OLYMPIC The Evolution and Diversification of Native Land Use Systems on the Olympic Peninsula A Research Design

James Thompson, archaeologist for the Pacific Northwest Region of the National Park Service, was responsible for contract oversight for the duration of this study. He provided introductions to staff and research personnel at Olympic National Park, provided maps and literature and, most importantly, always seemed confident that the project was on the right track—if not the fast track.

At the Institute for Environmental Studies, I am particularly grateful to Gordon Orians who generously shared ideas about ecology and resource management. Gordon was director of the Institute through much of this project and introduced me to the concept of adaptive management. Twenty years on the margins of Academia have convinced me that scholars with such breadth of perspective are very hard to find. Vim Wright, Assistant Director of the Institute, has been supportive in numerous ways and facilitated the printing of this report. Estella Leopold provided advice on literature sources on paleoenvironments and offered comments on a preliminary draft of the paleoenvironmental section of this report. As a very helpful source of knowledge on Olympic National Park, I am grateful to Polly Dyer. Conway Leovy committed the use of the laser printer at the Institute.

Douglas Houston of the National Park Service generously provided copies of published and unpublished papers on the ecology of the Roosevelt elk. Robert Wood, whose knowledge of the Peninsula's remote interior is unequaled, was helpful in identifying locations of rockshelters and other places of potential archaeological interest in the interior of the Park.

Edward (Chip) Johnston, Phillippa (Pippa) Coiley, Lynn Mestres and Valentina Cavazos participated in the archaeological field reconnaissance. Chip was present throughout the field work, shared his backcountry skills, and proved to have an extraordinary facility for finding even the most unobtrusive of artifacts.

A number of archaeologists have discussed ideas, shared information or expertise. Some of these people include Eric Bergland, Greg Cleveland, Dale Croes, Robert Greengo, Steve Hackenberger, Leonard Ham, Bob Mierendorf, Richard Taylor, Alston Thoms, Gary Wessen, and Robert Whitlam.

Those individuals who provided review comments on one or more drafts of this report on behalf of the National Park Service also deserve acknowledgment. These include Eric Bergland, Nelsa Buckingham, Robert Mierendorf, and Edward Schriner. I believe that this final draft has benefited from the critical comments provided by these reviewers.

Some of the ideas and perspectives on aboriginal land use and subsistence systems of the Northwest presented in this study have been developed over a period of several years and various projects.

Among the other agencies that must be acknowledged in this regard are the National Science Foundation (Grant #BNS-8519565), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Seattle, Walla Walla, and Portland Districts), and the Seattle Water Department.