OLYMPIC The Evolution and Diversification of Native Land Use Systems on the Olympic Peninsula A Research Design

COVER

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION (Randall Schalk)

Scope and Objectives of the Study
Characterization of Past Environments
Some Principles from Adaptive Management
Testing of Alternative Models
Organization of the Report

2. SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON HUNTER-GATHERER LAND USE SYSTEMS (Randall Schalk)

Introduction
The Bipolar Nature of Hunter Gatherer Land Use Systems
The Forager-Collector Model
Demography and Land Use Intensification
Some general expectations of the Forager-Collector Continuum
Discussion

3. THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD RESOURCES ON THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA (Randall Schalk and David Yesner)

Physiography and Climate
Vegetation
Fire Ecology and Forest Vegetation
Plant Food Resources
Land Mammals
Ethnographic Data on the Hunting of Land Mammals
Marine Resources
Ethnographic Data on Shellfish Use
Sea Mammals of the Outer Coast
Resident Sea Mammals of the Outer Coast
Sea Mammals of the Inner Coast
Ethnographic Information on Sea Mammal Hunting
Salmonid Resources
Marine Fish of the Outer Coast
Marine Fish of the Inner Coast
Ethnographic Accounts of Marine Fish Use
Seabirds of the Outer Coast
Seabirds of the Inner Coast
Ethnographic Information on Sea-bird Use
Discussion

>4. DIVERSITY IN 19TH CENTURY LAND USE STRATEGIES ON THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA (Randall Schalk)

Introduction
Quinault
Quileute
Makah
Klallam
Chemakum
Twana and Skokomish
Discussion

5. PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA (Randall Schalk and David Yesner)

Paleoenvironmental Data Sources
Late Pleistocene Glacial History
Alpine Glacial Activity During the Holocene
Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleo-environments: Palynology Data
Faunal Resources of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene
Relative Sea Level in the Holocene
Summary

6. LATE PLEISTOCENE, EARLY AND MID-HOLOCENE LAND USE SYSTEMS (Randall Schalk)

Introduction
A Chronological Framework
Archaeology of the the Late Pleistocene
The Early Holocene and the Old Cordilleran
Lithic Assemblages
Subsistence Systems
Settlement Patterns
Age of the Old Cordilleran
Discussion
Old Cordilleran Settlement Systems: Foraging vs. Collecting
Rest-Rotation Foraging: The Advantage of High Mobility
Culture Change and the Old Cordilleran
Summary

7. THE EMERGENCE OF SEMI-SEDENTARY LAND USE SYSTEMS IN THE LATE HOLOCENE (Randall Schalk)

Modeling the Emergence of Winter Sedentary Land Use Systems
Diversification and Intensification of the Collector Systems
Alternative Models
Summary

8. MANAGEMENT ZONES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPECTATIONS (Randall Schalk)

Definition of Management Zones
Zone I: The Coastal Margin
     Zone Ia: Grays Harbor to Cedar Creek
     Zone Ib: Cedar Creek to Cape Johnson
     Zone Ic: Cape Johnson to Cape Flattery
     Zone Id: Cape Flattery to Crescent Bay
     Zone Ie: Crescent Bay to Hood Canal
     Zone If: Hood Canal
Zone II: River Valleys and Lowlands
     Zone IIa: West Slope Rivers and Lowlands
     Zone IIb: Northwestern Peninsula Rivers and Lowlands
     Zone IIc: North Slope Rivers and Lowlands
     Zone IId: Hood Canal Rivers and Lowlands
     Zone IIe: Skokomish River and Lowlands
Zone III: Montane
Zone IV: Subalpine and Arctic
Other Research Domains and Data Requirements
     Development of Chronological Controls
     Hypotheses Regarding Faunal Changes in the Past
     Hypotheses Concerning the Sources of Lithic Raw Materials
     Shellfish Studies
     Other Research Topics

9. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES (Randall Schalk)

Applying the Principles of Adaptive Management
The Relationship of Small Projects to Research Design in the Park
Assimilation of Regional Information
Maintaining a Conservation Ethic in the Park
Archaeological Survey Methods in the Park
Some Recommendations Regarding Excavations
Archaeological Integrity and the Evaluation of Archaeological Significance
Recommendations

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN UPPER RIVER BASINS OF THE EASTERN OLYMPICS

APPENDIX B: RADIOCARBON DATES FROM OLYMPIC PENINSULA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

APPENDIX C: ROCKSHELTERS AND CAVES OF POSSIBLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTEREST

Figure 1.1 Olympic National Park and the Olympic Peninsula

Figure 3.1 Mean Annual Precipitation (inches) on the Olympic Peninsula: 1930-1957

Figure 3.2 Prairies of the Olympic Peninsula

Figure 3.3 Winter ranges of Roosevelt elk on the Olympic Peninsula

Figure 3.4 Marine mammal concentration and migration areas of the northwestern Olympic Peninsula

Figure 3.5 Locations of known harbor seal haul sites along the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

Figure 3.6 Generalized schedule of salmon spawning migrations for the Olympic Peninsula

Figure 3.7 Accessible spawning habitat for anadromous fish in the major drainages of the Olympic Peninsula

Figure 3.8 Escapement (by weight) of various salmon species in the Hood Canal Basin versus the Soleduck-Hoh Basin.

Figure 3.9 Sea bird rookeries of the northwestern Olympic Peninsula Figure

Figure 4.1 Indian Tribes of the Olympic Peninsula

Figure 5.1 Maximum extent of glaciation in northwestern Washington and southwestern British Columbia

Figure 5.2 Pollen Diagram from Hoh River bog

Figure 5.3 Curves of reconstructed mean annual precipitation and mean July temperatures from Marion Lake sediment core

Figure 5.4 Relative sea level change model for the western Olympic Peninsula

Figure 6.1 Temporal Distribution of Radiocarbon Dates from Olympic Peninsula Sites

Figure 6.2 Relative ungulate densities by season along an elevational gradient of the Olympic Peninsula.

Figure 7.1 Economic Zonation Surrounding a Riverine Village Compared to that for a Coastal Village

Figure 7.2 Schematic model for the evolution and diversification of land use systems of the Olympic Peninsula

Figure 8.1 Archaeological Management Zones for the Olympic Peninsula Region

Figure 8.2 River Terrace Sequence

Table 3.1 Prairies of the Olympic Peninsula

Table 3.2 Salmon runs in the 12 largest rivers of the Olympic Peninsula