. Fuhrer to Julius Krug, September 2, 1948, in "Katmai-Concessions" folder, Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹³³ Hillory A. Tolson (Acting Director NPS) to E. L. Bartlett, February 15, 1950; G. P. Halferty (Whiz Halferty Canneries, Inc.) to E. L. Bartlett, February 23, 1951; both in Bartlett Collection; Dale E. Doty (Asst. Sec. of Interior) to G. P. Halferty, March 16, 1951, in Item 3, Breedlove, 1969; MacDonald, "Chronological History of Salmon Canneries in Central Alaska," 83. Trade and Manufacturing Site Permit number 055515 was listed as BLM serial number ANC 018180.

¹³⁴ Lowell Sumner, "Magnificent Katmai," Sierra Club Bulletin 37 (December 1952), 39; Darrell L. Coe, "Katmai National Monument," National Parks Magazine 40 (June 1966), 6; Paul Schumacher (Regional Archeologist, WRO) to Supt. MOMC, July 30, 1965, in File A2623, Ranger Patrol Reports, 1965-69, DENA. William C. King, of Kodiak, may also have been an active Katmai clam digger in 1950. King to A.C. Kuehl, March 13, 1950, in File 208, Box 311, KNM, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB.

¹³⁵ BLM Permit 032198, at BLM State Office, Anchorage.

¹³⁶ BLM, "Special Land-Use Application and Permit," number 051596, Alaska State Office, Juneau.

¹³⁷ NPS, Master Plan Brief for Katmai National Monument, 1965, 17 (map).

¹³⁸ Sumner, Special Report, Katmai Master Planning Field Study, 1963, 33.

¹³⁹ Nickerson, A Critical Analysis of Some Razor Clam Populations, July 1975, 6.

¹⁴⁰ Nickerson, A Critical Analysis of Some Razor Clam Populations, July 1975, 18, 28.

¹⁴¹ Jack Benson (Kodiak AGC agent), notes on USGS, "Kamishak Bay-Katmai Region" (map), 1923, in File 601; also File 503 (photographs); both in KNM Box 2, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

¹⁴² Everett L. Schiller, "Summary Report on Mammology," in Interim Report, Katmai Project, Katmai National Monument, Alaska (Washington, USDI, March 1954), 112; Blinn interview, August 26, 1988.

¹⁴³ HFC photo; SAR, 1973, 4; Melanie Neuman and Kim Heacox, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Katmai Coast Field Season Report 1985, 54. On Kukak Bay's north shore was also found a one-room cabin constructed of plywood and gasoline cans. The cabin was thought to have been constructed "by unknown individuals, probably fishermen." (It was probably unrelated to the old cannery.) By 1969, NPS personnel had recommended that the eyesore be destroyed and removed. What has become of it is unknown; it may have burned down at about the time of the 1969 report. Item #17, "Inventory of Backcountry Facilities and Structures," in Breedlove 1969. Scattered reports note that many crude structures have been built by fishermen in recent years. NPS personnel, when they encounter them, have torn most of them down.

¹⁴⁴ SAR (KATM), 1972.

¹⁴⁵ Blinn interview, August 26, 1988.

¹⁴⁶ Wallace H. Noerenberg (Commissioner, Dept. of Fish and Game) to Gov. William A. Egan, November 1, 1971, in File NR/1-6, Series 88, RG 01, ASA; SAR, 1972, 2.

¹⁴⁷ SAR (KATM), 1973.

¹⁴⁸ Blinn interview, August 26, 1988.

¹⁴⁹ SAR, 1974, 2; Blinn interview, August 26, 1988.

¹⁵⁰ Gilbert E. Blinn, "Statement for Management, Katmai National Monument," September 15, 1976, in File D18, AKSO.

¹⁵¹ SAR (KATM), 1977, 3-4; NPS, "Important Issues Concerning Wilderness Proposal for Katmai National Monument," February 24, 1977, in "Wilderness Katmai" file, Box 13, RG 79, NARA ANC.

¹⁵² SAR (KATM), 1982; "Clam Digging" file, KATM; Morris interview, November 2, 1989.

¹⁵³ Melanie Neuman and Kim Heacox, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Katmai Coast Field Season Report, 1985, 2.

¹ USF&WS, "Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge, Annual Report," 1985, 56, in F&WS-Alaska Office files. The peninsula brown bear was formerly described as Ursos gyas Merriam (Cahalane, A Biological Survey of Katmai National Monument, 158); more recently, its variety has been designated as either middendorffi or horribilis.

² Victor H. Cahalane, A Biological Survey of Katmai National Monument, Publication 4376 (Washington, D.C., The Smithsonian Institution, 1959), 158, 165-67, 173-74.

³ Pat McClenahan, Brooks River Archeological District National Historic Landmark Nomination (draft), March 24, 1989, in AKSO-RCR files.

⁴ Proclamation No. 1950 (47 Stat. 2453), April 24, 1931. Glacier Bay National Monument was expanded for provide more bear habitat on April 18, 1939.

⁵ Frank T. Been (Supt. MOMC) to Director NPS, April 15, 1940, in KATM files.

⁶ Cahalane, A Biological Survey of Katmai National Monument, 5.

⁷ Newton B. Drury to Col. Clifford C. Gregg, April 25,1947; J. D. Coffman (Acting Director, NPS) to Clarence J. Albrecht, April 30, 1947; both in KATM files.

⁸ Clifford D. Gregg (Director, Chicago Museum of Natural History) to Director NPS, September 19, 1947; Acting Director, NPS to Acting Director, F&WS, September 26, 1947; both in KATM files.

⁹ Hugh M. Miller (Personnel Officer, NPS) to RD/R4, March 15, 1948, in KATM files.

¹⁰ Victor H. Cahalane (Acting Chief Naturalist, NPS) to Clarence Rhode (F&WS, Anchorage), April 9, 1948, in KATM files.

¹¹ Cahalane, A Biological Survey, 164. Some investigators have argued that the increase was a simple result of changing population dynamics among the bear population. Given the fact that bears roam across a broad territory, some researchers are unsurprised that they were absent in the Brooks Camp area during the early 1950s. Others, however, have concluded that those who visited Brooks River prior to 1950 hunted bears and wiped out the local population.

¹² William J. Nancarrow to Supt. MOMC, "Monthly Narrative Report for Katmai, July 1950, Brooks River Ranger Station," July 27, 1950, in File A2827 (Reports to Chief Ranger, January 1950-November 1954), DENA archives.

¹³ San Francisco Call-Bulletin, July 26, 1951.

¹⁴ Conrad L. Wirth (Director NPS) to RD/R4, April 7, 1952, in KATM files.

¹⁵ Elsie May Bell Grosvenor, "Alaska's Warmer Side," National Geographic Magazine 109 (June 1956), 761.

¹⁶ Supt. MOMC to RD/R4, May 1, 1953; RD/R4 to Supt. MOMC, May 21, 1953; both in KATM files.

¹⁷ Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, University of Utah, 1991), 99; Committee on the Yellowstone Grizzlies, Division of Biological Sciences, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Science Foundation, "Report of Committee on the Yellowstone Grizzlies," July 1974, 1-2, ms. in AKSO files; John J. Craighead, J. S. Sumner, and John A. Mitchell, The Grizzly Bears of Yellowstone: Their Ecology in the Yellowstone Ecosystem, 1959-1992 (Washington, Island Press, 1995), 35-36, 44-47; Alston Chase, Playing God in Yellowstone; the Destruction of America's First National Park (Boston, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), 154; Kathy Jope to author, email, April 8, 1996.

¹⁸ Everett L. Schiller, "Summary Report on Mammalogy," in Robert S. Luntey, comp., Interim Report on Katmai Project, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, March 1954, 112.

¹⁹ Cahalane, A Biological Survey, 177, 185.

²⁰ Cahalane, A Biological Survey, 178.

²¹ Chief Ranger, MOMC to Supt. MOMC, Monthly Narrative Report on Ranger Activity (File A2827), October 31, 1961, at DENA.

²² Gilbert E. Blinn to the author, email, February 23, 1996; Steve Shackleton, interview with the author, February 23, 1996.

²³ NCA, Brooks Camp Log Books, for 1953 to 1957, from Katmailand office files, Anchorage.

²⁴ Ray Petersen (Sr. and Jr.), interview by author, April 17, 1991.

²⁵ Frank Singer (Wildlife Biologist, ARO) to Supt. KATM, March 19, 1982, "Review of Case Incident Reports -- Bear Incidents," in File N1615 (Wildlife Management, Bear, 1976 to Present), KATM; Darrell L. Coe to Oscar Dick, July 1, 1965, "Supplement to Monthly Narrative Report," in File A2615, "Chief Ranger's Monthly Narrative Report, 1959-1967," DENA; John Kauffmann, 1964 Memo on Alaskan Park Areas, in Box B, Alaska Administrative History Collection, NPS Archives, Harpers Ferry; Don Dumond, interview by the author, June 14, 1996.

²⁶ Darrell Coe to Oscar Dick (Supt. MOMC), July 1, 1965.

²⁷ Paul J. F. Schumacher (Regional Archeologist, Region Four) to Supt. MOMC, July 30, 1965, in File A2623 (Ranger Patrol Reports, 1965-69), DENA archives.

²⁸ Monthly Narrative Report, May 1966, in File A2615 (Superintendent's Reports, 1957-1968], DENA archives.

²⁹ Monthly Narrative Report, June 1966, in File A2615, DENA archives.

³⁰ Darrell L. Coe to Supt. MOMC, June 1, 1966, in File A2615, DENA; Supt. MOMC/KATM to RD/WRO, September 27, 1968, in "Bear Management Documents" file, AKSO-RCR Collection; Bruce M. Kaye (Park Ranger, KATM) to Robert A. Riggs, (Wildlife Biologist, REDW), February 12, 1980, in File N1615 ("Wildlife Management-Bear, 1976-present"), KATM.

³¹ Monthly Narrative Report for KATM, July 1966, in File A2615, DENA archives; Frank Singer (Wildlife Biologist, ARO) to Supt. KATM, March 19, 1982, in File N1616, KATM.

³² Coe did not directly state that he shot the bear. The following June, however, he noted in his monthly report that he had just performed the "first live trapping-transplanting of bears" at the monument. Monthly Narrative Report for KNM for October 1966, February 1967, and June 1967, all in File A2615, DENA archives; Purchase Order 126-301, June 2, 1967, in "Brown Bear-Human Conflicts" file, KATM archives.

³³ Darrell Coe, interview with William S. Hanable, August 5, 1988, on file at AKSO; Anchorage Daily Times, August 29, 1968, 21.

³⁴ Management Assistant, KNM, to Supt. MOMC, March 2, 1967, in File A2615, DENA archives; Purchase Order 126-301, June 2, 1967, in "Brown Bear-Human Conflicts" file, KATM.

³⁵ Management Assistant, Katmai to Supt. MOMC, July 4, 1967, in File A2615, DENA archives.

³⁶ Richard G. Prasil (Research Biologist, MOMC) to Supt. MOMC, Monthly Report for July 1967, in File A26 ("Reports, MOMC, 1958-73"), DENA archives.

³⁷ Darrell Coe interview.

³⁸ Frederick C. Dean, "Preliminary Report - Brown Bear-Human Interrelationship Study," undated ms. (c. 1969) in file "Bears, etc.", KATM.

³⁹ Research Biologist, Alaska Field Office, to Director NPS, August 16, 1967, in file "Bears, etc."; George A. Hall to Marvin W. Balousek, Sr., October 17, 1967, in file "Bear Management in Parks;" both at KATM.

⁴⁰ Acting RD, WRO, to Administrative Officer, Katmai, July 24, 1968, in file "Bear Management/Historical" file, KATM.

⁴¹ Supt. MOMC/KATM to RD, WRO, Annual Bear Report, January 17, 1969, in "Bear Management/Historical" file, KATM.

⁴² Supt. MOMC/KATM to RD, WRO, September 27, 1968, in "Bear Management/Historical," KATM.

⁴³ Supt. MOMC/KATM to RD/WRO, September 27, 1968, in "Bear Management Documents" file, AKSO-RCR Collection; Gil Blinn (Management Assistant, KATM) to Supt. Alaska Field Office, October 30, 1969, in "Bear Management/Historical" file, KATM.

⁴⁴ Management Assistant, KNM, to Supt. AFO, October 30, 1969, in "Bears, etc." file, KATM.

⁴⁵ Frederick C. Dean, "Brown Bear-Human Interrelationship Study," undated ms. (c. 1969), in "Bears, etc." file, KATM.

⁴⁶ Dean, c. 1969, 22-28.

⁴⁷ Dean, c. 1969, 34.

⁴⁸ Dean, c. 1969, 37.

⁴⁹ Management Assistant, KNM, to Supt. AFO, October 30, 1969, in "Bear Management/Historical" file, KATM.

⁵⁰ General Supt., Alaska Cluster Office, to District Director, Northwest Region, November 7, 1969, in "Bears, etc." file, KATM.

⁵¹ Gilbert Blinn, interview with William S. Hanable, August 26, 1988.

⁵² Frederick C. Dean, "Brown Bear-Human Interrelationship Study," n.d. (c. 1969), 22, in file "Bears, etc.", KATM; Frank Singer (Wildlife Biologist, ARO) to Supt. KATM, March 19, 1982, "Review of Case Incident Reports--Bear Incidents," in File N1615 (Wildlife Management, Bear, 1976 to Present), KATM; Gil Blinn, interview by William Hanable, August 26, 1988.

⁵³ Assistant Director, NPS, to Regional Directors, January 7, 1970, in "Bears, etc." file, KATM.

⁵⁴ General Supt., Alaska Cluster Office, to Regional Director, NWRO, January 29, 1970, in "Bears, etc." file, KATM; Ernest J. Borgman (General Supt., Alaska Areas Group) to Mrs. Paul V. Shell, June 30, 1971, in "Bear Management in Parks, 1967-1977" file, KATM.

⁵⁵ Borgman to Shell, June 30, 1971.

⁵⁶ [Gilbert Blinn], "Katmai National Monument, Bear Policy for Developed Areas," c. 1972-73, in "Bear Management/Historical" file, KATM; Blinn to William Hanable, July 14, 1989.

⁵⁷ Borgman to Shell, June 30, 1971.

⁵⁸ Gilbert Blinn to Dick Prasil, September 9, 1971, in File N16 ("Bears-Katmai, 1965-77"), KATM.

⁵⁹ Kaye to Riggs, February 12, 1980.

⁶⁰ Park Ranger, MOMC, to State Director, Alaska, November 11, 1972, in "Bear Management/Historical" file, KATM; SAR 1972, 2.

⁶¹ "Grizzly Bears, Human Injuries, and Aggressive Encounters," July 20, 1973, in File N16 ("Bears-Katmai, 1965-77"), KATM; Kathy Jope to author, email, April 9, 1996.

⁶² Steve Buskirk (KATM ranger) to Dick Prasil, Alaska State Office, September 18, 1973, in "Bear Management/Historical" file, KATM.

⁶³ Park Ranger (KNM), "Bear Management at Brooks Camp," November 29, 1976, in File N1615 ("Wildlife Management/Bear, 1976 to present"), KATM.

⁶⁴ SAR, 1972, 2-3; SAR, 1973, 2, 7. The bear removed in 1975 was taken to Kukak Bay; two months later, it reappeared at Brooks Camp. Christopher Cauble, "I Remember Mama," National Wildlife 17 (February-March 1979), 40.

⁶⁵ Mike Tollefson (respondent), "Survey of Current Bear Problems and Related Management Activities in the National Park System," January 1975, in "Bear Management/Historical" file, KATM.

⁶⁶ "Survey of Current Bear Problems and Related Management Activities in the National Park System," copy of Katmai response, January 1975, compiled by Mike Tollefson, in "Bear Management/Historical" file, KATM.

⁶⁷ SAR, 1974, 3.

⁶⁸ SAR, 1977, 3-5; SAR, 1978, 5; SAR, 1979, 5; Will Troyer, "Number, Distribution and Composition of Brown Bear in Katmai" and "Movement, Behavior and Population Characteristics of Brown Bear at Brooks River," both in AKSO-RNR Collection; Kaye to Riggs, February 12, 1980.

⁶⁹ SAR, 1979, 6; Kaye to Riggs, February 12, 1980.

⁷⁰ SAR 1980, 4-5; David K. Morris (Supt. KATM) to Christina Neal, November 4, 1982, in Inactive Files, KATM.

⁷¹ Kathy Jope to author, email, April 9, 1996.

⁷² Morris to Neal, November 4, 1982; SAR, 1982, 3; SAR, 1983, 7.

⁷³ SAR, 1983, 4; SAR, 1984, 8.

⁷⁴ Rangers used light bird shot (#9 shot) from 1977 until 1980. Either birdshot or cracker shells were used from 1981 until 1985, when birdshot gave way to rubber shot. SAR, various years; Al Lovaas (Chief Scientist, Alaska) and Frank Singer (Wildlife Biologist) to Supt. KATM, etc., October 14, 1981, in File 1615, KATM.

⁷⁵ Kaye to Riggs, February 12, 1980; Kathy Jope to author, email, April 9, 1996.

⁷⁶ NPS, Katmai National Park and Preserve Resources Management Plan (draft), April 15, 1982, 25-33; SAR, 1983, 4; NPS, Bear Management Plan, Katmai National Park and Preserve, 1983 and 1986, in "KATM-Bear Management" files.

⁷⁷ Joan B. Beattie, "Brown Bear/Human Interactions at Katmai National Park and Preserve," n.d. (1982?), unpub. mss. in "KATM-Bear Management" files.

⁷⁸ SAR, 1983, 4.

⁷⁹ Katherine L. Jope to Albert Harting, December 6, 1985, in File A7221, at KATM; SAR 1984, 9.

⁸⁰ SAR for 1985 (p. 7), 1986 (p. 7), and 1987 (p. 3).

⁸¹ Anne M. Braaten and Barrie K. Gilbert, Profile Analysis of Human-Bear Relationships in Katmai National Park and Preserve (Logan, Utah State University Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 1987?), 74-80.

⁸² Susan H. Warner, Patterns of Brown Bear and Visitor Use of Brooks River and Recommendations for Management (draft), December 1987; SAR, 1987, 3.

⁸³ Tamara L. Olson, Barrie K. Gilbert, and Scott H. Fitkin, Brown Bear Behavior and Human Activity at Salmon Streams in Katmai National Park, Alaska (Logan, Utah, Utah State University Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, June 1, 1990), 106-07.

⁸⁴ SAR, 1990, 2; Anchorage Daily News, July 26, 1991.

⁸⁵ SAR for 1990 (p. 2), 1991 (p. 3), and 1992 (p. 4).

⁸⁶ Exxon Valdez Trustee Council, State/Federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment Plan for the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, Public Review Draft (Juneau, the author, August 1989), 136-37; SAR, 1990, 3; SAR, 1991, 3; SAR, 1992, 4.

¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 369; Been, Field Notes of Katmai National Monument Inspection, 24, 42. Natives in the Naknek area still visit the area from time to time, and groups have made several recent attempts to bury family members at Old Savonoski.

² Frank T. Been to RD/R4, January 29, 1941, in Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB.

³ Been, Field Notes of Katmai National Monument Inspection, 9, 15-16. As noted in Chapter 6, dendrochronological studies carried out during the 1980s established that one of the cabins was built in late 1931 or early 1932 and the other was built approximately 1936. One of the cabins is still standing, though in a ruined state; the other was torn down by NPS personnel in June 1966. Gary Ahlstrand, "Age Determination of Brooks Camp Cabin Ruins, Katmai National Park, Alaska," Natural Resources Final Report AR-88/09 (Anchorage, NPS, August 1988), 1, in Palakia Melgenak land claim file (AA-7604), AKSO-EL; Monthly Narrative Report (KATM), June 1966, at MOMC.

⁴ USA vs. Palakia Melgenak, Contest No. AA-7604, "Decision," September 12, 1985, 9-13, in Melgenak file.

⁵ Item 3, "Stock Trails, Stock Control Devices, Grazing Permits," in Bailey O. Breedlove, Advance Master Plan/Wilderness Research, Katmai National Monument, Shelikof Strait-King Salmon, Alaska (manuscript), June 1969), Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁶ Ales Hrdlicka, The Anthropology of Kodiak Island (Philadelphia, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 1944), 131-33, 267-68; Dumond, 1981, 1.

⁷ Been, Field Notes of Katmai National Monument Inspection, 15, 24. Been's suggestion to reconstruct Old Savonoski, discussed in Chapter 3, came from the following sources: Frank T. Been to Regional Director, Region Four, January 14, 1942; Victor H. Cahalane to Thomas C. Vint, March 30, 1942; both in File 600, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB; E. A. Davidson to RD/R4, April 26, 1942; H. Maier to Superintendent MOMC, April 30, 1942, both at KATM.

⁸ Been, 1940, 10, 16; William J. Nancarrow to Supt. MOMC, August 26, 1950, in File A2827, "Reports to Chief Ranger," at DENA.

⁹ Ben H. Thompson (Chief of Recreation Planning) to Ronald Lee (Asst. NPS Director), October 16, 1952, in KNM Box 1, WASO History Division; Don E. Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula: The Naknek Region, 1960-1975, University of Oregon Anthropological Papers No. 21 (Eugene, Ore., 1981), 1, 2; Luntey, The Katmai Project, 1954. The Katmai project was jointly sponsored by ONR, NPS, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Public Health Service, and the Quartermaster General, but most of the funding came from ONR.

¹⁰ Wilbur Davis and James W. Leach, "Archeological Investigations of Inland and Coastal Sites of the Katmai National Monument, Alaska," March 4, 1954, in AKSO-RCR files; NCA, "Brooks Camp Log Book," July 8 and August 7, 1953, in Katmailand Collection. The cellar was located between today's Brooks Lodge and the manager's office. Mildred Walatka, one of the camp managers, noted that "Not much of interest was discovered during the digging. What appears to be part of an old pottery pot was found, and an arrowhead or two."

¹¹ Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula, 2-4.

¹² Herbert Maier to Director NPS, June 1, 1953, in KNM Box 1, WASO History Division; Wendell Oswalt, "Prehistoric Sea Mammal Hunters at Kaflia, Alaska," Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 4 (December, 1955); Don Dumond, "Revised Archeological Site Survey Sheets for Katmai National Monument and Surrounding Areas," July 1971, in AKSO-RCR collection; Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula, 1, 3.

¹³ Herbert E. Kahler to RD/R4, May 14, 1953, in KNM Box 1, WASO History Collection.

¹⁴ Hussey apparently hoped that his work schedule would allow him to chronicle the post-1918 period with the same thoroughness which had characterized his coverage of Katmai's early history. No such opportunity was created, however, for the next fifteen years. In 1969, officials in Anchorage and Washington saw a renewed need for historical information pertaining to Katmai, and funds became available to publish his volume. Working with other NPS officials, Hussey resurrected his notes of events which had taken place from 1918 to 1954 and combined them into a single undocumented chapter. Embattled Katmai, a 450-page history study, was published by the agency's Western Service Center in August 1971. Ernest Allen Connally to Director, Northwest District Office, December 4, 1969, in KNM Box 1, WASO History Division; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, v-vi, 419.

¹⁵ Park Naturalist (Neil J. Reid) to Supt. MOMC, June 3, 1958, "Report on Katmai Visit, May 29 to June 1, 1958," in File D-18, "Master Plan, Katmai, 1953-1959," KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹⁶ Don Dumond, "Revised Archeological Site Survey Sheets for Katmai National Monument and Surrounding Areas," July 1971, in AKSO-RCR Collection.

¹⁷ George Collins of the NPS had suggested just such a project four years earlier. George L. Collins to Ivar Skarland, March 2, 1955; Skarland to John A. Hussey, March 23, 1959; Bennett T. Gale to Skarland, April 7, 1959; all in KATM Box 1, WASO History Division.

¹⁸ Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula, 3.

¹⁹ Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula, 3-4. The search for quantifiable fish remains, as it turned out, was less than successful because of the acidity of the Brooks Camp soil. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries was primarily interested in the data that might be obtained from fish bones; the NSF, by contrast, had a broader interest, that of reconstructing the cultural sequence in the area surrounding the mouth of Brooks River.

²⁰ Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula, 4.

²¹ Wilbur A. Davis, "Mt. Katmai, Alaska Eruption," in AKSO-RCR Collection. During the 1970s, Mike Tollefson and Carolyn Elder were also able to obtain interviews with eyewitnesses of the eruption. Interviewees included Larry and Katie Ellenak, August Heitman, George Kosbruk, Fred Shangin, John Larson, Eli and Walter Metrokin, and Eunice Neseth.

²² Dumond, 1971; Dumond, 1981, 4-5.

²³ Dumond, 1971; Dumond, 1981, 5; NPS Press Release, February 15, 1965, in NPS/Box 2, Bartlett Collection.

²⁴ Emil Haury (University of Arizona) to George Hartzog (Director NPS), November 14, 1966, in KNM Box 1, WASO History Division.

²⁵ Dumond, 1981, 5; Supt. MOMC to Asst. Director, Policy and Program Analysis, January 5, 1968, "Park Highlight Briefing Statements, 1967 Calendar Year," at MOMC.

²⁶ Supt. MOMC, "Annual Report of Information and Interpretive Activity, KATM," 1960, at KATM; Dumond, Archeology on the Naknek Peninsula, 4; Darrell Coe to Oscar Dick, Supplement to Monthly Narrative Report, July 1, 1965, in File A2615, DENA.

²⁷ New York Times, August 22, 1965, X:17; Darrell L. Coe, "Katmai National Monument," National Parks Magazine 40 (June 1966), 6, 9; Coe, "Katmai National Monument," Alaska Sportsman 35 (March 1969), 33.

²⁸ Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula, 18, 28.

²⁹ Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula, 6.

³⁰ Dumond, Archeology on the Alaska Peninsula, 6, 22, 62.

³¹ Allen P. McCartney, "An Archeological Site Survey and Inventory of the Alaska Peninsula, Shumagin Islands, and Other Islands South of the Alaska Peninsula," Anchorage, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/Refuges Branch, 1973, 7.

³² SAR, 1974, 3.

³³ Don Dumond to John Ritter, August 12, 1974, in KNM Box 1; Don Dumond to John Ritter, June 9, 1975; Edward J. Kurtz to Don Dumond, July 16, 1975; both in "KNM, 1975-present" file; both in WASO History Division.

³⁴ Fred Bohannan, "Archeological Resources Assessment, Katmai National Monument," October 6, 1975, in "Katmai National Monument, 1975-present" file, WASO History Division; E.O. 11593, "Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment," May 13, 1971.

³⁵ Charles Bohannan, "Archeological Resources Assessment, Katmai National Monument," October 6, 1975.

³⁶ National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, et.al., National Register of Historic Places 1966-1988 (Nashville, American Association of State and Local History, 1989), 16-17.

³⁷ Robert L. Carper, List of Classified Structures Inventory, Katmai National Monument, April 1976, in AKSO-RCR files; NPS, Cultural Resource Management Guideline (NPS-28), December 1991, 27.

³⁸ William S. Hanable to Gilbert Blinn, September 3, 1976; Charles F. Bohannon to Area Director, Alaska, April 30, 1980; both in AKSO-RCR files.

³⁹ Carper, List of Classified Structures; Michael J. Tollefson to Supt. KATM, "Area History, Old Cabins," March 21, 1977, in File H14, KATM; SAR, 1983, 6.

⁴⁰ SAR for 1977 (p. 3), 1980 (p. 6), and 1982 (p. 5).

⁴¹ SAR, 1983, 6; NPS, "Collections Management Report" (Form 10-94) for 1983, in AKSO-RCR files.

⁴² Joaqlin Estus, Harvey Shields, and Dave Snow, Historic Structure Report, Fure's Cabin, Bay of Islands, Naknek Lake, Katmai National Park and Preserve (NPS, Anchorage), 1984.

⁴³ SAR, 1987, 3; SAR, 1988, 6; Supt. KATM/ANIA to RD/ARO, December 18, 1987, in AKSO-RCR files; Steve Peterson interview, March 13, 1996. The Moore Cabin, located in Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, was reconstructed from 1985 to 1987 by two cabin builders working on an NPS contract.

⁴⁴ SAR, 1982, 5; "Fure's Cabin" NRHP nomination, May 2, 1983; Estus, Shields, and Snow, Historic Structure Report, Fure's Cabin, 9-13.

⁴⁵ Chief, ARO-RCR to Chief Historian, WASO, December 26, 1983, and Chief, ARO-RCR to Chief Historian, WASO, August 4, 1984, both in "KNM, 1975-present" file, WASO History Division; National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, National Register of Historic Places 1966-1988, 16.

⁴⁶ NPS, "Fure's Cabin" registration form, November 21, 1988; NPS, "Weekly List of Listed Properties, 5/22/89 through 5/29/89," in AKSO-RCR files.

⁴⁷ Roger Harritt, "The Late Prehistory of Brooks River, Alaska; A Model for Analysis of Occupations on the Alaska Peninsula," University of Oregon Anthropological Papers 38 (1988), iii; SAR, 1978, 4.

⁴⁸ SAR, 1979, 4; Harvey M. Shields, "Research Design for Archeological Excavations in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 1982 and 1983," on file in AKSO-RCR.

⁴⁹ Harritt, "The Late Prehistory of Brooks River, Alaska," iii-iv, 1-4; SAR for 1982 (p. 5), 1983 (p. 6), and 1984 (p. 10).

⁵⁰ S. Neil Crozier, 1983 Cultural Resource Management Inventory, 36 Native Allotments, Bristol Bay Region (Juneau, Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1983), AA-6204a; Acting Director, NPS to Secretary of the Interior, March 8, 1993, in NHL file, AKSO-RCR Collection; NPS, "Cultural Resource Site Inventory Form" for ILI-059, -060, and -061, in Cultural Resource Mining Inventory and Monitoring files, AKSO-RCR collection.

⁵¹ SAR, 1979, 4; NPS, Archeological Compliance Reports/KATM (2 volumes), AKSO-RCR Collection; Pat McClenahan, interview by author, March 23, 1993.

⁵² SAR, FY 1988, 6; Pat McClenahan interview, March 23, 1993.

⁵³ Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and the National Park Service, 54-59; William L. Sheppard and David P. Staley, Archeological Overview and Assessment of Katmai National Park and Preserve (draft), (Anchorage, ENRI, 1992), 93-94.

⁵⁴ Sheppard and Staley, Archeological Overview and Assessment, 93-94.

⁵⁵ SAR, 1983, 6; Katherine L. Jope, "Collections Management Report" (NPS Form 10-94) for 1983, March 12, 1984, in AKSO-RCR Collection.

⁵⁶ SAR, 1984, 3, 10; SAR, 1986, 3.

⁵⁷ NPS, "Collections Management Report (Form 10-94) for 1984-1987, in AKSO-RCR collection.

⁵⁸ NPS, "Collections Management Report" (Form 10-94) for 1984-1987, in AKSO-RCR collection.

⁵⁹ Automated National Catalog System list, AKSO-RCR Collection.

¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 280-81.

² Ibid., 312-15.

³ Ibid., 323-28; n.a., "Oil Exploration Areas Surrounding Katmai NM," n.d. (1968?), in Item 9, Bailey O. Breedlove (Park Planner), Preliminary Draft, Basic Data, Advance Master Plan/Wilderness Research, Katmai National Monument, Shelikof Strait-King Salmon, Alaska, (Anchorage, NPS, June 1969), Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁴ G. C. Martin, "Notes on the Petroleum Fields of Alaska," in Report on Progress of Investigations of Mineral Resources of Alaska in 1904, USGS Bulletin 259 (1906), 139; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 325-27.

⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 317-19; William H. Dall, "Report on Coal and Lignite of Alaska," Seventeenth Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1895-96; Part I, Director's Report and Other Papers (Washington, GPO, 1896), 799.

⁶ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 320, 326; Ralph W. Stone, "Coal Resources of Southwestern Alaska," Report on Progress of Investigations of Mineral Resources of Alaska in 1904, USGS Bulletin 259 (Washington, GPO, 1906), 161.

⁷ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 375; L. W. McFarland (James H. Rhodes and Co.) to National Geographic Magazine, February 21, 1917, in Box 24, Griggs Collection, NGS.

⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 417; Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 612-13; Item 9, "Status of Research on Mineral Claims," in Breedlove, Preliminary Draft, Basic Data, Advance Master Plan/Wilderness Research, KATM.

⁹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 410, 418; J. C. Roehm, "Summary Report of Mining Investigations in the Kvichak Precinct, Alaska, June 13 to July 6, 1941," Alaska Territorial Department of Mines Report 195-31, 1.

¹⁰ G. C. Martin, "The Alaska Mining Industry in 1918," in Mineral Resources of Alaska, Report on Progress of Investigations in 1918, USGS Bulletin 712, (Washington, GPO, 1920), 35; A. H. Brooks, "Alaska's Mineral Resources and Production, 1923," in Mineral Resources of Alaska, Report on Progress of Investigations in 1923, USGS Bulletin 773 (Washington, GPO, 1925), 39; Walter R. Smith, "The Cold Bay-Katmai District," in USGS Bulletin 773, pp. 206-07.

¹¹ Antonson and Hanable, Administrative History of Sitka National Historical Park, 81; William E. Brown, A History of the Denali-Mount McKinley Region, Alaska, 93.

¹² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 411-12, 415, 456-57; Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 6-7; Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, 75.

¹³ Thomas C. Riggs to Stephen Mather, November 19, 1918, in File 54 (1917), RG 101, ASA.

¹⁴ USDI, Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska for 1921 (p. 30), 1922 (p. 37), and 1923 (p. 30); Kirtley F. Mather, "Petroleum on Alaska Peninsula; Mineral Resources of the Kamishak Bay Region," in Mineral Resources of Alaska, USGS Bulletin 773 (1925), 174.

¹⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 421; Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 7-8.

¹⁶ Mather, "Petroleum on Alaska Peninsula,", 174, 180; Walter R. Smith, "Cold Bay-Katmai District," in Mineral Resources of Alaska, USGS Bulletin 773, (1925), 206.

¹⁷ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 10, 12.

¹⁸Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 13-14.

¹⁹ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 15-17.

²⁰ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 18-19.

²¹ J. C. Roehm, "Summary Report of Mining Investigations in the Kvichak Precinct, Alaska, June 13 to July 6, 1941," Alaska Territorial Department of Mines Report 195-31, 5-6.

²² Roehm, "Summary Report of Mining Investigations," 1-3, 10.

²³ Item 9, "Status of Research on Mineral Claims," Breedlove 1969, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

²⁴ Roehm, "Summary Report of Mining Investigations," 3, 5, 9; Alfred C. Kuehl, "Report on Katmai National Monument, Alaska," 3.

²⁵ Bernard F. Hubbard as told to Barrett Willoughby, "Volcanoes Packed in Ice," Saturday Evening Post 203 (August 23, 1930), 18; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 345.

²⁶ Roehm, J. C., "Preliminary Report on Some Pumicite Deposits, Katmai National Monument, Alaska" (Report MJ-126-1), Territorial Department of Mines, September, 1947, 1-2; J. L. McCarrey to E. L. Bartlett, April 16, 1947, in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection. As noted in the Territory of Alaska, Department of Mines, Report of the Commissioner of Mines for the 1947-48 and 1949-50 biennia (pp. 15 and 17, respectively), the Katmalite operation remained active through 1949.

²⁷ J. L. McCarrey to E. L. Bartlett, April 16, 1947, in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection; Territory of Alaska, Department of Mines, Report of the Commissioner of Mines for the Biennium Ended December 31, 1948, 14. J. C. Roehm, in his "Preliminary Report on Some Pumicite Deposits," September 1947, p. 1, noted that samples had been taken from the southwestern end of Geographic Harbor, five miles northwest of Takli Island.

²⁸ J. L. McCarrey to E. L. Bartlett, April 16, 1947; Arthur B. Demaray (Associate Director) to Director NPS, May 6, 1947, in File 732-01, KNM Box 2, RG 79, NARA DC.

²⁹ E. L. Bartlett to J. L. McCarrey, May 7, 1947; Bartlett to Julius A. Krug, May 7, 1947; both in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection.

³⁰ Julius Krug to E. L. Bartlett, May 19, 1947; Bartlett to Krug, May 21, 1947. Bartlett protested Krug's delaying action, but to no avail.

³¹ J. C. Roehm, "Preliminary Report on Some Pumicite Deposits," September 1947, 1-8; J. C. Roehm, "Summary Report of Mining Investigations," 1941, 7-9. Roehm had visited the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes twice before during Department of Mines investigations, in 1939 and again in 1941. He was well aware of the area's potential for commercial ash production, and in 1941 he had noted that "via Katmai Pass, there exists a suitable caterpillar route over which this pumice could be hauled to the beach in Katmai Bay." But he had made no previous visits to the monument's eastern coastline before 1947, and rejected Katmai Bay as a pumice extraction site because of access difficulties.

³² J. L. McCarrey to E. L. Bartlett, June 10, 1947; Ken Hinchey to Bartlett, January 22, 1948; both in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection.

³³ Charles Richey (Land Planning Division, WASO) to Director NPS, June 3, 1947; Hillory A. Tolson (Assistant Director, WASO) to Director NPS, May 29, 1947; both in File 732-01, KNM, RG 79, NARA DC; Warner W. Gardner (Asst. Sec. Int.) to E. L. Bartlett, June 6, 1947, in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection.

³⁴ Ken Hinchey (Ken Hinchey Co., Anchorage) to E. L. Bartlett, January 22, 1948; Newton B. Drury to Bartlett, February 11, 1948; both in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection; Acting Director, USGS to Newton B. Drury, February 24, 1948, in File 732-01, KNM, RG 79, NARA DC.

³⁵ See March 12, 1948 and May 5, 1948 letters in File 732-01, KNM, RG 79, NARA DC.

³⁶ Ken Hinchey to Hugh Dougherty, March 9, 1948; E. L. Bartlett to Newton B. Drury, March 18, 1948; both in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection.

³⁷ Robert F. Griggs to Conrad L. Wirth, July 7, 1948; A. E. Demaray (Acting Director NPS) to E. L.Bartlett, September 14, 1948; Demaray to Griggs, September 14, 1948; all in NPS Box 1, Bartlett Collection.

³⁸ E. L. Bartlett to A. E. Demaray, Demaray, December 21, 1948; Hillory A. Tolson to Bartlett, December 31, 1948; both in File 732-01, KNM, RG 79, NARA DC.

³⁹ O. A. Tomlinson (RD/R4) to Dir. NPS, April 29, 1949, in File 208, KNM Box 311, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB; Newton B. Drury (Dir. NPS) to RD/R4, December 16, 1949, in "KNM-Permits" file, KNM Box 313, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA SB; E. L. Bartlett to Newton B. Drury, December 20, 1949, in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection.

⁴⁰ SMR (MOMC), September 1948, 3; Arthur F. Waldron (Anchorage Sand and Gravel) to E. L. Bartlett, November 22, 1949; Bartlett to Newton B. Drury, November 25, 1949; both in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection; Kenneth J. Kadow (USDI, Alaska Field Office) to William E. Warne (Asst. Int. Sec.), December 6, 1949, in "KNM-Permits" file, Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴¹ Newton B. Drury (Dir. NPS) to RD/R4, January 13, 1950, in "KNM-Permits" file, Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB. O. A. Tomlinson, Director of Region Four, suggested the idea to Director Drury, noting that the pumice situation at Katmai was similar to an existing gravel-removal operation at Sitka National Monument. Tomlinson to Dir. NPS, January 11, 1950, in File 609-01, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴² Oscar L. Chapman (Sec. Int.) to President (Truman), May 19, 1950, in File 205.01.1, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴³ Kenneth Kadow to Arthur Waldron, January 24, 1950, in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection.

⁴⁴ Conrad Wirth (Acting Dir.) to RD/R4, March 15, 1950; Maier to Supt. MOMC, March 21, 1950; both in File 602, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴⁵ Oscar L. Chapman to President (Truman), May 19, 1950, in File 205.01.1, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴⁶ Oscar Chapman (Sec. Int.) to E. L. Bartlett, June 9, 1950, in Bartlett Collection; George L. Collins to RD/R4, July 19, 1950, in File 201, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴⁷ Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 27-28.

⁴⁸ Kenneth J. Kadow to Arthur F. Waldron, November 25, 1949, in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection; Newton B. Drury (Dir. NPS) to RD/R4, January 13, 1950, in "KNM-Permits" file, Box 313, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁴⁹ Oscar L. Chapman to President (Truman), May 19, 1950, in File 205.01.1, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁵⁰ R. M. Moxham, "Pumice Deposits in the Alaska Peninsula-Cook Inlet Region, Alaska," USGS Open File Report #49, 1951, p. 19, in File 609-01, RG 79, NARA SB; USDI (USGS) Press Release, January 21, 1952, in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection.

⁵¹ Territory of Alaska, Department of Mines, Report of the Commissioner of Mines for the Biennium Ended December 31, 1950, 17, 52; Report of the Commissioner of Mines for the Biennium Ended December 31, 1952, 60.

⁵² Herbert Maier (Acting RD/R4) to Dir. NPS, August 7, 1951; George Collins, August 19, 1951 memo in pencil; Lawrence C. Merriam (RD/R4) to J. J. Grove, Anchorage, September 24, 1951; all in File 609-01, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; A. E. Demaray to E. L. Bartlett, September 9, 1951, in Legislative Bill File, 83rd Congress, Bartlett Collection.

⁵³ Congressional Record, 1951, p. 8176; HR 4794, in File 609-01, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁵⁴ A. E. Demaray (Dir. NPS) to Charles G. Sauers (Chairman of the Advisory Board), July 30, 1951, in File 609-01, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; Dale E. Doty (Asst. Sec. Int.) to John R. Murdock (Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives), October 4, 1951, in Legislative Bill File, 83rd Congress, Bartlett Collection.

⁵⁵ Ernest Gruening to George Sundborg (General Manager, Alaska Development Board), December 29, 1951, in Legislative Bill File, 83rd Congress, Bartlett Collection.

⁵⁶ Thola E. Noon (Pacific Pumice) to RD/R4, December 7, 1951, in File 609-01, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; George Sundborg (ADB) to Mastin G. White (Acting Assistant Secretary of the Interior), January 7, 1952, in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection.

⁵⁷ Congressional Record, 1952, part 12, p. 521; 82d Cong., 2nd sess., House Report 1384; "Katmai Pumice bill passed by House yesterday" (teletype), March 4, 1952, in File 0.10, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB; E. L. Bartlett to George Sundborg, March 11, 1952, in File 609-01, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB.

⁵⁸ Conrad L. Wirth (Director NPS) to E. L. Bartlett, January 26, 1953, KATM Collection.

⁵⁹ 83rd Cong., 1st sess., House Report 71; 83rd Cong., 2nd sess., Senate Report 1136; E. L. Bartlett to Nick Zimin, January 16, 1954; Bartlett to Marshall C. Hoppen, April 6, 1954; both in Legislative Bill File, 83rd Congress, Bartlett Collection.

⁶⁰ Congressional Record, 1953, part 1, pp. 378, 434; pt. 13, p. 772; Congressional Record, 1954, part 13, 645; Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 28.

⁶¹ Item 1, "Review of Legislation, Proclamations, etc." in Breedlove, Preliminary Draft, Basic Data, Advance Master Plan/Wilderness Research, 1969.

⁶² Arthur F. Waldron (President, Basic Building Products) to E. L. Bartlett, February 11, 1953, in Legislative Bill File, Bartlett Collection; Anchorage Daily Times, February 18, 1959, 8.

⁶³ Herbert Maier (Acting RD/R4) to Dir. NPS, August 7, 1951; George Collins, August 19, 1951 memo in pencil; both in File 609-01, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; Melanie Neuman and Kim Heacox, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Katmai Coast Field Season Report, 1985, (King Salmon, NPS, 1985), 50.

⁶⁴ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 22.

⁶⁵ O. A. Tomlinson to Director NPS, November 14, 1948, in File 609-01, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB. Tomlinson repeated his warning in an April 29, 1949 letter to the Director; see same file.

⁶⁶ C. M. Carson to O. A. Tomlinson (RD/R4), April 19, 1949, in File 609-01, Box 312, RG 79, NARA SB; Grant Pearson to C. M. Carson, April 27, 1949, in File 208, Box 311, RG 79, NARA SB; O. A. Tomlinson to C. M. Carson, April 28, 1949, at KATM.

⁶⁷ Roehm, J. C. (Associate Mining Engineer), "Preliminary Report on Some Pumicite Deposits, Katmai National Monument, Alaska," Report MJ-126-1 (Juneau, Alaska Bureau of Mines), September 1947, 6.

⁶⁸ "Affidavit of Elmer S. Harrop," June 23, 1983, in BLM Melgenak File (AA-7604), AKSO-EL.

⁶⁹ NPS, Katmai Project, Interim Report, Katmai National Monument, Alaska (Washington, NPS, March 1954), 9.

⁷⁰ Director USGS to Director PNRO, May 15, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁷¹ A. Samuel Keller & Hillard N. Reiser, Geology of the Mount Katmai Area, Alaska, USGS Bulletin 1058-G (Wash., GPO, 1959), 278-82, 291; Director U.S. Bureau of Mines to Director PNRO, May 17, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC. Keller and Reiser's work was reprised in Don J. Miller, Thomas G. Payne, and George Gryc, Geology of Possible Petroleum Provinces in Alaska, USGS Bulletin 1094 (1959), 33.

⁷² Robert S. Luntey (Chief, Office of Resource Planning, San Francisco Planning & Service Center) to Park Planner Breedlove, Alaska Field Office, January 28, 1969; George D. Gates (Chief, Alaskan Geology Branch, USGS) to Bennett Gale (WASO), December 2, 1954; both in Item 9, "Alaska Borough and Mining Districts," Breedlove, 1969.

⁷³ E. L. Bartlett to Nick Zimin (South Naknek), January 16, 1954, in Bartlett Collection.

⁷⁴ H.R. 8893 (83rd Congress, 2nd Session), April 27, 1954, at AHL.

⁷⁵ H.R. 250 (84th Congress, 1st Session), January 5, 1955, in Legislative Bill File, 84th Congress; Assistant Secretary of the Interior to Clair Engle (Chairman, House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs), April 19, 1955; E. L. Bartlett to Nick Zimin, April 22, 1955; all in NPS/Box 1, Bartlett Collection.

⁷⁶ B. F. Heintzleman to Nick Zimin, May 18, 1956, in File 15-14-a (1953-58), RG 101, ASA.

⁷⁷ Charles F. Herbert to E. L. Bartlett, February 19, 1959; Bartlett to Herbert, February 24, 1959; both in Bartlett Collection.

⁷⁸ William A. Egan to Ernest Gruening, April 18, 1961, in File 883.1, Series 41, RG 01, ASA.

⁷⁹ Ralph Rivers to George Hartzog, August 27, 1965, in NPS Box 2, Bartlett Collection.

⁸⁰ G. Donald Eberlein (Chief, Alaska Geology Branch, USGS) to Dr. D. T. Griggs, July 3, 1963, in File A2021, at KATM; John Henneberger, "Factors Affecting Resources and Use," December 16, 1969 [draft section of 1971-73 master plan], in AKSO-RCR Collection.

⁸¹ Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, A History of the 49th State, 203.

⁸² Phil R. Holdsworth to William A. Egan, March 27, 1961, in File 883.1, Series 41, RG 01, ASA.

⁸³ Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, A History of the 49th State, 236-37.

⁸⁴ Antonson and Hanable, Alaska's Heritage, 434; Bailey O. Breedlove (Park Planner, AFO) to RD/WRO, April 7, 1969, in File D22, KATM.

⁸⁵ Breedlove, "Oil and Gas Rights," Item 9, in Breedlove, Preliminary Draft, Basic Data, Advance Master Plan/Wilderness Research, 1969.

⁸⁶ Monthly Narrative Report, KATM, for June 1966 and July 1966, at MOMC; SAR, KATM, 1972, 2.

⁸⁷ Ralph Root (Park Planner, AAO) to Project Leader, AAO, September 3, 1976, in File D18, Box 14, NARA ANC.

⁸⁸ BLM, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office, Lower Cook Inlet Draft Environmental Impact Statement (Anchorage, the author, July 9, 1976), i, 2.

⁸⁹ G. Bryan Harry (Director, AAO) to RD, PNRO, August 24, 1976, in Box 14, NARA ANC; Supt. KATM to RD, PNRO, February 24, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Pamela E. Rich and Arlon R. Tussing, The National Park System in Alaska, an Economic Impact Study (College, Alaska, University of Alaska Institute of Social, Economic, and Government Research, 1973), 40.

⁹⁰ BLM, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office, Proposed 1976 Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Lease Sale, Lower Cook Inlet Final Environmental Statement (Anchorage, the author), December 1976; Supt. KATM to RD/PNRO, February 24, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Pat Richardson, "$400 Million in High Bids at OCS Sale," Alaska Construction and Oil 18 (December 1977), 34.

⁹¹ Russ Dickenson (Acting RD/PNRO) to Director AAO, August 29, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC; Richardson, "$400 Million in High Bids," 34.

⁹² SAR for 1977 (p. 4), 1978 (p. 4), and 1980 (p. 7); Gil Blinn, "Revised Statement for Management" (KATM), June 7, 1976, 5.

⁹³ NOAA did not press forward with nominating eligible Alaskan areas for marine sanctuaries until 1982. After some discussion, the agency nominated 18 of 42 Alaskan marine sites; the four sites it identified off the Katmai coast were among the 24 sites which were not recommended for nomination. Chelsea International Corporation, "Marine Sanctuary Site Evaluation List," n.d. (August 15, 1982?), in "Marine Sanctuary" file, AKSO-RNR Collection.

⁹⁴ "Status of Research on Mineral Claims," Item 9, in Breedlove, Preliminary Draft, Basic Data, Advance Master Plan/Wilderness Research, 1969.

⁹⁵ John Henneberger, "Factors Affecting Resources and Use," December 16, 1969 (draft section of master plan), in "Planning Documents" file, AKSO-RCR Collection.

⁹⁶ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska (Seattle?, the author, June 13, 1974), 35-36.

⁹⁷ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Katmai Wilderness, 157-61, 167-71.

⁹⁸ NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Katmai Wilderness, 81, 91.

⁹⁹ Alaska Planning Group, Proposed Katmai National Park, Alaska, Draft Environmental Statement, December 1973, 129-30; Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Katmai National Park, Alaska, 1974, 97; NPS, "Distribution and Density of Mineral Entries, Proposed Katmai National Park Additions," December 1, 1977, Box 15, NARA ANC. Both the 1974 and 1977 reports noted that a small, active small gold placer operation and gold-copper operation were located on Crevice Creek, 22 miles west of the mouth of McNeil River. The mine site, however, was later discovered to be outside of the proposed park.

¹⁰⁰ Alaska Planning Group, Proposed Katmai National Park, Alaska, Draft Environmental Statement, December 1973, 135; BLM, "Historical Index" sheets for various townships in the area of the proposed addition, located at BLM State Office, Anchorage.

¹⁰¹ Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Katmai National Park, Alaska, 1974, 33, 252-55, 259-63, 315-16, 394; Director USGS to Director PNRO, May 15, 1973, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

¹⁰² Al Henson (Project Leader, ATFO) to Asst. Director, Cooperative Activities, WASO, March 13, 1973; NPS, "Katmai National Park, Statement on Special Problems," n.d. (1973); NPS, "Minerals," in "Katmai EIS Comments" folder, n.d. (1974?); all in Box 13, NARA ANC. Pfaff had first become known to NPS officials back in May 1949, when he wrote the agency and asked if the monument was open to uranium prospecting. He received a kind but firm negative reply. Jackson E. Price, (NPS Office of the Chief Counsel, WASO) to Ernest Pfaff, July 25, 1949, at KATM.

¹⁰³ "Sugarloaf Association Claim" file, in Inactive Mining Claim Collection, AKSO-RMM; BLM, Serial Number AA-024382 through AA-024385, Alaska State Office, Anchorage.

¹⁰⁴ "Dog V Claim" file, in Inactive Mining Claim Collection, AKSO-RMM; BLM, Serial Number AA-030173, Alaska State Office, Anchorage.

¹⁰⁵ H. C. Berg and E. H. Cobb, Metalliferous Lode Deposits of Alaska, USGS Bulletin 1246 (Washington, GPO, 1967), 14, B78-79.

¹⁰⁶ SAR for 1985 (p. 7) and 1986 (pp. 6-7); BLM, Serial Number AA-025641 through AA-025643, Alaska State Office, Anchorage.

¹⁰⁷ SAR, 1982, 8; "Permits/Geological/AMRAP" folders, AKSO-RMM files.

¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 317, 327.

² Ibid., 371, 385.

³ Ibid., 401; Peter L. Ward, A Bibliography of Katmai National Monument, Alaska, revised edition (Palisades, N.Y., Lamont Geological Observatory), February 1971.

⁴ Frank T. Been to Victor H. Cahalane, March 24, 1941, in File 201, Box 311, KNM, RG 79, NARA SB; SMR (MOMC), September 1949.

⁵ During the late 1930s, Cahalane had headed the NPS Wildlife Division; in January 1940, however, the division was transferred to the U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey, where he headed the section on National Park wildlife.

⁶ Arthur E. Demaray to Commissioner GLO, May 4, 1939, in "Katmai General, 1930-38" file, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; Cahalane resume, in File 40-10 (1933-52), RG 101, ASA; V. H. Cahalane, "Birds of the Katmai Region," Auk 61 (1944), 351-75.

⁷ Chief Ranger, MOMC to George B. Chaffee, KNM, June 23, 1952, at KATM.

⁸ Ben H. Thompson (Recreation Planning Division, WASO) to Sidney S. Kennedy (State Cooperation Branch, WASO), December 29, 1952, in KATM Correspondence, Box 1, in History Division Office, WASO.

⁹ NPS, Katmai Project, Interim Report, Katmai National Monument, Alaska (Washington, the author, March 1954), 9-10; USDI, "McKay Announces Alaska Volcanic Study at Katmai" (press release), August 15, 1953, in File 15-15 (1953-58), RG 101, ASA.

¹⁰ NPS, Katmai Project, Interim Report, 9-10.

¹¹ NPS, Katmai Project, Interim Report, 11-13; Lage, George L. Collins, 182.

¹² NPS, Katmai Project, Interim Report, 11-12, 14.

¹³ NPS, Katmai Project, Interim Report, 11-12, 14. The papers were all contained in the above report; they were also published in various academic journals. See Ernest H. Muller, Werner Juhle, and Henry W. Coulter, "Current Volcanic Activity in Katmai National Monument," Science 119 (March 5, 1954), 319.

¹⁴ Kirtley F. Mather, the USGS geologist who had surveyed the area north of the old monument boundaries in the summer of 1923, met Fenner in the field that summer and (according to a later remembrance) told Fenner at the time that he disagreed with his theory. Kirtley F. Mather, "Biographical Notes for My Grandchildren and Great-Grandchildren," AKSO-RNR Collection.

¹⁵ Howel Williams, "Preliminary Notes on Geological Work Done on Mount Katmai and in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska," in NPS, Katmai Project, Interim Report, 55-61; William T. Ingersoll, "Lands of Change: Four Parks in Alaska," Journal of the West 7 (April 1968), 173-93.

¹⁶ Ernest H. Muller, Werner Juhle, and Henry W. Coulter, "Current Volcanic Activity in Katmai National Monument," pp. 62-66; George L. Snyder, "Trident Volcano Observations," pp. 72-74; both in NPS, Katmai Project, Interim Report; USDI, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1953 (p. 320) and 1954 (p. 364).

¹⁷ Conrad L. Wirth to B. Frank Heintzleman, March 3, 1954, in File 15-14-a (1953-58), RG 101, ASA; Cahalane, A Biological Survey of Katmai National Monument, 6.

¹⁸ USDI, "Katmai Scientific Study Continued Another Year" (press release), August 4, 1954, in KATM Box 1, HFC.

¹⁹ "Wrong Volcano Blamed," Science News Letter 69 (April 21, 1956), 246; Ingersoll, "Lands of Change: Four Parks in Alaska," 173-93.

²⁰ George B. Schaller, "When the Earth Exploded," Alaska Sportsman 22 (June 1956), 8-9, 13; Cahalane, A Biological Survey of Katmai National Monument, 6.

²¹ Keller and Reiser's Geology of the Mount Katmai Area (USGS Bulletin 1058-G) was released in 1959; project field work, however, was completed in 1954.

²² E. L. Bartlett to Ward Sims (Juneau) and United Press International (Seattle), telegram, February 11, 1965, in Bartlett Collection; USDI, "Increased Research Activity Planned in Katmai National Monument This Year" (press release), February 15, 1965, in Bartlett Collection; Peter L. Ward, A Bibliography of Katmai National Monument, Alaska (Palisades, N.Y., Lamont Geological Observatory), May 1966; Management Assistant (KATM) to Supt. MOMC, Monthly Narrative Report for July 1966, at DENA; Peter Ward, interview by author, May 18, 1993.

²³ New York Times, June 22, 1965, 2; "Astronauts Make Geology Field Trips to Alaska and Iceland," JSC Space News Roundup, July 23, 1965, 2; "Katmai is Out of this World," The Midnight Sun (NCA newsletter) 5 (Summer 1965), 3.

²⁴ New York Times, August 22, 1965, X:17.

²⁵ Darrell L. Coe to Oscar Dick, Supplement to June 1965 Monthly Narrative Report, MOMC File A2615, at DENA.

²⁶ "Astronauts Train for Moon Landing," The Midnight Sun 6 (Fall 1966), 3.

²⁷ USDI, "Increased Research Activity Planned in Katmai National Monument This Year" (press release), February 15, 1965, in Bartlett Collection.

²⁸ Keith B. Mather (Director, Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska) to Oscar Dick (Supt. MOMC), April 6, 1965, in Item 13, "Special Use Permits," in Breedlove, 1969; MOMC Special Use Permit, issued April 14, 1965.

²⁹ NPS, Master Plan Brief, 1965, 16. Later, a storage shed was constructed at Baked Mountain and a third seismometer was installed in the Geographic Harbor area. Ed Stondall interview, September 15, 1989; John Henneberger, "Factors Affecting Resources and Use," (draft portion of 1971 master plan), December 16, 1969, in "Planning Documents" file, KATM.

³⁰ Management Assistant (KATM) to Supt. MOMC, Monthly Narrative Report for June 1966 and June 1967, at DENA; NPS, Master Plan Brief, 16.

³¹ SAR for 1974 (p. 3), 1977 (p. 4), 1978 (p. 4), 1979 (p. 4), 1980 (p. 6), and 1982 (p. 3); Roman J. Motyka, "Surveillance of Katmai Caldera and Crater Lake, Alaska: 1977" (University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, 1978), in Box 15, NARA ANC; Blinn interview, May 24, 1993; Morris interview, June 1, 1993.

³² NPS, Wilderness Study, Katmai National Monument, August 1971, 8; NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, June 13, 1974, 54.

³³ Item 17, "Inventory of Backcountry Facilities and Structures," in Breedlove, Preliminary Draft, Basic Data, Advance Master Plan/Wilderness Research.

³⁴ Susan K. Hansen, "Valley of 10,000 Wonders," American Forests 83 (February 1977), 29.

³⁵ SAR, 1984, 10; Ed Stondall interview, September 15, 1989; John C. Eichelberger, et. al., "Successful Completion of the second field season of the Katmai Project," in U.S. Continental Scientific Drilling Program, 1990 Geophysical Expedition to Novarupta Volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska, AKSO-RNR Collection.

³⁶ Richard G. Prasil, "Sea and Coastline Surveys, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, July 1969 to June 26,1971," Natural Resources Survey and Inventory Report (NRSIR) AR-71/02; Prasil, "Notes on Observations Made Along the Katmai Coast During 1971," NRSIR AR-71/01, AKSO-RNR; Ernest J. Borgman (Gen. Supt., Alaska Cluster Office) to RD/NWRO, 1/30/70, in "Wildlife Management" file, KATM.

³⁷ Williss, 259.

³⁸ SAR for 1972 (p. 2), 1973 (p. 3), and 1974 (p. 3).

³⁹ S. B. Young and C. H. Racine, "Ecosystems of the Proposed Katmai Western Extension, Bristol Bay Lowlands, Alaska," Contributions from the Center for Northern Studies #15 (Wolcott, Vt., Center for Northern Studies, March 1978), 21.

⁴⁰ Ralph R. Root (Park Ranger) to Project Leader, ATFO, December 16, 1975; n.a. (John Dennis?), "Proposed Katmai National Park Briefing Paper, Lowland Tundra Addition," n.d. (1975?); both in Box 14, NARA ANC.

⁴¹ Steven R. Behnke, Resource Use and Subsistence in the Vicinity of the Proposed Lake Clark National Park, Alaska and Additions to Katmai National Monument, Anthropology and Historic Preservation, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Occasional Paper No. 15 (Fairbanks, University of Alaska, October 1978), 142-57.

⁴² W. Troyer, "Distribution and Density of Bald Eagle Nests, Katmai Area, Alaska, July 1974," Natural Resources Survey and Inventory Report AR-74/02, AKSO-RNR Collection; Judith Ayres, "Katmai's Eagle Beagle," Alaska 42 (June 1976), A2; SAR for 1977 (p. 4), 1978 (p. 5), 1980 (p. 6), and 1983 (p. 4).

⁴³ SAR for 1977 (p. 4), 1978 (p. 4), 1979 (pp. 4-5), and 1980 (p. 6); NPS, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Wilderness, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, June 13, 1974, 29.

⁴⁴ W. Troyer, "Moose Census, Katmai National Monument, 1/75-2/75," NRSIR AR-75/02, AKSO-RNR files; Gil Blinn, "Revised Statement for Management," June 7, 1976, 5; SAR, KATM, 1977, 4.

⁴⁵ SAR for 1972 (p. 2) and 1978 (p. 4).

⁴⁶ Ralph R. Root to Project Leader, Alaska Task Force, June 17, 1976, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

⁴⁷ In 1983, the RMP was revised and approved by the regional office. Ernest J. Borgman (General Supt. Alaska Cluster Office) to RD/NWRO, January 30, 1970, in "Wildlife Management" file, KATM; NPS, Katmai National Park and Preserve Resources Management Plan, April 15, 1982, 8-17, 25-84; SAR for 1982 (p. 3) and 1983 (p. 4).

⁴⁸ SAR for 1983 (pp. 4, 5) and 1984 (pp. 7-9); Natural Resource Survey and Inventory Report file, AKSO-RNR Collection.

⁴⁹ NPS, Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment for KATM, dated April 25, 1983, January 1985, and April 1987, in AKSO-RNR Collection.

⁵⁰ SAR for 1978 (p. 4), 1985 (p. 7), 1986 (p. 6), 1990 (p. 3), 1991 (p. 3), and 1992 (p. 4).

⁵¹ SAR for 1985 (p. 7), 1988 (p. 6), 1990 (p. 3), 1991 (p. 3), and 1992 (p. 4).

⁵² SAR for 1986 (p. 6), 1990 (p. 3), 1991 (pp. 2-3), and 1992 (pp. 4-5).

⁵³ John Power (Alaska Volcano Observatory, Fairbanks), interview by the author, May 18, 1993; SAR, 1991, 4; Anchorage Daily News, June 21, 1992, A7.

⁵⁴ SAR for 1985 (p. 8), 1986 (p. 6), and 1991 (pp. 2-3); Peter Ward, interview by the author, May 18, 1993.

⁵⁵ The initial project entailed up to eight holes, but by 1991 project sponsors were requiring only three. Plans call for two holes to be adjacent to Novarupta Volcano; the third will be approximately four miles away.

⁵⁶ Kathy Jope to author, email, April 9, 1996.

⁵⁷ John C. Eichelberger (Geochemistry Division, Sandia National Laboratories) to Boyd Evison (RD/ARO), September 25, 1985; SAR for 1985 (p. 7) and 1986 (p. 6).

⁵⁸ SAR, 1987, 4; William B. Lawrence (Chief, ARO-REC) to ARO Directorate, etc., December 22, 1987, in AKSO-RNR files; Ray Bane to author, email, April 19, 1996.

⁵⁹ David B. Ames (Acting RD/ARO) to Pete McKhann, September 1, 1988, in AKSO-RNR files; USGS, "Scientists Return to Katmai to Study the 1912 Eruption," in AKSO-RNR files.

⁶⁰ Washington Times, October 12, 1990, 5; USGS, "Scientists Return to Katmai to Study the 1912 Eruption;" Resource Management Specialist, ARO to ARD/ARO, December 1990?, AKSO-RNR files; John C. Eichelberger, Wes Hildreth, and J. J. Papike, "The Katmai Scientific Drilling Project, Surface Phase; Investigation of an Exceptional Igneous System," Geophysical Research Letters 18 (August 1991), 1513-16.

⁶¹ Allan R. Sattler to Al Lovaas, etc., October 6, 1989, in AKSO-RNR files.

⁶² Bill Lawrence (ARO-EC) to RD/ARO, January 2, 1990, in AKSO-RNR files.

⁶³ "Doing Science at the Gates of Hell," Science 249 (August 3, 1990), 475; SAR, KATM, 1991, 3-4; NAS, "Volcanic Studies at Katmai," 1989, 9 pp., in AKSO-REQ Collection.

⁶⁴ Anchorage Daily News, April 15, 1992, B2 and April 19, 1992, A1, A6-A7.

⁶⁵ John Quinley to Alaska Region Supts., December 14, 1992 (ccmail message), "Issues for Decision Between January 20 and June 20, 1993, National Park Service, Alaska Region."

⁶⁶ Bud Rice to author, June 4, 1993 and May 28, 1996, both in AKSO-RCR files; Joan Darnell, interview by author, May 23, 1996; David P. Russ, William C. Luth, and Ian D. MacGregor to John M. Morehead, March 28, 1994. Rice notes that the ICG was reluctant to abandon the project; although the letter authorizing its withdrawal was dated on March 28, the NPS did not receive it until June 19.

⁶⁷ William S. Hanable and Carol Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and the National Park Service: A Report on the Initial Response (Anchorage, National Park Service, 1990), 16, 48-49, 52, 59.

⁶⁸ Ibid., 56, 59.

⁶⁹ Ibid., 80.

⁷⁰ Ibid., 81.

⁷¹ Ibid., 82-83; Janis Meldrum, interview by author, May 11, 1993.

⁷² Rick S. Kurtz, Lessons to Be Learned: The National Park Service Administrative History and Assessment of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (Anchorage, NPS, in press), 61-62, 94-98.

⁷³ Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 83; Kurtz, Lessons to Be Learned, 51; Meldrum interview, May 11, 1993.

⁷⁴ Kurtz, Lessons to Be Learned, 53-54.

⁷⁵ Kurtz, Lessons to Be Learned, 57-59; SAR, 1990, 2.

⁷⁶ Kurtz, Lessons to Be Learned, 61-63; Joel Cusick, "NRDA Study List," AKSO-RCP files.

⁷⁷ Joel Cusick, "NRDA Study List;" Exxon Valdez Trustee Council, State/Federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment Plan for the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (also known as NRDA Plan), public review draft, (Juneau, the author, August 1989), 39-43, 65-68, 138-39; Trustee Council, 1990 NRDA Plan (Juneau, the author, August 1990), 142-51; 261-66; Trustee Council, 1991 NRDA Plan (Juneau, the author, April 1991), 58-59.

⁷⁸ Kurtz, Lessons to Be Learned, 70-71, 74.

⁷⁹ Joel Cusick, "Restoration Projects," AKSO-RCP Collection; Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustees, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration, Vol. II, 1992 Draft Work Plan (Anchorage, the author, April 1992), 278-79; EVOS Trustees, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration, 1993 Draft Work Plan (October 1992), 154-57.

⁸⁰ SAR, 1992, 4; Rick Potts, interview by the author, May 17, 1993.

⁸¹ Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (P.L. 96-487), Sec. 203; Behnke, Resource Use and Subsistence in the Vicinity of the Proposed Lake Clark National Park, Alaska and Additions to Katmai National Monument, 141.

⁸² Susan Savage (KATM Subsistence Manager), interview by the author, May 3, 1993.

⁸³ NPS, Katmai National Park and Preserve Resources Management Plan (draft), April 15, 1982, 10-11.

⁸⁴ NPS, Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment for KATM, dated January 1985 and April 1987, in AKSO-RNR Collection.

⁸⁵ Anchorage Daily News, May 9, 1990, A1; July 1, 1990, A1; July 9, 1990, A1; July 10, 1990, A1.

⁸⁶ SAR, 1991, 1.

⁸⁷ SAR, 1992, 4; Susan Savage interview, May 3, 1993.

⁸⁸ James L. Ryan (Acting Supt. KATM), "Record of Meeting, 5-15-90," in KATM-RS files; Richard Russell (ADF&G, King Salmon), interview with the author, May 18, 1993).

⁸⁹ James A. Fall (ADF&G Subsistence Division, Anchorage), interview with the author, May 17, 1993; Ray Bane, interview with the author, May 18, 1993; Morris interview, June 1, 1993.

⁹⁰ James L. Ryan (Acting Supt. KATM), "Record of Meeting, 5-15-90," in KATM-RS files; Temporary Subsistence Management Regulations for Federal Public Lands in Alaska (Game, Fish, and Shellfish), July 1, 1991-June 30, 1992, 100.

⁹¹ BBNA Resolution 92-43, April 14, 1992; Louis Waller (ARO-RS) to Terry Hoefferle (BBNA), May 15, 1992; John M. Morehead to Ted Stevens, May 8, 1992; all in KATM-RS files. State regulations continue to allow the subsistence redfish fishery. Those regulations, however, are currently not being enforced.

⁹² BBNA, "Resolution 93-27," October 9, 1992, in KATM-RS files; John Quinley to Alaska Region Superintendents, December 20, 1992 (email), "Issues for Decision Between January 20 and June 20, 1993, National Park Service, Alaska Region," 2; "Bristol Bay Residents Target Fisheries, Hunting Rights," Alaska Natives Commission (newsletter) 2:2 (1993), 1; Tim Cochrane, interview by author, March 20, 1995.

¹ Public Law 96-487, Section 201.

² Merry Allen Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities on the Pacific Coast of the Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Occasional Paper No. 4 (Fairbanks, University of Alaska, 1977), 14; Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Assessment, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, Alaska (Washington, USDI), 32; Lidia L. Selkregg, Alaska Regional Profiles: vol. III, Southwest Region (Anchorage, Alaska Environmental Information and Data Center, 1974-76), Figs. 5, 6, 18, 21.

³ Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement, October 1974, 54, 58-59; David Manski, interview by author, May 30, 1996.

⁴ Roger Harritt, "A Model for Analysis of Late Prehistoric Occupation of the Naknek Region, Southwest Alaska," in Robert Shaw, Roger Harritt and Don Dumond, ed., The Late Prehistoric Development of Alaska's Native People, Aurora (Alaska Anthropological Association, Monograph Series No. 4), 1988, 199. Svetlana G. Fedorova, in The Russian Population of Alaska and California, Late Eighteenth Century to 1867, translated and edited by R. A. Pierce and A. S. Donnelly (Kingston, Ont., Limestone Press, c. 1973), 162 indicates that in the 1820s, Alaska Peninsula Natives were known only as "Peninsula Eskimos." Her map is based on one published in Wendell H. Oswalt, Alaskan Eskimos (San Francisco, Chandler, 1967), 7. Also see R. E. Ackerman and L. Ackerman, "Ethnoarchaeological Interpretations of Territoriality and Land Use in Southwest Alaska," Ethnohistory 20 (1973), 315-334.

⁵ Don E. Dumond, "Archaeology on the Alaska Peninsula: The Naknek Region, 1960-1975," University of Oregon Anthropological Papers 21 (1981), Fig. 1.1; Michael E. Krauss, "Native Peoples and Languages of Alaska" (map), 2nd edition (Fairbanks, University of Alaska, Native Language Center), 1982.

⁶ Jeff Leer, in A Conversational Dictionary of Kodiak Alutiiq (Fairbanks, University of Alaska, Alaska Native Language Center, 1978, 1-4) notes that although older Natives consider themselves Sugpiaq, Alutiiq is the currently preferred term. They have also been called Suk Eskimo, Pacific Gulf Eskimo, Sugcestun and Chugach Eskimo.

⁷ D. E. Dumond, L. Conton and H. Shields, "Eskimos and Aleuts on the Alaska Peninsula: A Reappraisal of Port Moller Affinities," Arctic Anthropology 12:1 (1975), 52-53.

⁸ A. P. McCartney, "Prehistoric Cultural Integration Along the Alaska Peninsula," Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 16 (1), 1974, 59-84, as quoted in Roger Harritt, "Historic Structure Assessment Report, Bunkhouse, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Archeology Section," unpublished draft report, NPS, Alaska Regional Office, June 1987, (3).

⁹ David R. Yesner, "Cultural Boundaries and Ecological Frontiers in Coastal Regions; An Example from the Alaska Peninsula," in S. W. Green and S. M. Perlman, ed., The Archaeology of Frontiers and Boundaries (New York, Academic Press, 1985), 81-84.

¹⁰ Donald W. Clark, "Pacific Eskimo Encoded Precontact History," in Shaw, Harritt and Dumond, 211.

¹¹ Harritt, 1987, (1).

¹² NPS, "Archeological Clearance Survey Form," #001-87-ANIA, 1987, 2. Donald Orth, in Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, p. 79 lists Aniakchak as an "Eskimo camp or settlement" which in 1925 was "occupied only by a trapper's cabin." He does not, however, specify a location of the camp or a source for his information.

¹³ Alfred Hulse Brooks, Geography and Geology of Alaska, A Summary of Existing Knowledge (Washington, GPO, 1906), 109; National Park Service, Alaska History, 1741-1910, The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, Theme XXI, Political and Military Affairs, 1865-1910, Special Study (Washington?, the author, 1961), 14-15; George A. Parks, comp., "Early Exploratory Routes, Alaska" (map), c. 1930, in University of Washington, Special Collections (hereafter referred to as UWSC).

¹⁴ Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 16-18; NPS, Alaska History, 1741-1910, 12.

¹⁵ Alaska Dept. of Community and Regional Affairs, "Chignik Lagoon" Community Profile (Iliamna/Alaska Peninsula Region), December 1982; Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 16-17.

¹⁶ Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs, "Chignik" Community Profile, December 1982; Donald W. Clark, "Pacific Eskimo: Historical Ethnography," in David Dumas, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5: Arctic (Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1984), 186.

¹⁷ Fedorova, The Russian Population of Alaska and California, 112.

¹⁸ Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 22, 25; Clark, "Pacific Eskimo: Historical Ethnography," 186.

¹⁹ Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 16-17, 79. As part of the application which the Koniag Incorporated Regional Native Corporation provided to the U.S. Bureau of Land Management for a 240 acre Cemetery/Historical Site (Case File AA 011774), the "Statement for Site #71" (p. 2) noted that "the village of Kujulik was first recorded on Russian Hydrographic Department charts as 'Kizhulik'. Ales Hrdlicka noted in 1930 an uncertainty about the location of the abandoned village. He was uncertain as to whether it was actually located in Kujulik Bay, or was in Aniakchak Bay. It may be that there was actually a village in each bay area, and that one is previously recorded."

²⁰ W. R. Smith and Arthur A. Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," Mineral Resources of Alaska, Report on Progress of Investigations in 1922, USGS Bulletin 755 (Washington, GPO, 1924), 151-52; Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 41-42, 79.

²¹ In 1847, a Russian Hydrographic Department chart labelled the bay "Zal[iv] Aniakshak," while the first map known to label the bay "Aniakchak" was published in 1869. Capt. M. D. Teben'kov, Atlas of the Northwest Coasts of America, translated and edited by R. A. Pierce (Kingston, Ont., Limestone Press, 1981), 60; Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 79; U.S. Coast Survey, "Alaska and Adjoining Territory" (map), 1869, UWSC.

²² Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 28-29; U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, "Alaska and Adjoining Territory" (map), 1887, UWSC. Robert P. Porter, Dept. of the Interior, Census Office, Report on the Population and Resources of Alaska at the Eleventh Census: 1890 (Washington, GPO, 1893), 73, also indicated a "Sutkum Village" on Sutwik Island.

²³ MacDonald, Lewis G., "Chronological History of Salmon Canneries in Central Alaska," Alaska Fisheries Board Annual Report 3 (1951), 71-84; Jefferson F. Moser, "The Salmon and Salmon Fisheries of Alaska; Report of the Alaskan Salmon Investigations of the United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in the 1900 and 1901," Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission 21 (Washington, GPO, 1902), 173-398.

²⁴ In 1888, the salmon fishery began at Chignik when 2,160 barrels of salted salmon were packed. Willis H. Rich and Edward M. Ball, "Statistical Review of the Alaska Fisheries, Part II: Chignik to Resurrection Bay," Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 46, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1102 (Washington, GPO, 1931), 645; MacDonald, 73; Selkregg, Alaska Regional Profiles: vol. III, Southwest Region, Fig. 159.

²⁵ In 1891, one of the Chignik canneries was operated by the Alaska Packers Association; the following year by the Alaska Packing Association, and from 1893 to the 1970s the Alaska Packers Association. Pat Roppel, Salmon From Kodiak: An History of the Salmon Fishery of Kodiak Island, Alaska (Anchorage, Alaska Historical Commission Studies in History No. 216, 1986), 34; Richard A. Cooley, Politics and Conservation; the Decline of the Alaska Salmon (New York, Harper and Row, 1963), 43-48; Laurence Freeburn, "The Silver Years of the Alaska Canned Salmon Industry; an Album of Historical Photos," Alaska Geographic 3 (Anchorage, Alaska Northwest, c. 1976), 22.

²⁶ H. C. Scudder, "The Alaska Salmon Trap: Its Evolution, Conflicts, and Consequences," Alaska State Library Historical Monographs, No. 1 (Juneau, Dept. of Education, 1970), 1-3; Cooley, Politics and Conservation, 45.

²⁷ MacDonald, "Chronological History," 74-75; Roppel, Salmon from Kodiak, 27; Howard M. Kutchin, Report on the Salmon Fisheries of Alaska (Washington, GPO), editions of 1903 (p. 12) and 1904 (p. 13); Rich and Ball, "Statistical Review of the Alaska Fisheries, Part II," 645; Scudder, "The Alaska Salmon Trap," 8, 15.

²⁸ Selkregg, Alaska Regional Profiles: Vol. III, Southwest Region, Fig. 159.

²⁹ Rich and Ball, "Statistical Review of the Alaska Salmon Fisheries," 1931, 646.

³⁰ Willis H. Rich and Edward M. Ball, "Statistical Review of the Alaska Salmon Fisheries, Part I: Bristol Bay and Alaska Peninsula," Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 44, Document 1041 (Washington, GPO, 1928), 42. Before World War I, little demand existed for pink and chum salmon. In 1900, "dog salmon" were regarded as waste, and a decade later certain canneries paid fishermen seven to eight times more for sockeye salmon than for pink salmon. Moser, "The Salmon and Salmon Fisheries of Alaska," 1902, 218; Cooley, Politics and Conservation, 40-41.

³¹ Scudder, "The Alaska Salmon Trap," 9, 15-16.

³² Rich and Ball, "Statistical Review of the Alaska Salmon Fisheries, Part II," 646; Harold H. Waller, "Map of Fish Trap Location, Territorial License No. 19-085, Situated North End Aniakchak Bay on Small Island, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska," Columbia River Packers Association, October 14, 1919, in CRPA Collection, Columbia River Maritime Museum. This is the first source known to have named the Aniakchak River.

³³ U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, "Location of Traps in Alaska Other Than Southeast," 1924-1958, in Box 16, RG 22, NARA ANC.

³⁴ U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, "Location of Traps in Alaska Other Than Southeast," 1924-1958, in Box 16, RG 22, NARA ANC; A. K. Tichenor, "Traps Owned by Alaska Packers (Operated and Leased) and Traps Operated for Other Companies in 1934," APA Collection, Box 6 (II/2), UAA; [Transfer Agreement, CRPA to APA], April 20, 1940, in CRPA Collection.

³⁵ Waller, "Map of Fish Trap Location;" Scudder, "The Alaska Salmon Trap," 15; Rich and Ball, "Statistical Review of the Alaska Salmon Fisheries, Part II," 646. The trap locations were well within the legal limits of the period, which specified that all traps had to be at least 500 yards away from any red salmon stream less than 500 feet wide, and also had to be at least 100 yards endwise from any other trap.

³⁶ Osmund to Barker, January 8, 1926, CRPA Collection. The following year, an unknown watchman inscribed "May 11 to Sept. 30, 1927 - 132 days in camp" on one of the cabin's inside walls. George Stroud and Lynn Fuller, "End of Season Report, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve," September 1983, 7.

³⁷ Alec Pedersen, interview by the author, September 19, 1990; Clemens Grunert Sr., interview by the author, September 19, 1990; Stan Lilian, "Fish-Trap Patrol," Alaska Sportsman 6 (March 1940), 14.

³⁸ Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 168.

³⁹ U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Annual Report (Washington, GPO) for 1924 (pp. 53, 78), 1925 (pp. 58-59, 74), and 1926 (pp. 39, 55 and Map 14).

⁴⁰ U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S. Coast Pilot, Alaska, Part II: Yakutat Bay to the Arctic Ocean, second edition (Washington, GPO, 1926), 172. The publication did not report a detailed description of Aniakchak Bay until after World War II. Ibid., fifth edition (Washington, GPO, 1947), 281.

⁴¹ Smith, "The Cold Bay-Katmai District," 143; Hubbard, "A World Inside a Mountain," National Geographic 60 (September 1931), 322; Pedersen interview; Grunert interview.

⁴² John Hillborn, "Chignik Trapper," Alaska Sportsman 3 (December 1937), 12-13.

⁴³ Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 62, 419, 430, 668; Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 164.

⁴⁴ Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 32; Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 154, Pl. XII; Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 62; Smith, "The Cold Bay-Katmai District," 143; Russell Knappen, "Geology and Mineral Resources of the Aniakchak District, Alaska," Mineral Resources of Alaska, 1926, USGS Bulletin 797-F (Washington, GPO, 1929), 167.

⁴⁵ Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 34.

⁴⁶ Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 32; Pedersen interview; Grunert interview.

⁴⁷ Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 152-53; Knappen, "Geology and Mineral Resources of the Aniakchak District," 212-13. Two mines near Chignik also yielded a small amount of coal; operations began in the 1880s and continued until 1913.

⁴⁸ Knappen, "Geology and Mineral Resources of the Aniakchak District," 164; Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 163. Kanatak never did regain its former glory; in 1931, it was described as a Native village with a single store. Robert Dick Douglas, In the Land of the Thunder Mountains: Adventures with Father Hubbard Among the Volcanoes of Alaska (New York, Brewer, Warren and Putnam, 1932), 14.

⁴⁹ A. G. Maddren, "Geologic Map of Alaskan Peninsula," in USGS Collection; George C. Martin, "The Outlook for Petroleum Near Chignik," Mineral Resources of Alaska, 1923, USGS Bulletin 773 (Washington, GPO, 1925), 209.

⁵⁰ Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 210.

⁵¹ USDI, Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska for FY 1922 (p. 37), FY 1923 (p. 40), and FY 1924 (p. 27).

⁵² Smith and Baker, 209; Metcalf and Grefe surveyors, "First Preliminary Map of the Aniakchak and Chignik District, Showing Approximate Position of Oil Locations, Compiled from Data in U.S. Land Office," March 1922, in USGS Collection; BLM, Historical Index sheets (various), in Alaska State Office, Anchorage.

⁵³ Smith, "The Cold Bay-Katmai District," 139; E. D. Calvin, "Legend, Working Diagram, Group 27, Showing in Solid Lines Public Land Surveys Executed in 1922," June 14, 1923, in USGS Collection, Anchorage. Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 210 noted that "most of the claims [in the Aniakchak country] had been staked by one man." W. W. French was probably the person most involved in the leasing activity, although BLM records show that his interest was shared by many others.

⁵⁴ Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 164.

⁵⁵ Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 210-211.

⁵⁶ Martin, "The Outlook for Petroleum Near Chignik," 213. Russell Knappen's report (pp. 162, 211), based on 1925 field work, reinforced the conclusions made in other USGS reports and provided an elaborate rationale for the lack of petroleum potential in the area.

⁵⁷ BLM, Historical Index File for Township 39S Range 52W of the Seward Meridian, Alaska. Between 1956 and 1958, a new wave of interest in petroleum arose, and the BLM issued a number of Oil and Gas Leases in the area, four of which were in the township surrounding the mouth of the Aniakchak River. These were taken up by various Anchorage bankers and financiers, one of which was Elmer E. Rasmuson. These lessees apparently had no greater luck than their predecessors, however, and by 1962 all leases had been cancelled or terminated by the BLM. BLM, Case Files for A-033942, A-033943, A-033950 and A-04595; Directory Co., Kriss Kross City Directory of Anchorage, 1958 (Anchorage, the author), c. 1957.

⁵⁸ See, for example, the following maps: Alaska Road Commission, "Alaska", 1912, scale 1:1,250,000, in UWSC, or Metcalfe and Grefe surveyors, "First Preliminary Map of the Aniakchak and Chignik District Showing Approximate Position of Oil Locations, Compiled from Data in U.S. Land Office," March 1922, in USGS Collection.

⁵⁹ Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 153; Smith, "The Cold Bay-Katmai District," 139, 143; Knappen, "Geology and Mineral Resources of the Aniakchak District," 167, 173-177. The nearest known "old trail" found by the 1922 USGS party led from Hook Bay, 25 miles southwest of Aniakchak Bay, north to the Meshik River valley.

⁶⁰ Knappen, "Geology and Mineral Resources of the Aniakchak District," 163, 210-212.

⁶¹ Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 157; Smith, "The Cold Bay-Katmai District," 140.

⁶² Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 157; Smith, "The Cold Bay-Katmai District," 141, 145. In a prophetic statement, Smith noted that "were it not so remote from the usual paths of travel the setting apart of this crater as a national monument would be justified."

⁶³ Smith, "The Cold Bay-Katmai District," 141.

⁶⁴ M. Woodbridge Williams, "Aniakchak: Kingdom of Genesis," National Parks and Conservation Magazine 49 (June 1975), 8; "Aleutian Eruptions 1930-1932," The Volcano Letter 375 (March 3, 1932), 1-3; Bernard R. Hubbard, S.J., Mush, You Malemutes! (New York, America Press, 1932), 55-57.

⁶⁵ Howard A. Powers, "Alaska Peninsula - Aleutian Islands," in Howel Williams, ed., Landscapes of Alaska, Their Geologic Evolution (Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1958), 64-65.

⁶⁶ Seattle Times, May 2, 1931, 1; May 4, 1931, 2; Seward Daily Gateway, May 2, 1931, 8; May 14, 1931, 1; Anchorage Daily Times, May 4, 1931, 1; May 14, 1931, 1.

⁶⁷ Bernard R. Hubbard, S.J., Cradle of the Storms (New York, Dodd, Mead, 1935), 186; Hubbard, Mush, You Malemutes!, 71-73, 138-139.

⁶⁸ Bernard R. Hubbard, S.J., "Exploring the Alaskan 'Moon Craters'," New York Times, October 12, 1930, V:8. The only known sources about Aniakchak previous to 1930 were those by Baker and Smith (1924), Smith (1925) and Knappen (1929) of the USGS, and a brief description of the area in a leading travel publication ("An Extinct Crater on the Alaskan Peninsula," Travel 45 [September, 1925], 46). The "Mr. Sargent" he referred to was R. H. Sargent, topographer for both the 1922 and 1925 expeditions.

⁶⁹ Hubbard, "A World Inside a Mountain," 324; Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement, October 1974, 71.

⁷⁰ Hubbard, Mush, You Malemutes!, 55-68; Hubbard, Cradle of the Storms, 1-16. Several accounts of the 1931 expedition have been recorded, including Douglas, In the Land of the Thunder Mountains; William Regan, personal interview by Julie O'Keefe, February 8, 1965; William Regan, [Untitled 1931 diary], University of Santa Clara archives; William V. Regan, "Alaska Diary," Santa Clara Magazine 29 (Summer 1987), 10-17; Kenneth Chisholm, Guide to the Kenneth Chisholm Papers/Photographs, including Alaska Expeditions with Father B. J. [sic] Hubbard, 1930-1938, unpublished mss., Alaska Historical Library, c. 1974.

⁷¹ Hubbard, "Exploring the Alaskan 'Moon Craters'," V/8; Barrett Willoughby, "The Moon Craters of Alaska," Saturday Evening Post 203 (December 13, 1930), 11; New York Times, November 6, 1930, 27.

⁷² Hubbard, Mush, You Malemutes!, 57, 64.

⁷³ The total number of fish caught in the "Aniakchak Beach" and "Aniakchak Pinnacle" traps is as follows:

Source: A. K. Tichenor, "Fish Caught in Traps," in Box 6 (II/2), APA Collection, UAA.

⁷⁴ Hubbard, "Exploring the Alaskan 'Moon Craters'," V:8; Willoughby, "The Moon Craters of Alaska," 10-11.

⁷⁵ Brooks to Cammerer, January 8, 1931; Arno B. Cammerer to A. E. Demaray and George A. Moskey, January 10, 1931; Wallace R. Atwood to the Director, January 21, 1931; all in "Aniakchak, Alaska" folder, in Box 658, File 0-35, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁷⁶ Regarding Veniaminof National Monument, Atwood had difficulty drawing a plausible boundary because portions of the proposed area had not yet been included on a detailed map. "Proposed Aniakchak and Veniaminof National Monument" (map overlay), n.d., in "Aniakchak, Alaska" folder, in Box 658, File 0-35, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁷⁷ Horace M. Albright to W. C. Mendenhall (Acting Director, USGS), Henry O'Malley (Commissioner, USBF) and Charles C. Moore (Commissioner, GLO), February 5, 1931, in "Aniakchak, Alaska" folder, in Box 658, File 0-35, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁷⁸ Henry O'Malley to Albright, February 6, 1931; Thomas C. Howell (Acting Commissioner GLO), February 11, 1931; both in "Aniakchak, Alaska" folder, in Box 658, File 0-35, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁷⁹ Julian D. Sears (Acting Director, USGS) to Horace M. Albright, February 18, 1931, in "Aniakchak, Alaska" folder, in Box 658, File 0-35, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁸⁰ Brooks to Albright, etc., February 25, 1931; "Proposed Aniakchak and Veniaminof National Monument" (map overlay), n.d.; both in "Aniakchak, Alaska" folder, in Box 658, File 0-35, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁸¹ Cammerer to Wirth and Moskey, February 26, 1931, in "Aniakchak, Alaska" folder, in Box 658, File 0-35, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁸² Smith and Baker, "The Cold Bay-Chignik District," 161; Knappen, "Geology and Mineral Resources of the Aniakchak District," 168.

⁸³ H. C. Bryant, "Memorandum Relative to Proposed National Monuments in Alaska," March 17, 1931, in "General, 1930-38" folder, KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC.

⁸⁴ Horace M. Albright to Acting Director, USGS, April 8, 1931, in "General, 1930-38" folder, KNM Box 1, Entry 7, RG 79, NARA DC; Kauffmann, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 1954, 17-19.

⁸⁵ Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 34, 58, 78; U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries (Washington, GPO, 1932), 54; Axel Olsen, "Notice of Location Notice," July 20, 1932, in Miscellaneous Records, Unga Peninsula District, October 1917-December 1935, in "Unga Peninsula Recording District #4" (microfilm roll), Anchorage Recorder's Office, State of Alaska.

⁸⁶ Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement, October 1974, 71; John Haile Cloe, The Aleutian Warriors; a History of the 11th Air Force and Fleet Air Wing 4 (Missoula, Pictorial Histories, 1991), 53-57.

⁸⁷ Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 62-65, 78, 81.

⁸⁸ R. M. Moxham, "Pumice Deposits in the Alaska Peninsula-Cook Inlet Region, Alaska," USGS Open File Report #49, 1951, pp. 16 and 19-20, in File 609-01, RG 79, NARA SB; USDI (USGS) Press Release, January 21, 1952, in Pumice Bill File, Bartlett Collection.

⁸⁹ BLM, Historical Index sheets for the Aniakchak area, in BLM State Office, Anchorage.

⁹⁰ Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 34, 38; Ernest P. Walker, Report of the Executive Officer to the Alaska Game Commission, 1925 through 1936 editions; Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement, October 1974, 77, 80, 82, 92; Stroud and Fuller, "End of Season Report," 1983, 6; National Park Service, Final Environmental Impact Statement and Wilderness Recommendations for Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve (Denver, the author, c. 1988), 14; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Becharof National Wildlife Refuge, Annual Narrative Report, 1979, 9, in USF&WS files, Anchorage.

¹ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 34-36; NPS, Operation Great Land, 1965, 33, in ANILCA Box 1, HFC. Hartzog thought that Operation Great Land was controversial because it suggested that the NPS had an interest in lands which other agencies might also wish to manage. He therefore refused to circulate it. Even so, it remained as a blueprint for future studies.

² Roger W. Allin, Alaska: A Plan for Action, typescript, November 1966, in "Roger Allin 1966 Report" file, Box #6, Swem Collection, DPL. The NPS was responsible for both the National Historic Landmark and the National Natural Landmark programs.

³ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 45, 50.

⁴ Alaskasearch, Ltd., "National Natural Landmark Study, Report I," 28 July 1967, 1, 3, 5, at AHL and AKSO-RNR; Chief, Interagency Resources Division, NPS to Chief Historian, NPS, May 29, 1985, in "KNM 1975-present" file, NPS History office, WASO; George B. Hartzog (Director NPS) to Walter J. Hickel (Governor of Alaska), December 7, 1967, in File 882, Series 41, RG 01, ASA; Una G. Swain, National Natural Landmarks in Alaska (Anchorage, The Nature Conservancy, December 1990), 8; State Director BLM to RD/PNRO, July 9, 1970; Boyd Rasmussen (Director BLM) to Director NPS, August 14, 1970. The area contained within the NNL is unknown. Sources have variously claimed it to be 20,000 or 20,440 acres in extent. A status report on the site, however, noted that its boundaries were unspecific and were probably never delineated.

⁵ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 51.

⁶ Ibid., 51-53, 76-79.

⁷ Ibid., 98-99.

⁸ Ibid., 104-05.

⁹ Ibid., 112-13.

¹⁰ Ibid., 110, 115.

¹¹ Ibid., 122, 124, 127; "Team 4 Briefing Book, Aniakchak Caldera Proposal," in Box 15, NARA ANC.

¹² Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 124, 131.

¹³ R. H. Sargent and W. R. Smith, in 1922, "discovered" and named Aniakchak Crater. Three years later, however, Russell Knappen called it Aniakchak Volcano. Father Bernard Hubbard, who popularized the area, used both terms. Early NPS proposals had called it a crater. During 1972 or 1973, however, the NPS discovered that the feature was properly termed a dry caldera, and the name of the proposed NPS unit was changed to Aniakchak Caldera National Monument. In 1977, the unit's name was changed again, to Aniakchak National Monument, probably because the area under consideration as parkland covered far more than just the caldera.

¹⁴ Alaska Task Force (USDI), Preliminary Draft Environmental Statement and Master Plan, Aniakchak Caldera National Recreation Area (Washington?, the author, June 1973), 1, 5; Urban Rogers, "Summary of Aniakchak Crater: D2-52 and D1-27," July 3, 1972, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

¹⁵ ATF, Preliminary DES and Master Plan, ANIA NRA, June 1973, 5; Glenn Reed (PNRO), "Mineralization Within the NPS Study Area Considered for the Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Recreation Area," March 1973, 4.

¹⁶ In February 1973, the Alaska planning units of the various Interior bureaus formed the Alaska Planning Group. The APG remained active until 1977, when the legislative process began. Williss, 130, 162.

¹⁷ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 137.

¹⁸ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 143, 145; Alaska Planning Group, Draft Environmental Statement, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument and Aniakchak Wild River, Alaska, December 1973, 1. Williss noted that only 440,000 acres were reserved at that time. The boundaries on Williss's map and the DES map, however, are identical. Comparison of the two maps with today's boundaries suggest that the 580,000-acre figure is correct.

¹⁹ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 143. AECs were defined as adjacent lands and waters "that contain resources that are part of the total ecosystem and which, if compromised, would endanger resources within the proposal."

²⁰ Alaska Planning Group, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, Alaska (USDI, October 1974), 9.

²¹ M. Woodbridge Williams, "Aniakchak: Kingdom of Genesis," National Parks and Conservation Magazine 49 (June 1975), 9.

²² Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 125; Alaska Planning Group, Draft Environmental Statement, Proposed Alaska Caldera National Monument and Aniakchak Wild River, Alaska, (Washington?, USDI, December 1973), 1; APG, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, Alaska (USDI, October 1974), 47.

²³ Jack Hession, of the Sierra Club, told the author (April 4, 1996) that the state had no legal grounds for its suit, and it agreed as much when it settled out of court. The intent of the suit, however, was partially successful because the suit brought the Interior Department to the bargaining table, where it extracted some notable concessions in its September 2 agreement.

²⁴ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 109-10, 121-22; USDI, "Alaska and Interior Agree to Settlement of State's Land Selection Lawsuit" (press release), September 5, 1972; Anchorage Daily Times, September 5, 1972, 1. NPS officials hoped that Aniakchak would be the only new unit which would allow hunting. In 1976, however, the same controversy erupted in regards to the proposed Lake Clark unit, and the NPS acceded to having a preserve there as well. Finally, in 1977, the floodgates opened. When Congress began deliberating the issue, the agency responded by allowing the preserve designation to be placed on several additional areas. Today, ten of the fifteen NPS units in Alaska allow hunting within them. Williss, 153-54, 166-68, 191.

²⁵ "Team 4 Briefing Book, Aniakchak Caldera Proposal," in Box 15, NARA ANC; ATF, Preliminary DES and Master Plan, Aniakchak Caldera NRA, June 1973, 3, 7, 10.

²⁶ ATF, Preliminary DES and Master Plan, Aniakchak Caldera NRA, June 1973, 3, 7, 12.

²⁷ APG, Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, Alaska, Master Plan, December 1973, 22-25.

²⁸ APG, DES, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument and Aniakchak Wild River, Alaska, December 1973, 1-2, 7.

²⁹ Patrick L. Dobey (DGGS) to Jules Tileston (BOR), July 25, 1973, in Box 14, NARA ANC; APG, DES, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument and Aniakchak Wild River, December 1973, 7, 167-68; APG, FES, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, October 1974, 22, 453-54; Williams, "Aniakchak, Kingdom of Genesis," 7-8; William M. Lyle, "Geology and Mineral Evaluation of the Aniakchak River Drainage, Alaska Peninsula" (Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Open File Report No. 26, 1973), 2a, 4.

³⁰ APG, FES, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, October 1974, 13-21.

³¹ APG, FES, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, 2; Ralph R. Root to Project Leader, ATFO, December 16, 1975, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

³² Ralph Root to Special Assistant to the Director, Alaska, January 20, 1976; Root to Project Leader, AAO, September 3, 1976; Root to Area Director, Alaska, October 6, 1976; all in Box 14, NARA ANC; Thomas P. Miller and Robert L. Smith, "Ash Flows on the Alaska Peninsula: A Preliminary Report on Their Distribution, Composition, and Age," Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting Abstracts, 1975, 1201; Dr. Robert Forbes, interview by author, July 16, 1993.

³³ Thomas P. Miller and Robert L. Smith of the USGS began working on the Alaska Peninsula in 1975. Two years later, the two wrote a more substantial paper on the Aniakchak ash flows; a year after that, Miller published a USGS Professional Paper on the caldera. See Georef Disc 1, at UAF Geophysical Institute Library.

³⁴ The impetus behind this study was probably Dr. John G. Dennis, and NPS biologist who had just completed a brief study entitled "An Introduction to Vegetation of the Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument and its Environs on the Alaska Peninsula of Alaska," 1976, in KATM RMS files.

³⁵ Ralph Root to Project Leader, ATF, June 17, 1976; "Detail of Annual Operating Requirements (Form 10-23), October 8, 1976; both in Box 14, NARA ANC; L. P. Glenn and L. H. Miller, "Seasonal Movement of an Alaska Peninsula Brown Bear Population," International Association of Bear Research and Management 4 (1980), 307-12.

³⁶ Alaska Professional Hunters Association, "Proposals for Disposition of 80 Million Acres Under Terms of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act," (c. 1972), in Box 13, NARA ANC; Arnold Shaul (ADF&G, Kodiak) to Nate Johnson, ADF&G, Anchorage, January 31, 1974, in Box 14, NARA ANC; APG, Final Environmental Statement, Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, 280, 320, 347.

³⁷ "Notes for Bryan Harry for Talk Before the APHA, Sunday, December 14" [1975], in Box 13, NARA ANC.

³⁸ NPS, "Briefing Statement," for June 6, 1975, March 29, 1976, and November 5, 1976; all in Box 14, NARA ANC.

³⁹ R. Gerald Wright, "The Issue of Sport Hunting in the Proposed Alaskan Parks; A Review of Data, Philosophies, and Recommendations," April 28, 1977, 10, 38, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁴⁰ APG, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, 5; Tuten, A Preliminary Study of Subsistence Activities, 7-8, 88-89.

⁴¹ Ralph Root and S. Fred Eubanks to Project Leader, ATF, May 27, 1976; Root to Project Leader, ATF, May 5, 1976; both in Box 14, NARA ANC.

⁴² See, for example, Smith and Baker (1924) and Knappen (1929). Also see Patrick L. Dobey to Jules Tileston, July 25, 1973, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

⁴³ Root to Project Leader, ATF, May 5, 1976; Glenn C. Reed (Mining Engineer, PNRO) to Project Leader, ATF, June 28, 1976; Reed to Files, November 5, 1976, all in Box 14, NARA ANC; Reed to A.G. Henson, April 7, 1977, in Box 15, NARA ANC.

⁴⁴ APG, Final Environmental Statement, Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, 47, 49; Root to Project Leader, ATF, May 5, 1976; Root to Area Director, Alaska, September 17, 1976; both in Box 14, NARA ANC; Glenn C. Reed to A. G. Henson, April 7, 1977, in Box 15, NARA ANC; P.L. 94-204 (passed January 2, 1976), Sec. 15(a).

⁴⁵ Ralph Root, "Field Trip Notes for July 11-18, 1975;" Root to Project Leader, ATF, May 5, 1976; T. M. Grove (Skelly Oil Co.) to Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage, January 22, 1976; all in Box 14, NARA ANC.

⁴⁶ APG, Final Environmental Statement, Aniakchak Caldera National Monument, 13, 19; "Briefing Statement, Proposed Aniakchak Caldera National Monument," November 5, 1976.

⁴⁷ Ed Stondall, "Development Cost Estimates for Proposed Aniakchak Caldera Staffing and Development Needs," December 27, 1976; Root to Jim Pepper, September 8, 1976; both in Box 14, NARA ANC.

⁴⁸ "Recreational Visitation to the Proposed Aniakchak National Monument," n.d., in Box 14, NARA ANC.

⁴⁹ "Aniakchak National Monument, Areas of Conflict, Questions and Answers," November 1977, Box 15, NARA ANC; Root to Project Leader, ATF, August 2, 1976, in Box 14, NARA ANC; Ben Guild, "Aniakchak Caldera, Wilderness World Within a Mountain," Anchorage Daily Times, December 6, 1976, 15; Williams, "Aniakchak, Kingdom of Genesis," 7-8.

⁵⁰ The language in the bill called for a 400,000-acre monument. NPS staff, however, recognized that the acreage had not changed since December 1973, and the size called for in the accompanying map suggests that it was 580,000 acres in extent.

⁵¹ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 174, 177; Root to Director AAO, January 31, 1977; Root to Project Leader, February 17, 1977.

⁵² Root to Project Leader, ATF, December 8, 1975, in Box 14, NARA ANC.

⁵³ Congressional Record, June 30, 1977, 21751.

⁵⁴ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 181, 183.

⁵⁵ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 186. The NPS, which had proposed a 580,000-acre monument in November 1976, had by January 1977 decided on the legitimacy of the national preserve for Aniakchak as well as several other Alaskan park units. NPS planner John M. Kauffmann apologized about the concept, noting that "They merely denote parks where hunting is allowed, and we are using the preserve idea just to avoid the controversy over parks with hunting permitted." Preserves, however, were valuable in that they could permit other uses, such as hunting, mining, and recreation, while still maintaining an area's basic scientific values. John M. Kauffmann to Director, AAO, "National Preserves in Alaska, a Positive Approach," January 31, 1977, in Box 13, NARA ANC.

⁵⁶ "Statement of Secretary of the Interior Cecil D. Andrus Before the Subcommittee on General Oversight and Alaska Lands," September 6, 1977; "Department of the Interior Proposed Additions to the National Park System," September 13, 1977; "Administration Comments on H.R. 39, Proposed Additions to the National Park System," September 15, 1977; all in Box 14, NARA ANC. Williss (pp. 190-93) noted that the proposal called for an monument addition of 340,000 acres and a preserve addition of 160,000 acres, perhaps because that was the acreage of Federal land which had not been selected by the state or by Native corporations.

⁵⁷ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 203-04, 207; "Summary of Energy Committee's Decisions on Alaska Lands Bill," October 5, 1978, in Box 15, NARA ANC.

⁵⁸ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 216-19; Federal Register, December 5, 1978, 57013-14.

⁵⁹ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 226, 230; Congressional Record, May 16, 1979, H 11459; and November 12, 1980, H 10532. Acreage figures are for public lands only.

⁶⁰ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 231-34.

⁶¹ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 235, 239. The approximate number of acres of Federal land in the monument was 138,000; in the preserve, 376,000.

⁶² Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 236-37.

⁶³ Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (P.L. 96-487), sections 201 (1), 601 (27), 701, and 1317. Section 601, pertaining to the Wild and Scenic River System, noted that the Aniakchak River's major tributaries were Hidden Creek, Mystery Creek, Albert Johnson Creek, and North Fork Aniakchak River.

⁶⁴ P.L. 96-487, Sec. 201 (1).

¹ Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 224, 274; Federal Register, December 26, 1978, 60252-55, and June 28, 1979, 37732-51, 37784-85; SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1979, 7.

² Williss, "Do Things Right the First Time," 274-79.

³ NPS, "Draft Statement for Management, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve," May 1983, 16-18, in TIC.

⁴ NPS, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Issues and Management Alternatives, February 1984, Report 181/D2187, TIC Collection, 3; George Stroud and Lynn Fuller, "Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, End of Season Report," September 18, 1983; SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1983, 9.

⁵ NPS, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Issues and Management Alternatives, February 1984. All three alternatives were less tilted toward development than the 1974 Final Environmental Statement had been. The plans laid out in the FES were not considered because "Although this type of alternative would meet minimum resource protection requirements ... its likelihood of being achieved by the Park Service in the foreseeable future would be very low [due to] budgetary limitations, a growing conservatism toward physical development in remote parklands in Alaska, the unresolved question of wilderness designation, and a history of extremely low public demand at Aniakchak." NPS, Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment, Land Protection Plan, Aniakchak Wild River Management Plan, Wilderness Suitability Review, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Alaska (Denver, NPS, March 1985), 97.

⁶ George Stroud and Lynn Fuller, "Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Field Season Report 1984," 1, in AKSO-RNR Collection; SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1984, 2.

⁷ NPS, Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment, ANIA, March 1985, 9-18, 104-05.

⁸ NPS, Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment, ANIA, March 1985, 21-47.

⁹ NPS, Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment, ANIA, March 1985, 53-55.

¹⁰ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1985, 2.

¹¹ NPS, General Management Plan, Land Protection Plan, Wilderness Suitability Review, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Alaska (Denver, NPS, December 1986), 36, 55, 58, 83-85.

¹² NPS, Final Environmental Statement for the Wilderness Recommendation, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Alaska (Denver, NPS, September 1988), 13-20, 87-89.

¹³ NPS, FES for Wilderness, ANIA, 14, 60, 89-90.

¹⁴ Anchorage Daily News, April 3, 1992, B1, B3; Congressional Record, March 1, 1991, H1325; August 3, 1992, H7212; Brian Miller (aide to Rep. Young), interview by the author, August 12, 1993 and September 8, 1993.

¹⁵ Congressional Record, April 2, 1993, H1881; April 5, 1993, E897; and April 29, 1993, S5227; Brian Miller interview, September 8, 1993.

¹⁶ Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (P.L. 96-487), secs. 805(a) and 808(a).

¹⁷ SAR, KATM/ANIA, for 1984 (p. 3), 1985 (p. 3), and 1986 (p. 3); Aniakchak National Monument Subsistence Resource Commission, Recommendations AN-85-01 and AN-87-01.

¹⁸ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1992, 4; Susan Savage (KATM Subsistence Specialist) to ARO Staff Historian, August 30, 1993; Federal Register, October 26, 1992, 48526-27; NPS, "Aniakchak National Monument Subsistence Resource Commission, 1992 Hunting Plan Recommendations," in KATM subsistence files.

¹⁹ Despite the relatively small visitor total, park staff completed a non-official draft of an interpretive prospectus in the early 1980s. NPS, Draft Statement for Management, May 1983, 8.

²⁰ As the 1986 annual report noted, "It is difficult to monitor visitation in Aniakchak. No visitor use data, other than that associated with commercial use licenses, was collected for Aniakchak in 1986." SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1986, 4.

²¹ Hanable and Burkhart, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and the National Park Service, 12, 56, 59.

²² Ibid., 80-82.

²³ Ibid., 83.

²⁴ Kurtz, Lessons to Be Learned, 56.

²⁵ NPS, "Summary of Obligations and Program Evaluation, ANIA," January 27, 1993, in AKSO-EEI files.

²⁶ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1991, 6, 7; Jean Bodeau, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska (Anchorage, Alaska Natural History Association), 1992.

²⁷ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1982, 6.

²⁸ George Stroud and Lynn Fuller, "Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Field Season Report 1984," 1.

²⁹ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1984, 1.

³⁰ SAR, KATM/ANIA, for 1985, 8, and 1986, 7. Specific projects dealt with fisheries management along American Creek and spruce beetle infestation in the Brooks Camp area.

³¹ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1986, 1.

³² SAR, KATM/ANIA, for 1988, 3, 5, and 1991, 8; Frank and Penny Starr, "Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, End of Season Report 1988," 1; John and Shakti Eppling, "End of Season Report 1991, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve," September 1991, both in AKSO-RCR files.

³³ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1987, 8.

³⁴ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1992, 3.

³⁵ As was noted in Chapter 14, the biological inventory, the geological study, and the cultural resource inventory had first been proposed by keyman Ralph Root in 1976. NPS, Draft Resource Management Plan, Aniakchak, April 29, 1982, in AKSO-RNR files. The RMP was never signed by the regional director.

³⁶ Koren Bosworth, "A Vegetation Reconnaissance of Aniakchak Caldera, Alaska," NRSIR AR-87/18, 1987; Gordon H. Jarrell, "Small Mammal Survey of Aniakchak Caldera," NRSIR AR-87/17, December 1987; Mahoney and Sonnevil, "Surprise Lake Fishery Investigation, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Alaska" (progress report), 1987; all in AKSO-RNR files; SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1987, 2-3.

³⁷ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1988, 6; Barbara A. Mahoney and Gary M. Sonnevil, "Surprise Lake and Aniakchak River Fishery Investigation, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, 1987 and 1988 Final Report," May 1991; Kristine Sowl, "Investigations of the Flora and Fauna Inside Aniakchak Caldera," 1988 (NRFR AR-88/19), 2; William A. Cameron and Gary L. Larson (PNRO), "Baseline Inventory of the Aquatic Resource of Aniakchak National Monument, Alaska," October 1992 (NRTR AR-92/03), 1; all in AKSO-RNR files.

³⁸ David Morris, Supt. KATM/ANIA to Chief, ARO-RNR, November 6, 1986; Starr and Starr, 24; Barbara A. Mahoney and Gary M. Sonnevil, "Surprise Lake and Aniakchak River Fishery Investigation, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, 1987 and 1988 Final Report," May 1991, in AKSO-RNR files.

³⁹ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1988, 6; E. P. Bailey and N. H. Faust, "Distribution and Abundance of Marine Birds Breeding Between Amber and Kamishak Bays, Alaska with Notes on Interactions with Bears," Western Birds 15 (1984), 161-74.

⁴⁰ NPS, "Aniakchak Inventory and Monitoring Studies," Summer 1992, in AKSO-RNR files; SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1992, 4; "A Description of the Vegetation of Aniakchak Caldera," 1992, at KATM; Susan Savage (Subsistence Specialist, KATM) to ARO Staff Historian, August 30, 1993, in KATM files.

⁴¹ SAR, KATM/ANIA, for 1988, (p. 5), 1990 (p. 3), and 1991 (p. 3); Sterling D. Miller and Richard A. Sellers, "Brown Bear Density on the Alaska Peninsula at Black Lake, Alaska," July 1989 (NRPR AR-89/09) and March 1990 (NRFR AR-90/12).

⁴² SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1983, 8; NPS, General Management Plan, Land Protection Plan, Wilderness Suitability Review, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Alaska (Denver, NPS, December 1986), 37; David Manski interview, May 30, 1996.

⁴³ SAR, KATM/ANIA, 1987, 3; Roger Harritt, "Historic Structure Assessment Report, Bunkhouse, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve" (draft), June 1987; NPS, "Archeological Clearance Survey Form number 001-87-ANIA," AKSO-RCR files; Sandra M. Faulkner, "Father Hubbard, The Glacier Priest," unpub. mss., Alaska Historical Society symposium, Fairbanks, October 1987; Faulkner, "Cultural Diversity Within Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve," unpub. poster discussion (George Wright Society symposium, Tucson, 1988).

⁴⁴ "Aniakchak" photo folder, AKSO Chief Historical Architect's files; Frank Norris, "Aniakchak Bay Historic Landscape District," NRHP form, 1991, in AKSO-RCR files.

⁴⁵ Thomas P. Miller and Robert L. Smith, "Calderas of the Eastern Aleutian Arc," Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union) 64 (November 8, 1983), 877; Miller and Smith, "Late Quaternary Caldera-Forming Eruptions of the Eastern Aleutian Arc, Alaska," Geology 15 (1987), 434-38. See GeoRef disks 1, 2, and 3.

⁴⁶ "Permits/Geological/AMRAP" folders, AKSO-RMM files; Susan Savage (Subsistence Specialist, KATM) to ARO Staff Historian, August 30, 1993, in KATM files.