Lake Roosevelt Currents and Undercurrents An Administrative History of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area

¹ William C. Ackermann et al., Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects (Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 1973), 827; Wm. Joe Simonds, "The Bureau of Reclamation and its Archeology: A Brief History," CRM 23 (2000, no. 1): 8.

² "1000 Indian Graves to Be Moved From Columbia Banks Above Grand Coulee," Spokane Chronicle, 5 Oct. 1938, p. 1; Jerry R. Galm, ed., A Design for Management of Cultural Resources in the Lake Roosevelt Basin of Northeastern Washington, EWU Reports in Archaeology and History 100-83 (Cheney: Archaeological and Historical Services, 1994), 3.2; 76th Congress, Public Law No. 690, An act for the Acquisition of Indian lands for the Grand Coulee Dam and Reservoir, and for other purposes, 29 June 1940. Galm provides an excellent overview of all the archaeological work conducted at Lake Roosevelt over the years.

³ Galm, Design for Management, 3.2; Lon Gibby and Donald Ball, "Echoes of Yesterday — Moving 1388 Indian Graves," Pacific Northwesterner 41 (1997, no. 4); "Historic Data In Old Graves," Spokesman-Review, 19 Nov. 1939; Donald Collier, Alfred E. Hudson, and Arlo Ford, Archaeology of the Upper Columbia Region, UW Publications in Anthropology 9 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1942), 12.

⁴ U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Annual Project History, Columbia Basin Project, 1939: 65, on file at Grand Coulee Project Office, Grand Coulee, Washington; Galm, Design for Management, 3.2; Gibby and Ball, "Echoes of Yesterday;" Paul C. Pitzer, Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1994), 221.

⁵ USBR, Project History 1939, 65; Galm, Design for Management, 3.4-3.6, 3.28-3.31; Collier et al., Archaeology of the Upper Columbia Region, 3, 10-11.

⁶ Collier et al., Archaeology of the Upper Columbia Region, 11-13, 113-114; Galm, Design for Management, 3.4-3.5, 3.31; Thomas M. Iverson, "Lake Roosevelt Burials: A Computer Analysis" (M.A. thesis, University of Idaho, 1984), 8.

⁷ USBR, Project History 1941, 59-60; USBR, Project History 1949, 87; USBR, Project History 1950, 58; USBR, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Including Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Annual Safety and Management Review, August 22 through 24, 1978," file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR; USBR, Project History 1972, 7; Alex Sherwood, Spokane Tribal Business Council Chairman, to Ed Sullivan, USBR Regional Director, 10 April 1972, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Paula L. Hartzell-Scott, LARO Archeologist, to LARO Superintendent, 2 June 1994, file H30 Historic Sites 1997-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Resource Management Specialist, to LARO Chief of Operations, 30 Aug. 1994, file Bonneville Agreement, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

⁸ Joel E. Ferris to Herbert Maier, NPS Acting Regional Director, 23 Oct. 1941, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁹ Ackermann et al., Man-Made Lakes, 827-829; Claude E. Greider, LARO Supervisor, to NPS Regional Director, 22 July 1947, file H2415 Archaeological Research Contract, LARO.HQ.ADM; NPS press release, 1 Aug. 1947, file H2415 Archaeological Research Contract, LARO.HQ.ADM; Greider to NPS Director, 11 Aug. 1947: 2-3, file 16, box 136, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

¹⁰ Newton B. Drury, NPS Director, to Director's Office and all Field Offices, 13 June 1947, file H2415 Archaeological Research Contract, LARO.HQ.ADM; Herbert Maier, NPS Acting Regional Director, to NPS Region IV Superintendents, 28 Nov. 1960, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

¹¹ Resource Study Proposal, Archeological Site Survey, CODA, WRO-A-21, 14 April 1965, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

¹² LARO, "Master Plan," March 1963: 3, 6, file D18 Master Plan 1962, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; John B. Wosky, NPS Regional Chief of Operations and Maintenance, Western Region, to LARO Superintendent, 25 April 1963, file D18 Master Plan April 25, 1963 — October 1963, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 29 April 1963, file D18 Master Plan April 25, 1963 — October 1963, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; NPS Regional Chief of Operations and Maintenance to LARO Superintendent, 20 May 1963, file D18 Master Plan April 25, 1963 — October 1963, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Robinson to NPS Regional Director, 24 July 1963, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

¹³ Paul J. F. Schumacher, NPS Regional Archeologist, to LARO Superintendent, 5 Jan. 1966, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 18 Jan. 1966, old files, LARO.HQ.2004.

¹⁴ Mary B. Davis, ed., Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1994), 53.

¹⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶ Ibid.

¹⁷ Ibid., 43, 53; Ray DePuydt, LARO Archeologist, phone interview with Nancy F. Renk, 7 July 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ.

¹⁸ "Superintendent's Narrative Report," 13 Sept. 1966, file A2615 M. Narrative Reports CODA CY1966, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Galm, Design for Management, 3.6, 3.31-3.32; CODA, "Environmental Assessment for the General Management Plan," Aug. 1979: 30.

¹⁹ Paul J. F. Schumacher, Chief of Archeological Research, San Francisco Service Center, to Harold T. Nelson, USBR Regional Director, 3 Nov. 1967, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

²⁰ Norman H. Moore, for USBR Regional Director H. T. Nelson, to Paul J. F. Schumacher, NPS Regional Archeologist, 28 Nov. 1967, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Schumacher to Nelson, 7 Dec. 1967, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Nelson to Schumacher, 15 Jan. 1968, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Schumacher to Nelson, 22 Jan. 1968, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

²¹ Galm, Design for Management, 3.31-3.33, 3.53-3.55; David H. Chance, People of the Falls, (Colville: Don's Printery for Kettle Falls Historical Center, Inc., 1986), 10-31.

²² Paul J. F. Schumacher, NPS Regional Archeologist, to J. W. Watts, UI Business Manager and Bursar, 26 March 1971, old files, LARO.KF.2004; David. H. Chance and Jennifer V. Chance, "Kettle Falls: 1976. Salvage Archaeology in Lake Roosevelt," UI Anthropological Research Manuscript Series, No. 39 (Moscow: UI, Laboratory of Anthropology, 1977), 3.

²³ Edward McM. Larrabee and Susan Kardas, "Archaeological Survey of Grand Coulee Dam National Recreation Area. Part 1: Lincoln County above Normal Pool," Report of Investigations No. 38 (Pullman: WSU, Laboratory of Anthropology, 1966), 5; Edward McM. Larrabee to Roderick Sprague, 6 Sept. 1966, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

²⁴ Carl [Anderson], Kettle Falls District Ranger, to LARO Superintendent, 10 Feb. 1968, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

²⁵ Howard Chapman, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 2 May 1967, file H22 Archaeological and Historical Information General, LARO.HQ.ADM; Arthur C. Hathaway, LARO Park Naturalist, to Roderick Sprague, 19 Feb. 1968, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Hathaway to LARO Superintendent, 14 May 1970, old files, LARO.KF.2004; David H. Chance to Wayne R. Howe, LARO Superintendent, 29 June 1970, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Chance to William N. Burgen, LARO Superintendent, 27 May 1976, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

²⁶ Lester A. Ross, "Archaeological Investigation in the Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, spring 1969 (Pullman: WSU, Laboratory of Anthropology, 1969), 5; David Richie, LARO Superintendent, to Lester Ross, 21 May 1969, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Ross to Richie, 26 May 1969, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Richie to Frank Leonhardy, 3 June 1969, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

²⁷ Charles F. Bohannon, NPS Regional Archeologist, to NPS Associate Regional Director, 4 Dec. 1978, file CODA 90 (Early File), LARO.KF.2004; NPS Regional Director to LARO Superintendent, 30 April 1979, file CODA 90 (Early File), LARO.KF.2004.

²⁸ William L. Bowen, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Superintendents, 22 Aug. 1969, file H32 National Register of Historic Places, LARO.HQ.ADM; Raymond L. Freeman, NPS Acting Director, to NPS Directorate and all Field Directors, 6 Aug. 1971, file H32 National Register of Historic Places, LARO.HQ.ADM.

²⁹ Art Hathaway, LARO Park Naturalist, to Roderick Sprague, UI, 21 Sept. 1972, file H32 National Register of Historic Places, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kettle Falls District National Register Nomination, prepared by Thomas E. Herbeck, Washington Archaeological Research Center, 8 Oct. 1973, LARO.KF.2004; Wayne R. Howe, NPS Acting Regional Director, to NPS Professional Services Associate Director, 20 Dec. 1974, file H32 National Register of Historic Places, LARO.HQ.ADM; Hathaway and Laurin C. Huffman, II, NPS Regional Historical Architect, National Register Nomination for Fort Spokane, 1 June 1972, file Nomination to Nat. Register, Fort Spokane, office of NPS Senior Historian, CCSO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, "Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement," Sept. 1998: 94.

³⁰ John W. Weeks, Secretary of War, to Secretary of Interior, 8 Dec. 1921, file W30 Jurisdiction, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary D. Williams and Alan S. Newell, Historic Resource Study: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington (Historical Research Associates, 1980), 128-29; Cathy A. Gilbert and Renata Niedzwiecka, "The Historic Landscape of Fort Spokane: A Design Proposal" (Seattle: NPS, summer 1985), 22; "Urges Old Fort for State Park," Spokesman-Review, 4 Nov. 1923; "Want Old Fort to be Townsite," Spokane Chronicle, 29 April 1939.

³¹ Philip A. Kearney, NPS Landscape Architect, to NPS Regional Director, 6 Feb. 1942, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

³² "Urges Old Fort for State Park," Spokesman-Review, 4 Nov. 1923; Pitzer, Grand Coulee, 219; "Monument to be Urged for Old Fort Spokane," Spokane Chronicle, 30 July 1957; Philip A. Kearney, NPS Landscape Architect, to Claude E. Greider, NPS Recreation Planner, 17 April 1941, file 5, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Philip A. Kearney to NPS Regional Director, 6 Feb. 1942, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; CODA, "Mission 66 Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 24 April 1956 (revised 1956-62): 48, file A5419 Mission 66, LARO.HQ.ADM; D. Myer, BIA Commissioner, to Walt Horan, U.S. House of Representatives, 15 March 1951, file Coulee Rec. Area 1948-52, box 216, Horan Coll., WSU.

³³ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 21 Nov. 1950, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; USBR, Recreational Development of Roosevelt Lake: Columbia Basin Joint Investigations, Problem 26 (Wash., D.C.: GPO, 1945), 31-32; Herbert Maier, NPS Associate Regional Director, to Richard L. B. Castle, Spokane, 21 Oct. 1949, file H2415 Archaeological Research Contract, LARO.HQ.ADM; Greider to NPS Regional Director, telegram, 12 Aug. 1949, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

³⁴ Sanford Hill, NPS Assistant Regional Director, to NPS Director, 13 Feb. 1952, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM; Ronald F. Lee, NPS Acting Director, to NPS Regional Director, 17 Aug. 1951, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Alfred C. Kuehl, NPS Regional Landscape Architect, to NPS Assistant Regional Director, 25 April 1952, file 1, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Paul F. McCrary, Park Naturalist, "Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Historic Structures Report, Part I," 1962, Historic Structures Report — Fort Spokane notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; correspondence from Herbert Maier, NPS Assistant Regional Director, attached to John A. Hussey, "Fort Spokane, Washington: A History of the United States Army Post of the Fort Spokane Military Reservation," April 1958, file CODA History/Research, Cultural Resources, CCSO; Homer W. Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 17 May 1960, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Lawrence Merriam, NPS Regional Director, to LARO Superintendent, 2 June 1960, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM.

³⁵ Public Land Order 2087, 9 May 1960, file 2, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; John A. Hussey, NPS Regional Historian, to NPS Regional Director, 4 May 1960, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 33, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 29 May 1961, file A2621 Annual Reports Field Areas 1-1-61 to 12-31-61, box 4, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR; Paul F. McCrary, "Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Historic Structures Report, Part I," 1962: 7, 9, Historic Structures Report — Fort Spokane notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO.

³⁶ Warren F. Hamilton, NPS Assistant Regional Director, Operations, to LARO Superintendent, 23 Feb. 1965, file H14 Fort Spokane History, LARO.HQ.ADM; Don Everts, interview with Nancy F. Renk, 7 Dec. 1999, Tape 1-A, tape and index on file, LARO.HQ; U.S. Department of the Interior, "Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1982: 30, file D18 General Management Plan, box 1 of 3, LARO.HQ.PAO; William V. Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 26 Feb. 1980, file H32 Nat'l Register of Historic Places, LARO.HQ.ADM. The owner of the former post sutler's house was Lee Randall, LARO's maintenance foreman at Fort Spokane (Arthur C. Hathaway, former LARO employee, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2001).

³⁷ Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Chief, 4 Dec. 1963, file H30 Corres. & Research for Historical Report, 1962-65, LARO.HQ.CIO; Paul F. McCrary, "Guardhouse H-22, Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Historic Structure Report, Part II," [1963], 3-6, file H30 Corres. & Research for Historical Report 1962-65, LARO.HQ.CIO; Edward A. Hummel, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Chief, 16 April 1964, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 10 Feb. 1966, file A2615 M. Narrative Reports CODA CY1966, box 1, RG 079-95-06, NARA-PSR; Paul F. McCrary and A. Lewis Koue, "Part II Historic Structures Report, Restoration of Guardhouse — Building H-22, Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Lincoln County, Washington," 1965: 10, Historic Structures Report — Fort Spokane notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; David Richie, LARO Superintendent, to Chief, NPS Eastern Museum Laboratory, 3 Dec. 1968, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC.

³⁸ Thomas Teaford, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 August 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ.

³⁹ J. Jerry Rumburg, LARO Chief Park Interpreter, to Files, 5 April 1984, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Thomas J. Bredow, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, 1 Feb. 1980, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; James A. Richardson, NPS Regional Chief, Interpretation and Visitor Services, to NPS Deputy Regional Director, 26 June 1985, file K1817 Annual Statement for Interp, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1996: 3, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Dan Brown, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 March 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Historical Architect, 17 Oct. 1994, file H30 Fort Spokane Historic Structures, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴⁰ Everts interview, Tape 1-A.

⁴¹ CODA, "Statement for Interpretation type document," Oct. 1957: 20, LARO.HQ.CIO; Paul F. McCrary, "Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Historic Structures Report, Part I," 1962: 24, Historic Structures Report — Fort Spokane notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Park Service Workers Begin Renewing of Old Fort Spokane Stable," Davenport Times, 12 Nov 1964: 5; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Thomas J. Bredow, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to unknown recipient, 1 Feb. 1980, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976: 16, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Superintendent's Annual Report for CY1985: 8, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴² CODA, "Part II Historic Structures Report for the Powder Magazine, Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington," [ca. 1963], 2, 8-9, Historic Structures Report — Fort Spokane notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; Project Construction Proposal, 1967, PC Index No. B-157, file D46 [?] (file is not numbered) Project Construction Proposals, LARO.HQ.ADM; Thomas J. Bredow, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to unknown recipient, 2 Feb. 1980, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; NPS, Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area Museum Management Plan (1997), 24, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁴³ LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 27 May 1963, file A2621 Annual Reports Field Areas 1-1-63 to 12-31-63, box 4, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR; "Master Plan for Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," Sept. 1963: vol. III, sec. I, p. 11, file D18 Master Plan Nov. —Dec. 1963, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Chief, Interpretation & Resource Management, to Files, 17 April 1985, file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

⁴⁴"Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1989: 12, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976: 26, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴⁵ Gilbert and Niedzwiecka, "Design Proposal," 31; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Chief, Cultural Resources Division, 18 March 1985, file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

⁴⁶ "Master Plan for Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," March 1963: vol. III, sec. E, p. 5, file D18 Master Plan 1962, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Resources Management Plan," 1982: 26-27.

⁴⁷ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, email to Kathy Jope, CCSO, 26 Oct. 1994, file WASO/SSO Reports/Correspondence, LARO.HQ.RMO; CODA, "FY98 Historic Structure Stabilization Project Request: Old Guard House," file FY98 Funding…, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, to LARO Chief Ranger, 6 Aug. 1990, file Marmot Control Program, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; CODA, "Draft Press Release: Fort Spokane Marmot Control Program," Jan. 1991, file Marmot Control Program, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁴⁸ Paul F. McCrary, "Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Historic Structures Report, Part I, 1962: 11, Historic Structures Report — Fort Spokane notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 24 Jan. 1963, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Everts interview, Tape 2-A; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," 27 May 1963: 3, file A262 Annual Reports Field Areas 1-1-63 to 12-31-63, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; John D. Combes, "A Preliminary Investigation at Old Military Fort Spokane, Washington" (Pullman: Report of Investigations No. 30, Laboratory of Anthropology, WSU, 1965), 1, 7, 9-12, 14; "Resource Study Proposal: An Archeological Investigation of the Historic Foundations, Fort Spokane," 13 April 1964, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

⁴⁹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 9, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 9, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 12; Tom J. Bredow, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to LARO Superintendent, 5 Feb. 1975, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; CODA, "Resources Management Plan," 1982: 6, 28; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1985: 4, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Chief of Interpretation & Resource Management, to LARO files, 17 April 1985, file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; David H. Chance and Jennifer V. Chance, "The Excavation of the ‘Root Cellar' at Fort Spokane," Letter Report 85-16, University of Idaho, June 1985, file H2415 Archaeological Research Contract, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995: 15, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵⁰ Cathy A. Gilbert et al., "Comprehensive Design Plan for Fort Spokane" (Seattle: Cultural Resources Division, NPS, 1991), 14, 16, 22, appendix (Jim Thomson, NPS Regional Archeologist, to NPS Staff Landscape Architect, 30 Aug. 1991); NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 61, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵¹ Robert A. Burns, LARO District Ranger, to LARO Chief Park Naturalist, 6 Aug. 1967, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Arthur C. Hathaway, former LARO employee, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 1 March 2001; Paul A. Larson, LARO Chief of Interpretation & Resource Management, to NPS Regional Director, 16 April 1973, old files, LARO.KF.2004; J. Jerry Rumburg, LARO Chief of Interpretation, to LARO files and Fort Spokane District, 10 Sept. 1979, file H32 Nat'l. Register of Historic Places, LARO.HQ.ADM; Paula L. Hartzell-Scott, LARO Archeologist, "Damage Assessment Report, Fort Spokane Sewer and Dump (Site 45LI10), Fort Spokane Historic Zone, Fort Spokane, Lincoln County, Washington," 1994, file Fort Spokane Historic Dump Site Damage — Jan. 1994, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; Douglas C. Wilson, "Refuse Concentrations and Disposal at Military Fort Spokane (45LI2H/45LI10H): A Survey and Preliminary Evaluation," Archaeology Consulting Report No. 9, Dec. 1998, file Wilson, drawer 1, LARO.KF.2004; DePuydt phone interview.

⁵² Galm, Design for Management, 6.18-6.19; "Old K.F. Mission May Be Restored," Colville Examiner, 19 Nov. 1938; "St. Paul's Mission, 100 Years Old," Spokesman-Review, 15 Jan. 1939; "Kiwanis Mission Restoration Drive Adds $250 Toward Necessary $2,500," Colville Examiner, 9 Dec. 1939; "Historic Mission Ready for Shakes," Colville Examiner, 24 Aug. 1940; "Old Mission Site at Kettle Falls To Become Park," Spokane Daily Chronicle, 21 July 1950; Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 15 Oct. 1973, St. Paul's Mission section, box 3 History, LARO.HQ.LIB; CODA, "Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1982: 24.

⁵³ Melody Webb, "Cultural Landscapes in the National Park Service," Public Historian 9 (Spring 1987): 81-84; Gilbert and Niedzwiecka, "The Historic Landscape of Fort Spokane," 1985; Cathy Gilbert, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 1 March 2001.

⁵⁴ NPS, "Cultural Landscape Inventory to be Conducted at Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," press release, 10 May 1994, file Cultural Landscapes Projects/Info., drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO; Terri Taylor, NPS Regional Landscape Architect, to Jim Thomson, NPS Regional Archeologist, 1 June 1994, file Cultural Landscapes Projects/Info., drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000; Cathy Gilbert, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 1 March 2001.

⁵⁵ NPS, "Museum Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1958: 22, 34-36.

⁵⁶ Howard Chapman, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 16 Aug. 1967, file D6231 Exhibits for Other Agencies, LARO.HQ.ADM; Chapman to NPS Chief, Western Museum Laboratory, 22 March 1967, file H14 Fort Spokane History, LARO.HQ.ADM; Arthur Hathaway, LARO Park Naturalist, to NPS Chief, Archeological Research, 2 Dec. 1969, file H14 Fort Colville, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵⁷ Peter K. Marvardsen, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Director, 27 Oct. 1967, file H14 Area and Service History, LARO.HQ.ADM; Thomas J. Bredow, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, 1 Feb. 1980, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; CODA, "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 25; Roberta Seibel, "Scope of Collections Statement," 1976: 1-2, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 7, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; Charles V. Janda, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Regional Curator, 18 Feb. 1981, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, "Development/Study Package Proposal: Prepare Collection Preservation Guide," 15 April 1983, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Ralph H. Lewis, Museum Curatorship in the National Park Service, 1904-1982 (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1993), 202. The NPS did not have a Chief Curator until 1980 (National Parks and Conservation Association, To Preserve Unimpaired: The Challenge of Protecting Park Resources [Washington, D.C.: National Parks and Conservation Association, 1988]: 102).

⁵⁸ William J. Schieber, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Regional Curator, 17 Aug. 1984, file H20 Collection Management, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Action Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Collection Management Program," 15 April 1985, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Inspection Checklist of Museum Storage and Exhibit Spaces: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 23 Aug. 1986, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Kelly K. Cash, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Regional Curator, 10 Nov. 1986, file H20 Collection Management Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Steve Castro-Shrader, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to LARO Chief of Interpretation, 8 May 1985, file K2623 Situation, LARO.HQ.ADM; Ervin D. Hand, LARO Chief of Interpretation, to NPS Director, 29 Jan. 1986, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Kent Bush, NPS Regional Curator, to Deanna D. Tellvik, Kettle Falls Historical Society, 30 March 1992, file D6215 Museum Exhibits 1991, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵⁹ Laura Beaty, "How Well Is the National Park Service Managing Its Cultural Resources: The NPCA Point of View," Public Historian 9 (spring 1987): 127; Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Regional Curator, 4 Nov. 1987, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1988: 15, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kent Bush, NPS Regional Curator, to NPS Associate Regional Director, Recreation Resources and Professional Services, 30 Nov. 1988, file H20 Collection Management, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁶⁰ David H. Chance, Archaeologist, to L. W. Lloyd, USBR Regional Director, 14 Sept. 1984, file A44 Multi-Party Agrmt, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Acting Regional Director, 4 April 1986, file A44 Triparty Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.; Adeline Fredin, CCT, to Peter Nan, USBR Regional Director, 1 August 1984, old files, LARO.KF.2004; George Davis, Colville Agency Superintendent, to Rudy Etheridge, USBR Project Manager, 29 Oct. 1984, old files, LARO.KF.2004; USBR Project Manager to USBR Regional Director, 9 Nov. 1984, file A44 Multi-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM; Davis to Kuiper, 25 March 1986, file Colville Archaeological Storage, office of NPS Regional Curator, CCSO.

⁶¹ John W. Keys, III, USBR Assistant Regional Director, to Colville Agency Superintendent, 26 March 1986, file Colville Archaeological Storage, office of NPS Regional Curator, CCSO; NPS Regional Archeologist to DOI Regional Solicitor, [early 1990], file Multiparty Agreement April 1990, LARO.HQ.ADM; Keys to NPS Regional Director, 4 March 1992, file H2415 Bureau of Reclamation Projects, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kent Bush, NPS Regional Curator, to NPS Regional Director, n.d., file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Richard L. Winters, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Associate Regional Director, Recreation Resources and Professional Services, 1 April 1992, file H20 Collection Management, LARO.HQ.CIO; DePuydt phone interview; Bush, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 21 March 2000; Bush, email to Nancy F. Renk, 23 Oct. 2000; DePuydt, email to Nancy F. Renk, 24 Oct. 2000.

⁶² "Collections Management Report: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," FY1993: 1-2, file H20 Collections Management, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995: 12, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Don Cumberland, "Collection Storage Plan: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," HFC, 1994: 17-18, file H20 Collection Management, LARO.HQ.CIO; Dan Brown, LARO Chief of Interpretation, to Don Cumberland, HFC, 23 Nov. 1993, file H20 Collection Management, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1993: 11-12, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶³ NPS, Museum Management Plan, 1-4, 6, 12-14, 20-21; Lynne Brougher, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2000.

⁶⁴ Peter K. Marvardsen, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Director, 27 Oct. 1967, file H14 Area and Service History, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 25; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1989: 12, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; NPS, Museum Management Plan, 1997: 7-9.

⁶⁵ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1989: 12, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Collections Management Report: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," FY1993: 2, file H20 Collections Management, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁶⁶ David M. Schnute, NPS Regional Audiovisual Specialist, to NPS Regional Director, 6 Aug. 1977, file K30 Regional AV specialist Field Reports, LARO.HQ.CIO; National Parks and Conservation Association, To Preserve Unimpaired, 236; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Curator, 6 Oct. 1989, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Ken D. Biery, Jr., "National Park Service Security & Fire Protection Survey: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Fort Spokane District, Park Headquarters," 1991, 3-4, 6, 8-12, 21-23; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Curator, 16 Dec. 1992, file H20 Collection Management, LARO.HQ.CIO; Lynne Brougher, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2000.

⁶⁷ Lynne Brougher, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2000.

⁶⁸ NPS, "Cultural Resources Management Guideline, NPS-28," Release No. 3, Aug. 1985: 1, notebook NPS-28 Cultural Resources Management, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁶⁹ Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., NPS Regional Director, to all NPS Superintendents, 7 April 1983, file H4217 106/XXX Compliance 1996-, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, "OE Self Evaluation Worksheet," n.d., file L7619 EISs and Studies Concerning BLM and Others, LARO.HQ.ADM; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

⁷⁰ Ray DePuydt, LARO Archeologist, email to Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, 11 July 1996, file CODA Compliance Issues, drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

⁷¹ Edward McM. Larrabee, Archaeologist, to Roderick Sprague, Archaeologist, 6 Sept. 1966, old files, LARO.KF.2004; John L. Bishop, DOI Regional Solicitor, Portland, to DOI Regional Solicitor, Sacramento, 30 Nov. 1966, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Robert D. Dellwo, STI attorney, to David Richie, LARO Superintendent, 8 March 1968, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Richie to Dellwo, 19 March 1968, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

⁷² Glen Galbraith, STI Executive Secretary, to Dave Ritchie [sic], LARO Superintendent, 13 Aug. 1968, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

⁷³ David Richie, LARO Superintendent, to Glenn F. Galbraith, STI Executive Secretary, 16 Aug. 1968, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Lester A. Ross, Archaeologist, to Galbraith, 21 Jan. 1969, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

⁷⁴ Davis, Native America, 50; David C. Wynecoop, Spokane Agency Acting Superintendent, to John A. Rutter, NPS Regional Director, 12 Sept. 1972, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Robert B. Moore, NPS Acting Director, to David C. Wynecoop, 18 Sept. 1972, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

⁷⁵ Roderick Sprague, "American Indians and American Archaeology," American Antiquity 39 (Jan. 1974): 1-2 (reprint).

⁷⁶ Michael F. Turek, "American Indian Tribes and the U.S. National Park Service," [ca. early 1990s], 2, 5, 10, 15-17, LARO.HQ.LIB.

⁷⁷ Charles G. Patterson, "Conservation Study, Pictographs, Grand Coulee Dam, Washington," n.d., file NPS-NWR Grand Coulee Dam Pictographs, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Terry D. Knapton, CCT Acting Executive Director, to Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, 11 June 1986, file NPS-NWR Grand Coulee Dam Pictographs, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Kuiper to Knapton, 2 July 1986, file NPS-NWR Grand Coulee Dam Pictographs, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Kuiper to Mike Murray, Grant County Public Works, 3 Dec. 1984, file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to LARO Superintendent, 17 Jan. 1990, file 06215 Museum Exhibit Repair and Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Carl Patterson, "Pictographs, Grand Coulee Dam, Washington," 13 Sept. 1989, file 06215 Museum Exhibit Repair and Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁸ Jacob E. Thomas, SHPO, to Paul D. Rachetto, USBR Acting Regional Director, 29 Sept. 1986, file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Donald E. Tracy, USBR Project Manager, to Andy Joseph, Chairman, CCT Archaeological Resources Protection Committee, 7 Oct. 1986, file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

⁷⁹ Don Tracy, USBR Project Manager, to Andy Joseph, Chairman, CCT Archaeological Resources Protection Committee, 7 Oct. 1986, file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

⁸⁰ Andy Joseph, Chairman, CCT Archaeological Resources Protection Committee, to Don Tracy, USBR Project Manager, 3 Sept. 1986, file Colville Archaeological Storage, office of NPS Regional Curator, CCSO; USBR Acting Regional Director, to Melvin Tonasket, Colville Business Council Chairman, 25 March 1988, file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; USBR Acting Regional Director, to Joe Flett, STI, 28 March 1988, file Coulee Dam NRA, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Draft Statement of Work, Emergency Recovery of Human Burial Sites at Lake Roosevelt on Lands Bordering the Colville Indian Reservation or on Former Reservation Lands, 13 Feb. 1996, file Bonneville Agreement, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

⁸¹ Lake Roosevelt Cooperative Management Agreement, 5 April 1990, IV.C, IV.J, file Multiparty Agrmt April 1990, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸² Management of Cultural Resource [sic] Under the Lake Roosevelt Cooperative Management Agreement, meeting notes, 16 Aug. 1990, file unlabeled orange folder, drawer 3, LARO.KF.2004; draft letter from USBR to Lake Roosevelt Coordinating Committee, n.d., file unlabeled orange folder, drawer 3, LARO.KF.2004; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Lake Roosevelt Coordinating Committee, 31 Oct. 1990, file unlabeled orange folder, drawer 3, LARO.KF.2004; Lake Roosevelt Coordinating Committee to Lynne MacDonald, USBR Regional Archeologist, 25 June 1991, file unlabeled orange folder, drawer 3, LARO.KF.2004.

⁸³ Lynne MacDonald, USBR Regional Archeologist, phone interview with Nancy F. Renk, 20 Oct. 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ.

⁸⁴ Programmatic Agreement for Compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act Among Bonneville Power Administration; Bureau of Reclamation, Pacific Northwest Region; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division; National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region; U.S. Forest Service, Region 1; Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation; Spokane Tribe of Indians; Idaho, Montana, and Washington State Historic Preservation Officers, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Regarding Federal Columbia River Power System Hydroelectric Operations, May 1991: 3, file Cooperative Interagency Agreements, drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO; MacDonald phone interview.

⁸⁵ Stephanie Toothman, Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

⁸⁶ Jim Thomson, NPS Regional Archeologist, to Joyce Bolin, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, 17 Dec. 1991, file unlabeled orange folder, drawer 3, LARO.KF.2004; Thomson to LARO Superintendent, 18 Dec. 1991, file unlabeled orange folder, drawer 3, LARO.KF.2004; Stephanie Toothman, Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000; MacDonald phone interview.

⁸⁷ Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, to NPS Regional Director, [late Oct. 1992], file Bonneville Agreement, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Alan C. Stay, CCT Tribal Attorney, 10 Nov. 1994, file Cult. Res. Survey (BPA), drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁸⁸ Stephanie Toothman, Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

⁸⁹ Ibid.

⁹⁰ A. Wayne Prokopetz, NPS Project Archeologist, to LARO Superintendent, 7 Nov. 1994, file LR CLTR. Res. Comm., LARO.HQ.SUP; Alan C. Stay, CCT Tribal Attorney, to Jerry [sic] Tays, LARO Superintendent, 26 Oct. 1994, file Cult. Res. Survey (BPA), drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁹¹ Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Alan C. Stay, CCT Tribal Attorney, 10 Nov. 1994, file Cult. Res. Survey (BPA), drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000; LARO Chief of Resources Management to LARO Superintendent, "Briefing Statement — BPA-Funded Cultural Resources Projects," 23 Aug. 1996: 1, file BPA Agreement, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁹² Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

⁹³ Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Chief of Resources Management, to LARO Superintendent, 2 May 1995, file Spokane Tribe Arch. Proposal, LARO.HQ.SUP; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000; Steven Clark, USBR Project Manager, and Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Eddie Palmanteer, Colville Business Council Chairman, 8 May 1995, file Cultural Resource Survey (BPA), drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁹⁴ John W. Keys, III, USBR Regional Director, to Joseph Pakootas, Colville Business Council Chairman, 29 April 1997, File H30 Archaeology, NPS/Tribes 1996-97, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁵ A recent discussion of the responsibilities of federal land managers is found in a letter from Steven R. Clark, USBR Acting Regional Director, to Joseph A. Pakootas, Colville Business Council Chairman, 19 Feb. 1999, file H30 Historic Sites 1999, LARO.HQ.ADM; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

⁹⁶ Warren Seyler, Spokane Business Council Chairman, to Randy Hardy, BPA, 24 July 1995, file LR CLTR Res. Comm., LARO.HQ.SUP; Harvey S. Rice, CCT Archaeologist, to A. Wayne Prokopetz, NPS Project Archeologist, 10 Aug. 1995, file Bonneville Agreement, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000; Seyler to Hardy, 24 July 1995, file LR CLTR Res. Comm., LARO.HQ.SUP; Stanley T. Albright, NPS Field Director, to Seyler, 21 Aug. 1995, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁷ Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to USBR Project Manager, 12 Jan. 1990, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites 1990, LARO.HQ.ADM; Donald E. Tracy, USBR Project Manager, to LARO Superintendent, 19 Jan. 1990, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites 1990, LARO.HQ.ADM; Darrell Cook, LARO Chief of Operations, to Jim Thomson, NPS Regional Archeologist, 26 Oct. 1992, file H22 Archeologic and Historical Information General, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁸ Robert M. Thorne and John E. Ehrenhard, "Archaeological Site Stabilization Recommendations for Resources Located In Olympic and North Cascades National Parks, San Juan Island National Historical Park, and Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, State of Washington," Oct. 1991: 1, 13, 15, 17-19, 24, LARO.KF.2004; USBR Regional Resource and Technical Services Design Group, "Appraisal Report for Reservoir Rim Stabilization Near Colville Confederated Tribal Burial Ground on Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Kettle Falls, Washington," July 1996, LARO.HQ.RMO; LARO Chief of Resources Management to LARO Superintendent, 23 Aug. 1996, file Cultural Resource Work File, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁹⁹ John Keys, USBR Regional Director, email to S. Clark et al., USBR, 26 July 1995, file LR CLTR Res. Comm., LARO.HQ.SUP; MacDonald phone interview; Randall W. Hardy, BPA Administrator, to Warren Seyler, Spokane Business Council Chairman, 10 Aug. 1995, file H24 Archaeological and Historical Data 1994, LARO.HQ.ADM; Hardy to Matthew Dick, Jr., Colville Business Council Chairman, 18 Aug. 1995, file Bonneville Agreement, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

¹⁰⁰ Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Chief of Resources Management, to LARO Superintendent, 12 April 1995, file Spokane Tribe — Mill Creek ARPA, LARO.HQ.SUP; Ray DePuydt, LARO Archeologist, to Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, 12 April 1995, file Spokane Tribe — Mill Creek ARPA, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹⁰¹ Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Warren Seyler, STI Chairman, 12 April 1995, file Spokane Tribe Arch. Proposal, LARO.HQ.SUP; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

¹⁰² James Sijohn, STI, to William Walters, NPS Acting Regional Director, 21 April 1995, file Spokane Tribe Arch. Proposal, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹⁰³ William C. Walters, NPS Acting Regional Director, to Warren Seyler, Spokane Business Council Chairman, 12 May 1995, file Spokane Tribe Arch. Proposal, LARO.HQ.SUP; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

¹⁰⁴ STI, "Proposal for a Cultural Resources Survey of the Drawdown Zone of Lake Roosevelt, Spokane Reservation, Washington," May 1995, file Spokane Survey Proposal, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; James F. Sijohn, Spokane Tribal Business Council, to Wayne Procopetz [sic], NPS Project Archeologist, 19 May 1995, file Spokane Survey Proposal, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Robert Sherwood and James Sijohn to Wayne Prokopetz, NPS Project Archeologist, 2 June 1995, file Spokane Survey Proposal, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Briefing on the BPA-Spokane Tribe negotiations, n.d., file BPA Agreement, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹⁰⁵ Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Warren Seyler, Spokane Business Council Chairman, 7 Aug. 1995, file LR CLTR Res. Comm., LARO.HQ.SUP; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

¹⁰⁶ Warren Seyler, Spokane Business Council Chairman, to Roger Kennedy, NPS Director, 9 Jan. 1996, file N16 Resource Management-Programmatic Agreement 1995-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Briefing on the BPA-Spokane Tribe negotiations, n.d., file BPA Agreement, LARO.HQ.SUP; William C. Walters, NPS Deputy Field Area Director, to Seyler, 1 Feb. 1996, file Cult. Res. Work File, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹⁰⁷ Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Matthew Dick, Lake Roosevelt Coordinating Committee Chairman, 15 Sept. 1995, file Bonneville Agreement, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

¹⁰⁸ NPS, Columbia Cascades Cluster, 1995 Workplan, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, June 26 and Nov. 30, 1995: 15, file A54 CODA Supt. Goals 1992-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Delbert S. Olenslager, BPA Contracting Officer, to Beth A. Faudree, NPS Regional Contracting Officer, 22 May 1996, file A44 PA, BPA, etc., LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰⁹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995: 15 [quote], file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Matthew Dick, Jr., Colville Business Council Chairman, to Randall W. Hardy, BPA Administrator, 12 Dec. 1995, file Bonneville Agreement, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Delbert S. Olenslager, BPA Contracting Officer, to Beth A. Faudree, NPS Regional Contracting Officer, 22 May 1996, file A44 PA, BPA, etc., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1996: 10, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹⁰ Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Robert Beraud, BPA, 28 Dec. 1995, file Bonneville Agreement, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

¹¹¹ Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, Briefing Paper, "Cultural Resources Survey for Lake Roosevelt," 16 Jan. 1996, file Cult. Res. Survey (BPA), drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; DePuydt phone interview; DePuydt, email to Renk, 24 Oct. 2000; Programmatic Agreement for Compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act, 1991: 3-4, file Cooperative Interagency Agreements, drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO

¹¹² Briefing on BPA-Spokane Tribe negotiations, n.d., file BPA Agreement, LARO.HQ.SUP; Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000.

¹¹³ de Teel Patterson Tiller, NPS Acting Chief, Heritage Preservation Services Program, to Warren Seyler, Spokane Business Council Chairman, 14 Feb. 1996, file Tribal Coordination, drawer 3, LARO.HQ.RMO; James Sijohn, Spokane Tribal Business Council Cultural Representative, to Tiller, 21 Feb. 1996, file Tribal Coordination, drawer 3, LARO.HQ.RMO; Tiller to Matthew Dick, STI, 3 April 1996, file Tribal Coordination, drawer 3, LARO.HQ.RMO; Harvey S. Rice, CCT Archaeologist, to Tiller, 29 April 1996, file Tribal Coordination, drawer 3, LARO.HQ.RMO; Agreement Between the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior and the Spokane Tribe of Indians for the Assumption by the Tribe of Certain Responsibilities Pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act (16 U.S.C. 470), 29 Sept. 1996, file Tribal Coordination, drawer 3, LARO.HQ.RMO.

¹¹⁴ Steven R. Clark, USBR Power Manager, to Bruce E. Didesch, Assistant U.S. Attorney, 5 Aug. 1996, file N16 Resource Mgmt — Programmatic Agreement 1995-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Draft Spokane Burial Policy for 1996 Archaeological and Historic Survey, 31 Jan. 1996, file Cultural Resources, Indian Burials, etc., drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO.

¹¹⁵ James Sijohn, Spokane Tribal Business Council Cultural Representative and Robert Sherwood, Spokane Tribal Culture Advisor, to Richard Winters, LARO Acting Superintendent, 29 April 1996, file Spokane Tribe — Mill Creek ARPA, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹¹⁶ Ray DePuydt, LARO Archeologist, to Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Chief of Resources Management, 26 April 1996, file Spokane Tribe — Mill Creek ARPA, LARO.HQ.SUP; James Sijohn, Spokane Tribal Business Council Cultural Representative, to Richard L. Winters, LARO Acting Superintendent, 28 May 1996, file A44 Misc. Corr. STI 1993-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Winters to Robert Sherwood, Spokane Tribal Culture Advisor, 9 May 1996, file A44 Misc. Corr. STI 1993-, LARO.HQ.ADM; DePuydt phone interview.

¹¹⁷ James Sijohn, Spokane Tribal Business Council Cultural Representative, to Richard L. Winters, LARO Acting Superintendent, 28 May 1996, file A44 Misc. Corr. STI 1993-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹⁸ Ray DePuydt, LARO Archeologist, to Robert Sherwood, Spokane Tribal Culture Advisor, 1 May 1996, file A44 Misc. Corr. STI 1993-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Richard L. Winters, LARO Acting Superintendent, to Jim Sijohn, Spokane Tribal Business Council, 5 June 1996, file Burial Management Plan, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹¹⁹ Gil Goodrich, LARO Chief Ranger, to WASO Law Enforcement Program Manager, 25 Nov. 1996, file Cultural Resource Work File, LARO.HQ.SUP; Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, to Lake Roosevelt Coordinating Council, 3 Feb. 1997, file H30 Archaeology NPS/Tribes/BPA 1996-97, LARO.HQ.ADM; Baker to Adeline Fredin, CCT Director of History/Archaeology Department, 13 Feb. 1997, file H24 Archaeological and Historical Data 1994, LARO.HQ.ADM; Fredin to Ray DePuydt, LARO Archeologist, 20 Feb. 1997, file Arch. Resources Protection Act, drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO; Baker to Fredin, 24 March 1997, file Cultural Resource Work File, LARO.HQ.SUP; Goodrich to WASO Law Enforcement Program Manager, 12 Nov. 1997, file W34 Law Enforcement 1997-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹²⁰ Gerald W. Tays, former LARO Superintendent, interview with Nancy F. Renk, 20 July 2000, Tapes 2-A and 2-B, tape and index on file, LARO.HQ.

¹²¹ Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, email to Ray DePuydt, LARO Archeologist, 12 Aug. 1996, file Spokane Survey Proposal, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

¹²² Stephanie Toothman, NPS Regional Chief of Cultural Resources, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 29 Sept. 2000; Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, email to Bill Walters, NPS Deputy Field Area Director, 9 Aug. 1996, file Spokane Survey Proposal, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

¹²³ Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Chief of Resources Management, email to Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, et al., 27 Sept. 1996, file Spokane Survey Proposal, office of NPS Senior Archeologist, CCSO.

¹²⁴ Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, to Tom McKinney, BPA, 18 Feb. 1998, file H3 Historic Sites 1997-, LARO.HQ.ADM; John W. Keys, III, USBR Regional Director, to Joseph Pakootas, Colville Business Council Chairman, 29 April 1997, file H30 Archaeology, NPS/Tribes 1996-97, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Memorandum of Agreement Among National Park Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and Bonneville Power Administration, Cultural Resources Investigations Within the Lake Roosevelt Recreation Zone Pursuant to Programmatic Agreement, finalized November 27, 1991, and Implementation of System Operation Review Environmental Impact Statement Commitments," signed by BPA on 20 April 1998, LARO.HQ.ADM; DePuydt phone interview.

¹²⁶ Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, draft memo to Park Staff, 3 March 1997, file Cultural Resources, Indian Burials, etc., drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO; James Sijohn, STI Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, to Baker, 10 March 1997, file Burial Management Plan, LARO.HQ.SUP; Adeline Fredin, CCT Director of History/Archaeology Department, to Baker, 27 March 1997, file Burial Management Plan, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹²⁶ Review Draft, "Memorandum of Understanding Between National Park Service and Spokane Tribe of Indians, Emergency Recovery Procedures for the Inadvertent Discovery of Human Burials on Federal Lands Bordering the Spokane Indian Reservation at Lake Roosevelt," 2 April 1997, file H30 Archaeology NPS/Tribes/BPA 1996-97, LARO.HQ.ADM; Marty Huseman, LARO South District Ranger, email to Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, et al., 6 April 1998, file Burial Management Plan, LARO.HQ.SUP.