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MOUNT RAINIER
Wonderland An Administrative History of Mount Rainier National Park |
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ENDNOTES
Chapter One
1Arthur D. Martinson, Wilderness Above the Sound: The Story of Mount Rainier National Park (Flagstaff, 1986), p.6.
2Some of the sources cited below spell the name as Sluskin, but for clarity I have followed the more common spelling of the name uniformly.
3Dee Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier (Seattle, 1971), pp.36-39.
4Michael F. Turek and Robert H. Keller, Jr., "Sluskin: Yakima Guide to Mount Rainier," Columbia, vol.5, no.1 (Spring 1991), pp.2-7.
5Allan H. Smith, Ethnographic Guide to the Archaeology of Mt. Rainier >National Park (National Park Service, 1964), p.108.
6Turek and Keller, Sluskin, pp. 6-7.
7Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1979), pp.106-07.
8A. Woodruff McCuIly, "The Rainier Forest Reserve: II--Indian Henry's Hunting Ground," The Overland Monthly, vol. 56, no.1 (July 1910), p.150.
9Brian W. Dippie, "Native American placenames represented patriotic sentiments," Columbia, vol.3, no.2 (Summer 1989), p.17.
11Turek and Keller, Sluskin, p.7.
12Quoted in Thompson, Mount Rainier National Park Washington Historic Resource Study, p.23.
13A.D. Martinson, "Mount Rainier or Mount Tacoma? The Controversy that Refused to Die," Columbia, vol.3, no.2 (Summer 1989), pp.10-16.
14T.H. Martin to O.A. Tomlinson, August 15, 1925, Pacific Lutheran University, Nisqually Plains Room, Mount Rainier letter file.
15The superintendent's monthly report for July 1925, when the Yakima Indians performed, makes no mention of them. Superintendent to Director, August 4, 1925, NA, RG 79, Entry 6, Box 133.
16Floyd Schmoe, Our Greatest Mountain: A Handbook for Mount Rainier National Park (New York, 1925), pp.82-83.
17Thomas E. O'Farrell to D.L. Reaburn, July 29, 1915, D.L. Reaburn to Secretary of the Interior, August 26, 1915, and Acting Assistant Secretary E.J. Ayers to D.L. Reaburn, August 9, 1915, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals.
18Turek and Keller, Sluskin, p.2.
19Telegram, Reaburn to Secretary of the Interior, September 1, 1915, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals.
20Bo Sweeney to Assistant Secretary, September 2, 1915, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals.
21Preston C. West to Secretary of the Interior, September 23, 1915, NA, RG 48, Entry 749, Central Classified Files, Box 1991, File 12-7 Part 1, Parks, Reservations and Antiquities.
23Tacoma Ledger, October 6, 1917.
24L.E. Darwin to G.F. Allen, October 9, 1916, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals 12-7-5.
25Ira D. Light (Game Warden) to Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane, February 5, 1917, and J.J. Cotter to Ira D. Light, February 15, 1917, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals 12-7-5.
26J.J. Cotter to Files, no date, and Telegram, Robert Marshall to D.L.. Reaburn, October 28, 1916, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals 12-7-5.
27Tacoma Ledger, October 6, 1917.
28Horace M. Albright to Cato Sells (Commissioner of Indian Affairs), October 18, 1917, E.B. Meritt (Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs) to Albright, November 2,1917, Meritt to Albright, November 23, 1917, Albright to Meritt, November 24, 1917, Albright to D.L. Reaburn, November 24, 1917, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals 12-7-5.
29Allan H. Smith, Ethnographic Guide to the Archaeology of Mt. Rainier National Park (special report prepared for the National Park Service, July 1964); Richard D. Daugherty, An Archaeological Survey of Mount Rainier National Park (special report prepared for the National Park Service, 1964).
30Richard D. Daugherty, An Archaeological Survey of Mount Rainier National Park, special report prepared for the National Park Service, 1963, pp.5-6; David G. Rice, "Archaeological Test Excavations in Fryingpan Rockshelter, Mount RainierNational Park," in Washington State University Laboratory of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No.33, Pullman, 1965.
31Allan H. Smith, Ethnographic Guide to the Archaeology of Mt. Rainier National Park, special report prepared for the National Park Service, 1964, pp.4, 8-9.
32Ibid, pp.138, 149, 183, 220.
35Wayne Suttles and Barbara Lane, "Southern Coast Salish," in Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest Coast (Washington, 1990), p.485.
36U.S. Stat 1855, 951-955, vol. XII.
37Eugene S. Hunn, Nch'i-Wana "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land (Seattle, 1990), pp.138, 142.
38Hunn, Nch'i-Wana: "The Big River", pp.130-31.
39G.F. Allen, The Forests of Mount Rainier National Park, National Park Service (Washington, 1922), p.6.
40James K. Agee, Forest Fires of Northwest National Parks, special report prepared for the National Park Service, University of Washington, Summer 1992, p.27.
Chapter Two
1Robert E. Ficken and Charles P. LeWame, Washington: A Centennial History (Seattle, 1988), pp.30-33.
2Dorothy O. Johansen and Charles M. Gates, Empire of the Columbia: A History of the Pacific Northwest (New York, 1957), p.390.
3Ficken and LeWame, Washington: A Centennial History, pp.33-36.
6Commissioner (GLO) to Secretary of the Interior, February 16, 1900, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
7Richard White, "Its Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Oklahoma, 1991), pp.246, 257.
8Alfred Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, Arizona, 1984).
9Dorothy O. Johansen and Charles M. Gates, Empire of the Columbia: A History of the Pacific Northwest (New York, 1957), p.370.
10White, "Its Your Misfortune and None of My Own", p.249.
11Johansen and Gates, Empire of the Columbia, p.372.
12Johansen and Gates, Empire of the Columbia, p.371.
13Gordon B. Dodds, The American Northwest: A History of Oregon and Washington (Arlington Heights, Illinois, 1986). p.138.
15Roger Sale, Seattle Past and Present: An Interpretation of the History of the Foremost City in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1976), pp.32-33; Clarence B. Bagley, History of King County Washington, vol.1 (Chicago, 1929), p.296.
16Clarence B. Bagley, History of King County Washington, vol.1 (Chicago, 1929), pp.815-18.
17W.P. Bonney, History of Pierce County. Washington, vol.1 (Chicago, 1927), pp.491-96.
18Correspondence regarding the negotiations between the Northern Pacific and these two subsidiary railroads is in Minnesota Historical Society (MHS), Northern Pacific Railway Company Papers (NPRC), Land Department, Western Land Agent, Special Subject Files, File Mount Tacoma Railroad Scheme SS-22.
19Arthur D. Martinson, Wilderness Above the Sound: The Story of Mount Rainier National Park (Flagstaff, Arizona, 1986), p.24.
20William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991) gives an intriguing analysis of the city-country relationship with respect to nineteenth century Chicago and its vast hinterland. On a much more modest scale, Mount Rainier National Park seems to offer an outstanding example of a city-wilderness relationship.
21Seattle Chamber of Commerce, Seattle Illustrated (Seattle, 1890), p.12.
22Alfred D. Bowen, ed., Seattle and the Orient Souvenir Edition (Seattle, 1900), p.24.
23Washington, The Evergreen State and Seattle, Its Metropolis (Seattle, 1890), p.12.
24For example, Seattle Chamber of Commerce, Seattle Illustrated; Seattle Chamber of Commerce, Washington: The Sound. State and its Chief City, Seattle, compiled by J.W. Dodge (Seattle, 1890); Puget Sound Bureau of Information (Seattle), Washington Illustrated, Including Views of Puget Sound Country and Seattle, Gateway of the Orient with Glimpses of Alaska, compiled by O. M. Moore (Seattle, 1901); Crawford & Conover Publishers, Washington, The Evergreen State and Seattle. Its Metropolis (Seattle, 1890).
25William C. Speidel, You Still Can't Eat Mt. Rainier! (Vashon, Washington, 1961).
26Anonymous, Seattle and the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1909), no pagination.
27The most exhaustive study of the name controversy is Genevieve E. McCoy, "'Call it Mount Tacoma': A History of the Controversy over the Name of Mount Rainier," University of Washington master's thesis, 1984. A good narrative study is Arthur D. Martinson, "Mount Rainier or Mount Tacoma," Columbia, vol.3, no.2 (Summer 1989), pp.10-16.
28William R. Catton, Jr., "The Mountain With the Wrong Name," Etc.: A Review of General Semantics, vol.11, no.4 (Summer 1954), p.299.
30Some Tacomans, for their part, claimed that Seattle residents were beholden to the name "Rainier" because they wanted to support the Rainier Brewing Company.
31Arthur D. Martinson, "Mount Rainier or Mount Tacoma?" Columbia, vol.3, no.2 (Summer 1989), p.16.
32Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 25, 1894.
33Martinson, Wilderness Above the Sound, p.18.
35Erwin N. Thompson, Mount Rainier National Park Washington Historic Resource Study, report prepared for National Park Service, 1981, p.61.
36Haines, Mountain Fever, p.158.
Chapter Three
1Technically, the second national park was Mackinac Island National Park in Michigan, established in 1875, administered by the War Department, and turned over to the State of Michigan by statute in 1895.
2Alfred Runte, "Pragmatic Alliance: Western Railroads and the National Parks," National Parks Magazine, vol.48, no.4 (April 1974), pp.15-21.
3Catton, "The Mountain With the Wrong Name," p.300, cites the March issue. Willis's article is reprinted in Meany, Mount Rainier: A Record of Exploration, pp.142-49.
4Robert N. McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, National Park Service, 1952, pp.72-73.
5Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., 1894, vol.26, pt.8, p.7878.
6John P. Hartman, "Creation of Mount Rainier National Park," address delivered at the 37th Annual Convention of Washington Good Roads Association, September 1935, UW, Suzzallo Library Special Collections. A low profile did not spare the Northern Pacific from public condemnation for the benefit it got out of the park legislation. The most blistering attack on the Northern Pacific's alleged involvement in the Mount Rainier National Park legislation was made by S.A.D. Puter and Horace Stevens in Looters of the Public Domain (Portland, 1908), pp.368-85. Puter and Stevens saw no justification for the national park other than to enable the railroad to exchange worthless lands in the park for valuable timber lands in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. But the authors offer no direct evidence of collusion between lawmakers and Northern Pacific officials.
7Aaron C. Waters, "Willis, Bailey," in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 14, Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed. (New York, n.d.), pp.402-03.
8U.S. Congress, Senate, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., Misc. Doc. No. 247, "Memorial from the Geological Society of America Favoring the Establishment of a National Park in the State of Washington," 1894.
9Waters, "Willis, Bailey," in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol.14, pp.402-03.
10Haines, Mountain Fever, pp.198-99.
11On the inadequacy of the Pacific Forest Reserve to protect Mount Rainier, see Carl Snyder, "Our New National Wonderland," The Review of Reviews, vol.9, no.2 (February 1894): 163-72; and E.S. Ingraham, "It Rises Above All," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 12, 1894.
12Haines, Mountain Fever, pp.149-53, 157.
13Theodore Winthrop, Canoe and Saddle (Portland, n.d., first published in 1863), p.80.
15See, for example, the respectful reference to Winthrop in John P. Hartman, "Creation of Mount Rainier National Park," address delivered at the 37th Annual Convention of the Washington Good Roads Association, September 27-28, 1935, no pagination.
16P.B. Van Trump, "Mount Tahoma," Sierra Club Bulletin, vol.1, no.4 (May 1894), p.121.
17Israel C. Russell, "Impressions of Mount Rainier," Scribner's Magazine, vol.22, no.2 (August 1897), p.176.
18Carl Snyder, "Our New National Wonderland," The Review of Reviews, vol.9, no.2 (February 1894), p.171.
19Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., 1894, vol.26, pt.8, p.7878.
20U.S. Congress, Senate, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., Misc. Doc. No 247, "Memorial from the Geological Society of America Favoring the Establishment of a National Park in the State of Washington," 1894, p.2.
22Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., 1894, vol.26, pt.8, p.7877; Israel C. Russell, "Impressions of Mount Rainier," Scribner's Magazine, vol.22, no.2 (August 1897), p.174.
23Van Trump, "Mount Tahoma," p.111; Snyder, "Our New National Wonderland," p.166.
24Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., 1894, vol.26. pt.8, p.7878.
25Ingraham, The Pacific Forest Reserve and Mt. Rainier: A Souvenir, p.4.
26Snyder, "Our New National Wonderland," p.171.
27Russell, "Impressions of Mount Rainier," p.176.
28Tacoma Daily Ledger, September 8, 1893.
29Tacoma Daily Ledger, September 14, 1893. Years later, John P. Hartman provided an eyewitness account of an incident of vandalism in Paradise Park in 1895: "A considerable party, probably fifty, were encamped on the ground about where the hotel stands, while a party of four young men had taken up their site to the east of Alta Vista, and on the west bank of Paradise River. On the third evening we observed that these men had a considerable camp fire under one of the tall pines, probably 125 feet high, making a perfect cone, with the lower limbs coming to within about ten feet of the ground. We watched the fire and became alarmed. We could see the men throwing on more and more dry wood. Finally the object of the vandal was accomplished, because the rather oily, dry needles ignited and in a short time the whole wonderful tree was ablaze, making a fiery pillar that ascended probably 150 feet above the tree. Of course, this was awe-inspiring and seemed greatly to please the vandals, but the rest of us, looking on, thought it was an unmitigated wrong that ought to be punished." John P. Hartman, "Creation of Mount Rainier National Park," address delivered at the 37th Annual Convention of Washington Good Roads Association, 1935, UW, Suzzallo Library Special Collections.
30The two best statements of the problem are E.S. Ingraham, "It Rises Above All," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 12, 1894, and P.B. Van Trump, "Mount Tacoma Vandals," Tacoma Daily Ledger, September 14, 1893.
31Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 12, 1894.
32Tacoma Daily Ledger, September 14, 1893.
33Tacoma Daily Ledger, September 8, 1893.
34Tacoma Daily Ledger, September 9, 1893.
35Tacoma Daily Ledger, September 3, 1893.
36Snyder, "Our New National Wonderland," p.171.
37Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., 1894, vol.26, pt.8, p.7878.
38Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., 1894, vol.26, pt.8, p.7878.
39Runte, National Parks, pp.48-49.
40Senate, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., Misc. Doc. No. 247, "Memorial from the Geological Society of America Favoring the Establishment of a National Park in the State of Washington," 1894, p.4.
41Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., 1893, vol.26, Pt. 1, p.154; Snyder, "Our New National Wonderland," p.164.
42Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., 1894, vol.26, pt.1, p.498.
43S.1250, "A Bill to set apart certain lands, now known as Pacific forest reserve, as a public park, to be known as the Washington National Park."
44Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.45.
45Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2d sess., 1894, vol.26, pt.8, pp.7877-78.
46McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.87.
47The eastern boundary left the Cascade Crest entirely outside the park. The geography was so little known at the time that the legislation defined the eastern boundary as follows: "...thence northerly, subject to the proper easterly or westerly offsets, eighteen miles more or less, to a point three miles west of the northeast corner of township numbered seventeen north, of range ten east, of the Willamette meridian (but in locating said easterly boundary line, wherever the summit of the Cascade Mountains is sharply and well defined, the said line shall follow the said summit, where the said summit line bears west of the easterly line as herein determined)..."
48For example, "Elliot Denies Humphrey Charge," June 4, 1913, unidentified newspaper clipping in MHS, NPRC, President, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1); Charles Donnelly, The Facts About the Northern Pacific Land Grant, Northern Pacific Railway Company, n.d., p.12.
49John Muir commented on the reduced boundaries, "Unless the reserve is guarded the flower bloom will soon be killed, and nothing of the forests will be left but black stump monuments." Quoted in Runte, National Parks, p.66.
50Lute Pease, "The Way of the Land Transgression," Pacific Monthly, vol.18, no.4 (October 1907), p.488; Puter, Looters of the Public Domain, p.371. Contemporary charges of corruption were completely unsubstantiated. While there is a whiff of bribery in the company's records on this matter, the evidence is only fragmentary. Beginning in 1896, company officials took a keen interest in the legislation. The company's land commissioner, W.H. Phipps, advised the president, Edwin W. Winter, that it was "very desirable that the bill as reported to the House, be passed," and in another letter remarked, "I do not think the Northern Pacific ought to be prominent in advocating the passage of the bill, but the company has friends." While Phipps met with Doolittle in Tacoma, Winter placed the bill in the right "channel" in Washington, D.C., probably with a sympathetic member of the Committee on Public Lands. When Congress eventually passed the bill, one company official stated, "The company thought it achieved a great success in securing the passage of the act in question, which gives it property of large value in place of something of no value." Though this evidence is fragmentary, it seems indisputable that the Northern Pacific was involved in the legislative process contrary to what it always maintained afterward. Edwin W. Winters (president) to W.H. Phipps (land commissioner), October 12, 1896, Phipps to Winters, November 7, 1896, and C.W. Bunn to W.J. Curtis, June 7, 1899, MHS, NPRC Papers, President, President's subject files, File 60 (1).
51Hartman, "Creation of Mount Rainier National Park," n.p.
52U.S. Congress, House, 54th Cong., 1st sess., Report No.1699, "Washington National Park," 1896.
53Barry Mackintosh, The National Parks: Shaping the System, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1985, p.11.
54Hartman, "Creation of Mount Rainier National Park," n.p.
55Congressional Record, 54th Cong., 1st sess., 1896, vol.28, pt.7, p.6445.
56Congressional Record, 54th Cong., 2d sess., 1897, vol.29, pt.2, p.1918 and pt.3, p.2717; Congressional Record, 55th Cong., 1st sess., 1897, vol.30, pt.1, p.41; Congressional Record, 55th Cong., 2d sess., 1897-98, vol.31, pt.1, pp.21, 192 and pt.3, p.2792 and pt.6, pp.5346, 5633, 5696.
57Hartman, "Creation of Mount Rainier National Park," n.p.
58Congressional Record, 55th Cong, 3rd sess., 1899, vol.32, pt.3, pp.2354, 2663, 2667, 2631, 2697, 2770, 2787.
Chapter Four
1Visitation statistics were provided in superintendents' annual reports and were based on a reasonably exact count of visitors entering by way of the park road (Nisqually Entrance) plus an estimate of visitors entering by way of the Carbon River trail from Wilkeson. The number of visitors to the northwest corner of the park hovered at around two hundred per year until 1912. Even as the number rose, it remained less than ten percent of the total. The statistics were somewhat low, because they were generally tallied in late September before the end of the tourist season. The statistics included an estimate of the number of people who camped in the park more than three days. Beginning in 1913, statistics were kept on how many visitors came from the Puget Sound cities, other Washington communities, and out of state.
2Superintendent's Annual Report, in 62nd Cong., 2d sess.. House Doc. No. 120, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1911, p.627.
3Henry Carter and Walter A. Ashford to Secretary of the Interior, September 11, 1900, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38. These men claimed that 520 tourists entered Paradise Park in 1900. The Acting Superintendent's Annual Report for 1904 confirmed 563 visits to the park for that year and suggested the actual number was much greater.
4Elcaine Longmire cut the trail to Indian Henry's Hunting Ground for prospecting purposes in 1902, according to E.T. Allen (forest inspector) to Secretary of the Interior, March 11, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
5G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, July 17, 1905, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
6Ada Woodruff Anderson, "To the Summit of Mt. Rainier," Outing, vol.38, no.4 (July 1901), p.391.
7A.H. Denman, Introduction in Our Greatest Mountain and Alpine Regions of Wonder, by A.H. Barnes (n.p., 1911), p.6.
8Gertrude Metcalfe, "The Rainier Climb," Mazama, vol.2, no.4 (December 1905), p.225.
10Henry S. Hayes to A.G. Foster, December 16, 1899, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
11Henry Carter and Walter A. Ashford to Secretary of the Interior, September 11, 1900, Francis W. Cushman to Secretary of the Interior, January 7, 1900, Joseph Stampfler to Secretary of the Interior, February 7, 1901, D.B. Sheller to Commissioner of General Land Office, July 9,1902, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
12A.G. Foster to E.A. Hitchcock, October 18, 1900, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
13Bing Hermann (GLO commissioner) to Secretary of the Interior, July 25, 1902, and G.F. Allen (ranger) to D.B. Sheller (forest superintendent), July 8, 1902, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
14E.T. Allen (forest inspector) to Secretary of the Interior, March 11, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
15William E. Colby to E.A. Hitchcock, March 15, 1905, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
16G.F. Allen to William E. Colby, April 15, 1905, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
17G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, August 16, 1905 and March 25, 1906, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
18Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.468.
19The breakdown between transient tourists and people who camped in the park for three or more days was given consistently in the superintendent's annual reports from 1904 to 1913.
20Milnor Roberts of the University of Washington stated in 1909 that "an automobile party leaving Seattle or Tacoma in the morning can pitch its evening camp in one of the dense groves of stunted trees at timber-line" at Paradise Park. He also noted that "eventually the permanent road will reach 7,000 feet, where trails will branch off." Milnor, "A Wonderland of Glaciers and Snow," National Geographic Magazine, vol.20, no.6 (June 1909), p.534.
21According to Senator Warburton, Pierce County spent between $250,000 and $300,000 on the road between 1907 and 1912. Congressional Record, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., 1912, vol.48, pt.8, p.7757.
22William J. Lampton, "The Meaning of the Automobile," Outing Magazine, vol.40, no.6 (September 1902), p.699; Samuel Hill, "Good Roads and the Northwest," Collier's, vol.44, no.3 (October 9, 1909), p.20.
23Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 59th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1906, p.679.
24Chester Thorue (Tacoma Automobile Club) to Secretary of the Interior, April 8, 1907, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
25Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1909, pp.470-71.
27Superintendent's Annual Report, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.471.
28Ibid. Asahel Curtis informed Enos A. Mills in 1912: "There has been some objection to the use of autos in the park but it has been slight. It is recognized that the situation here is a little unusual as the short distance to Tacoma and Seattle makes it possible for many to make the trip to the mountain parks in their own machines." Letter of July 3, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 23.
29Carpenter Kendall, "Motoring on Mount Rainier," Sunset, vol.31 (August 1913), pp.304-07; Enos A. Mills, "Touring in our National Parks," Country Life, vol.23 (January 1913), pp.33-36. See also the photo essay by H.C. Tibbitts, "Glaciers and Gasoline: Motoring in Mt. Rainier National Park," Sunset, vol.28 (January 1912).
30Asahel Curtis to Walter L. Fisher (secretary of the Interior), September 7, 1911, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 135, File 12-7-2 Roads, Trails, and Bridges; Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 59th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1906, p.679.
31A. Woodruff McCully, "The Rainier Forest Reserve," The Overland Monthly, vol.55, no.12 (June 1910), p.553.
32McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.122.
33W.A. Richards (acting GLO commissioner) to Secretary of the Interior, October 10, 1902 and E.T. Allen (forest inspector) to Secretary of the Interior, March 11, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
34Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 58th Cong., 3rd sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1904, p.440.
35Virinda Longmire to Secretary of the Interior, August 22, 1902, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
36G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, July 2, 1905, Robert Longmire to Secretary of the Interior, July 6, 1905, and Francis W. Cushman to Secretary of the Interior, July 31, 1905, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
37G.F. Allen to Fred W. Stocking (acting GLO commissioner), April 23, 1906, E.A. Hitchcock (secretary of the Interior) to GLO commissioner, December 12, 1906, and J.R. Garfield (secretary of the Interior) to GLO commissioner, March 28, 1907, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
38Harry M. Cunningham to G.F. Allen, January 9, 1908, MORA, L3025 Inholdings.
39Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.478.
40Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1909, p.466.
41McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.123.
42McCully, "The Rainier Forest Reserve," p.554.
43John Bagley (vice president and general manager) to E.A. Hitchcock (secretary of the Interior), March 6, 1905, Bagley to Hitchcock, March 29, 1905, and Hitchcock to Bagley, April 13, 1905, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
44J.S. Kloeber to G.F. Allen, June 8, 1906, Allen to Kloeber, June 11 and June 17, 1906, E.A. Hitchcock (secretary of the Interior) to Allen, June 12, 1906, Allen to Tacoma Eastern Railroad Company, June 21, 1906, John Bagley to Allen, June 23, 1906, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
45Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1909, p.466.
46Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1907, p.583;
47George W. Hibbard (general passenger agent, Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway Company) to Edward S. Hall (superintendent), May 6, 1911, MORA, Concessions, Leases and Privileges, Tacoma Eastern Railroad Company.
48Edward S. Hall to George W. Hibbard, March 15, 1911, MORA, Concessions, Leases and Privileges, Tacoma Eastern Railroad Company.
50Quoted in Edward S. Hall to George W. Hibbard, May 31, 1912, MORA, Concessions, Leases and Privileges, Tacoma Eastern Railroad Company.
51George S. Hibbard to Edward S. Hall, May 28, 1912, and Hall to Hibbard, May 31, 1912, MORA, Concessions, Leases and Privileges, Tacoma Eastern Railroad Company.
52Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 120, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1911, p.630.
53Thompson, Historic Resource Study Mount Rainier National Park, p.78; McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.123; Martinson, "Mountain in the Sky," p.86.
54It is unclear whether Comstock and Skinner abandoned their businesses or Reese bought them out. Some sources give the year as 1896, but Reese stated in his application for a permit in 1902 that he had been operating the camp for four years. The application is enclosed with D.B. Sheller to Commissioner (GLO), July 9,1902, NA, RG 79, Entry I--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
55Ethan Allen (Superintendent) to Secretary of the Interior, October 10, 1914, MORA, Concessions, Leases and Privileges, J.L. Reese.
56McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.124; also see correspondence and permits in MORA, Concessions, Leases and Privileges, J.S. Reese.
57G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, April 22, 1907, MORA, Concessions, Leases and Privileges, J.L. Reese.
58Adolph C. Miller (assistant to the secretary) to Ethan Allen, March 30, 1914, MORA, Concessions, Leases and Privileges, John L. Reese.
59Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 120, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1911, pp.624, 630.
60Ethan Allen (Superintendent) to Secretary of the Interior, October 10, 1914, MORA, Concessions, Leases and Privileges, J.L. Reese.
61George B. Hall to D.L. Reaburn, December 28, 1915, MORA, Concessions, Folder George B. Hall.
62G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, November 12, 1907, MORA, Concessions, Folder George B. Hall.
63Frank Pierce (first assistant secretary) to G.F. Allen, January 27, 1908, MORA, Concessions, Folder George B. Hall.
64George B. Hall to D.L.Reaburn, December 28, 1915, MORA, Concessions, Folder George B. Hall.
65Specifications were given in a proposed permit form, enclosed with Ethan Allen to Secretary of the Interior, December 8, 1913, MORA, Concessions, Folder George B. Hall.
66Ethan Allen to Secretary of the Interior, October 10, 1914, MORA, Concessions, Folder George B. Hall.
67Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.473.
68H.L. Hurd (acting superintendent) to Secretary of the Interior, July 21, 1909, MORA, Concessions, Folder George Hall.
69Frank Pierce to Superintendent, August 27, 1910, MORA, Concessions, Folder Tacoma Touring Company.
70DeLape Tours Co. to Edward S. Hall, April 23, 1910, MORA, Concessions, unmarked folder.
71Edward S. Hall to Secretary of the Interior, June 7, 1910, April 20, 1911, MORA, Concessions, unmarked folder; Frank Pierce to C.H. Park, March 28, 1908, MORA, Concessions, L.G. Linkletter.
72L.G. Linkletter to Secretary of the Interior, March 6, 1913 and July 1, 1914, E.J. Ayers to D.L. Reaburn, July 23, 1915, MORA, Concessions, Folder Leases and Privileges--L.G. Linkletter.
73G.F. Allen to Linkletter, March 15, 1909, Edward S. Hall to Linkletter, March 27, 1912, and Linkletter to Secretary of the Interior, March 6,1913, MORA, Concessions, Folder Leases and Privileges--L.G. Linkletter.
74Linkletter to G.F. Allen, February 18, 1909, Allen to Secretary of the Interior, February 22, 1909, Allen to Linkletter, February 22, 1909, Frank Pierce to Allen, March 8, 1909, Allen to Linkletter, March 15, 1909, Linkletter to E.S. Hall, August 10, 1911, Hall to W.T. Cunningham, August 11, 1911, Hall to Linkletter, August 11, 1911, Connie A. Thompson (assistant secretary) to Hall, March 10, 1912, MORA, Concessions, Folder Leases and Privileges--L.G. Linkletter.
75C.L. Hurd to Secretary of the Interior, July 21, 1909, MORA, Concessions, Folder Leases and Privileges-George Hall.
76Edward S. Hall to Tacoma Auto Livery Company, May 25, 1911, MORA, Concessions, unmarked folder.
77James Hughes to R.B. Marshall, August 5, 1916, MORA, Concessions, Folder Leases and Privileges--Tacoma Eastern Railroad.
78See appendix A for list of concessions and special permits issued and fees collected in 1915.
79Asahel Curtis to Stephen T. Mather, January 11,1918, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 31.
80McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.187.
81Asahel Curtis to G.F. Allen, September 25, 1908, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 4.
82Asahel Curtis to Co. Commissioners Pierce County, April 23, 1909, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 8.
83G.F. Allen to A. Curtis, August 19, 1908, A. Curtis to G.F. Allen, September 25, 1908, A. Curtis to Mr. Gleason, December 1, 1908, A. Curtis to Pierce County Commissioners, April 23, 1909, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folders 3, 4, 6, 8.
84Asahel Curtis to R.A. Ballinger, July 13, 1909, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 11.
85John H. Williams to Asahel Curtis, August 27, 1911, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 17.
86Asahel Curtis to Tacoma Eastern R.R. Co., September 16, 1909, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 14.
87Untitled, undated report on the 1909 outing of the Mountaineers, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 12.
88Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 120, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1911, p.628.
89Asahel Curtis to Edward S. Meany, November 16, 1910, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 15.
90Asahel Curtis to E.S. Hall, November 28, 1911 and C.A. Thompson to E.S. Hall, February 8, 1912, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folders 17-18.
91Thompson, Historic Resource Study Mount Rainier National Park, pp.53-54. In 1924, the Mountaineers considered starting a donation fund for the second shelter on Steamboat Prow, to be named Camp Curtis, but thins plan was abandoned. Finally, in 1963, the Camp Schurman Memorial Shelter was built at this site using private and federal contributions. Camp Schurman was named for Clark Schurman, chief guide at Sunrise for many years.
92Walter L. Fisher to Asahel Curtis, November 9, 1911, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 17.
93Asahel Curtis to Walter L. Fisher, March 18, 1912, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 20.
94Memorandum, March 7, 1912, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 135, File 12-7-2 Roads, Trails, and Bridges.
95Report of Samuel C. Lancaster, Commissioner, Seattle-Tacoma Rainier National Park Committee, Services Performed, 62nd Cong., Washington, D.C., 1913, UW Libraries, Special Collections.
96Asahel Curtis and T.H. Martin to Secretary of the Interior, October 4, 1913, in Congressional Record, 63rd Cong, 2d sess., 1914, vol.51, pt.1l, pp.10900-01.
97Keys' report is found in House, 62nd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1361, "Improvement of Roads, Etc., Mount Rainier National Park," 1913; the south-side road survey (by W.M. Bosworth) is noted in Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 63rd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1475, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1914, p.784.
98Report of Samuel C. Lancaster, Commissioner, Seattle-Tacoma Rainier National Park Committee, Services Performed, 62nd Cong., Washington, D.C., 1913, UW Libraries, Special Collections.
101Robert Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks (New York, 1951), p.7.
103Reaburn's estimate would indicate a total distance of 140 miles. This may not have been far off the mark; the Wonderland Trail's mileage would diminish over the years as new additions to the trail tightened the loop. Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 64th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 90, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1915, p.964.
Chapter Five
1Tacoma Daily Ledger, September 8, 1893.
2A.G. Foster (Senator) to Elihu Root (Secretary of War), July 19, 1901, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
3Senate, 57th Cong., 1st sess., Report No. 729, "Trespassing on Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," 1902, pp.1-3.
4R.A. Ballinger (Secretary of the Interior) to N.R. Sibley (Seattle Commercial Club), January 11, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File Troops for the Park.
5Harold K. Steen, The U.S. Forest Service: A History (Seattle, 1976), p.40. The term "ranger" came from Bernhard E. Fernow, first chief of the Division of Forestry.
6Henry Carter and Walter A. Ashford to Fitch & Harris, October 26, 1900, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38. As early as November 1898, the commissioner of the General Land Office informed the governor of Washington that Forest Supervisor F.C. Mathewson had a "force of Forest Rangers under his direction" who were prepared to cooperate with state officials in enforcing state forestry and fish and game laws. Binger Hermann to Governor of Washington, November 12, 1898, Olympia State Archives, Governor John Rogers Papers, Incoming Correspondence (1898), Box 2c-1-9.
7C. Frank Brockman, The Story of Mount Rainier National Park (Longmire, 1940), p.56.
8E.T. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, March 11, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
9Grenville F. Allen to D.B. Sheller (Forest Superintendent of the State of Washington), July 8, 1902, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
11W.A. Richards (commissioner) to Secretary of the Interior, April 29, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
12Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.469.
13Superintendent"s Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.469.
14W.A. Richards (commissioner, General Land Office) to Secretary of the Interior, April 29, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
15Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 58th Cong., 3rd sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1904, p.439.
16Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.468.
17Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 3rd sess., House Doc. No. 1006, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," p.507.
18The 1885 law prohibited any salaried employee of the Department of Agriculture from receiving compensation from another department of the federal government. This blocked an arrangement under which the Department of Interior would have paid $450 of Allen's $1,800 annual salary. The law prevented a division of rangers' salaries, too, thus ensuring that the park developed its own force of "park rangers." The first "park ranger" appointed by the Department of the Interior went on duty in the Carbon River district on November 12, 1906. Before that time, Allen had used "forest rangers" to patrol the Carbon River and Longmire-Paradise districts and the adjoining areas of the forest reserve. On the law, see R.J. Tracewell (comptroller) to Secretary of the Interior, September 7, 1906, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 701.06 Administration--Superintendents. On the park and forest rangers, see Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1907, p.582.
19Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, p.245.
20Miles Poindexter (Senator) to Dr. W.F. Lamson, May 29, 1915, Pierce County Women's Democratic League to Franklin K. Lane, May 26, 1915, and anonymous memorandum, "For Your Information as to my Sentiments on Position," no date, UW, Miles Poindexter Papers, Accession 3828, Box 132, Folder 9 1919-22 Correspondence on Public Affairs.
21Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, p.245.
22Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 64th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 90, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1915, p.965.
23Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 63rd Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 1009, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1913, p.770.
24Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 64th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 90, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1915, p.964.
25Thompson, Historic Resource Study Mount Rainier National Park, p.146.
26Secretary of the Interior James R. Garfield authorized construction of the cabin at Longmire Springs to house Ranger Samuel Estes and his family. The cabin was not completed until 1910. It was a three room log house with kitchen. James R. Garfield to G.F. Allen, May 14, 1908, H.L. Hurd to Secretary of the Interior, September 11,1909, ES. Hall to Secretary of the Interior, May 21, 1910, R.A. Ballinger to Hall, May 28, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 131.
27Clement S. Ucker to W.B. Acker, March 8, 1913, Frank Pierce to Ethan Allen, July 22, 1913, and Ethan Allen to Secretary of the Interior (with photographs), NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 131.
28Edward S. Hall to Secretary of the Interior, May 21, 1910 and R.A. Ballinger to Hall, June 6,1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 131.
29R.A. Ballinger to Frank Pierce (Acting Secretary), July 23, 1910, and Edward S. Hall to Secretary of the Interior, June 21, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 131.
30Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 120, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1911, p.624.
31Ethan Allen to Secretary of the Interior, September 2, 1913, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 138, File 12-7 Telephone and Telegraph Service.
32Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 64th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 90, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1915, p.964.
33Bo Sweeney (assistant secretary) to D.L. Reaburn, August 21, 1915, NA, RG 79, Central Files--Box 138, File Telephone and Telegraph Service.
34Quoted in House, 58th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 631, "Road into Mount Rainier National Park," 1904, p.1.
35The latter two bursts would come in 1926-30, with the construction of the West Side and Sunrise roads, and in 1953-57, with the completion of the Stevens Canyon Road.
36A biographical abstract of Eugene Ricksecker may be found in MORA, File H 18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
37Thompson, Historic Resource Study Mount Rainier National Park, pp.192-93.
38Eugene Ricksecker to John Millis, May 14, 1904, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers. Ricksecker gave passing attention to eight other routes: three entering the park from the west via a Mowich River trail, two entering the park in the northwest corner, two more or less following the White River into the park, and one from North Yakima up the Natchez River "to some point unknown at this time." Eugene Ricksecker to John Millis, May 2, 1903, same file.
43Eugene Ricksecker to John A. Millis, May 2, 1903, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
44Eugene Ricksecker to John A. Millis, December 26, 1904, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
45Eugene Ricksecker to Hiram Chittenden, April 15, 1908, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
46E.A. Keys (Inspector) to Secretary of the Interior, December 21, 1911, in House, 62nd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1361, "Improvement of Roads, etc., Mount Rainier National Park," 1913, pp. 2-8.
47Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, 1908, pp.857-58 [need full cite]; Hiram Chittenden to Gen. A. Mackenzie, July 30, 1906, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
48Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.470. The snout of the glacier then came within sight of the bridge and was a major attraction. Ricksecker described it appreciatively: "From the river crossing the foot of the glacier looms up, a mass of delicate tinted snow capped ice, about 1000 feet distant. A few minutes walk brings one within the pale of its icy breath and touch of its coldness. Have a care, though, for a watchful eye is necessary to dodge the boulders hurled down from its top by this old giant in wrathful indignation against intrusion." Ricksecker to Millis, May 14, 1904, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
49Thompson, Historic Resource Study Mount Rainier National Park, pp.193-96.
50Eugene Ricksecker to H.M. Chittenden, April 21, 1906, MORA, Folder H34; Eugene Ricksecker to John Millis, June 13, 1905, MORA, Folder Hi 8 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
51Eugene Ricksecker to C.W. Kutz, May 14, 1910, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
52Eugene Ricksecker to J.R. Garfield, October 18, 1907, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
53House, 58th Cong, 3d sess., House Doc. No. 283, "Road into Mount Rainier National Park," 1905, pp.1-9.
54Eugene Ricksecker to John Millis, December 26, 1904, MORA, Folder Hi 8 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
55The surveys were made by W.M. Bosworth and J.J. Morgan respectively. Bosworth's survey is mentioned in Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 63rd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1475, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1914, p.784. His report was not located. Morgan describes his survey in J.J. Morgan to D.L. Reaburn, December 9, 1916, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 134, File 12-7-Part I Mount Rainier Roads.
56D.L. Connell et al. to the Trustees of the Tacoma Commercial Club and Chamber of Commerce, September 7, 1911, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 135, Folder 12-7-2 Roads, Trails, and Bridges.
57House, 62nd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1361, "Improvement of Roads, etc., Mount Rainier National Park," 1913, pp.7-8.
58Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 120, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1911, p.625.
59E.A. Keys to Secretary of the Interior, December 21, 1911, in House, 62nd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1361, "Improvement of Roads, etc., Mount Rainier National Park," 1913, p.4.
60In his annual report for 1911, Superintendent Hall's estimates for the coming year were as follows: salaries, $7,000; road maintenance, $10,000; trail construction, $10,000; for repair and improvement of trails, $500; protection from forest fires, $1,000; for widening the present road to 16 feet and macadamizing for its entire length, $145,000; for extending the road to Indian Henry's Hunting Ground, $60,000; for making a survey for a complete system of roads in the park, $25,000; total, $258,500.
61J.B. Cavanaugh to Edward S. Hall, September 13, 1912, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers; Clement S. Ucker to Edward S. Hall, April 9, 1913, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 135, File 12-7-2 Roads, Trails, Bridges.
62Report of Samuel C. Lancaster, Commissioner, Seattle-Tacoma Rainier National Park Committee, 1913, UW Suzzallo Library Special Collections.
65Seattle-Tacoma Rainier National Park Committee to Samuel C. Lancaster, February 22, 1913; T.H. Martin to Governor Ernest Lister, April 1,1913; Governor Lister to Martin, April 3,1913; Martin to Governor Lister, April 4, 1913, Olympia State Archives, Governor Ernest Lister Papers, Box 2H-2-74.
66Congressional Record, 63rd Cong., 2d sess., 1914, vol.51, pt.11, p.10901.
67Congressional Record, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., 1912, vol.48, pt.8, p.7759.
68Congressional Record, 61st Cong., 3d sess., 1911, vol.46, pt.2, pp.1328, 1461; Congressional Record, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., 1912, vol.48, pt.3, pp.2232, 2587; pt.4, p.3593; House, 61st Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1311, "Wagon Road in Mount Rainier National Park," 1911, pp.1-2.
69See map in MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers. Also Eugene Ricksecker to H.M. Chittenden, July 7, 1908, same file.
70Eugene Ricksecker to Hiram Chittenden, May 12 and June 30, 1908, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
71Congressional Record, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., 1912, vol.48, pt.8, pp.7756-58.
72T.H. Martin to Clement S. Ucker, December 1, 1912, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 135, File 12-7-2 Roads, Trails, and Bridges; Samuel C. Lancaster, "Report to Seattle-Tacoma Rainier National Park Committee, Services Performed," (1913), UW Suzzallo Library Special Collections.
73Senate, 57th Cong., 2d sess., Senate Report No. 2624, "Protection of the Public Forest Reserves and National Parks," 1903, p.2.
74Public Law No.46, Feb. 6, 1905.
75G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, March 25, 1906, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
76Frank Pierce to G.F. Allen, February 17, 1909, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 138, File 12-7-4 Rules and Regulations.
77Frank Pierce to G.F. Allen, March 23, 1909, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 138, File 12-7-4 Rules and Regulations.
78 On January 4, 1900, Senator Wesley L. Jones of Washington introduced a bill to amend the Mount Rainier Park Act so that any violator of the park regulations could be found guilty of a misdemeanor and fined up to $500. But the secretary of the Interior reported unfavorably on this bill, mainly because the State of Washington had not yet ceded jurisdiction of the park to the federal government. W.P. Acker to Secretary of the Interior, February 24, 1900, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
79The brief law read: "Exclusive jurisdiction shall be, and the same is hereby, ceded to the United States over and within all the territory that is now or may hereafter be included in that tract of land in the State of Washington set aside for the purposes of a national park and known as the Rainier National Park, saving, however, to the said State the right to serve civil or criminal process within the limits of the aforesaid park in suits or prosecutions for or on account of rights acquired, obligations incurred, or crimes committed in said State, but outside of said park; and saving further to the said State the right to tax persons and corporations, their franchises and property on the lands included in said park; Provided, however, This jurisdiction shall not vest until the United States, through the proper officer, notifies the governor of this State that they assume police or military jurisdiction over said park." Session laws, 1901. Chapter XCII (S.B. 231).
80Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.126.
81House 61st Cong., 3d sess., House Report No. 1978, "Jurisdiction Over Lands in Mount Rainier National Park, Etc.," 1911, pp.1-2; Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp.45-46.
8237 Stat. 699; Senate, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., Senate Report No. 825, "Jurisdiction Over Lands in Mount Rainier National Park," 1912, pp. 1-5; House, 62nd Cong., 3d sess., House Report No. 1480, "Jurisdiction Over Lands in Mount Rainier National Park," 1913, pp.1-5.
8339 Stat. 243; Congressional Record, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 1916, vol.53, pt.2, pp. 1485, 1543; pt.4, pp.3460,3842, 3979; pt.9, p.8485; pt.10, pp.9445-9446, 9858.
85John Ise, United States Forest Policy (New Haven, 1920), pp. 183-85.
86Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.122.
87Executive Committee Nineteenth Meeting, May 16, 1899, MHS, NPRC, Secretary, Minutes of Executive Committee Meetings; C.S. Mellen to J.W. Kendrick, June 15, 1899, MHS, NPRC, President, Outgoing Letters (letterbooks), vol.7; C.W. Bunn to W.J. Curtis, June 13, 1899, MHS, NPRC, Law Dept., C.W. Bunn Letterbooks.
88"Elliot Denies Humphrey Charge," uncited newspaper clipping in MHS, NPRC, President, President's Subject Files, File 60(1).
89Thomas Cooper (Land Commissioner) to Howard Elliot (President), September 19, 1910, MHS, NPRC, President, President's Subject Files, File 60(1).
90First Assistant Secretary to Commissioner of the General Land Office, January 9, 1912, NA, RG 79, Entry 4--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Chief Clerk, Box 1.
91Fimple to U.S. Surveyor General, June 17, 1903 and Fimple to Secretary of the Interior, November 27, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
92Superintendent's Annual Report in House, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 61st Cong., 2d sess., H. Doc. 107, 1909, p.465.
93Superintendent's Annual Report in House, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., H. Doc. 120, 1911, p.629.
94F.E. Matthes, "The Survey of Mount Rainier," The Mountaineer, vol.8 (1915), pp.61-66.
Chapter Six
1E.S. Bruce to Walter L. Fisher, April 25, 1911, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 3.
2John P. Hartman, "The Creation of Mount Rainier National Park," address delivered at the 37th Annual Convention of the Washington Good Roads Association, September 27-28, 1935, UW Suzzallo Library Special Collections.
3Binger Hermann (Commissioner, General Land Office) to Secretary of the Interior, February 16, 1900, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
4Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1907, p.581.
5Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.472.
6Erwin N. Thompson provides an excellent overview of the mines in Mount Rainier National Park Washington, Historic Resource Study, pp.105-40. I have tried to avoid duplicating that information.
7Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 59th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1906, p.677.
8Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1907, p.582.
9MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers.
10John Millis to A. Mackenzie, November 25, 1904, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38; Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.125.
11The law provided "That hereafter the location of mining claims under the mineral land laws of the United States is prohibited within the area of the Mt. Rainier National Park in the State of Washington; Provided, however, that this provision shall not affect existing rights heretofore acquired in good faith under the mineral land laws of the United States to any mining location or locations in said Mt. Rainier National Park" (35 Stat. 365).
12G.F. Allen to Commissioner, General Land Office, December 1,1904, NA. RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
13Eugene Ricksecker to John Millis, October 31, 1904, MORA, Folder 604.04 Mining; John Millis to A. Mackenzie, November 25, 1904, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
15J.M. Schmitz, Report on Mining Claim, December 21, 1904, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
16G.F. Allen to Commissioner, General Land Office, December 1, 1904, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
17Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 63rd Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 1009, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1913, p.771; Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 63rd Cong., 3rd sess., House Doc. No. 1475, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1914, p.779; Thompson, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Historic Resource Study, p.110.
18Arno B. Cammerer (Acting Director) to C.L. Nelson (Acting Superintendent), December 22, 1922, MORA, Folder 602.04 Eagle Peak Mining Company.
19E.S. Hall to Secretary of the Interior, March 18, 1913, MORA, Folder 609.02 Eagle Peak Mining Company.
20Horace M. Albright to D.L. Reaburn, November 16, 1917, MORA, Folder 609.05 Paradise Mining and Milling Company; Commissioner of the General Land Office to Secretary of the Interior, April 20, 1918, NA, RG 48, Central Classified Files, Box 1991, File 12-7.
21Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 3rd sess., House Doc. No. 1006, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1910, p.508.
22G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, June 2, 1909 and Frank Pierce to H.L. Hurd (acting superintendent), July 9,1909, MORA, Folder 609.04 Hephizibah Claims and Mill Site.
23Richard A. Ballinger to Commissioner, General Land Office, December 6, 1910, MORA, Folder 609.04 Hephizibah Claims and Mill Site.
24Thompson, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Historic Resource Study, pp.113-14.
25The company had an additional eight claims above Cataract Creek, but these remained practically undeveloped. Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1909, p.463.
26Thompson, Mount Rainier National Park. Washington. Historic Resource Study, p.114.
27Edward S. Hall to Secretary of the Interior, March 13, 1911, MORA, Folder 609.04 Washington Mining and Milling Company.
28Martinson, "Mountain in the Sky," p.43.
29Thompson, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Historic Resource Study, p.126.
30Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.470.
31Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1909, p.463.
32Thompson, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Historic Resource Study, p.127; Mount Rainier Mining Company permit, January 1, 1915 to January 1, 1916 (renewable), MORA, Folder 609.04 Mount Rainier Mining Company.
33Thomas E. O'Farrell to John J. Sheehan (Supervisor), March 26, 1915, MORA, Folder 609.04 Mount Rainier Mining Company. At the time, the eastern boundary of the park lay west of its present alignment along the summit of Crystal Mountain. The road entered the park at Boundary Post No.66, left the park again, and re-entered the park at Boundary Post No.62, where it crossed the White River.
34P.T. Storbo to Thomas E. O'Farrell, February 16, 1915, O'Farrell to John J. Sheehan, February 17, 1915, Sheehan to Storbo, undated, O'Farrell to Sheehan, February 27, 1915, Storbo to O'Farrell, November 22, 1915, D.L. Reaburn to Secretary of the Interior, December 9, 1915, Stephen T. Mather to Reaburn, December 16, 1915, Reaburn to R.B. Marshall, October 7, 1916, Marshall to Reaburn, October 16, 1916, Storbo to Reaburn, November 2, 1916, Reaburn to Marshall, November 4, 1916, MORA, Folder 609.04 Mount Rainier Mining Company.
35Thompson, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Historic Resource Study, pp.130-31.
36"Electric Power from Mount Rainier," The Review of Reviews, vol.28, no.2 (August 1903), pp.206-08.
37Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.126.
38David Neal Keller, Stone & Webster. 1889-1989: A Century of Integrity and Service (New York, 1989), p.67.
39B.S. Grosscup to A.G. Foster, June 23, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
40Thomas Ryan (Acting Secretary) to Mt. Tacoma Water Supply Company, July 8, 1903, and E.A. Hitchcock to Mt. Tacoma Water Supply Company, March 24, 1904, NA, RG 79, Entry I--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
41G.F. Allen to Commissioner of the General Land Office, September 17, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
42Alfred B. Conrad, "Report on Mining Claim," September 15, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
43G.F. Allen to Commissioner of the General Land Office, September 17, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
44Alfred B. Conrad to G.F. Allen, November 30, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
45J.W. Browne to E.A. Hitchcock, April 8,1904, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
46J.W. Browne to E.A. Hitchcock, November 11, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
47Louis Campbell to E.A. Hitchcock, November 13, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
48Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, pp.78-81.
49A.G. Foster to E.A. Hitchcock, February 6,1904, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
50E.A. Hitchcock to Mt. Tacoma Water Supply Company, March 24, 1904, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38. Emphasis in original.
51G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, May 23, 1907, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
52W.F. Lamson to Senator Poindexter, May 1, 1915, UW, Miles Poindexter Papers, Accession 3828, Box 420, Folder 1909-23 Correspondence re: Public Affairs.
53Pierce County Women's Democratic League to Franklin K. Lane, May 26, 1915, UW, Miles Poindexter Papers, Accession 3828, Box 132, Folder 9.
54Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 59th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1906, p. 679.
55Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1909, p.460.
56Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 63rd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1475, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1914, p.777.
57Superintendent's Annual Report in 59th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1906, p.679.
58NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 134, File 12-7-2 Construction Roads and Trails Part I.
59Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 58th Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1904, p.439.
60Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1907, pp.581-82.
61Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 59th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1906, p.679; Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1907, p.582.
62Ethan Allen to Secretary of the Interior, June 9,1913, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 3.
63Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1907, p.582.
64G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, November 10, 1908, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
65Frank Pierce to G.F. Allen, November 27, 1908, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
66Hiram Chittenden to A. Mackenzie, July 30, 1906, MORA, Folder H18 Eugene Ricksecker Papers. In his annual report for 1909, G.F. Allen described the results of this logging operation. "It is to be regretted that no means have been found to dispose of the brush and refuse which resulted from clearing the roadbed. From the park boundary to Longmire Springs, rotten wood, logs, brush, and stumps are piled on either side. Apart from the unsightly appearance presented, this litter is a great source of fire danger." Superintendent's Annual Report in House 61st Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1909, p.461.
67G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, May 17, 1909, Clement S. Ucker to Mr. Carr, September 8, 1909 and G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, December 27, 1909, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
68L.A. Nelson and J.A. McCormick to Board of Directors, Mountaineers, May 20, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
69Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1909, p.460.
70Edward S. Hall to Secretary of the Interior, May 23, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
71L.A. Nelson and J.A. McCormick to Board of Directors, The Mountaineers, May 20, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
72Eugene Ricksecker to C.W. Kutz, May 14, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
73Edward W. Dixon to Secretary of the Interior, June 28, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
74Clement S. Ucker to Secretary of the Interior, July 8, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
75Secretary of the Interior to Clement S. Ucker, September 13, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
76Eugene Ricksecker to C.W. Kutz, May 14, 1910, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7-19 Part 2.
77Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 59th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1906, p.679.
79Regulations Governing Mount Rainier National Park. August 1, 1903.
80As late as 1909, the Mountaineers requested troops for Mount Rainier National Park to assist the park rangers in preventing forest fires, poaching of game, etc. R.A. Ballinger to Charles M. Farrar, November 22, 1909, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals 12-7-5 Part 1.
81Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, p.469.
82G.F. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, March 25, 1906, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
83G.F. Allen to William E. Colby, April 15, 1905, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
84E.S. Ingraham to Ethan Allen, May 4, 1914, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 138, File 12-7-4 Rules and Regulations.
85Lewis G. Laylin to ES. Ingraham, May 19, 1914, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 138, File 12-7-4 Rules and Regulations.
87Quoted in Martinson, "Mount Rainier National Park: First Years," pp.27-28.
88Ibid. The superintendent's annual reports also minimize this threat to the park. For example, G.F. Allen wrote in 1908: "The summit of the Cascades beyond the park is an open country and easily traveled, and is utilized for sheep pasturage. This stock is grazed under permit from the Department of Agriculture and the number and location of the bands are known to the rangers. There is no difficulty in keeping the sheep from crossing the park line." Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," p.468.
89Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 59th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1906, p.678.
90Edward T. Allen to Secretary of the Interior, March 11, 1903, NA, RG 79, Entry 1--Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Box 38.
91Stephen T. Mather to Roger W. Toll, March 16, 1920, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals. Mather's comments are revealing: "Against the argument that the creation of such game preserves [on the border of Mount Rainier National Park] would reduce available hunting grounds may be adduced the argument that by proper game protection the over-flow from the game preserves into the surrounding country will create far better hunting than exists under present methods. These facts, however, you are as well acquainted with as I am."
92McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.128.
93Eugene Ricksecker to J.R. Garfield, October 18, 1907, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals 12-7-5 (part 1).
94Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 60th Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1908, pp.469-70. Eugene Ricksecker described how destructive this method of hunting could be: "The game laws of Washington permit hunting with dogs and allow each individual to kill 4 deer per year. A party is organized goes into the mountains and the sport begins. When the allotment for the entire party is killed new recruits are added to the party and the sport continues to the new limit. The crack shots bag the game, the recruits perhaps not even leaving the camp." Eugene Ricksecker's annual report excerpted and enclosed in Hiram Chittenden to Chief of Engineers, June 30, 1908, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals 12-7-5 Part 1.
95Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 61st Cong., 2d sess.. House Doc. No. 107, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1909, p.465.
96Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 58th Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 5, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1904, p.440.
97Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 63rd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1475, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1914, p.780. Also see G.F. Allen to the Secretary of the Interior, March 9, 1909, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 138, File 12-7-4 Rules and Regulations.
98Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 64th Cong., 1st sess., House Doc. No. 90, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1915, p.966.
99Thomas R. Dunlap, "Wildlife, Science, and the National Parks, 1920-1940," Pacific Historical Review, vol.59, no.2 (May 1990), p.189.
100Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 62nd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 933, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1912, p.697.
101Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 63rd Cong., 3d sess., House Doc. No. 1475, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1914, p.780.
102Stephen T. Mather to John J. Sheehan, January 28, 1915, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals 12-7-5.
103Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 62nd Cong., 2d sess., House Doc. No.120, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1911, p.629.
104Governor Ernest Lister et al. to Miles Poindexter, January 9, 1913, NA, RG 22, Entry 162--Bureau of Biological Survey General Correspondence, 1890-1956, Box 228, File R2-NP 1910-24.
105Olaus J. Murie, "The Roosevelt Elk," American Forests, vol.42, no.4 (April 1936), p.164.
106Clement S. Ucker to Secretary of Agriculture, February 27, 1913, NA, RG 22, Entry 162--Bureau of the Biological Survey, General Correspondence, 1890-1956, Box 228, File R2-NP 1910-24.
107Clement S. Ucker to Secretary of Agriculture, February 27, 1913, and Governor Ernest Lister et al. to Miles Poindexter, January 9, 1913, NA, RG 22, Entry 162--Bureau of the Biological Survey, General Correspondence, 1890-1956, Box 228, File R2-NP 1910-24.
108W.P. Bradley, "History, Ecology and Management of an Introduced Wapiti Population in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," PhD thesis, University of Washington, 1982, p.23.
109Superintendent's Annual Report in House, 63rd Cong., 3d sess,. House Doc. No. 1475, "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior," 1914, p.780.
110John B. Burnham (AGPPA) to T.S. Palmer (BBS), April 25, 1912 and Palmer to Burnham, April 29, 1912, NA, RG 22, Entry 162--Bureau of the Biological Survey, General Correspondence, 1890-1956, Box 228, File R2-NP 1910-24.
111Senator W.L. Jones to Governor Ernest Lister, February 27 and March 3, 1913, Lister to Jones, March 7,1913, OLYM, Governor Ernest Lister Papers, Box 2H-2-74.
Chapter Seven
1Donald C. Swain, "The Passage of the National Park Service Act of 1916," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol.50, no.1 (Autumn 1966), pp.4-17.
2Quoted in Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, p.7.
3Horace M. Albright, "Research in the National Parks," The Scientific Monthly, vol.36 (June 1933), p.485.
4Quoted in Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, p.247.
5To avoid confusion, D.L. Reaburn's title is given in this text as superintendent, though he was technically Supervisor Reaburn during 1915-16.
6"Guardian of our National Parks," (unidentified newspaper clipping), January 19, 1924, MORA, Folder H18.
7For a list of early park rangers and their years of service, see McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.108.
8Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, pp.139-40.
9Ibid; Department of the Interior, Report of the Superintendent of National Parks, 1916, pp.13-14.
10C.L. Nelson to George E. Goodwin, September 1, 1922, NA, RG 79, Entry 22--Records of the Branch of Engineering, General Records of Engineering Division 1917 to 1926, Box 15, File Administration Mt. Rainier.
11Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1922, p.123.
12Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1929, p.108.
13Press release, July 24, 1929, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 389, File 801-01 Part I Accidents. Press clippings and correspondence relating to this incident are contained in MORA, Folder A 7623, Accidents, Injuries, Deaths.
14O.A. Tomlinson to Director, April 26, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 389, File 801-01 Part I Accidents.
15Charles P. Punchard, Jr. to the Director, June 9, 1919, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 131, File 12-7 Part 4 (1915-1925). Punchard's eight-page report is a good description of park conditions in 1919. Mather was especially responsive to Punchard's suggestion that borrow pits along the side of the road should be concealed from view and that the messy appearance of Longmire needed attention. Mather to Punchard, June 19, 1919, same file.
16Linda Flint McClelland, Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service: 1916 to 1942, National Park Service, 1993, p.82.
17Ibid, p.116; Norman T. Newton, Design on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture (Cambridge, 1971), pp.534-35.
18Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People (Norman, 1980), p.60.
19Shankland Steve Mather of the National Parks, pp.156-57.
20Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1929, p.112.
21Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1921, p.213; H.B. Hommon, "Report on Sanitation at Mount Rainier National Park," October 14, 1922, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 138, Folder Sanitation Part 1.
22Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1929, p.113.
23Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, p.253.
24Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1930, pp.131-34.
25Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1924, p.48 and 1925, p.34.
26Quoted in Thompson, Historic Resource Study: Mount Rainier National Park, p.156.
27O.A. Tomlinson to Director, January 7,1926, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 133.
28Edward S. Hall to Secretary of the Interior, June 9, 1913, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 138, File 12-7 Telephone & Telegraph Service.
29Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1921, p.214.
30Stephen Mather to David Whitcomb, February 26, 1920, Superintendent to Frederick R. Conway (U.S. Assistant Attorney General), April 9, 1920, Roger W. Toll to Director, June 4,1920, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 139, File 12-7; Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1925, p.102.
31Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1929, p.113.
32C. Frank Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," Journal of Forest History, vol.22, no.1 (January 1978), pp.25-26.
33Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, p.34.
34Laurence F. Schmeckebier, "The National Parks from the Scientific and Educational Side," Popular Science Monthly, vol.30 (June 1912), p.547.
35Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, pp.18-19.
36Stephen T. Mather to EW. Nelson, December 11, 1918 and Nelson to Mather, January 21, 1919, NA, RG 22, Entry 162--Bureau of Biological Survey General Correspondence, 1890-1956, Box 228, File R2-NP 1910-24.
37Our Greatest Mountain was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons.
38Floyd W. Schmoe, interview by author, May 19, 1994.
39Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p.38.
40Department of the Interior, Report of the Superintendent of the National Parks, 1916, p.58.
41"A History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1917.
42Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, p.58.
43Ibid; Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p.28.
44McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.177.
45Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1922, p.124.
46Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1923, p.139.
47Ibid; Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1924, p.115; McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.178.
48Floyd W. Schmoe, interview with author, May 19,1994.
49McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.178.
50For a comparison with the original layout, see the photograph in Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p.38.
51McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, pp.179-80.
52Franklin K. Lane to Stephen T. Mather, May 13, 1918, quoted in Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, p.69. This document, known as the "Lane letter," was written by Mather to amplify the mission statement in the NPS's organic act.
53J.N. Clarke and D. McCool, Staking out the Terrain: Power Differentials among Natural Resource Management Agencies, (Albany, 1985), p.5.
54Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, pp.23-24.
56Albright relates his involvement in The Birth of the National Park Service, pp.59-60. He was acting director at the time, due to Mather's illness.
57E.F. Benson to D.L. Reaburn, October 16, 1917, MORA, File L3019 Grazing.
58Horace M. Albright to E.F. Benson, October 23, 1917, MORA, File L3019 Grazing.
59Unidentified clipping in MORA, Folder L3019 Grazing.
60Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, p.25.
61Quoted in Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, p.24.
62Joseph J. Cotter to D.L. Reaburn, March 26, 1917, and Stephen T. Mather to D.L. Reaburn, November 20, 1917, MORA, File L3019 Grazing.
63Stephen T. Mather to D.L. Reaburn, December 15, 1917, MORA, File L3019 Grazing.
64McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.138.
65Arno B. Cammerer to O.A. Tomlinson, September 26, 1923, and William Spry to Register, January 17, 1927, MORA, Folder 609.04 Mining.
66Chronological Summary of the Mining Claims in Glacier Basin and of the Mount Rainier Mining Company, 1898-1966, MORA, Library.
67Margaret E. Ellis, "Mount Rainier, free and clear," Courier: The National Park Service Newsletter, vol.29, no.8 (August 1984), pp.1-2. The total purchase price was $55,800.
68John D. Coffman, "1930 Report on Forest Protection Requirements of Mount Rainier National Park," MORA, pp.3-4.
71McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.146.
72Coffman, "1930 Report on Forest Protection Requirements of Mount Rainier National Park," MORA, p.5.
73McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.147.
74O.A. Tomlinson, "Annual Report, 1931," MORA.
75Coffman, "1930 Report on Forest Protection Requirements of Mount Rainier National Park," MORA, p.5.
76McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, pp.146-47.
77Coffman, "1930 Report on Forest Protection Requirements of Mount Rainier National Park," p.6.
78Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1930, p.131; Albright, "Research in the National Parks," p.499.
79Herman E. Swanson, "White Pine Blister Rust Control in the Inland Empire," undated, unidentified excerpt, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, Box 87, Folder 0.1 Conferences 1/1/49-1/1/51 Part II.
80Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1930, p.131.
81John D. Coffman, "Report on Forest Protection Requirements of Mount Rainier National Park," May 19, 1930, MORA.
82Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1930, p.131.
83Albright, "Research in the National Parks," pp.492-93.
84McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.130; D.L. Reaburn to Director, December 4, 1917, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 134, File 12-7 Part 1 Parks, Reservations and Antiquities.
85Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1923, p.139.
86Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1924, p.115 and 1925, p.101.
87O.A. Tomlinson to Director, November 10, 1930, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 388, File 714 Mt. Rainier Fishes 1926-30.
88Henry O'Malley to Stephen T. Mather, May 10, 1928, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 388, File 714 Mt. Rainier Fishes 1926-30.
89Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1929, p.109.
90O.A. Tomlinson to Director, November 10, 1930, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 388, File 714 Mt. Rainier Fishes 1926-30.
91O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report 1932, MORA, File Superintendents' Annual Reports.
92O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report 1933, MORA, Superintendent's Annual Reports.
93Quoted in R. Gerald Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, p.38.
94Superintendent to the Director, March 3, 1921, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 132, File Monthly Superintendents Reports.
95Stanley G. Jewett to W.B. Bell, August 9, 1920, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals.
96Superintendent's Annual Report, 1926, p.112.
97Superintendent's Annual Report, 1929, p.110.
98Superintendent to Director, January 31 and March 8, 1920, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals.
99Acting Superintendent to County Game Commissioner, June 20, 1923, NA, RG 79, Central Files, Box 140, File Wild Animals.
Chapter Eight
1Notes for Mr. Sceva on Mount Rainier National Park Development, November 3, 1929, MORA, File D34 Buildings.
2John B. Rae, The Road and the Car in American Life (Cambridge, 1971), pp.36-39.
3Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1920), p.37.
4T.H. Martin to W.G. Oves (Spokane Chamber of Commerce), December 18, 1925, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 3, Folder 9.
5According to Shankland (p.157), officials in the Bureau of Public Roads convinced Mather in the summer of 1925, when he was visiting the proposed Grand Teton addition to Yellowstone, that their organization was uniquely equipped to build state-of-the-art mountain roads for automobile touring. However, by that time Mather had already authorized negotiations between the NPS and the Bureau of Public Roads concerning the relocation of the West Side Road in Mount Rainier. See C.R. Short, "Location Survey Report on West Side Highway," NA, RG 79, Entry 26--Records of the Branch of Engineering, Road Survey Reports 1925-1939, Box 3, File Location Survey Reports.
6Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1924, p.14.
7O.A. Tomlinson to Asahel Curtis, September 12, 1924, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 2, Folder 26.
8Superintendent Reaburn described a variant of this system in 1916: "It is operated on a one-way schedule, by which automobiles leave Nisqually Glacier and Paradise on each hour, passing at Narada Falls on the half hour. This traffic is controlled by three park rangers in telephone communication." Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1916, p.54.
9Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1920, pp.132-33. The checking system was also expensive, costing the government about $2,100 annually. W.H. Peters to Director, June 9, 1922, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 2, Folder 4.
10Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1921, p.77.
11Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1923, p.62, and 1924, p.46.
12Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Mount Rainier National Park, 1981, p.198.
13Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1919, p.80; Thompson, Historic Resource Study: Mount Rainier National Park, p.204. The 1915 survey was by Engineer J.G. Morgan and followed the south bank of the Carbon to Cataract Creek. The grade varied from 2.5 percent at the lower end to 6 percent at the upper end. Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1916, pp.54-55.
14Asahel Curtis to T.H. Martin, February 16, 1921, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 35.
15Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1921, p.78.
16J.G. Woodworth to Stephen T. Mather, May 3, 1921, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 37.
17Asahel Curtis to Arno B. Cammerer, April 15, 1925, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 2, Folder 34.
18Department of the Interior, Report of the Superintendent of National Parks, 1916, p.54.
19E.A. Mills, History of East Side Construction and Development in Mount Rainier, open-file report, National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Regional Office, 1976, p.5.
20Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1922, p.54.
21Stephen T. Mather to Asahel Curtis, February 19, 1921, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 35.
22As late as 1922 or 1923, Asahel Curtis still argued that the road could be built through Ipsut Pass, using a tunnel to reduce the problem of snow removal. Superintendent Peters thought Spray Park and Cataract Creek held promise as an alternative. To Curtis's admonition that this route would pose too big a problem of snow removal, Peters suggested that the projected advances in snow removal equipment over the next few years would make the route feasible. W.H. Peters to George E. Goodwin, no date, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 2, Folder 8.
23See Thompson's discussion of the "Around-the-Mountain Road" in Historic Resource Study: Mount Rainier National Park, pp.202-04.
24W.H. Peters to Director, June 9, 1922, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 2, Folder 4.
25Stephen T. Mather to Asahel Curtis, February 19, 192 1, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 1, Folder 35.
26Asahel Curtis to Horace M. Albright, August 13, 1925, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 2, Folder 38.
27Horace M. Albright to Asahel Curtis, August 26, 1925, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 2, Folder 39.
28C.R. Short, "Location Survey Report on West Side Highway," NA, RG 79, Entry 26--Records of the Branch of Engineering Road Survey Reports, 1925-1939, Box 3, File Location Survey Reports.
29Asahel Curtis to Stephen T. Mather, October 22, 1925, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 3, Folder 4.
30C.R. Short, "Location Survey Report on West Side Highway," NA, RG 79, Entry 26--Records of the Branch of Engineering Road Survey Reports, 1925-1939, Box 3, File Location Survey Reports.
31Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1929, p.114.
32Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1925, p.33.
33Linda Flint McClelland, Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service. 1916 to 1942 (National Park Service, 1993), p.125.
34Department of the Interior. Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1930, p.136.
35A reconnaissance survey was made in October 1926 by C.R. Short of the Bureau of Public Roads and E.A. Davidson, assistant landscape engineer with the NPS. This appears to have been Davidson's introduction to Mount Rainier National Park. While Davidson would come to oppose the "high line" route within a few years, he concluded his report in 1926 this way: "By keeping to a rather high elevation throughout the routes much better grades can be had, engineering costs will be no more, and the landscape value will be very greatly increased. I have traveled over many of the famous scenic drives of the West, and I can say that should this road be put thru it will excell them all. It's a world beater! There is no comparison with our new West Side Highway, wonderful as that will be." E.A. Davidson, "Report for Landscape Division on Proposed Highway Connecting Nisqually Road and Naches Pass State Highway," [1926], UW, Preston Macy Papers, Box 1, Folder 1.
36J.B. Reher, "Preliminary Investigation Report on Stevens Canyon Highway, Paradise Valley to Cayuse Pass," [1928], NA, RG 79, Entry 26--Records of the Branch of Engineering Road Survey Reports 1925-1939, Box 3. One proposed route went up Muddy Fork to Cowlitz Park, the other two made various approaches from Nickel Creek up to St. Jacobs Lake, near the summit of Cowlitz Divide and then along Cowlitz Divide to Indian Bar. Here the proposed route continued around the head of Boulder Creek, through a saddle between Double Peak and Cowlitz Chimneys, down Needle Creek, up Boundary Creek, and finally through a small saddle to Cayuse Pass.
37R.N. Kellogg, "Reconnaissance Reports and Preliminary Estimates Route 4, Muddy Fork to East Side Highway," 1931, NA, RG 79, Entry 26--Records of the Branch of Engineering Road Survey Reports 1925-1939, Box 3.
38O.A. Tomlinson to Asahel Curtis, July 24, 1930, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 8, Folder 1.
39On the overall choice between the High Line and the Muddy Fork-Ohanapecosh route from a landscape point of view, see Ernest A. Davidson to Thomas C. Vint, January 8, 1930, MORA, Folder 602 Boundaries.
40R.N. Kellogg, "Report of Reconnaissance and Location Surveys Paradise Scenic Route," [1927], NA, RG 79, Entry 26--Records of the Branch of Engineering Road Survey Reports 1925-1939, Box 3.
41R.N. Kellogg, "Report of Reconnaissance and Location Surveys Paradise Scenic Route," [1927], NA, RG 79, Entry 26--Records of the Branch of Engineering Road Survey Reports 1925-1939, Box 3.
42T.H. Martin to Asahel Curtis, January 10, 1928, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 5, Folder 1.
43H.A. Rhodes to Stephen T. Mather, September 6, 1928, MORA, Concessions, Folder Aerial Tram.
44Thompson, Historic Resource Study: Mount Rainier National Park, p.200. Superintendent Tomlinson's last proposal for this road may be found in Tomlinson to Horace M. Albright, August 31, 1931, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Box I, Folder 1.
45O.A. Tomlinson to Director, June 11, 1928, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 382, File 601 Part 7 Mt. Rainier-Lands-General.
46A.E. Demaray to O.A. Tomlinson, July 10, 1928, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 382, File 601 Part 7 Mt. Rainier-Lands-General.
47O.A. Tomlinson to Director, July 17, 1928, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 382, File 601 Part 7 Mount Rainier-Lands-General.
48Arno B. Cammerer to Superintendent, August 18, 1928, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 382, File 601 Part 7 Mount Rainier-Lands-General.
49Ethan Allen to G.F. Allen, September 8, 1913, MORA, Folder 602 Boundaries.
50Hal K. Rothman, "'A Regular Ding-Dong Fight': Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS-USFS Dispute, 1916-1937," Western Historical Quarterly, vol.20, no.2 (May 1989), p.153.
51O.A. Tomlinson to Stephen T. Mather, April 9, 1925, MORA, Folder 602 Boundaries.
52Congress, Senate, Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, Revising Boundaries of Yellowstone, Grand Canyon. Mount Rainier, Rocky Mountain, and Sequoia National Parks and the Establishment of Shenandoah, Great Smoky Mountain. and Mammoth Cave National Parks, 69th Cong., 1st sess., 1926, p.2. Also see Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.275.
53O.A. Tomlinson to Director, January 4 and 7, 1926 and Memorandum for Files, MORA, Folder 602 Boundaries.
54Congressional Record, 69th Cong., 1st sess., 1926, vol.67, pt.10, p.11459; Congress, Senate, Mount Rainier National Park, S.Rept. 817, 69th Cong., 1st sess., pp.1-2.
55Horace M. Albright to R.Y. Stuart, July 24, 1930, MORA, Folder 602 Boundaries.
5646 Stat. 1047. As a consequence, the park administration would maintain an entrance station on the White River Road where visitors had entered the park prior to the boundary extension, and eventually the NPS would add another entrance station at the junction of the Stevens Canyon Road and the Eastside Road near Ohanapecosh. There would be occasion in the future for referring back to this law when questions about road maintenance and jurisdiction arose.
57Thomas Cox, The Park Builders...get cite.
58Memorandum by R.W. Clark, July 19, 1928, J.M. Hughes to G.H. Plummer, July 23, 1928, and Plummer to Charles Donnelly, July 23, 1928, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60(1).
59Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, p.284; Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, p...get cite.
60Herbert Evison to John Hays Hammond, February 5, 1930, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 7, Folder 7.
61Herbert Evison to Asahel Curtis, January 24, 1930, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 7, Folder 7.
62Herbert Evison to John Hays Hammond, February 5, 1930, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 7, Folder 7.
63Robert N. McIntyre, "Chronological History of the Mather Memorial Parkway," September 12, 1952, MORA, Folder D30.
64Asahel Curtis to L.F. Kneipp, May 14, 1930, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 7, Folder 25.
65Robert N. McIntyre, "Chronological History of the Mather Memorial Parkway," September 12, 1952. MORA, Folder D30.
66Asahel Curtis to Jane Mather, July 5, 1932, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 9, Folder 30.
Chapter Nine
1Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, p.78.
2Anonymous, "A History of the Organization, Operation, Activities and Aspirations of the Rainier National Park Company, Incorporated," undated, unpaginated manuscript given to Arthur D. Martinson by Paul H. Sceva and filed in the Nisqually Room of Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma. Hereafter cited as "A History of the Rainier National Park Company." Note: this 153-page manuscript is presented in the form of narrative annual reports, but it appears to have been compiled and written by one author in the early 1960s. The original sources on which it is based have not been found.
3Joseph L. Sax, Mountains Without Handrails: Reflections on the National Parks (Ann Arbor, 1980), p.108.
4Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1925), pp.1-2.
5Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, pp. 120-21.
6"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1919.
7"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1916.
8R.B. Marshall to D.L. Reaburn, April 26, 1916, MORA, Concessions, File 920-02 Rainier National Park Company contracts. The RNPC's protection from competition was in the form of an understanding. It was actually written into the contract when the contract was renewed in 1928.
9"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1916.
10T.H. Martin to D.L. Reaburn, November 27, 1917, MORA, File D34 Buildings; "History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1916.
11"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1918.
12"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1919, 1920.
13Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, (Washington, 1920), p.130.
14Stephen T. Mather to Roger W. Toll, March 19, 1920, MORA, File D34 Buildings.
15Superintendent to Director, September 11, 1920, MORA, File H2615 Superintendent's Monthly Reports.
16"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1916, 1917.
17D.L. Reaburn to Horace M. Albright, September 19, 1918, MORA, Concessions, Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
18James Hughes to Chester Thorne, June 26, 1916, MORA, File D34 Buildings.
19"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1916, 1918.
20Superintendent to Director, July 5, 1918, MORA, File H2615 Superintendent's Monthly Reports.
21"A History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1918.
22Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1920), p.130.
23"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1916, 1918.
24NPS Chief Landscape Engineer Charles P. Punchard, Jr. described the unsightly conditions at Longmire in detail in Punchard to Mather, June 9, 1919, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 131, File 12-7 Part 4.
25"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1922.
26Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1921), p.222.
27Arno B. Cammerer to George W. McCoy (Hygienic Lab), September 15, 1920, A.M. Stimson (Public Health Service) to Cammerer, September 29, 1920, McCoy to Cammerer, March 21, 1921, Cammerer to Dr. William P. Parks (Superintendent, Hot Springs Reservation), March 26, 1921, Parks to Director, April 8, 1921, Cammerer to W.H. Peters, April 12, 1921, Peters to Director, November 4,1921, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 140, File Water Analysis 12-7 Part 1.
28Dee Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier (Seattle, 1979), p.289.
29Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, (Washington, 1919, 1920, 1921), pp.78, 134, 80.
30Floyd Schmoe, A Year in Paradise (Seattle, 1959), p.104.
31D.R. Hull to Director, October 29, 1920, NA, RG 79, Entry 22--Records of the Branch of Engineering, General Records of Engineering Division 1917-1926, Box 15, File Administration Mt. Rainier.
32"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1916.
33Asahel Curtis to Walter H. Van Zwoll, March 1, 1922, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 2, File 1.
34Constitution and By Laws, no date, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
35"Mount Rainier National Park Co-Operative Camps Run at Cost," July 10, 1917, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
36Anna Louise Strong, Plans made by Camp Seattle for camps on Rainier, 1917, UW, Irving M. Clark Papers, Accession...
37"Mount Rainier National Park Co-Operative Camps Run at Cost," July 10, 1917, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
38"Mount Rainier National Park Co-Operative Camps Run at Cost," July 10, 1917, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
39Stephen Mather to D.L. Reaburn, December 21, 1917, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
40Anna Louise Strong to D.L. Reaburn, December 17, 1917, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
41Anna Louise Strong to D.L. Reaburn, August 18, 1918, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
42D.L. Reaburn to Anna L. Strong, September 17, 1918, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
43Superintendent to Horace M. Albright, September 19, 1918, MORA, Concessions, Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
44The Mountaineers, Inc., The Administration of the National Parks (Seattle, 1922), p.7. John Barton Payne to Hugh M. Caldwell, December 16, 1920, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1991, File 12-7.
45Arno B. Cammerer to Norman Huber, July 13, 1921, MORA, Concessions, Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
46W.H. Peters to Director, July 21, 1921, MORA, Concessions, Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
47The cooperative camp tallied 284 guests, 209 of whom stayed a full week, while the White River Camp tallied 625 guests, nearly all of whom stayed only one night. W.H. Peters to the Director, April 7, 1922, MORA, Concessions, Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
48W.H. Peters to the Director, April 7, 1922, MORA, Concessions, Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
49W.H. Peters to Director, April 7, 1922, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
50Arno B. Cammerer to C.L. Nelson, July 14 and 18, 1922, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
51Arno B. Cammerer to C.L. Nelson, July 14, 1922, MORA, Concessions, File Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
52Playground and Recreation Association of America, Camping Out: A Manual on Organized Camping (New York, 1924), pp.1-20.
53Perhaps some people of this category were able to equip themselves and make their own way to the Longmire campground. Superintendent Tomlinson noted in his annual report for 1923 (p.138), "Those who desire to camp several weeks frequently choose the campground at Longmire, where the facilities are more adequate." The free public campgrounds in the national parks and forests would attract thousands of poor and unemployed people during the Depression years.
54The Mountaineers, The Administration of the National Parks (Seattle, 1922), p.2.
58Special Meeting, Board of Trustees, December 13 and 20, 1922, UW, The Mountaineers Papers, Acc. 1984-3, Mountaineers Minute Books, Roll 2; "A History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1922.
59Arno B. Cammerer to Edmund S. Meany, January 19, 1923, MORA, Concessions, Cooperative Campers of the Pacific Northwest.
60Regular Monthly Meeting, March 8, 1923, UW, The Mountaineers Papers, Acc. 1984-3, Mountaineers Minute Books, Roll 2; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February 20, 1923.
61Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1924), p.46.
62Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Superintendent of National Parks (Washington, 1916), p.15.
63Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1918), p.57. The report noted a fourth, unimproved campground at Van Trump Park. This presumably referred to a road construction camp near the Nisqually River, known as Van Trump Camp.
65Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1920), p.133.
66H.B. Hammon, Report on Sanitation at Mount Rainier National Park, October 14, 1922, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 138, File Sanitation Part 1; Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1921), p.213.
67Arno Cammerer to George E. Goodwin, May 22, 1923, NA, RG 79, Entry 22--Records of the Branch of Engineering, General Records of the Engineering Division 1917-1926, Box 16, File Administration.
68Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1923), pp.61, 138.
69Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1925), p.100.
70Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1925), p.99.
71Annual Visitation, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 110, File 857 Rainier Value--Tourist Travel.
72Number of Visitors by Railroad and Total, 1923-28, MORA, Concessions, File C3823 Rainier National Park Company.
73Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, p.147.
74Annual Report of the General Manager, October 15, 1926, MORA, Concessions, File C2621.
75Anonymous, "Sceva Expresses Park Co. Viewpoint," Washington Sportsman, vol.3, no.9 (November 1937), p.7.
76D.L. Reaburn to Director, July 7, 1917, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 132, File Superintendent's Monthly Reports; "History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1921. Similarly, in June 1929, when the new Paradise Lodge opened one week before the road was opened, the RNPC conveyed visitors' luggage from Narada Falls to Paradise Valley via dog sled, while visitors had to walk the remaining distance over the snow. T.H. Martin to Transportation Department, June 19, 1929, MORA, File D30 Associated Improvement Clubs of the South End.
77Schmoe, A Year in Paradise, pp.77-79.
78David Whitcomb to H.M. Albright, April 21, 1921, Albright to Stephen T. Mather, May 7, 1921, Mather to W.H. Peters, May 10 and May 23, 1921, Arno B. Cammerer to Peters, June 14, 1921, Peters to Mather, July 9 and July 15, 1921, Cammerer to Albright, July 18, 1921, Albright to Mather, July 27, 1921, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 134, File 12-7 Part 1 Mt. Rainier Roads.
79W.H. Peters to Director, June 13, 1921, NA, RG 79, Entry 6--Central Files, Box 132, File Superintendent's Monthly Reports.
80Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1924), pp.45-46, 116; Owen A. Tomlinson, "Development of our National Park," The Mountaineer, vol.17, no.1 (December 1924), p.45.
81A.E. Demaray to Secretary of the Interior, October 28, 1927, NA, RG 48, Central Classified Files, Box 1991, File 12-7.
82"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1925, 1929.
83T.H. Martin to Owen A. Tomlinson, July 23, 1924 and Tomlinson to Director, July 24, 1924, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 394, File 900.05 Part 1.
84T.H. Martin to Owen A. Tomlinson, January 21, 1928, MORA, Concessions, File Aerial Tram.
85H.A. Rhodes to Director, March 7, 1928, MORA, Concessions, File 920.02 R.N.P. Co. Contract.
86T.C. Vint to O.A. Tomlinson, April 13, 1928 and Stephen T. Mather to O.A. Tomlinson, April 21, 1928, MORA, File D34 Buildings; Tomlinson to Director, July 20, 1928, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 394, File 900.05 Part I.
87Stephen T. Mather to Superintendent, August 23, 1928, NA, RG 79, Central Classified Files, Box 394, File 900.05 Part II.
88O.A. Tomlinson to Asahel Curtis, January 24, 1929, MORA, Concessions, File Aerial Tram.
89Horace M. Albright to Files, March 8, 1929, MORA, Concessions, File Aerial Tramway.
90A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, January 29, 1929, MORA, Concessions, File Aerial Tram.
91Christine Hermans (Secretary of the Tacoma Mountaineers) to P.H. Sceva (RNPC), March 25, 1929, MORA, Concessions, File Aerial Tram.
92Superintendent to Director, May 14, 1929, MORA, Concessions, File Aerial Tram.
93Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1929), p.114.
94Arno B. Cammerer to Assistant Director (Field), June 27, 1927, MORA, Concessions, File 920.02 RNPC Contracts; Horace M. Albright to O.A. Tomlinson, August 13, 1927, MORA, Concessions, File C34 RNPC--1927.
95The 18-page contract is contained in MORA, Concessions, File 920.02 RNPC Contract and Supplemental Agreements. The contract references the act of Congress on page 15, and RNPC President Rhodes alludes to the act in Rhodes to Director, March 7, 1928, same file.
96Thom C. Vint to O.A. Tomlinson, April 13, 1928, MORA, File D34 Buildings.
97Stephen T. Mather to O.A. Tomlinson, April 21, 1928, same file.
98Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People (University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), p.60.
99Memorandum, July 19, 1928, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60(1). The meeting is described in R.W. Clark to Charles Donnelly, July 23, 1928, and reviewed in E.M. Willis to B.W. Scandrett, November 14, 1934, same file.
100"History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1929; Memorandum of Portland Conference, February 10, 1929, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
101Horace M. Albright to Charles Donnelly, April 4, 1929, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
102C.R. Gray to Charles Donnelly, June 11,1929 and Ralph Budd to Donnelly, June 10, 1929, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
103H.A. Noble, "Report on Operations and Proposed Developments of Rainier National Park," 1929, MHS, Great Northern Railway Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 12824 Mt. Rainier National Park; Memorandum by B.W. Scandrett, January 3, 1930, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
104Charles Donnelly to Horace M. Albright, October 1, 1931, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
105The history of the railroads' financial involvement in the RNPC is summarized in E.M. Willis to Scandrett, November 14, 1934, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
106Stephen T. Mather to O.A. Tomlinson, April 21, 1928, MORA, File D34 Buildings.
107T.C. Vint to O.A. Tomlinson, April 13, 1928, MORA, File D34 Buildings.
108T.C. Vint to O.A. Tomlinson, April 13, 1928 and O.A. Tomlinson to Director, February 27, 1930, MORA, File D34 Buildings.
109Horace M. Albright to Superintendent, January 20, 1930, MORA, File D34 Buildings.
110Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, 1931), p.68.
111Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, (Washington, 1930), p.135. [see NA-23]
112Asahel Curtis to T.H. Martin, August 10, 1923, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 2, Folder 14.
113Memorandum by E.A. Davidson, undated, Pacific Northwest Regional Office, Historical Files.
115H.A. Noble, "Report on Operations and Proposed Development of Rainier National Park," MHS, Great Northern Railway Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
116Memorandum by E.A. Davidson, undated, Pacific Northwest Regional Office, Historical Files.
Chapter Ten
1Belasco, Americans on the Road, p.143.
2According to a Tacoma newspaper editorial, the average amount each visitor spent in the park shrank from $6.45 in 1921 to 86 cents in 1938. From the overall content of this editorial, it would appear that these figures came from the RNPC. Tacoma News Tribune, November 28, 1938.
3"What's What at Rainier," The Town Crier, July 22, 1933.
4Tomlinson reported that the number of public contacts made by the naturalist department grew by 17% from 1932 to 1933 even though there was no increase in the naturalist personnel. Tomlinson thought that the number of people taking nature walks, attending lectures, and visiting the museums showed "conclusively the growing popularity and public demand for this type of service." Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
5Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
6Schmoe, Our Greatest Mountain, p.115; "Rainier National Park, in the Heart of the Great Northwest," pamphlet, 1933, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File No.60, Folder 1.
7O.A. Tomlinson to Director, May 12, 1926, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1441, File 620 080 Shelter Cabins.
8O.A. Tomlinson to Director, September 3, 1929, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 611.
9Arno B. Cammerer to O.A. Tomlinson, July 20, 1932 and Demaray to Supt. (telegram), July 22, 1932, MORA, Administrative File, Folder N3031 Blasting Paradise Ice Caves 1932.
10Superintendent to Director, July 16, 1932, MORA, administrative files, Folder N3031 Blasting Paradise Ice Caves 1932.
11Tin pants were trousers of resilient material soaked in paraffin for waterproofing. They were commonly worn by lumbermen.
12Schmoe, A Year in Paradise, p.113.
13O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report 1931, p.12, MORA, Administrative Files.
14Horace M. Albright to Messrs. Cammerer and Demaray, July 24, 1930, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 380, File 204-020 Part I.
15O.A. Tomlinson, Proposed Public Works Program, Mount Rainier National Park, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
16U.S. Department of the Interior, Mount Rainier National Park (Washington, 1941), p.5.
17W.C. Pabst, Fifth Period Narrative Report for Camp Narada NP-2, 1935, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas, 1933-1935, Box 36.
18E.A. Davidson to Regional Director, October 31, 1941, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, Box 98, Folder 600 Jobs Part V.
19Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1931, MORA, Administrative Files.
20O.A. Tomlinson, "Sunrise, Mt. Rainier," The Argus, December 12, 1931.
22"Rainier National Park: In the Heart of the Great Northwest," pamphlet, 1933, p.5.
23Camp White River, NP-5. Quarterly Narrative Report for period ending September 30, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas 1933-1935, Box 33.
24P.H. Sceva to Asahel Curtis, November 15, 1932, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 10, Folder 1.
25C. Frank Brockman, "The Wonders of Mount Rainier," Natural History, vol.37, no.3 (March 1936), p.254.
26Schmoe, Our Greatest Mountain, p.99; Brockman, "The Wonders of Mount Rainier," p.253.
27Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1921, p.222.
28Thompson, Historic Resource Study: Mount Rainier National Park, pp.169-73.
29Brockman, "The Wonders of Mount Rainier," p.254.
30P.H. Sceva to Asahel Curtis, November 15, 1932, UW, Asahel Curtis Papers, Box 10, Folder 1.
31Arno B. Cammerer to Owen.A.. Tomlinson, July 6, 1932, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1430, File 208.06.
32A record five hundred people made the climb in 1921. The number of successful ascents in a year did not reach this mark again until the late 1950s. Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1921, p.218; Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, p.325.
33Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, p.66. Following the avalanche, rangers and guides surveyed new routes from Camp Muir to the summit via the upper Cowlitz, Ingraham, and Emmons glaciers. McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.277.
34Edmond S. Meany to Lionel H. Chute, December 21, 1927, Stuart P. Walsh to O.A. Tomlinson, December 22, 1927, and O.A. Tomlinson to Director, December 29, 1928, Rules for Summit Climbers, September 1, 1928, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations.
35Rules for Summit Climbers, September 1, 1928, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations.
36Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, p.246.
37Robert Scharff, ed., SKI Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing (New York, 1974), pp.16-18; Raymond Flower, The History of Skiing and Other Winter Sports (New York, 1977), p.120.
38Scharff, ed., SKI Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing, pp.47-48.
39Flower, The History of Skiing and Other Winter Sports, p.123.
40Scharff, ed., SKI Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing, p.20.
41McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.268.
42Linda Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," undated typescript in MORA Library, pp.2-6.
44Ibid, pp.7-8; Isabelle Story, "Winter Sports and Sportsmen," Review of Reviews, vol.91, no.2 (February 1935), pp.61-62.
45Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," pp.8-9.
46McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, pp.275-77; "A History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1936, p.2. Mather's observation is in Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1922, pp.26-27. For more on the aerial tram, see Chapter 10.
47McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, pp.277, 289. On the difficulties of providing first aid to skiers, see O.A. Tomlinson to Charles Flory, November 29, 1937, P.H. Sceva to Arno B. Cammerer, November 29, 1937, and Arno B. Cammerer to P.H. Sceva, December 23, 1937, MORA, Administrative Files, File W48 Law Enforcement.
48E.A. Davidson to Tom C. Vint, April 24, 1937, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 111, File 868 Winter Use Part I.
49Ralph A. Spencer, "Mt. Rainier--Skier's Paradise," Scholastic, vol.32, no.10 (April 9, 1938), pp.29-31.
50Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," p.11; Spencer, "Mt. Rainier--Skier's Paradise," p.29.
51O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, April 4, 1934, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 4, Folder 22.
52Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," pp.11-12.
53O.A. Tomlinson to John C. Preston, July 14, 1941, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 611.
54John C. Preston to P.H. Sceva, September 5, 1941 and A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, November 6, 1941, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1430, File 208-08 Liquor Traffic.
55O.A. Tomlinson to John C. Preston, July 14, 1941, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 611.
56MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Winter Use Study Mt. Rainier 1953-1954.
57Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," p.17; McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.290.
58Ethan Allen to G.F. Allen, September 8, 1913, Superintendent to Director, February 11, 1919, T.H. Martin to O.A. Tomlinson, January 5, 1925, O.A. Tomlinson to Director, January 4, 1926, Memorandum for Files (anonymous and undated), MORA, Administrative Files, File 602 Boundaries. The author of the memorandum, presumably Tomlinson, wrote: "As far as there being any advantage to the National Park in the change, there is little to recommend it. The hot mineral springs are interesting but the scenery surrounding the area is commonplace. The main advantage to the Park Service is the need for control over the area where large numbers of people will congregate."
59Congress, House, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Doc. No. 1009, 63rd Cong., 2d sess., 1913, p.773.
60Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Superintendent of National Parks, 1916, p.56.
61"New Ohanapecosh Hotel," Tacoma Ledger, February 8, 1925; Joint Report on Suggested Changes in the Boundaries of Mt. Rainier National Park and Rainier National Forest, by the Park Superintendent and Forest Supervisor, [1925], MORA, Administrative Files, File 602 Boundaries.
62Asahel Curtis to O.A. Tomlinson, January 6, 1926, MORA, Administrative Files, File 602 Boundaries.
63McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.125; Thompson, Historic Resource Study: Mount Rainier National Park, p.101.
64E.J. Fenby, Memorandum for District Forester, November 21, 1928 and H.B. Hommon, Report on Sanitary Conditions at Ohanapecosh Hot Springs, Rainier National Forest, Washington, July 1929, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823.
65O.A. Tomlinson to Files, October 22, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File D34 Buildings.
66O.A. Tomlinson to A.W. Bridge, September 24, 1934 and August 16, 1938, MORA, Administrative Files, File D34 Buildings.
67Thompson, Historic Resource Study: Mount Rainier National Park. p.101.
68As of 1932, the RNPC had invested $1,215,651.97 in buildings and equipment and had issued $106,463.10 in dividends to its stockholders. Paul Sceva to Ray Lyman Wilbur, August 3, 1932, NA, RG 79, Entry 17--Records of Key Officials, Records of Horace M. Albright, Box 2, Folder Mount Rainier.
69Alexander Baillie to Harold L. Ickes, April 14, 1933, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 4, Folder 22.
70Albright briefed Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur on the background to the company's financial straits in a memorandum on January 2, 1932. His interpretation was as follows: "The Rainier National Park Co. was organized in 1915 for the exclusive purpose of providing accommodations for tourists visiting Mount Rainier National Park. Its organization was the result of an appeal by the Government to the civic pride of the citizens of the State of Washington to make possible the satisfactory operation and development of Mount Rainier National Park by furnishing satisfactory accommodations for visitors within the park. The stock is not an attractive proposition, as but few dividends have been paid. Due to a marked change in the type of accommodations demanded by the public, it has been necessary in the past two years to install considerable additional facilities for the accommodation of the public. To finance these improvements the credit of the company has been stretched to the utmost. Besides, in the past substantially all the profits of the company have been used in the acquirement of new assets. Now, for the past two seasons, due to the economic depression, although the attendance at the park has been constantly increasing, the gross revenue and net profits have been steadily decreasing, making it impossible for the company to meet its obligations on account of these new installations from the new profits resulting from operations." House, H. Rept. No. 98, Electric Generating System. Mount Rainier National Park, 72d Cong., 1st sess., 1932, pp.2-3.
71Alexander Baillie to Harold L. Ickes, April 14, 1932, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 4, Folder 22; Rainier National Park Company, Estimate of Financial Condition January 14, 1932 to July 1, 1932, UW, Saint Paul & Tacoma Lumber Company Papers, Accession 315, Box 43.
72Charles Donnelly to H.A. Scandrett et al., June 30, 1931, and Horace Albright to Charles Donnelly, September 14, 1931, E.M. Willis to Mr. Scandrett, November 14, 1934, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject File, File 60.
73O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report 1931, p.12.
75Rainier National Park Company, Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Directors, January 15, 1932, UW, Saint Paul & Tacoma Lumber Company Papers, Accession 315, Box 43.
76Congressional Record, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1931, vol.75, p.442.
77House, H. Rept. No. 98, Electric Generating System, Mount Rainier National Park, 72d Cong., 1st sess., 1932, p.3.
78Alexander Baillie to Ray Lyman Wilbur, August 3, 1932, NA, RG 79, Entry 17--Records of Key Officials, Records of Horace M. Albright, Box 2, Folder Mount Rainier.
79Joseph M. Dixon to Alexander Baillie, August 12, 1932, NA, RG 79, Entry 17--Records of Key Officials, Records of Horace M. Albright, Box 2, Folder Mount Rainier.
80"Dude Ranch at Rainier," The Town Crier, July 15, 1933.
81"A History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1933, p.2; "Rainier National Park: In the Heart of the Great Northwest," pamphlet, 1933, pp.6-7.
82Stephen T. Mather to Henry A. Rhodes, September 10, 1927, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3025 Longmire Springs; G.A. Moskey to Director, August 12, 1937, NA, RG 79. Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 610 Part 1.
83Alexander Baillie to Arno B. Cammerer, October 26, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 610 Part 1.
84G.A. Moskey, August 12, 1937, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 610 Part 1.
85Arno B. Cammerer to Frost Snyder, September 20, 1934, Snyder to Cammerer, September 28, 1934, O.A. Tomlinson to Director, July 15, 1935, and G.A. Moskey to Director, August 12, 1937, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 610 Part 1; Tomlinson to File. MORA, Administrative Files, Folder L3025 Longmire Springs.
86Arno B. Cammerer to Alexander Baillie, August 19, 1937, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437. File 610 Part 1.
87Alexander Baillie to A.B. Cammerer, September 29, 1937, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 610 Part 1.
88Alexander Baillie to A.E. Demaray, November 2, 1937, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 610 Part 1.
89John M. Coffee to Arno B. Cammerer, December 15, 1937, O.A. Tomlinson to Director, December 29, 1937, P.H. Sceva to J.J. Underwood, January 21, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 610 Part 1.
90Paul H. Sceva to J.J. Underwood, January 1, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 610 Part 1.
92O.A. Tomlinson to Director, June 15, 1939, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 610 Part 1. Tomlinson told the press that the area would be "remodeled," with old structures removed, trails realigned, native plants set out, and stone encasements of the springs improved with CCC labor. Tacoma News Tribune, August 3, 1939.
93Quoted in Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp.484-85.
94History of the Rainier National Park Company, 1940, p.2.
95History of the Rainier National Park Company, 1933, p.2.
96O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report 1933, p.21.
97"Competing with Uncle Sam," Tacoma News Tribune, November 28, 1938.
98Alexander Baillie to Charles Donnelly, September 2, 1936, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60, Folder 1.
Chapter Eleven
1Donald C. Swain, "Harold Ickes, Horace Albright, and the Hundred Days: A Study in Conservation Administration," Pacific Historical Review, vol.34, no.4 (November 1965): 455-65.
2The basis for the CCC's popularity is analyzed in John A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case Study (Durham. North Carolina, 1967), pp.102-20.
3O.A. Tomlinson to CCC Camp Superintendents, June 10, 1933, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 1, Folder 7.
4Donald C. Swain, "The National Park Service and the New Deal, 1933-1940," Pacific Historical Review, vol.41, no.3 (August 1972), p.325.
5Harlan D. Unrau and G. Frank Williss, Administrative History: Expansion of the National Park Service in the 1930s (National Park Service, 1983), p.77.
6John A. Salmond, The Conservation Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case Study (Durham, North Carolina, 1967), pp.34-35.
7O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 18--Records of Key Officials, Records of Arno B. Cammerer, Box 8, File Mount Rainier National Park.
8General Statement of Operating Conditions and Appropriations, July 4, 1933, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 1, Folder 7.
9O.A. Tomlinson, General Statement of Operating Conditions and Appropriations, July 4, 1933, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 1, Folder 7.
10Frank A. Kittredge to the Director, October 28, 1937, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records-- Mount Rainier National Park, Box 91, Folder 304 Part I.
11C.E. Drysdale, Report on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier Nat'l Park for the Third Enrollment Period 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas 1933-1935, Box 36.
12Ernest A. Davidson, Report to the Chief Architect on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier National Park, November 15, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files, File H14.
13E.A. Davidson, Report to the Chief Architect on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier National Park, November 15, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files, File H14.
14O.A. Tomlinson to Camp Superintendents, June 10, 1933, UW, Preston Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 1, Folder 7.
15E.A. Davidson, Report to the Chief Architect on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier National Park, November 15, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files, File H14.
16C.E. Drysdale, Report on Emergency Conservation Work in Mount Rainier Nat'l Park For the Third Enrollment Period 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas 1933-1935, Box 36.
17J. Haslett Bell, Annual Narrative Report to Chief of Planning, 1938, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Resident Landscape Architect, Reports to the Chief Architect 1927-40, Box 10, Folder Mount Rainier 1938.
18Cutler, The Public Landscape of the New Deal, p.90.
19Laura Soulliere Harrison, "By Motor Through Wonderland: Historic Roads in the National Park System," National Park Service draft report, 1994, p.4
20Quoted in Unrau and Williss, Administrative History: Expansion of the National Park Service in the 1930s, p.80.
21Edwin G. Hill, In the Shadow of the Mountain: The Spirit of the CCC (Pullman, Washington, 1990), p.xvi.
22Frank A. Kittredge to Director, October 28, 1937, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records, Box 91, Folder 304 Part I.
23W.C. Pabst, Quarterly Narrative Report of CCC Camp NP-2 Narada Falls, Mt. Rainier Nat'l Park, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas 1933-35, Box 34.
24M.J. Bowen to Robert Fechner, June 16, 1934, NA, RG 35, Entry 115--Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, Box 230, File Washington NP-2.
25Menu, Company 1303, CCC, Camp Narada, NA, RG 35, Entry 115--Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, Box 230, File Washington NP-2.
26John F. Estes to M.J. Bowen, June 14, 1934, NA, RG 35, Entry 115--Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, Box 230, File Washington NP-2.
27W.C. Pabst, Narrative Report of CCC NP-2, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 42--Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in National Park Service Areas 1933-35, Box 34.
28Phoebe Cutler, The Public Lands of the New Deal (New Haven, 1985), p.94.
29Camp Tahoma Creek, NP-1, Narrative Report for May and June 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, Folder H-14.
30Quoted in Edwin G. Hall, In the Shadow of the Mountain: The Spirit of the CCC (Pullman, Washington, 1990), pp.115-17
31O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, p.1.
32M.J. Bowen to Robert Fechner, June 16, 1934, NA, RG 35, Entry 115--Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, Box 230, File Washington NP-2.
33Tacoma Daily Ledger, November 29, 1933.
34O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, p.1.
35E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York, 1963), pp.121-22.
36O.A. Tomlinson, Proposed Civil Works Program for Mount Rainier National Park, November 16, 1933, and Report on Civil Works Program Accomplishments in Mount Rainier National Park, May 10, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1440, File 619 Civil Works Administration.
37Civil Works Program Statistical Summary, no date, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1440, File 619 Civil Works Administration.
38Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1939, p.297; J. Haslett Bell, Annual Narrative Report to Chief of Planning, 1938, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Resident Landscape Architect, Reports to the Chief Architect 1927-40, Box 10, Folder Mount Rainier 1938; Mark H. Astrup to Director, June 24, 1939, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Mount Rainier; O.A. Tomlinson, Superintendent's Annual Report, 1940, MORA, Administrative Files.
39O.A. Tomlinson, Superintendent's Annual Report, 1940, MORA, Administrative Files.
40Swain, "The National Park Service and the New Deal, 1933-1940," pp.324-25; Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography (New York, 1985), p.390.
41O.A. Tomlinson, Proposed Public Works Program, Mount Rainier National Park, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
43O.A. Tomlinson, Public Works Program for Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, [1933], NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
44O.A. Tomlinson, Public Works Program, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, [1933], and Tomlinson to Director, February 8, 1934, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
45Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, pp.244, 257.
46E.W. Clark (PWA) to E.K. Burlew, October 30, 1939, and Burlew to John M. Carmody (PWA), November 10, 1939, NA, RG 79. Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
47O.A. Tomlinson, Public Works Program, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
48Memorandum of Conference held at Mount Rainier National Park Headquarters, August 18, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
50A third alternative considered was to locate the road through Stevens Canyon and then down the Muddy Fork of the Cowlitz River all the way to the state highway, thus avoiding Backbone Ridge. This route likewise involved additional mileage and a detour outside the park boundary, however, and did not seem like an attractive alternative.
51Tom C. Vint to Director, August 18, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
52F.A. Kittredge to Director, August 18, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
53O.A. Tomlinson to the Director, August 18, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1439, File 618 Public Works.
54E.A. Mills, History of East Side Construction and Development in Mount Rainier NP, 1976, PNRO file report MORA 152.
55Harlan D. Unrau, Historical Overview and Preliminary Assessment of Rock Work, Bridges, and Roadway-Related Appurtenances along State Highways 410 and 123 in Mount Rainier National Park, National Park Service, December 1988, pp.14-15.
56J. Haslett Bell, Annual Narrative Report to Chief of Planning, 1938, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Resident Landscape Architect, Reports to the Chief Architect 1927-40, Box 10, Folder Mount Rainier 1938.
57E.A. Mills, History of East Side Construction and Development in Mount Rainier NP, 1976, PNRO file report MORA 152.
58Mackintosh, The National Parks: Shaping the System, pp.24, 49, 53.
59Story, The National Parks and Emergency Conservation, pp.25-30.
60Irving Brant, Adventures in Conservation with Franklin D. Roosevelt, (Flagstaff, Arizona, 1988), p.133.
61O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
62O.A. Tomlinson to F.A. Kittredge, October 7, 1935, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1.
63A.E. Demaray to Frank A. Kittredge, October 12, 1935, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1. NPS Chief Engineer Kittredge was interested in protecting timber on the approach roads to Mount Rainier as well as winter range for deer.
64J. Lee Brown to Conrad L. Wirth, September 4, 1936, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1.
65O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
66O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1933, NA, RG 79, Entry 18--Records of Key Officials, Records of Arno B. Cammerer, Box 8, File Mount Rainier National Park.
67Harold L. Ickes to the Director, January 19, 1937, and A.E. Demaray to the Secretary, January 25, 1937, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1424, File 204.20.
68It appears that Cammerer first hinted to Tomlinson about the regional directorship in 1936, and that Tomlinson indicated that he preferred to remain where he was. Tomlinson refers to an unspecified job offer by Cammerer in October 1936 in Tomlinson to Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
69O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
70Irving Brant, Adventures in Conservation with Franklin D. Roosevelt, pp.87-88. In Brant's account, Roosevelt's personal intervention in the battle for Olympic National Park was decisive.
71O.A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, July 17, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
72O.A. Tomlinson to A.E. Demaray, September 3, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
73Arno Cammerer to O.A. Tomlinson, October 6, 1938, and A.E. Demaray to Tomlinson, September 20, 1938, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
74A.E. Demaray to O.A. Tomlinson, March 2,1939, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
75Newton B. Drury to O.A. Tomlinson, April 29, 1941, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201.06 Administration--Superintendents.
Chapter Twelve
1A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, July 28, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life.
2O.A. Tomlinson, Superintendent's Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
3Ben H. Thompson to E.A. Kitchin, July 13, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life.
4According to a 1966 report by park ranger David D. May four tame Roosevelt elk were released at Longmire in 1924. These animals were removed again after several visitors were injured while feeding or closely approaching the animals. May, "Long Range Wildlife Management Plan 1966-70," [1966], FRC, RG 79, 74-A598, Box 19941, File N16 MORA.
5John M. Davis to O.A. Tomlinson, October 1 and November 5, 1934, O.A. Tomlinson to Ben H. Thompson, November 5, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence.
6Ben H. Thompson to E.A. Kitchin, July 13, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence.
7John M. Davis to O.A. Tomlinson, October 1,1934, and Tomlinson to Ben H. Thompson, November 6, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence.
8O.A. Tomlinson to F.A. Kittredge, October 7, 1935 and A.E. Demaray to Frank A. Kittredge, October 12, 1936, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1 Boundaries.
9Quoted in Ben H. Thompson to E.A. Kitchin, July 13, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence. See Aldo Leopold, "Conservation Economics," Journal of Forestry, vol.32, no.5 (May 1934), pp.537-544; quotation on p.540.
10Ben H. Thompson to E.A. Kitchin, July 13, 1934, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence; E.A. Kitchin, Report on Junior Naturalist Activities, 1935, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 207-04 Park Naturalists.
11E.A. Kitchin, Report on Contemplated Primitive Area in Mount Rainier National Park, August 1935, NA. RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 601-14.
12George M. Wright to O.A. Tomlinson, January 17, 1936, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 601-14.
13Adolph Murie to Victor H. Cahalane, January 6, 1936, George M. Wright to O.A. Tomlinson, January 17, 1936, Tomlinson to Cahalane, March 24, 1936, Cahalane to Murie, April 22, 1936, Cahalane to Tomlinson, May 22, 1936, Tomlinson to Cahalane, June 16, 1936, Cahalane to Tomlinson, July 10, 1936, Lowell Sumner, Jr., to Cahalane, December 1, 1936, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 601-14.
14For example, the Wildlife Division was responsible for bringing about a more enlightened policy toward bear-human conflicts in national parks, which Tomlinson applauded. Commenting on Cahalane's report on bear depredations, Tomlinson wrote: "It is believed that the first step in solving the bear problem is to admit that we have made a serious mistake in encouraging the congregation of bears at feeding points to provide entertainment for visitors. This procedure is certainly unnatural, and we can hardly blame the average visitor for failure to resist the temptation to feed a bear he sees along the roadside, after he has attended an 'official feeding and lecture' at a bear pit." The campaign to educate park visitors about the consequences of feeding bears and to "renaturalize" the bear population by separating it from campgrounds (and CCC camps) began at Mount Rainier in the mid-1930s. O.A. Tomlinson to Director, November 9, 1937, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1427 Bears.
15Barry Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service: A Historical Perspective, National Park Service, 1986, p.113.
16M.C. Riley to H.E. Swanson, October 24, 1939, MORA, Administrative Files, File N50 Pest and Weed Control--Blister Rust.
17E.P. Meinecke to Lawrence F. Cook, November 10, 1936, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 97, File 600 Part 1.
18E.A. Kitchin, Memorandum, May 31, 1937, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 51, File 897-2.
19Lowell Sumner to L.E. Cook, July 29, 1937, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 51, File 897-2.
20R.D. Waterhouse to Superintendent, May 29, 1929, F.A. Kittredge to Director, February 29, 1932, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1443, File 660.04-3 Part 2.
21F.A. Kittredge to Director, March 4, 1932, and A.E. Demaray to F.A. Kittredge, February 27, 1932, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1443, File 660.04-3 Part 2.
22Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Mount Rainier National Park, pp.173-74.
23A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, December 8, 1932, MORA, Administrative Files, File D5027 Radio.
24C.D. Monteith, Report on Radio Telephone Development & Adaptability for Park Use, November 16, 1932, MORA, Administrative Files, File D5027 Radio.
25O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
26McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.292.
27Ralph McFadden, A Report on the Radio Communication System in Mt. Rainier National Park and Recommendations for Improved Effectiveness, September 5, 1940, and V.E. Rowley and Ralph McFadden, Rehabilitation of Radio System for Mt. Rainier National Park, September 5, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 105, File 660.04.3 Radio Parts II and IV.
28O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
29O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files; McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.180.
30O.A. Tomlinson, Annual Report, 1933, MORA, Administrative Files.
31C. Frank Brockman, Plan of Museum Development for Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1939, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 101, File 833.05.6 Museum Plans II.
33McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.180.
34Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p.41.
35Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p.43.
37Harold L. Ickes to Mr. Jensen, March 18, 1938, Harold L.. Ickes Papers, Box 222, File Parks (2).
38Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p.40.
39McIntyre, A Short History of Mount Rainier National Park, p.181.
Chapter Thirteen
1John C. Preston to Director, October 24, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part II.
2Ibid; History of Snow Removal Operations Nisqually Entrance to Paradise Valley Road, November 4, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Coded Subject Files, Box 15, File D-30.
3Memorandum for the Ranger Naturalists, undated, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part II.
4Annual Report Naturalist Department, July 24, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part III.
5Ibid; Report of the Naturalist Department, November 4, 1941, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Files--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part I.
6Annual Report Naturalist Department, July 24, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part III.
7John C. Preston to Director, October 24, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part II.
8John C. Preston, Mount Rainier National Park Fire Control Plan, April 24, 1942, MORA, Longmire Library. Box Forest Fires, Pamphlet 9.
9W. Ward Yeager, Memorandum for the Superintendent, [1945], NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 883 Forestry Part V.
10Annual Forestry Report, January 6, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Annual Forestry Reports. Also see Ralph McFadden, A Report on the Radio Communication System in Mt. Rainier National Park and Recommendations for Improved Effectiveness, September 5,1940, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 105, File 660.04.3 Radio Part II.
11The forest fire protection record for Mount Rainier is detailed in Burnett Sanford to Superintendent, March 1, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 883 Forestry Part V.
12MORA, Longmire Audio-Visual Collections, print file card for photographic negative 02390.
13Paul H. Sceva to John C. Preston, April 27, 1942, A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, April 28, 1942, Preston to Sceva, August 14, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part II.
14Paul H. Sceva to John C. Preston, August 11, 1942, and Preston to Sceva, August 14, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part II.
15O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, January 6, 1943, and Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, January 20, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy.
16Paul H. Sceva to John C. Preston, July 14, 1944, and Hillory A. Tolson to Superintendent, July 31, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, Folder 900 Rainier National Park Company Part IV.
17John C. Preston to Director, July 21, 1943, Paul H. Sceva to Preston, September 27, 1943, and Sceva to Preston, July 14, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Files--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Parts III and IV.
18The cabins had an occupancy rate of 33 percent through the 1930s, prompting the superintendent to comment that they were both obsolete and too numerous. Before the war, the NPS recommended the removal of 50 percent of the cabins and the installation of flush toilets, showers, and hot water in the rest. John C. Preston to Director, April 25, 1941, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part II.
19John C. Preston to Director, August 23, 1943, Hillory A. Tolson to Paul H. Sceva, September 18, 1943, and Sceva to Preston, September 27, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part III.
20Alexander Baillie to John C. Preston, October 14, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part IV.
21John C. Preston to Regional Director, November 9, 1944, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part IV.
22Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, October 31, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 114, File 900 Rainier National Park Company Part V.
23Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.449.
24Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1943, p.197.
25Ole Oakland to Senator Mons Wallgren, March 30, 1942, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 609.1 Mining.
26Ole Oakland to Newton B. Drury, April 29, 1942, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 609.1 Mining.
27John E. Doerr to Carl Russell, October 31, 1942, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1 Mining.
28Conrad L. Wirth to John M. Coffee, August 27, 1942, John J. Collins to USGS Regional Office, September 15, 1942, John J. Campbell to Robert D. Campbell, October 9, 1942, John J. Preston to Director, October 15, 1942, and John E. Doerr to Carl Russell, October 31, 1942. NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1437, File 602.1 Mining.
29National Park Service Grazing Policy Reaffirmed, April 1, 1943, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3019 Grazing.
30Ise, Our National Park Policy, p.450.
31Howard R. Stagner, "Some Ecological Factors Relating to Possible Cattle Grazing in Mount Rainier National Park," MORA, Administrative Files, File L3019 Grazing. The file copy was subsequently dated 1944.
33O.A. Tomlinson, Circular for Region Four Field Areas, April 18, 1944, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3019 Grazing.
34The NPS had tried to set up a water rights study of Mount Rainier as a WPA project in 1935, but for some reason the project never materialized. A.E. Demaray to Superintendent, February 7, 1935, O.A. Tomlinson to Joseph E. Taylor, and Taylor to Director, July 1, 1935, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1443, File 660.05-7 Part 1.
35A. van V. Dunn to Charles J. Bartholet, August 27, 1943 and February 24, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1443, File 660.05-7 Part 1.
37Carsten Lien, Olympic Battleground: The Power Politics of Timber Preservation (San Francisco, 1991), pp.221-28.
38Chronology of Events in the Case of Northern Pacific Railway Company Lands in Mount Rainier National Park, October 28, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Northern Pacific Railway Co. This 7-page memorandum provides a convenient digest of 58 items of correspondence.
39Horace M. Albright to Charles Donnelly, January ,0. 1929, Charles Donnelly to Horace M. Albright, February 2,1929, Charles Donnelly to J.M. Hughes, February 2, 1929, J.M. Hughes to Charles Donnelly, February 5, 1929, Charles Donnelly to Horace M. Albright, February 5, 1929, and A.E. Demaray to Charles Donnelly, February 16, 1929, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
40Chronology of Events in the Case of Northern Pacific Railway Company Lands in Mount Rainier National Park, October 28, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Northern Pacific Railway Co.
43Seattle Times, Tacoma News Tribune, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 8, 1944.
44Margaret Thompson to Newton B. Drury, August 17, 1944 and Newton B. Drury to Horace M. Albright, August 30, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Part 1.
45Robert S. MacFarlane to W.E. Holt, October 6, 1944, MHS, Northern Pacific Railroad Company Papers, Vice President/Assistant to the President, Subject Files, File 91-12.
46W.W. Anderson to J.M. Hughes, October 18, 1944, enclosing article "Mount Rainier Forests Threatened," MHS, Northern Pacific Railway Company Papers, President, President's Subject Files, File 60 (1).
47Newton B. Drury to Horace M. Albright, August 30, 1944, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Part 1.
48Newton B. Drury to Horace M. Albright, August 30, 1944, Drury to the Secretary of the Interior, February 20, 1945 and J.M. Hughes to Hillory A. Tolson, September 10, 1945, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1438, File 610 Part 1.
49Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1943, p.198.
50Thompson, Historic Resource Study. Mount Rainier National Park, p.175.
52"Experiments in Freezing," Etc., 3, no.2 (February 1941), pp.10-11.
53Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Mount Rainier National Park, p.174.
54V.A. Firsoff, Ski Track on the Battlefield (New York, 1943), pp.104-08.
55Ibid, p.108. Also Hal Burton, The Ski Troops (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1971), p.95; Curtis W. Casewit, The Saga of the Mountain Soldiers: The Story of the 10th Mountain Division (New York, Julian Messner, 1981) , p.18.
56Unidentified clipping in Gene Curtis, "History of Fort Lewis," scrapbook, Seattle Public Library.
57John C. Preston to Director, October 24, 1942, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part II.
58Thompson, Historic Resource Survey. Mount Rainier National Park, p.175. The agreement between the NPS and the U.S. Army bound the latter to respect the park rules and regulations. No practice firing was allowed in the park, and all motorized equipment except over-the-snow vehicles were confined to roads and parking lots. John C. Preston, Plan of Operation for use of Mount Rainier National Park Ski Lodge by the U.S. Army, October 11, 1943, MORA, Administrative Files, File H14 Mountain Infantry Regiment.
Chapter Fourteen
1John C. Preston to Regional Director, May 21, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 868 Winter Use.
2Arno B. Cammerer, Memorandum for the Washington Office and all Field Offices, January 27, 1940, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy.
3Newton B. Drury, Memorandum for the Director's Office and all Field Offices, March 21, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 868 Winter Use.
4Newton B. Drury, Memorandum for the Director's Office and the Regional Directors, August 13, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy.
5O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, January 6, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy.
6Preston to Regional Director, May 21, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 868 Winter Use.
7Some individuals in the Mountaineers confided to Superintendent Preston that they believed the club had been railroaded into taking that position by a few ardent ski enthusiasts among its membership. Arthur R. Winder to John C. Preston, April 1,1944, and Preston to Regional Forester, November 21, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 98, File 600 Jobs Part VI; O.A. Tomlinson to Files, October 24, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Central Files 1937-53, Box 100, File 201.15 Winter Use Policy; Preston to Regional Director, December 10, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 111, File 868 Winter Use Part II.
8Newton B. Drury, Memorandum for the Director's Office and all Field Offices, March 21, 1946, MORA, File 868 Winter Use.
9Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 25 and 26, 1945; Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1946, p.319.
10John C. Preston to Director, July 21, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part IV.
11Harthon L. Bill to Director, November 26, 1948, NA, RG 79, Central Classified Files, Box 1423, File 201-11 Advisory Board.
12A.E. Demaray to Director, May 10, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 87, File 0.1 Conferences Part I; John C. Preston to Regional Director, June 24, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 98, File 600 Development Part VII.
13Tom C. Vint to Director, May 21, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 98, File 600 Development Part VII.
14Tom C. Vint to Director, May 11, 1948, NA, RG 79, Central Classified Files, Box 1411, File 630 Roads (General).
15Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," MORA, Library, History Pamphlet No.1, Box 2.
16Secretary of the Interior to Senator Harry P. Cain, October 5, 1949, MORA, Administrative Files, File Concessioner information Mount Rainier 1949.
17John C. Preston to Regional Director, October 28, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 87, File 201 Rainier Administration.
18Director to Assistant Secretary, April 4, 1950, NA, RG 79, Entry 19, Records of Newton B. Drury 1940-1951, Box 14, File Mt. Rainier National Park; Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1950, p.323.
19Superintendent to Director, June 8, 1950, MORA, Administrative Files, H2621 Annual Reports.
20Winter Use Committee to Regional Director, April 8, 1952, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 868 Winter Use Part VI.
22Ibid. One year later, Harold Fowler reported unfavorably on the potential for developing the Kautz Creek area for winter use. See Fowler to Regional Landscape Architect, February 23, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 204 Inspections and Investigations.
25John C. Preston to Regional Director, July 21, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part IV; "History of the Rainier National Park Company," 1947, p.1.
26Ibid, 1947, p.2; 1948, p.3; and 1949, p.3.
27History of Snow Removal Operations Nisqually Entrance to Paradise Valley Road, prepared November 4, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 15, File D-30.
28Superintendent to Director, June 8, 1950, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621 Annual Reports.
29Preston P. Macy to Director, May 29, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621 Annual Reports.
30Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, November 6, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 15, File D-30.
31Brief of Contacts with Governor Langlie on Developments for Mount Rainier, no date, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Winter Use Study Mt. Rainier 1953-1954.
32Conrad L. Wirth to Regional Director, November 6, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-62 (L,S, & P) 9NSS 79-92-001, Box 3, File L3427 vol.1 MORA.
33Mount Rainier National Park Development Study Committee to Arthur B. Langlie, July 15, 1955, Olympia State Archives, Albert Rosellini Papers, Box 63, File Mount Rainier Development.
34Regional Director to Director, December 9, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-62 (L, S, & P) 9NSS 79-92-001, Box 3, File L3427 vol. 1 MORA.
35Brief of Contacts with Automobile Club of Washington Officials, no date, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-62 (L,S, & P) 9NSS 79-92-001, Box 3, File L3427 Report--Proposed Developments Mount Rainier from the Director to the Secretary.
36National Parks Association, News Release Number 75, August 27, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise.
37Conrad L. Wirth, Report on Proposed Developments for Mount Rainier National Park, September 29, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files.
38Olympic Park Associates, Inc., Mount Rainier Emergency, no date, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise.
39Conrad L. Wirth to Secretary of the Interior, September 29, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, File Report on Proposed Developments For Mount Rainier.
40This was Wirth's own interpretation of his letter to McKay. Six weeks later he confided to Sigurd F. Olson, president of the NPA, that at the risk of being asked to resign, he had told McKay that he was opposed to the chair lift and that the administration would be making the mistake of a lifetime to authorize it or such deals as Echo Park Dam. Sigurd F. Olson to Devereux Butcher, December 29, 1954, MHS, Sigurd F. Olson Papers, Box 24.
41Douglas McKay to Arthur Langlie, December 17, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise.
42Polly Dyer to Preston Macy, April 19, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 WinterSports--Paradise.
43Sigurd Olson to Devereux Butcher, December 29, 1954, Charles G. Woodbury to Butcher, December 29, 1954, and Conrad L. Wirth to Olson, February 15, 1955, MHS, Sigurd F. Olson Papers, Box 24.
44Fred M. Packard to Sigurd Olson, February 16, 1955, MHS, Sigurd Olson Papers, Box 24.
45Virlis L. Fischer to Howard Zahniser, October 27, 1958, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-1962 (A & C) 9NSS 79 92 002, Box 6, File A9815 #18 Areas Mt. Rainier.
46Thomas E. Carpenter to Regional Director, September 30, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise.
47Polly Dyer interview by Susan R. Schrepfer, 1983, in Pacific Northwest Conservationists (Berkeley, 1986), p.137.
48Superintendent to Regional Director, August 4, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports-- Paradise.
49Thomas E. Carpenter to Regional Director, September 30, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427 Winter Sports--Paradise; Harold G. Fowler, A Report on the Study for the Revision of Paradise Area for an All Year Development, Mt. Rainier National Park, March 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427.
50An important breakthrough in this proposed ski area development was the agreement by BPR and USFS officials to commit federal funds to construction of the access road by listing it as part of the Forest Highway System. Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, November 1, 1960, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3427.
Chapter Fifteen
1Annual Report of the Director National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1947, p.320.
2U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Irrigation and Reclamation and the Subcommittee on Public Lands, September 8, 1947--Salt Lake City, Utah and September 15, 1947--Mount Rainier National Park, Wash., WGPO, 1948, p.249.
3The remaking of this partnership of the federal government and private capital may be viewed as part of a broad environmental policy shift from the Roosevelt to the Truman administrations. This policy shift is given lucid analysis in Clayton R. Koppes, "Environmental Policy and American Liberalism: The Department of the Interior, 1933-1953," Environmental Review, 7 (Spring 1983), pp.16-53.
4John C. Preston to the Director, June 23, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 204.21 Visitors Part I.
5Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 18, 1946.
6Ibid; Paul H. Sceva to Newton B. Drury and enclosure, June 5, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract 1935-1949.
7Paul H. Sceva to Newton B. Drury and enclosure, June 5, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract 1935-1949.
8Annual Report of the Director National Park Service, 1946, pp.312-13.
9Annual Report of the Director, National Park Service, 1946, p.313.
10U.S. Congress, Senate, 76th Cong., 1st sess., S. 2055, "A Bill to authorize the acquisition, rehabilitation, and operation of the facilities for the public in the Mount Rainier National Park, in the State of Washington, and for other purposes," April 3, 1939. Under the proposed law, the Secretary of the Interior would have authority to rehabilitate, complete, and operate these facilities directly or by contract at the Secretary's discretion. No "exclusive privileges" would be permitted, but the Secretary would have authority to limit the character and number of nonexclusive privileges in the park. In other words, the regulated monopoly would be replaced by government service or a government-subsidized franchise or franchises. Senator Bone inserted an additional paragraph in his version of the bill which sought to link the national park concession to the free market economy. "Such privileges," Bone's bill insisted, "shall be let at competitive bidding to the highest and best bidder."
11Paul H. Sceva to Newton B. Drury, March 22, 1947, Drury to Sceva, March 25, 1947, and Drury to Regional Director, March 25, 1947, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.08-3 Purchase of RNPC's Facilities by Government.
12Quoted in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 81st Cong., 1st sess., Concessions in National Parks, Committee Hearing No.28, November 12, 1949, p.18.
13U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Public Lands Committee Hearings Salt Lake City. Utah, and Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Committee Hearing No.24, September 1947, p.211.
14U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 2d sess., Concessions in National Parks, Committee Hearing No.41, 1948, p.17.
15Quoted in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 2d sess., Concessions in National Parks, Committee Hearing No.41, 1948, p.17.
16Annual Report of the Director, National Park Service, 1950, p.320.
17History of the Rainier National Park Company, 1948, p.3; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 2d sess., Concessions in National Parks, Committee Hearing No.41, 1948, pp.17-20.
18Paul H. Sceva to Julius A. Krug, September 30 and October 4, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract.
19Annual Report of the Director, National Park Service, 1950, p.320.
20Quoted in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Public Lands Committee Hearings Salt Lake City. Utah, and Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Committee Hearing No.24, September 1947, p.236.
21Tacoma News Tribune, July 28, 1949.
22Paul H. Sceva to Secretary of the Interior, August 30, 1949, Secretary of the Interior to Sceva, September 13, 1949, Sceva to John C. Preston, September 21, 1949, Newton B. Drury to Girard C. Davidson, October 5, 1949, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract 1934-1949.
23Paul H. Sceva to Henry M. Jackson, January 3, 1950, Newton B. Drury to Superintendent, August 18, 1950, MORA, Administrative Files, File Purchase of RNPC Facilities by Government.
24Congress, House, Report No.2721, "Authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to Acquire on Behalf of the United States Government all Property and Facilities of the Rainier National Park Co.," 81st Cong., 2d sess., July 24, 1950, p.4.
25Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1950, p.320; Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 84th Cong., 2d sess., Mount Rainier National Park, October 15, 1956, p.6.
26Congress, Senate, Report No. 2448, "Authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to Acquire on Behalf of the United States Government all Property and Facilities of the Rainier National Park Co.," 81st Cong., 2d sess., August 28, 1950, p.1.
27Assistant Superintendent to Director, February 16, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.08-3 Purchase of RNPC Facilities by Government.
28Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 23, 1952.
29Congress, House, Committee on Public Lands, 80th Cong., 1st sess., Public Lands Committee Hearings, Committee Hearing No.24, September 15, 1947, p.201.
30John C. Preston to Director, July 21, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 207 Reports Part IV.
31Paul H. Sceva to Julius A. Krug, October 4, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contact 1934-1949.
32Paul H. Sceva to Conrad L. Wirth, October 28, 1953, and Wirth to Sceva, December 4, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 RNPC.
33Acting Director to Regional Director, April 16, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, File RNPC Correspondence 1953-58.
34Hillory A. Tolson to Stuart Faber, September 1,1960, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1954-61 (A & C) 9NSS 79 91 001, Box 4, File C58 vol.3 Mt. Rainier.
35Regional Director to Director, August 14, 1953, and September 14, 1953, and Conrad L. Wirth to Paul H. Sceva, October 2, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contracts 1950-53.
36Superintendent to Regional Director, May 7, 1954, and Preston P. Macy to Paul H. Sceva, May 22, 1957, MORA, Administrative Files, File RNPC Correspondence 1953-58.
37Paul H. Sceva, President-General Manager's Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 1966, WSHS, Paul H. Sceva Papers, Box 1, Folder 16.
38Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1946, pp.315-16.
39Regional Director to Director, October 6,1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 Contracts.
40John C. Preston to Regional Director, January 9, 1948, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations.
41John C. Preston to Regional Director, January 9, 1948, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations; Preston to Regional Director, June 2, 1948, and Jackson E. Price to Oliver G. Taylor, March 23, 1948, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mount Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
42Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, May 12, 1948, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations.
43John C. Preston to H.C. Higgins, June 1, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
44Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, August 14, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
45John C. Preston to Gray Top Sightseeing Company, August 31, 1948, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1429, File 208 Rules and Regulations.
46John C. Preston to H.C. Higgins, June 1, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Files--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
47Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, August 14, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208 Busses.
49The issue did not quite end there. When the RNPC and the NPS began negotiating a new longterm concession contract in 1952, Sceva suggested that the company's exclusive transportation privilege somehow be restored. This request led to an investigation by Chief Counsel Price of the jurisdiction over U.S. Highway 410 in Mount Rainier National Park. Price reviewed the state and federal laws which granted exclusive jurisdiction over the park to the federal government, the act of January 31, 1931, a special use permit to the state of Washington dated February 1, 1933, a solicitor's opinion of January 21, 1942, and correspondence pursuant to the special use permit, which was admittedly spotty. Price repeated what Drury had indicated three years earlier, that the NPS could not prohibit Gray Line from using the road. As for Sceva's allegation that Gray Line was committing false advertising, that was a matter for state authorities to pursue unless the advertising was done inside the park. Jackson E. Price to Assistant Director, November 12, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 Rainier National Park Company.
50O.A. Tomlinson to Director, April 10, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part I.
52Regional Director to Director, March 9, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part III.
53John C. Preston to Regional Director, October 27, 1941, Paul R. Franke to Director, March 11, 1946, and O.A. Tomlinson to Director, April 23, 1946. NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part I.
54Lawrence C. Merriam to Director, February 6,1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Mount Rainier Concessions Part II.
55Preston Macy to Martin Kilian, April 2, 1956, and Conrad L. Wirth to Warren G. Magnuson, June 7, 1957, MORA, Administrative Files, File Kilian Prospectus Ohanapecosh.
56O.A. Tomlinson to Director, April 10, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part I.
57Assignment and Acceptance, October 21, 1947, MORA, Administrative Files, File C38 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Lodge.
58Marlow Glenn to Regional Director, October 6, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File C38 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Lodge.
60Regional Director to Director, March 9, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 113, File 900 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Part III.
59William Heckman to Albert Rose, September 26, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File C38 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Lodge.
61Curtis K. Skinner to Regional Director, May 31, 1956, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1954-61 (A & C) 9NSS 79 91 001, Box 4 File C58 Mount Rainier; Martin Kilian to Preston P. Macy, March 24, 1956, Macy to Kilian, April 2, 1956, Conrad L. Wirth to Warren G. Magnuson, June 7, 1957, Kilian to Superintendent, June 20, 1957, Kilian to Wirth, January 20, 1958, Superintendent to Director, February 4, 1959, Macy to Charles A. Thielen, February 18, 1959, Kilian to Henry M. Jackson, June 11,1959, Jackson E. Price to Jackson, June 24, 1959, MORA, Administrative Files, File Kilian Prospectus Ohanapecosh.
62Narrative Statement Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Concession Operation, no date, MORA, Administrative Files, File C6215.
63John W. Douglas to Department of the Interior, July 9,1965, Bernard R. Meyer to Director, August 9, 1965, Jackson E. Price to Regional Director, no date, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs (Kilian) Part 2.
64Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, p.228.
65"The Need for a National Mountaineering Safety Program," May 1, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3423.
66O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, June 15,1948, and Tomlinson to Superintendents, July 13, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3423.
67Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 13, 1948; National Park Service, "Mountain Climbing and Rescue Training School, September 13-17, 1948," MORA, Administrative Files, File L3423.
68John C. Preston, "Annual Mountain Climbing Report, Mount Rainier National Park, 1948," NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 111, File 857.06 Rainier Mountain Climbing.
69Regional Director to Superintendent, February 27, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 111, File 857.06 Rainier Mountain Climbing.
70By 1957 these included, in addition to the NPS, the Rescue Squadron, Paine Field; Alpine Club of Canada; American Alpine Club; Civil Aeronautics Administration; Civil Air Patrol; County Sheriffs Offices of King, Snohomish, and Yakima counties; National Ski Patrol; Royal Canadian Mounted Police; Seattle Unit, Aircraft Owners and Pilot's Association; The Mountaineers; U.S. Army, Camp Hale, Colorado; U.S. Coast Guard; U.S. Forest Service; U.S. Navy Search and Rescue Unit; Naval Air Station, Seattle; Washington Alpine Club; Washington Safety Council; Washington State Aeronautics Commission; Washington State Sportsman's Club; Washington State Department of Education; and Washington State Patrol. Acting Superintendent to Regional Chief of Operations, June 5, 1957, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Coded Subject Files, File D Development & Maintenance, Box 8, File D-22.
71Superintendent to Regional Director, July 15, 1957, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 43, File A7615 Vol.1 MORA.
72Acting Regional Director to Director, September 13, 1957, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 43, File A7615 Vol.1 MORA.
73Superintendent to Regional Director, July 15, 1957, Acting Regional Director to Director, September 13, 1957, and Acting Director to Superintendent, October 4, 1957, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 43, File A7615 Vol.1 MORA.
74Dee Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, (Seattle, 1979), pp.301-02.
75Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, pp.301-02.
76Concession Permit No. 14-10-426-8, June 17, 1952, and Schedule of Rates for the 1952 Season, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 James and Louis Whittaker (1954-55).
77Lou Whittaker and Andrea Gabbard, Memoirs of a Mountain Guide (Seattle, 1994), pp.59-60.
78Curtis K. Skinner to Director, February 3, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File C2615 Guide Service Annual Report.
79Superintendent to Director, May 15, 1957, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 Rainier National Park Company.
80Molenaar, The Challenge of Rainier, p.303.
Chapter Sixteen
1Philip A. Zalesky to Director, Bureau of the Budget, December 14, 1953, UW, Warren Magnuson Papers, Accession 3181-3, Box 100, Folder 25.
2Conrad L. Wirth, Parks. Politics, and the People (Norman, 1980), p.242.
3Expressed in terms of visitor-use-days, the numbers were somewhat less disproportional. It reveals something about official thinking in the 1950s that the NPS emphasized visits over visitor-use-days. National Park Service, Press Release, March 15, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
4Report on Proposed Developments for Mount Rainier National Park, September 1954. MORA, Administrative Files, File Report on Proposed Developments for Mount Rainier.
5National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, January 1957, p.1.
6National Park Service, Press Release, March 15, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
8U. S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 84th Cong., 2d sess., Mount Rainier National Park, October 15, 1956, p.66.
9Thomas C. Vint to Director, April 7, 1945, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 600.03 Part 1.
10O.A. Tomlinson to Director, April 24, 1946, and John C. Preston to Regional Director, May 13, 1946, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 600.03 Part 1.
11John C. Preston to Regional Director, April 19, 1946, and A.E. Demaray to Director, May 10, 1946, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 600.03 Part 1.
12National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, January 1957, pp.10-12.
13National Park Service, Improving Visitor Use of Mount Rainier National Park, March 26, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66. Opinions varied as to whether the park boundary should be extended to bring the Skate Creek site inside the park. The advantage of a boundary extension would be to bring the development under the jurisdiction of the NPS; the disadvantage would be that the park would then include some cutover forest lands.
15U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 84th Cong., 2d sess., Mount Rainier National Park October 15, 1956, pp.2, 38, passim.
16National Park Service, Preliminary Planning Data for a Proposed Hotel Development at Paradise to Mount Rainier National Park, UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-3, Box 32, File 13.
17Henry M. Jackson to Conrad L. Wirth, May 16, 1957. UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-3, Box 32, File 13.
18Henry M. Jackson to Laurance S. Rockefeller, July 2, 1957, UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-3, Box 32, File 13.
19Laurance S. Rockefeller to Henry M. Jackson, January 22, 1959, UW, Preston P. Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 4, File 23.
20Laurance S. Rockefeller to Henry M. Jackson, January 22, 1959, UW, Preston P. Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 4, File 23.
21Roger Ernst to Elmer L. Alverts, April 21, 1960, MORA, Administrative Files, File C58 Rockefeller Survey.
22Congress, Senate, 86th Cong., 2d sess., S.J. Res. 193, "To Authorize the Construction of a Hotel and Related Facilities in Mount Rainier National Park," May 17, 1960; Congressional Record, 86th Cong., 2d sess., vol. 106, pp.10397 and 14831; Thor C. Tollefson to Stewart L. Udall, January 21, 1961, MORA, Administrative Files, File C58 Rockefeller Survey.
23Conrad L. Wirth to Legislative Counsel, February 14, 1961, MORA, Administrative Files, File C58 Rockefeller Survey.
24Hillory A. Tolson to Wayne S. Pritchard, September 1, 1961, MORA, File C58 Rockefeller Survey.
25The Seattle Times, October 18, 1961.
26Tacoma News Tribune, October 19, 21, 22, 1961.
27Stewart L. Udall to Albert D. Rosellini, November 8,1961, Olympia State Archives, Governor Albert D. Rosellini Papers, Box 286, File Mt. Rainier Study.
28John A. Rutter to Lawrence Merriam, January 23, 1962, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
29Tacoma News Tribune, January 5, 10, 15, 17; Seattle Times, January 2,11; Albert D. Rosellini to Stewart L. Udall, January 31, 1962, Olympia State Archives, Governor Albert D. Rosellini Papers, Box 286, File Mt. Rainier Study.
30U.S. Department of the Interior and Washington State Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Report on Study of the Public Need with Respect to Visitor Facilities in Mount Rainier National Park, by Harris, Kerr, Forster & Company, November 1963, p.1-5.
31John A. Rutter to Regional Director, August 12, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
32George F. Prescott to Members of Governor's Mount Rainier Study Committee, September 16, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
33U. S. Department of the Interior and Washington State Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Report on Study of the Public Need with Respect to Visitor Facilities in Mount Rainier National Park, by Harris, Kerr, Forster & Company, November 1963, p.1-5.
34"Commercial Development in Mt. Rainier National Park," The Mountaineer, vol.55, no.3 (March 1962), p.5.
35"The Paradise Valley Hotel," National Parks Magazine, vol.38, no.198 (March 1964), p.3.
36George F. Prescott to Members of Governor's Mount Rainier Study Committee, September 16, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
37U.S. Congress, 88th Cong., 1st sess., H.J. Res. 685, September 5, 1963; Director to Legislative Counsel, January 2, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File Governor's Study Committee.
38John A. Rutter to Lawrence Merriam, June 14, 1963, and Paul H. Sceva to Board of Directors, June 13, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File RNPC 1962-63. Rutter and Sceva each describe in detail Jackson's day in the park, his musings and thoughts so far as they could determine. Their two accounts are very different; the wily politician managed to convince Rutter that he was opposed to overnight accommodations at Paradise at the same time that he gave Sceva assurances that the visitor center would not preclude such a development. What was crucial, however, was Jackson's change of strategy in pressing Congress for funds with which to build a day-use facility instead of an overnight facility.
39Seattle Times, July 24, 1963.
40Wimberly, Whisenand, Allison and Tong and McGuire and Muri, "Report on Construction Program for a Day Use Facility at Paradise Park in Mount Rainier National Park, State of Washington," prepared for the National Park Service, no date, UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-3, Box 94, File 11.
41Barry Head, "Is It a Boon or Boondoggle?" Seattle Magazine, vol.4, no.34 (January 1967), p.51.
42Paradise Visitor Center, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington (flyer for opening ceremony, September 3, 1966), UW, Henry M. Jackson Papers, Accession 3560-4, Box 231, File 42.
43Barry Head, "Is It a Boon or Boondoggle?" Seattle Magazine, vol.4, no.34 (January 1967), pp.15-16, 50-51.
44Tacoma News Tribune, June 11, 1965.
45Congressional Record, 86th Cong., 2d sess., May 12, 1960, vol.106, Pt. 8, p.10200-01. During the congressional hearings on Mission 66 for Mount Rainier, Senator Jackson took pains to separate the problem of moving headquarters, a fiscal matter, from the more politically-charged problem of overnight accommodations.
46R.D. Waterhouse and E.A. Davidson, Report on Study of Park Headquarters Relocation Question Mt. Rainier National Park, April 16, 1943, NAP SR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
48Sanford Hill to Regional Director, October 1, 1948, and Regional Director to Superintendent, October 8, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Rainier Administrative Site.
49R.D. Waterhouse and E.A. Davidson, Report on Study of Park Headquarters Relocation Question Mt. Rainier National Park, April 16, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
50R.D. Waterhouse and E.A. Davidson, Report on Study of Park Headquarters Relocation Question Mt. Rainier National Park, April 16, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
51John C. Preston to Regional Director, August 26, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 102, File 620.58 Employees Quarters Part I.
52John C. Preston to Regional Director, July 28, 1948, and O.A. Tomlinson to Director, July 6, 1948, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 102, File 620.58 Employees Quarters Part 1.
53National Park Service, A Comparative Analysis of the Rehabilitation or Relocation of Park Headquarters Mount Rainier National Park, June 1955 (Revised September 1955), MORA, Administrative Files, File D18.
54R.D. Waterhouse and E.A. Davidson, Report on Study of Park Headquarters Relocation Question Mt. Rainier National Park, April 16, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
56National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Mission 66.
57E.A. Davidson to Regional Director, March 11, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Rainier Administration Site.
58John C. Preston to Regional Director, April 8, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Rainier Administrative Site.
59John C. Preston, et al., Report on the Problem of a Suitable Location for Park Headquarters, Mount Rainier National Park, November 5, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Mt. Rainier.
60Sanford Hill, A Planning Report on Mount Rainier National Park, May 14, 1946, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Report on Mt. Rainier National Park.
61H.L. Crowley to Regional Director, October 15, 1943, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, File 601.01 Rainier Administrative Site.
62Freeman Tilden, The National Parks: What They Mean to You and Me, Alfred A. Knopf, 1957, pp.303-05.
63National Park Service, press release, March 15, 19S6, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
64Preston P. Macy to Park Staff, August 31, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
65E.R. Fetterolf to Newton B. Drury, May 27, 1949, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1441, File 630 Roads (General).
66Martin Kilian to Preston Macy, March 24, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File C3823 Ohanapecosh Hot Springs.
67Sanford Hill to Regional Director, May 31, 1946, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1436, File 600.03 Part 1; National Park Service, Press Release, March 15, 1956, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
68National Park Service, press release, March 15, 19S6, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
69Anonymous memo, Stevens Canyon Road Project, 1953, UW, Preston P. Macy Papers, Accession 3211, Box 3, File 15.
70Thomas E. Carpenter to Regional Director, February iS, 1955, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region Central Coded Subject Files, Box 29, File A4067 Vol. 1 MORA.
72Quoted in West Side Highway, Mount Rainier (memorandum), August 5, 1954, MORA, Administrative Files, D18. Winter Use Study Mt. Rainier 1953-1954.
74O.A. Tomlinson to Messrs. Maier, DeLong, Hill, and Crowley, October 5, 1945, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1441, File 630 Roads (General).
75O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, September 14, 1945, NA, RG 79, Entry 7--Central Classified Files, Box 1441, File 630 Roads (General).
76Merlin K. Potts to Superintendent, March 17, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program Mission 66.
77Art Martinson, conversation with the author, date?
78National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Mission 66.
80John A. Rutter to Regional Director, November 13, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415; John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
81Wirth, Parks. Politics, and the People, p.270.
82National Park Service. Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Mission 66.
84National Park Service, Master Plan Development Outline--Interpretation, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-60, Box 2, File D18 vol.2 MORA.
85Preston P. Macy to Director, February 12, 1958, and Curtis K. Skinner to Superintendent, March 10, 1958, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Planning Program.
86National Park Service, Mission 66 for Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Mission 66.
87Superintendent to Regional Director, October 28, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 87, File 201 Rainier Administration.
88Howard Stagner, Museum Prospectus Mount Rainier National Park, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 102, File RNP 620.46 Museums.
90National Park Service, Master Plan Development Outline Mount Rainier National Park, Washington-Interpretation, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-60, Box 2, File D18 vol.2 MORA.
91Field Naturalist to Regional Director, December 2, 1954, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Information Files, File K1817 vol.1 Areas; Regional Landscape Architect to Regional Director, August 12, 1959, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-62, Box 2, File A5427 Areas.
>92Superintendent to Regional Director, October 13, 1961, MORA, Administrative Files, File K1815 MORA Services and Facilities 1961-1963; Park Naturalist to Superintendent, October 30, 1958, MORA, Administrative Files, File D3415 Interpretive Exhibit--Trail Bridge--Box Canyon.
Chapter Seventeen
1Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, pp.22-23.
2Edward L. Parsegan, Forest Fire Control Plan Mount Rainier National Park, June 1969, MORA.
3National Park Service, Finding of No Significant Impact Mount Rainier National Park Fire Management Plan, 1988, PNRO, File Report MORA D150.
4Superintendent to Regional Director, December 26, 1956, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Annual Forestry Reports.
5Superintendent to Regional Director, December 8, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 883 Forestry Part 6; Edward L. Parsegan, Forest Fire Control Plan Mount Rainier National Park, June 1969, MORA.
6C.D. Monteith, Report on Communication Service Mount Rainier National Park, August 1949, NAPSR. RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 105, File 660.041 Telephone Part 1; V.E. Rowley and R.R. McFadden, Rehabilitation of Radio System for Mt. Rainier National Park, September 5, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 105, File 660.043 Radio Part 4.
7Superintendent to Regional Director, December 26, 1956, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Annual Forestry Reports.
8Cooperative Fire Control Agreement between Supervisor of Forestry, State of Washington, and National Park Service, Region Four, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 88, File 201.17 Rainier Cooperative Agreements.
9Appendix VII in Edward L. Parsegan, Forest Fire Control Plan Mount Rainier National Park, June 1969, MORA.
10Superintendent to Regional Director. December 8, 1950, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 112, File 883 Forestry Part 6.
11F.P. Keen, A Reappraisal of the Mountain Pine Beetle Control Program in Mount Rainier National Park, March 1941, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Annual Forestry Report.
12Benton Howard, Results of the Blister Rust Disease Survey on the Silver Forest and Headquarters Areas, Mt. Rainier National Park, 1956, and Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, November 29, 1956, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Files 1953-60 (Y), Box 3, File Y22 vol.1 MORA.
13NPA statements quoted by Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp.554-55.
14Superintendent to Regional Director, December 26, 1956, and February 3, 1959, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Division of Ranger Services, Box 5, File 208 Forestry Reports.
17Robert W. Rogers to Chief Ranger, October 15, 1955, MORA, Administrative Files, Concessions, File C3823 Dale Whitney, Inc.
18Regional Director to Files, November 10, 1975, PNRO, File Report MORA D-76.
19John C. Preston to Regional Director (quoting Newton B. Drury), March 2, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208.06 Rainier Fishing, Hunting, Trapping.
21Proposed Fishing Regulations, June 1946, and John C. Preston to Regional Director, March 2, 1945, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 90, File 208.06 Rainier Fishing, Hunting, Trapping.
22R. Gerald Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in National Parks (Chicago, 1992), p.55.
23Conrad L. Wirth, "Director Conrad L. Wirth Announces New Fishery Policy for National Parks," American Forests, 1953.
24Preston P. Macy to Thomas F. Giles, February 19, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1423 Animal and Plant Life--Fish Hatcheries; Superintendent to Director, May 29, 1953, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621 Annual Reports.
25Ibid; Z.E. Parkhurst to Regional Director (FWS), December 11, 1961, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1423 Animal and Plant Life--Fish--Management.
26John A. Rutter to Regional Director, June 13, 1966, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621 Annual Reports; Fish Management, Mount Rainier National Park, no date, University of Washington, Brock Evans Papers, Accession No. 1776, Rainier National Park, Box 20; Gary L. Larson, Andy Wones, C. David McIntyre, and Barbara Samora, "Limnology of Subalpine and High Mountain Forest Lakes, Mount Rainier National Park," National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region and Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Oregon State University, 1992.
27Merlin K. Potts, Fish Culture Activities, 1947, file report, MORA, Library, Box Fishes, Pamphlet No.5.
28Lowell Sumner, "A Biological Study of Mount Rainier National Park," January 19, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 700.01 Mt. Rainier Nature Study.
29Herbert Maier to Director, November 18, 1948, and Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, December 9, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1423 Animal and Plant Life--Fish Hatcheries.
30Preston P. Macy to Thomas F. Giles, February 19, 1952, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1423 Animal and Plant Life--Fish Hatcheries.
31O.L. Wallis, "An Evaluation of the Fishery Resources of Mount Rainier National Park and the Requirements for Research, Interpretation and Management," NPS file report, 1959, Pacific Northwest Regional Office; Comment on Fishery Management Reports on Mount Rainier National Park, MORA, Library, Box Fishes, Pamphlet No.4.
32Superintendent to Director, November 9, 1937, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1427 Bears.
33Superintendent to Director, November 9, 1937, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1427 Bears.
34Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.153.
35John C. Preston to Regional Director, June 12, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 715.02 Mt. Rainier Bears. A 1978 study of bear management in the national park system found that garbage handling accounted for 72 percent of time expended on bear management activities. Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.131.
36National Park Service, Press Release, September 5, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, General Records, Box 276, File 715-02 Part 1.
37Superintendent to Director, February 12, 1953, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 715.02 Mt. Rainier Bears.
38Regional Director to Superintendents, September 4, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, General Records, Box 276, File 715-02 Part 1.
39John C. Preston to Regional Director, June 12, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 715.02 Mt. Rainier Bears.
40Preston P. Macy to Russell R. Hoffman, September 11, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, General Records, Box 276, File 715-02 Part 1.
41Preston P. Macy to Russell R. Hoffman, September 11, 1951, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Central Classified Files, General Records, Box 276, File 715-02 Part 1.
42Superintendent to Division Chiefs and Uniform Personnel, June 19, 1968, MORA, Administrative Files, File N1427 Bears.
44Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.187; O.A. Tomlinson to California Academy of Sciences, September 27, 1930, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Wildlife Reports 1929-41, Box 3, File Mount Rainier National Park 1929-35.
45O.A. Tomlinson to California Academy of Sciences, September 27, 1930, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Wildlife Reports 1929-41, Box 3, File Mount Rainier National Park 1929-35.
46Oliver G. Taylor to S.R. Holcomb, June 6, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File Mt. Rainier Predatory Animals.
47State of Washington House of Representatives, 30th sess., House Joint Memorial No.2, January 21, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 719 Mt. Rainier Predatory Animals.
48O.A. Tomlinson to Director, May 28, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Regional Office, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 719 Mt. Rainier Predatory Animals.
49Quoted in Lowell Sumner to Regional Director, July 9, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, Fie 602 Rainier Boundaries.
50LoweIl Sumner to Regional Director, July 9, 1947, John C. Preston to Regional Director, August 19, 1947, and Newton B. Drury to Regional Director, November 18, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 99, Fie 602 Rainier Boundaries.
51Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.77.
52Report on Wildlife Resources and Management, Region Four, National Park Service, 1949, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life Correspondence.
53O.A. Tomlinson to Director, March 16, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life.
54Lowell Sumner, A Biological Study of Mount Rainier National Park, January 19, 1949, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 107, File 700.01 Mt. Rainier Nature Study.
55Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.153.
56NPS, Report on Wildlife Resources and Management, Region Four, National Park Service, 1949, MORA, Administrative Files, File N14 Animal and Plant Life.
57William Porter Bradley, "History, Ecology, and Management of an Introduced Wapiti Population in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 1982, pp.26-27.
58John C. Preston to Paul H. Sceva, December 10, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 117, File 901.01 Rainier Grazing Part 1.
59Roger Morrow and Murray L. Johnson, "Mountain Goats of Mount Rainier: An Ecological Study," 1964, PNRO, file report MORA D-195, pp.1-2.
60Howard R. Stagner, Some Ecological Factors Relating to Possible Cattle Grazing in Mount Rainier National Park, 1944, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3019 Grazing.
61John C. Preston to Regional Director, August 5,1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 117, File 901.01 Rainier Grazing Part 1.
62O.A. Tomlinson to Superintendent, August 15, 1947, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 117, File 901.01 Rainier Grazing Part 1.
63John C. Preston to Regional Director, September 11, 1945, Paul H. Sceva to Preston, November 21, 1946, and Preston to Sceva, December 10, 1946, NAPSR, RG 79, Western Region, Classified Records--Mt. Rainier National Park, Box 117, File 901.01 Rainier Grazing Part 1; Sceva to L.A. Boyer, April 22, 1948, MORA, Administrative Files, File 920.02 RNPC Contract.
64Supervisory Park Ranger to Chief Ranger, August 10, 1965, MORA, Concessions, File Horses.
65Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, January 31, 1961, UW, C. Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, File 15.
66C Frank Brockman to Charles Gebler, August 11, 1964, UW, C. Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, File 25.
67Preston P. Macy to Regional Director, January 31, 1961, UW, C. Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, File 15.
68Superintendent to Regional Director, November 13, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415.
Chapter Eighteen
1William J. Briggle, "Message from the Superintendent," Mount Rainier National Park: An Update on the General Management Plan, vol.1 (Winter 1995), p.1.
2John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
3Daniel J. Tobin, Jr. interview, July 26, 1985, by Arthur D. Martinson.
4Neal G. Guse, Jr. interview, February 6, 1995.
5Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972-1987, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
6Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972-1987, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
7Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
8Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1979-1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Ibid.
9Everhart, The National Park Service, p.42.
10Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973-1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
11Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
12Superintendent's Annual Report, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
13Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
14Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
15Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1977-1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
16Superintendent's Annual Report, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
17Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
18David Uberuaga interview, February 10, 1995.
19David Uberuaga interview, February 10, 1995.
20Ibid; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
21Union negotiations, July 1981, PNRO, Administrative Files, File Mount Rainier Local No. 1501 American Federation of Government Employees.
22Agreement between Mount Rainier National Park and Local No. 1501 American Federation of Government Employees, February 10, 1989.
23Operations Evaluation Team to Regional Director, October 17, 1983, PNRO, Central Files, File A5427.
24National Parks for the 21st Century: The Vail Agenda, Report and Recommendations to the Director of the National Park Service from the Steering Committee of the 75th Anniversary Symposium, pp.48-50.
25Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
26Superintendent's Annual Report, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
27Operational Increases 1983-1992, MORA, data provided by Administrative Officer David Uberuaga.
28John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
29Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
30John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
31Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1979-1982, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
32Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1976, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
33Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
34Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1978, 1981, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
35Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
36Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
37Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1978-1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File 112623.
38John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
39Final Interpretive Prospectus, Longmire, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1976, PNRO, File Report MORA 1003, p.20.
41Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
42Annual Reports, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
43Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; David Louter, Craters of the Moon National Monument: An Administrative History, National Park Service, 1992, p.234.
44Barry Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service: A Historical Perspective, National Park Service, 1986, p.68; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
45Loren Lane interview, October 20, 1994.
46Superintendent's Annual Report, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
47Superintendent's Annual Report, 1992, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
48Charles J. Gebler, Interpretive Prospectus, Paradise, Mount Rainier National Park, November 1964. MORA, Administrative Files, File K1817.
49Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
50Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service, pp.53-54; Loren Lane interview, October 20, 1994; William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
51Interpretive Prospectus: Longmire, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, pp.11-19.
52Superintendent's Annual Report, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
53Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1977-1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
54William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
55William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
56Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1974, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
57Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services, Mount Rainier National Park, 1981, PNRO, File Report MORA 143.
58Final Interpretive Prospectus: Longmire. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, pp.21-22.
59Superintendent's Annual Report, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
60William Dengler interview, February 10, 1995.
61Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
62Ten Year Spread Mount Rainier National Park FY 1983 - FY 1992, MORA, document supplied by Administrative Officer David Uberuaga.
63Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
64John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
65Organizational Chart, March 1981, MORA, Administrative Files (Longmire), File A64 Organization General.
66Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972-1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
67Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
68Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
69David Uberuaga interview, February 10, 1995.
70Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
Chapter Nineteen
1Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, pp.181-197.
2Quoted in Mackintosh, The National Parks: Shaping the System, p.64.
3Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, p.28.
4William C. Everhart, The National Park Service (Boulder, Colorado, 1983), pp.98-101.
5Jeffrey Marion, David Cole, David Reynolds, "Limits of Acceptable Change: A Framework for Assessing Carrying Capacity," Park Science: A Resource Management Bulletin, vol.6, no.1 (Fall 1985), p.9.
6Quoted in Patricia E. Aspland and Katharine A. Pawelko, "Carrying Capacity: Evolution of Management Concepts for the National Parks," Trends, vol.20, no.3 (1983), p.22.
7Aspland and Pawelko, "Carrying Capacity: Evolution of Management Concepts for the National Parks," p.23.
8Quoted in Everhart, The National Park Service, p.102.
9Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
10John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
11Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
12John Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
13Gene Casey interview, February 9,1995; John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995. The fire in Berkeley Park occurred in 1968 or 1969.
14The Seattle Mountaineers, "Recommendations for Future Development of Mt. Rainier National Park," October 29, 1969, UW, Brock Evans Papers, Accession No.1776, Rainier National Park, Box 20.
15Tacoma News Tribune, December 3, 1972; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 16, November 14, 1973.
16Seattle Times, May 16, 1973.
17Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
18Seattle Times, May 16, 1973.
19Larry Zelanak interview, October 12, 1993; John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
20Harvey Manning, REI: 50 Years of Climbing Together (Seattle, 1988), p.121.
21Larry Zelanak interview, October 12, 1993.
22Seattle Times, January 17, 1974.
23>Seattle Times, July 24, 1975.
24John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
25John Wilcox interview, February 11,1995; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1986, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
26Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
27Mount Rainier National Park, Backcountry Management Plan, February 1981, PNRO, File Report MORA D97 Backcountry Management Plan.
29Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
30Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
31John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
33John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995; John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
34National Park Service, Morning Report, Pacific Northwest Edition, August 17, 1995.
35Mount Rainier National Park, Backcountry Management Plan, February 1981, PNRO file report, MORA D97 Backcountry Management Plan.
36Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 23, 1994.
37John Morse & Associates/Architects," Camp Muir, Mount Rainier National Park," November 15, 1973, PNRO, file report, MORA 52, pp.2, 12-16.
39Human Waste Management Program-- 1986, MORA, Central Files, File D18 High Altitude Human Waste Management; John Wilcox interview, February 10, 1995.
40John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
41Human Waste Management Program--1986, MORA, Central Files, File D18 High Altitude Human Waste Management.
42Human Waste Management Program--1986, MORA, Central Files, File D18 High Altitude Human Waste Management.
43Ibid. The 1985 climbers survey found that 59 percent of the total sample had not received blue bags for carrying out waste. This was a surprise to most managers. More than 70 percent of the total sample supported the program.
44John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995; John Wilcox communication, May 17, 1995.
45Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
46Superintendent's Annual Report, 1986, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
48Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995.
49In a 1990 visitor survey, 80 percent of visitors selected "driving to view scenery" among the activities engaged in while in the park, and 38 percent named "driving to view scenery" as the most important activity to their enjoyment of the national park. "Driving to view scenery" placed first, ahead of "day hiking--self led" at 21 percent. Only one to two percent of respondents gave other front country uses such as camping, picnicking, staying at a lodge or inn, or visiting museums as the most important activity to their enjoyment of the park. Darryll R. Johnson, Karen P. Foster, and Katherine L. Kerr, Mount Rainier National Park 1990 Visitor Survey, National Park Service, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Washington, 1990, pp.22-23.
50National Park Service, Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, 1972, pp.22-24, 28-30.
51John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995; Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
52John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995; Superintendent's Annual Report, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
53Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1974-1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Gene Casey interview, February 9,1995.
54Donna Rahier interview, February 9,1995.
55Donna Rahier interview, February 9, 1995.
56Superintendent's Annual Report, 1992, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
57National Park Service, Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, p.16.
58John C. Hendee, et al., Public Response to the Mt. Rainier National Park Draft Wilderness Proposal and Master Plan--Analysis and Summary, p.71.
59National Park Service, Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, p.17.
6Hendee, et al., Public Response to the Mt. Rainier National Park Draft Wilderness Proposal and Master Plan--Analysis and Summary, p.73.
62Seattle Mountaineers, "Recommendations for Future Development of Mt. Rainier National Park," October 29, 1969, University of Washington, Brock Evans Papers, Accession No. 1776, Rainier National Park, Box 20.
63Environmental Review, Proposed Mowich Lake Access Route, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, October 31, 1975, PNRO, File Report MORA D81.
64National Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, 1972, p.15.
65Darryll R. Johnson, A Study of Visitor Attitudes Toward Initiation of a Visitor Transportation System at Mount Rainier National Park, National Park Service, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, 1990, passim.
66"Transportation Feasibility Study," undated briefing statement provided to the author by Eric Walkinshaw.
67Landscape Architect to Regional Director, January 18, 1985, MORA, Central Files, File D24 West Entrance Station.
68Acting Superintendent to Regional Director, February 12, 1985, MORA, Central Files, File D24 West Entrance Station.
70Regional Director to Superintendent, June 20, 1989, MORA, Central Files, File L76 Westside Road.
71Scott Rustay to Manager, Western Team, December 3, 1991, MORA, Central Files, File L76 Westside Road.
Chapter Twenty
1Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., interview by Arthur D. Martinson, July 26, 1985.
2C. Frank Brockman, "Biological Study of Sub-Alpine Meadows, Paradise Valley Area, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," PNRO, File Report MORA D196, p.22.
3John Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
4David Birkner to John A. Townsley, August 17, 1969, and Townsley to Birkner, August 20, 1969, MORA, Administrative Files, File D30 Roads and Trails General 1964-1969.
5Brockman, "Biological Study of Sub-alpine Meadows," pp.22-23.
6John Rutter interview, February 3, 1995; Regina Rochefort communication, March 28, 1995.
7John Rutter interview, February 3, 1995; Gary Ahlstrand communication, February 9, 1995.
8Superintendent's Annual Report, 1973, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
9Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995.
10Regina M. Rochefort and Stephen T. Gibbons, "Mending the Meadow: High-Altitude Meadow Restoration in Mount Rainier National Park," Restoration and Management Notes, vol.10, no.2 (Winter 1992), pp.121-22.
11Ibid, p.123; Gary Ahlstrand communication, February 9, 1995.
12John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995; John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995; Rochefort and Gibbons, "Mending the Meadow," p.126.
13Gary Ahlstrand communication, February 9, 1995.
14Rochefort and Gibbons, "Mending the Meadow," p.124.
15Stephen T. Gibbons, Final Report on Social and Way Trail Study in Spray Park, January 19, 1988, MORA, Central Files, File N2621.
16Regina Rochefort communication, March 28, 1995.
17William Porter Bradley, "History, Ecology, and Management of an Introduced Wapiti Population in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1982, p.26.
18William P. Bradley and Charles H. Driver, "Elk Ecology and Management Perspectives at Mount Rainier National Park," 1981, PNRO, File Report MORA D174, pp.18, 22-23; Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1976-1978, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
19Superintendent's Annual Report, 1979, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
20Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1979-1984, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
21Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995; Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995.
22S.H. Sharrow and D.E. Kuntz, Plant Response to Elk Grazing in Subalpine Dry Meadow Communities of Mount Rainier National Park, Prepared for NPS by Department of Rangeland Resources, Oregon State University, July 1989, PNRO, File Report MORA D177; William J. Ripple, Edward E. Starkey, and Barry J. Schrumpf, Assessing Elk Trail and Wallow Impacts in Mount Rainier National Park, Prepared for NPS by Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Oregon State University, August 1988, PNRO, File Report MORA D157.
23Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1987, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
24Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, pp.121, 129-30.
25National Park Service, Natural Resource Management Plan. Mount Rainier National Park, 1992, p.36; Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
26Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks, p.124.
27Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
28Superintendent's Annual Report, 1992, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
31David D. May, "Long Range Wildlife Management Plan 1966-70," [1966], FRC, RG 79, 74-A598, Box 19941, File N16 MORA.
32Superintendent's Annual Report, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
33Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1991-1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
34Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993. MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
35Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1983-1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
36Jerry F. Franklin, William H. Moir, Miles A. Hemstrom, Sarah E. Greene, Bradley G. Smith, The Forest Communities of Mount Rainier National Park, Scientific Monograph Series No. 19, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1988, p.165.
37Superintendent's Annual Report, 1986, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
38Stephanie Toothman, The Historic Resources of Mount Rainier National Park: National Register Nomination Form, 1990, PNRO, File Report.
39Neal G. Guse, "Statement for Management, Mount Rainier National Park," 1988, MORA, Central Files, File D18 Statement for Management.
40Stephanie S. Toothman, "Cultural Resource Management in Natural Areas of the National Park System," The Public Historian, vol.9, no.2 ((Spring 1987), p.65.
41National Park Service, Environmental Statement/Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, p.26, PNRO, File Report MORA 73-64.
42Acting Regional Director to Superintendent, June 4, 1976, PNRO, Administrative Files, File Classified Structure Field Inventory Report, Mount Rainier National Park, January 1976; Laurin Huffman interview, March 31, 1995.
43James D. Mote, "Historic Resources Survey Status Report, Mount Rainier National Park, Longmire, Washington," Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 1976, PNRO, File Report MORA D153.
44James Mote to Harry Pfanz, August 2, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files (Longmire), File H30 Historic Resource Survey 1975-1977.
45Russell E. Dickenson to Associate Director, September 30, 1977, Dickenson to Manager, Denver Service Center, September 30, 1977, Development/Study Package Proposal No. 207, 1977, Acting Chief, Cultural Resources Management Division to Associate Manager, Denver Service Center, August 25, 1977, Chief Historian to Manager, Historic Preservation Team, Denver Service Center, June 13, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files (Longmire), File H30 Historic Resource Survey 1975-1977.
46Erwin N. Thompson, Historic Resource Study: Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, Denver Service Center, National Park Service, October 1981.
47Superintendent to Regional Director, January 9, 1980, PNRO, Administrative Files, File Classified Structure Field Inventory Report, Mt. Rainier National Park, January 1976.
48Acting Regional Director to Manager, Denver Service Center, September 15, 1980, PNRO, Administrative Files, File Classified Structure Field Inventory Report, Mt. Rainier National Park, January 1976.
49Stephanie Toothman, The Historic Resources of Mount Rainier National Park: National Register Nomination Form, 1990; Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995.
50Stephanie Toothman, "Mount Rainier: The National Park as a Cultural Landscape," 1983, MORA, Library Collection, History, Box 3, File No. 25.
51Toothman, "Mount Rainier: The National Park as a Cultural Landscape," MORA, Library Collection, History, Box 3, File No. 25.
53Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995.
54David L. Snow, Historic Structures Report, Paradise Inn. Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, Denver Service Center, Historic Preservation Division, 1979, PNRO, File report MORA D1461.
55Superintendent's Annual Report, 1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
56Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995. Schiltgen spent a summer at Longmire and wrote the report as her master's thesis for the University of Oregon's School of Landscape Architecture (1986). See PNRO File Report MORA D132.
57Pacific Northwest Region, National Park Service, "Documentation of Finding of Adverse Effect," no date, PNRO, Administrative Files, File H30; Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995.
58Denver Service Center, Concessions Operations Review and Feasibility Analysis, Mount Rainier National Park. Washington, PNRO, File Report MORA D129, p.5.
59Documentation of Adverse Effect, Sunrise Lodge, Mount Rainier National Park, Chronology of Consultation, PNRO, Administrative Files, no date.
60Ibid; Stephanie Toothman interview, February 17, 1995.
61Documentation of Adverse Effect, Sunrise Lodge, Mount Rainier National Park, Chronology of Consultation, PNRO, Administrative Files, no date.
62National Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, p.21.
Chapter Twenty-One
1The Leopold Report was produced by the Special Advisory Board on Wildlife Management, a panel of four scientists commissioned by Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall to review NPS wildlife policy; the report was named for the commission's chairman, A. Starker Leopold, a professor of zoology and son of the noted ecologist, Aldo Leopold. The report's original title was "Wildlife Management in the National Parks."
2A. Starker Leopold et al., "Wildlife Management in the National Parks," The Living Wilderness, no.83 (Spring-Summer 1963), p.16.
3At this early date, project funding ran through the office of Regional Chief of Interpretation Bennett T. Gale; later, as the NPS science program expanded, it was transferred to the Division of Natural History, Western Region. Bennett T. Gale to C. Frank Brockman, February 13, 1961, and Brockman to Richard G. Prasil, May 25, 1964, UW, C. Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, Files 15 and 25.
4C. Frank Brockman, "Biological Study of Sub-Alpine Meadows, Paradise Valley Area, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," summer 1959, PNRO, File Report MORA D196.
5Regina M. Rochefort, "Mount Rainier National Park Paradise Meadow Plan," 1989, PNRO, File Report MORA D230; Rochefort, "Mount Rainier National Park Restoration Handbook," 1990, PNRO, File Report MORA D238; Neal Guse telephone communication, July 18, 1995.
6Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
7PNRO, File Report MORA D-174.
8William J. Ripple, Edward E. Starkey, and Barry J. Schrumpf, "Assessing Elk Trail and Wallow Impacts in Mount Rainier National Park," August 1988, PNRO, File Report MORA D157; S.H. Sharrow and D.E. Kuntz, "Plant Response to Elk Grazing in Subalpine Dry Meadow Communities of Mount Rainier National Park," 1989, PNRO, MORA D177; Kurt J. Jenkins and Edward E. Starkey, "Influences of Adjacent Forest Management Activities of Migratory Elk," 1990, PNRO, File Report MORA D183.
9Jerry E. Franklin et al., The Forest Communities of Mount Rainier National Park, USDI, NPS, Scientific Monograph Series No. 19, 1988.
10Franklin et al.. The Forest Communities of Mount Rainier National Park, p.1.
11Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
12Regina Rochefort communication. June 1995.
13Warren W. Tanaka, "Rare, Endangered, Threatened, and Endemic Plant Species in Designated Places of Developed Areas of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," March 28, 1979, PNRO, File report MORA D118.
14Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
15Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985 and 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
16Larson, Gary A., Andy Wones, C. David McIntire, and Barbara Samora, "Integrating Limnological Characteristics of High Mountain Lakes into the Landscape of a Natural Area," Environmental Management, 18:871-888, 1994.
17Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
18Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
19Interview with Neal Guse, February 6, 1995; interview with Darryll Johnson, January 13, 1995.
20National Park Service, Air Quality Division, Air Quality in the National Parks, Natural Resource Report 88-1, July 1988, pp. 2-1, 2-6.
21Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1985-1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
22Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; National Park Service, Air Quality Division, Air Quality in the National Parks, Natural Resource Report 88-1, July 1988, p.5-17.
23National Park Service, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Annual Report 1984, Winter 1985, p.19.
24National Park Service, Air Quality Division, Air Quality in the National Parks, Natural Resource Report 88-1, July 1988, p.vii.
25Neal Guse interview, February 6, 1995.
26Superintendent's Annual Report, 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
27Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993. MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
28Superintendent's Annual Report, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
29Development/Study Package Proposal, Package 207, Revision No.2, April 30, 1977, MORA, Longmire, Administrative Files, File H30 Historic Resource Survey 1975-1977.
30Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, pp.iii, 279.
31Stephanie Toothman and Barrett Kennedy, "Mount Rainier: The National Park as a Cultural Landscape," no date, MORA, Library Pamphlet Collection, History, Box 3, File 25.
32Stephanie Toothman, The Historic Resources of Mount Rainier National Park: National Register Nomination Form, National Park Service, 1990, no page.
33WiIliam J. Briggle interview, February 10, 1995.
34These file reports at the Pacific Northwest Regional Office are numbered MORA D115, D154, D160, and D132 respectively.
35"Little Tahoma's Big Slide," Sunset Magazine, vol.137, no.1 (July 1966), p.8. For the scientists' reports, see Dwight R. Crandell and Robert K. Fannestuck, Rockfalls and Avalanches from Little Tahoma Peak on Mount Rainier Washington, USGS Bulletin 1221-A, 1965, p. A2; Dwight R. Crandell and Donald R Mullineaux, Volcanic Hazards at Mount Rainier Washington, USGS Bulletin 1238, 1967, p.20; Dwight R. Crandell, Surficial Geology of Mount Rainier National Park Washington, USGS Bulletin 1288, 1969, pp.38-40.
36Stephen L. Harris, Fire and Ice: The Cascade Volcanoes (Seattle, 1976), p.219.
38Regina Rochefort interview, February 9, 1995; Donald A. Swanson, Stephen D. Malone, and Barbara A. Samora, "Mount Rainier: A Decade Volcano," Eos, Transactions. American Geophysical Union, vol. 73, no.16 (April 21, 1992), p.177.
39Assistant Superintendent to District Director, September 5, 1969, FRC, RG 79, 74-A598, Box 1994 1, File N30 MORA.
40Anonymous. "Monitoring Mount Rainier for Future Volcanic Activity," no date, MORA, Library Pamphlet Collection, Mt. Rainier Volcano No. 1.
41Dwight R. Crandell, "Potential Effects of Future Volcanic Eruptions in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," USGS administrative report for the National Park Service, 1967. MORA, Administrative Files, File N3027 Volcanic Eruption--USGS--Potential Effects.
42Director USGS to Director NPS, April 26, 1967, FRC, RG 79, 74-A598, Box 1994 1, File N30 MORA.
43Edward L. Parsegan, "Emergency Operations Plan for Mount Rainier National Park," June 1969, MORA, Administrative Files, File N3027 Volcanic Eruption--USGS--Potential Effects.
44Swanson, Malone, and Samora, "Mount Rainier: A Decade Volcano," p.177.
45Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Main Files, File H2623.
Chapter Twenty-Two
1Stewart L. Udall, "Nature Islands for the World," in First World Conference on National Parks, ed. Alexander B. Adams (Washington, 1963), p.7.
2Superintendent to Regional Director, November 21,1962, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415.
3Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 5, 1991.
4National Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, pp.1-2, 34.
5Superintendent to Regional Director, December 12, 1963, Leonard O. Barrett to Regional Forester, August 24, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
6Sherman D. Knight to Superintendent, October 14, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
7John A. Rutter to Regional Director, February 12, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415 Recreational Activities, 1952-64.
8Superintendent to Regional Director, December 12, 1963, and August 23, 1965, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
9Memorandum of Agreement of November 30, 1967, Between the National Park Service and the Forest Service Relating to Joint Development of a White River Visitor Information Station, Lawrence E. Echols to Chief of Park Maintenance, June 12, 1968, MORA, Administrative Files, File A3815; L.O. Barrett to John A. Townsley, December 26, 1968, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
10Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973-1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
11Superintendent's Annual Report, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
12National Park Service, in cooperation with Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Wenatchee National Forest, Federal Highway Administration, and Washington State Department of Transportation, Development Guidelines, Mather Memorial Parkway, August 1991, p.2; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
13William Briggle interview, February 10, 1995.
14U.S. District Judge William Dwyer overruled environmentalists' objections to the widening of the clear zone for state Highway 410, rejecting claims that the Forest Service's plan to clear twelve acres of old-growth forest would violate President Clinton's Northwest Forest Plan. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 1, 1995.
15Sherman D. Knight to Superintendent, October 14, 1964, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
16Superintendent to Regional Director, December 12, 1963, MORA, Administrative Files, File A44 Cooperative Agreements.
17Superintendent to Regional Director, November 21, 1962, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415 Recreational Activities 1962-1964.
18Conservation Foundation, National Parks for a New Generation: Visions, Realities, Prospects, p.144.
19Neal Guse interview, February 6, 1995.
20Seattle Post-Intelligencer, January 5, 1991; David V. Uberuaga to Ted Lewis, March 9, 1989, and Associate Regional Director to State Director, February 7, 1991, MORA, Main Files, File L76 Timber Sales.
21John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
22William Porter Bradley, "History, Ecology, and Management of an Introduced Wapiti Population in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington," 1982, pp.26-27.
23Office of the Regional Solicitor to Regional Director, December 14, 1982, MORA, Main Files, File N14 Wildlife.
24Superintendent's Annual Report, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621.
25John A. Rutter to Director, February 2, 1971, MORA, Administrative Files, File L1417 Boundary Adjustments.
26Donald F. Gillespie to Regional Director, September 20, 1973, MORA, Administrative Files, File L1417 Boundary Adjustments.
27John A. Rutter interview, February 3, 1995.
28Eleanor T. Heller to Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., January 27, 1974, in National Park Service, Final Environmental Statement. Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1976, n.p.
30Superintendent's Annual Report, 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2621; Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
31U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain Region, "Conceptual Framework for FIRE IN THE FOREST: Influences on the Landscapes and Management Decisions in the West," February 1989, p.10.
32Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
33Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995; Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
34John Krambrink interview, February 10, 1995.
36Press Release, August 15, 1968, and Leslie W. Scott to Paul H. Sceva, April 10, 1968, Washington State Historical Society, Paul H. Sceva Collection, Box 1, Folder 5; Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Reorganization Between Amfac, Inc., (a Hawaii Corporation), Fred Harvey, Inc., (a Delaware Corporation) and Rainier National Park Company (a West Virginia Corporation), January 1969, Sceva Collection, Box 1, Folder 12.
37Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
38Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1989, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
39Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1978, 1980, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
40Denver Service Center, Concessions Operations Review and Feasibility Analysis. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, November 1986, Pacific Northwest Regional Office file report MORA D129, pp.3, 5.
41Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1988, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
42Robert Hentges interview, February 15, 1995.
43Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
44Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
45Robert Hentges interview, February 15, 1995.
46The Conservation Foundation, National Parks for a New Generation: Visions. Realities. Prospects (Washington, 1985), p.205.
47Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1985, 1989, 1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
48Robert Hentges interview, February 15, 1995.
49Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., "Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Proposed Concession Contract, Mount Rainier National Park," MORA, File C38 Concession--Prospectus--Guide Service 1972-73-74.
50Whittaker and Gabbard, Lou Whittaker: Memoirs of a Mountain Guide, p.95.
51W. Gerald Lynch to John Townsley, February 9, 1972, and Regional Director to Superintendent, March 23, 1973, MORA, Administrative Files, File C38 Concessions--Prospectus--Guide Service 1972-73-74.
52Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
53Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1986, 1988, 1989, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
54Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
55Whittaker and Gabbard, Lou Whittaker: Memoirs of a Mountain Guide, pp.136-45.
57Whittaker and Gabbard, Lou Whittaker: Memoirs of a Mountain Guide, pp.61, 175.
58Superintendent's Annual Report, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
59Superintendent's Annual Report, 1986, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
60Paradise Park Ranger to Assistant Chief Ranger, May 16, 1966, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415 Recreational Activities.
61Paul Sceva, President-General Manager's Annual Reports for the Fiscal Years 1963, 1966, 1967, Washington State Historical Society, Paul Sceva Papers, Box 1, File 16. Quotation in 1963 report.
62John R. Anderson to John Townsley, June 28, 1968, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18 Ski Area Proposal Mount Rainier National Park.
63Paul Sceva, President-General Manager's Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 1967, Washington State Historical Society, Paul Sceva Papers, Box 1, File 16.
64Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
65Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995.
66Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
67Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
68Rick Kirshner interview, February 11, 1995; Tacoma News Tribune, September 23, 1975.
69Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1972, 1980, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
70Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1979, 1980, 1981, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
71Superintendent's Annual Report, 1983, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
72Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
73John Wilcox interview, February 11, 1995.
74Mt. Tahoma Trails Association, Mt. Tahoma Trails 93/94 Season (brochure), Ashford, Washington.
75Paradise Park Ranger to Assistant Chief Ranger, May 16, 1966, MORA, Administrative Files, File L3415 Recreational Activities.
76Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
77William J. Briggle interview, February 10, 1995; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1991, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
78Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623, Neal Guse, Jr. interview, February 6, 1995.
79Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; William J. Briggle interview, February 10, 1995.
80C. Frank Brockman to David A. Ritchie, December 5, 1966, UW, Frank Brockman Papers, Accession 1802-72-5, Box 1, File 2.
81Malcolm F. Baldwin, "The Snowmobile and Environmental Quality," Trends, vol.6, no.2 (April 1970), pp.15-17.
82National Park Service, Final Environmental Statement, Master Plan. Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1976, p.45.
83Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., Statement for Management, Mount Rainier National Park, January 1977, MORA, Administrative Files, File D18.
84Neal Guse, Jr., Statement for Management, Mount Rainier National Park (revised), 1985, 1988, MORA, Central Files, File D18 Statement for Management.
85Superintendent's Annual Report, 1972, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
86Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1973, 1976, 1982, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
87Superintendent's Annual Report, 1990, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
88Superintendent's Annual Report, 1993, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623; William Briggle interview, February 10, 1995; Robert Dunnagan interview, February 14, 1995.
89National Park Service, Master Plan, Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, 1972, pp.15-20, 34.
90For example, in his Statement for Management in 1977, Superintendent Tobin remarked: "Public transportation to the Park is limited to sightseeing buses from Seattle. During the 1974 gas shortage, an excursion bus from Seattle to Sunrise was proposed by conservation advocates. The public response was very small." MORA, Administrative Files, File D18.
91Superintendent's Annual Report, 1992, MORA, Administrative Files, File H2623.
92The Conservation Foundation, National Parks for a New Generation: Visions, Realities, Prospects (Washington, 1985), p.151.
93Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995.
94Gene Casey interview, February 9,1995; Seattle Times (Sunday Supplement), August 7, 1994.
95Tacoma News Tribune, December 8, 1994.
96Gene Casey interview, February 9, 1995; William Briggle interview, February 10, 1995; Neal Guse, Jr., interview, February 6, 1995.
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