Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway Time and the River: A History of the Saint Croix A Historic Resource Study of the Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway

¹W.H.C. Folsom, Fifty-Years in the Northwest (St. Paul: Pioneer Publishing Company, 1888), 34.

²James Taylor Dunn, The St. Croix: Midwest Border River (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1979), 5.

³Walter A. Rowlands, "The Great Lakes Cutover Region," Regionalism In America, edited by Merrill Jensen (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), 334.

⁴Folsom, Fifty-Years in the Northwest, 34. For other examples of environmental history approaches to regional studies see: William Cronon, Changes on the Land, Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983); James J. Miller, An Environmental History of Northeast Florida (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998); and Robert Bunting, The Pacific Raincoast: Environment and Culture in an American Eden, 1778-1900 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1997).

¹Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Narrative Journal of Travels Through the Great Chain of American Lakes to the Sources of the Mississippi River in the Year 1820 (Albany: E. & F. Hosford, 1821), 309-12; Zebulon M. Pike, An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi and Through Parts of Louisiana, to the Sources of the Arkansaw, Kans, La Platte, Pierre Jaun, Rivers (Philadelphia: C. & A. Conrad, 1810), 94-5.

²Nicholas Perrot, "Memoir on the Manners, Customs, and Religion of the Savages of North America," The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and the Region of the Great Lakes, ed. Emma Helen Blair (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 119.

³Elliott West, The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1998), 17; Ruth Landes, The Mystic Lake Sioux: Sociology of the Mdewakantonwan Santee (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968), 28.

⁴Perrot, "Memoir," Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi, 130-1.

⁵Ibid; Gary Clayton Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind: Dakota-White Relations in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1650-1862 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1997), 6-7; Louis Hennepin, A Description of Louisiana, ed. John Gilmary Shea (New York: John G. Shea, 1880), 227-39; Jonathan Carver, Travels Through North America in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768 (London: J. Walter and S. Crowder, 1778), 264.

⁶Landes, Mystic Lake Sioux, 195-7.

⁷Daniel S. Wovcha, Barbara C. Delaney, Gerda E. Nordquist, Minnesota's St. Croix River Valley and Anoka Sandplain (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 19; William W. Warren, History of the Ojibway People (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984), 97; Hennepin, Description of Louisiana, 322-3; Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 7.

⁸Landes, Mystic Lake Sioux, 28-29; Perrot, "Memoir," Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi, 120-1;Hennepin, Description of Louisiana, 322-3; Shepard Krech III, The Ecological Indian, Myth and Reality (New York: Norton, 1999), 131.

⁹Landes, Mystic Lake Sioux, 162-70; Hennepin, Description of Louisiana, 323.

¹⁰Hennepin, Description of Louisiana, 323, 244-5.

¹¹Perrot, "Memoirs," Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi, 103; Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake Itasca: The Discovery of the Source of the Mississippi, edited by Philip P. Mason (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1958), 90; Joesph N. Nicolet, The Journals of Joseph N. Nicolet: A Scientist on the Mississippi Headwaters With Notes on Indian Life, 1836-37, edited by Martha Coleman Bray (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1970), 146; Samuel W. Pond, "The Dakotas or Sioux of Minnesota as They Were in 1834," Minnesota Historical Society Collections, 12, 345.

¹²Ibid.

¹³Gary Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 2-3,13; Pierre de Charlevoix, Journal of a Voyage to North America, Vol. I (London: R. and J. Dodsley, 1761), 280.

¹⁴Pierre Esprit Radisson, Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson, edited by Gideon Scull, (New York: Peter Smith, 1943), 201-9.

¹⁵Perrot, "Memoir,"Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi, 159-65; R. David Edmunds and Joseph L. Peyser, The Fox Wars: The Mesquakie Challenge to New France (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), 16-7; William W. Warren, History of the Ojibway People (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1984), 129-30.

¹⁶William W. Warren, A History of the Ojibway People (St.Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984), 120; David L. Fritz, Historic Resource Study: St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Unpublished draft. (Omaha: National Park Service, 1989), 14.

¹⁷"Geographical Names in Wisconsin," Wisconsin Historical Collections I (1849) 113; Benard de la Harpe, "Le Suer's Voyage up the Mississippi," Wisconsin Historical Collections XVI (1902) 185-6; Dunn, The St. Croix, 28-9; Stillwater Messenger, 25 July 1917; Stillwater Messenger clipping in the Hjalmar Otto Peterson Papers, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.

¹⁸Meyer, History of the Santee Sioux, 11-3; Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 36-7.

¹⁹Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 36.

²⁰Meyer, History of the Santee Sioux, 10-1; Hennepin, A Description of Louisiana, 202-3; Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History 65:12 (1978), 319-43.

²¹Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 27.

²²Ibid, 22-3.

²³William W. Warren, History of the Ojibway People (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984), 80-6.

²⁴Ibid, 155-62; Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 46-9.

²⁵Ibid, 44-9.

²⁶Ibid, 51-4; Kenneth P. Bailey, ed. And trans. Journal of Joseph Marin, French Colonial Explorer and Military Commander in the Wisconsin Country, August 7, 1753–June 20, 1754 (n.p.: privately printed, 1975), 93-4.

²⁷Arthur S. Morton, A History of the Canadian West To 1870-71 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), 231-5; Grace Lee Nute, "Marin Versus La Verndrye," Minnesota History 32:4 (Dec. 1951), 226-238; Francis Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (Boston: Little Brown, 1908), 85-6.

²⁸Bailey, Journal of Mr. Marin, Junior, 1753 and 1754, 72-5, 93-7.

²⁹Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 59; Alexander Henry, Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories Between the Years 1760 and 1776 Edmonton, Alberta: M.G. Hurtig, 1969), 187-8, 194-200.

³⁰Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 243-4.

³¹Ibid, 244-9.

³²Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 10, 220, 279-97, 337; Henry, Travels and Adventures, 153.

³³Connor, et al, Archeological Investigations Along the St. Croix 1983, 320-340.

³⁴Jonathan Carver, Travels Through North America in the Years 1766, 1767 and 1768 (London: J. Walters and S. Crowder, 1778), 104-6, 476-7; James Stanley Goddard, "Journal of a Voyage, 1766-67," edited by Carolyn Gilman, The Journals of Jonathan Carver and Related Documents, edited by John Parker, (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1976), 190.

³⁵Carver, Travels Through North America, 100, 104-6.

³⁶Carver, Travels Through North America, 476-7, 533; William E. Lass, Minnesota: A History (New York: Norton, 1998), 67-9; Stephen H. Long, The Northern Expeditions of Stephen H. Long: The Journals of 1817 and 1823 and Related Documents edited by Lucile M. Kane, June Holmquist, and Carolyn Gilman (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1978), 50, 96.

³⁷Peter Pond, "Narrative of Peter Pond," Five Fur Traders of the Northwest, edited by Charles M. Gates (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1965), 39-66; Charles Gautier de Verville, "Gautier's Journal of a Visit to the Mississippi, 1777-1778," Wisconsin Historical Collections, 11 (1888), 102-5.

³⁸Augustin Grignon, "Seventy-two Years Recollections of Wisconsin," Wisconsin Historical Collections 3 (1857) 244-7, 288; Harold Hickerson, Ethnohistory of the Chippewa in Central Minnesota (New York: Garland Publishing, 1974), 153-6.

³⁹George Nelson, A Winter in the St. Croix Valley: George Nelson's Reminiscences, 1802-03, edited by Richard Bardon and Grace Lee Nute (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1948); Michel Curot, "A Wisconsin Fur-Trader's Journal, 1803-04," edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, XX, (1911), 396-471; Thomas Connor [John Sayer], "The Diary of Thomas Connor," edited by Charles M. Gates and Grace Lee Nute, Five Fur Traders of the Northwest (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1965), 243-78. The alleged Thomas Connor journal is unsigned and has since been generally accepted to be the work of John Sayer, a veteran partner in the Northwest Company. For more details see: Douglas A. Birk, John Sayer's Snake River Journal, 1804-1805: A Fur Trade Diary from East Central Minnesota (St. Paul: Institute for Minnesota Archaeology, 1989).

⁴⁰Curot, "Fur Trader's Journal,"465; Birk, Sayer's Snake River Journal, 7; Nelson, Winter in the St. Croix, 43; Bruce M. White, "The Regional Context of the Removal Order of 1850," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance: Testimony on Behalf of Mille Lacs Ojibwe Hunting and Fishing Rights, edited by James M. McClurken (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2000), 203.

⁴¹Nelson, Winter in the St. Croix Valley, 21; Sayer, "Diary of Thomas Connors [sic]," 266-7.

⁴²Curot, "Fur Trader's Journal," 416, 420, 438; Nelson, Winter in the St. Croix Valley, 20.

⁴³Nelson, Winter in the St. Croix Valley, 21; Curot, "Fur Trader's Journal," 439.

⁴⁴Nelson, Winter in the St. Croix Valley, 44, 46.

⁴⁵Curot, "Fur Trader's Journal," 451; Sayer, "Diary of Thomas Connor[sic]," 255; Birk, John Sayer's Snake River Journal, 32.

⁴⁶Harold Hickerson, The Chippewa and Their Neighbors: A Study in Ethnohistory (New York: Holt, Rhinehart, 1970), 44-50; Robert E. Bieder, Native American Communities in Wisconsin, 1600-1960: A Study of Tradition and Change (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), 97-9.

⁴⁷Francois Victor Malhoit, "A Wisconsin Fur Trader's Journal, 1804-05," Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, XIX, (1910), 196-6; Curot, "Wisconsin Fur Trader's Journal," 433, 464.

⁴⁸Ibid, 423; Nelson, Winter in the St. Croix Valley, 46.

⁴⁹Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670-1870 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), 91-2; Birk, Sayer's Snake River Journal, 24-5; Sayer, "Diary of Thomas Connor[sic]," 270.

⁵⁰Birk, Sayer's Snake River Journal, 29; Curot, "Wisconsin Fur Trader's Journal," 412, 418, 421-2.

⁵¹Jacqueline Peterson and Jennifer S. H. Brown, The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Metis in North America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), 63;Curot, "Wisconsin Fur Trader's Journal," 447; Birk, Sayer's Snake River Journal, 24-5, 31.

⁵²Johann Georg Kohl, Kitchi-Gami, Life Among the Lake Superior Ojibway (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1985), 111; Ruth Landes, The Ojibway Women (New York: Columbia University Press, 1938), 66; Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 299.

⁵³Robert E. Ritzenthaler, "Southwestern Chippewa," Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 15, Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1978), 747-9.

⁵⁴Ibid, 754-5; Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 100-101; Hickerson, Chippewa and Their Neighbors, 52-63.

⁵⁵Jeanne Kay, The Land of La Baye: The Ecological Impact of the Green Bay Fur Trade, 1634-1836 (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1977), 31, 264; Wovcha, Delaney, et al, Minnesota's St. Croix River Valley, 19-20.

⁵⁶Alice Outwater, Water: A Natural History (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 19-31; C.A. Johnson, J. Pastor, and R.J. Naiman, "Effects of Beaver and Moose on Boreal Forest Landscapes," Landscape Ecology and Geographic Information Systems, edited by S.H. Cousins, B. Haines-Konng, and D. Green (London: Dyler & Francis, 1994), 237-9.

⁵⁷Ibid, 246-8.

⁵⁸Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 109.

⁵⁹Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 233.

⁶⁰Harold A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956), 186-8.

⁶¹Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 9-10; Bruce White, The Fur Trade in Minnesota: An Introductory Guide to Manuscript Sources (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1977), 36, 41, 57.

⁶²Louis Grignon to John Lawe, 10 January 1820, Wisconsin Historical Collections XX (1911) 146-7.

⁶³Hickerson, The Chippewa and Their Neighbors, 74-5; Harold Hickerson, Ethnohistory of the Chippewa in Central Minnesota (New York: Garland, 1974), 201-2, 209; Birk, Sayer's Snake River Journal, 11.

⁶⁴Frances Densmore, Chippewa Customs (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1929), 132-5; Warren, History of the Ojibway, 26, 129, 139, 355; Marin, Journal of Joseph Marin, 95; Nelson, A Winter in the St. Croix Valley, 45.

⁶⁵Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 163-74.

⁶⁶Ibid, 174; Hickerson, Ethnohistory of the Chippewa in Central Minnesota, 101-7; Nelson, A Winter in the St. Croix Valley, 33-4.

⁶⁷Harold Hickerson, Mdewakanton Bands of Sioux Indians (New York: Garland Publishing, 1974), 169-71.

⁶⁸Thomas Forsyth, "Journal of a Voyage, 1819," Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 6, (1908) 213.

⁶⁹Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 82-3; Zebulon Montgomery Pike, Sources of the Mississippi and the Western Louisiana Territory (Baltimore: Fielding Lucas, 1810), 24-6.

⁷⁰Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Travels Through the Northwestern Regions of the United States (Albany: E & F. Hosford, 1821), 304-7.

⁷¹"Treaty With The Sioux, etc., 1825," Indian Treaties, 1778-1883, edited by Charles J. Kappler (New York: Interland Publishing, 1972), 250-5.

⁷²Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 135-7; Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake Itasca: The Discovery of the Source of the Mississippi, edited by Philip P. Mason (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1958), 84; Charles E. Cleland, "Preliminary Report of the Ethnohistory Basis of the Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Rights of the Mille Lacs Chippewa,"Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice and Game in Abundance, 24.

⁷³Nancy and Robert Goodman, Joseph R. Brown: Adventurer on the Minnesota Frontier, 1820-1849 (n.p.: Lone Oak Press, 1996), 128-30.

⁷⁴Ibid, 105-6; Schoolcraft, Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake Itasca, 84; Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 138.

⁷⁵Schoolcraft, Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake Itasca, 84; Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 109.

⁷⁶William Johnson to Jane Schoolcraft, 23 October 1833, Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, XXXVII (1909), 198-9.

⁷⁷Ibid, 115-7.

⁷⁸Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 107-8; Schoolcraft, Travels through the Northwestern Regions, 311-3, 323; Hickerson, Mdewakanton Band of Sioux Indians, 172-3.

⁷⁹Schoolcraft, Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake Itasca, 51,88; Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 107; Edmund Danziger, The Chippewas of Lake Superior (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979), 71.

⁸⁰"Treaty with the Chippewa, 1837," Indian Treaties, 1778-1883, 491-2; Cleland, "Preliminary Report of the Ethnohistorical Basis of Hunting Rights," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice and Game in Abundance, 30.

⁸¹Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years With the Indian Tribes On the American Frontier (Philadelphia: Lippencot, Grambow & Co., 1851 reprinted 1975), 29-30.

⁸²Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 146, 148, 153-5; "Treaty with the Sioux, 1837," Indian Treaties, 1778-1883, 493-4.

⁸³"Treaty with the Chippewa, 1837," Indian Treaties, 1778-1883, 492; Cleland, "Preliminary Report," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice and Game in Abundance, 31.

⁸⁴Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 235-7, 263-6.

⁸⁵Ibid, 270-1; J. N. Davidson, In Unnamed Wisconsin: Studies in the History of the Region Between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi (Milwaukee: Silas Chapman, 1895), 160-1.

⁸⁶Ibid, 268; Davidson, In Unnamed Wisconsin, 161; Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 11-2.

⁸⁷Philander Prescott, The Recollections of Philander Prescott: Frontiersman of the Old Northwest, 1819-1862, edited by Donald Dean Parker (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1866), 171-2; Cleland, "Preliminary Report," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance, 23-4; Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 173-3; Samuel Pond, "Indian Warfare in Minnesota," Minnesota Historical Society Collections 3 (1880), 131-3; George Copway, The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojiway Nation (London: Charles Gilpin, 1850), 58-9.

⁸⁸Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 265-7; E. D. Neill, "Battle of Lake Pokeguma," Minnesota Historical Society Collections 1, (1872), 141-4.

⁸⁹Davidson, Unnamed Wisconsin, 162; Cleland, "Preliminary Report," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice and Game in Abundance, 43.

⁹⁰Ibid, 43.

⁹¹O. M. Thatcher, The Mission in Folle Avoine, Yellow Lake Pamphlet File, Burnett County Historical Society, Danbury, Wisc., .3; Stillwater Messenger, 26 January 1877.

⁹²Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 87-8.

⁹³Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 47.

⁹⁴Melissa A. Connor, et al, Archeological Investigations Along the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, 1983 (Lincoln, Neb.: National Park Service, 1985), 85-8, 180-2.

⁹⁵Ibid, 123, 232-3; Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 260-1.

⁹⁶Cleland, "Preliminary Report," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance, 44; Folwell, History of Minnesota, I, 209.

⁹⁷Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 98.

⁹⁸Bruce White, "The Regional Context of the Removal Order of 1850," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance, 165, 188, 214, 269.

⁹⁹Bruce M. White, "Indian Visit Stereotypes of Minnesota's Native People," Minnesota History, 53 (fall, 1992): 103-5; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 99.

¹⁰⁰White, "Regional Context of the Removal Order," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance, 171, 202-4, 302-3.

¹⁰¹St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 16 February 1855.

¹⁰²Anderson, Kinsmen of Another Kind, 177; St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 3 March 1855, 31 January 1856, 18 February 1856, 9 January 1857.

¹⁰³St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 2 February 1855, 19 December 1856.

¹⁰⁴Copway, Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation, 65-7.

¹⁰⁵"St. Croix Indians of Wisconsin," Hearing on House Resolution 2264, Committee on Indian Affairs, July 23, 1919 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919), 3-8.

¹⁰⁶Photograph of the Clam River Drive Crew, 1902, Album 20.34a., Archives and Manuscripts Division, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

¹⁰⁷L.H. Mead, "Condition of Indian Affairs in Wisconsin," Hearings on Senate Resolution 263, Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910), 31.

¹⁰⁸James Fitting, et al, An Archeological Survey of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Phase I (Jackson, Mich.: Gilbert/Commonwealth, 1977), 68-69.

¹⁰⁹Ronald N. Satz, Chippewa Treaty Rights: The Reserved Rights of Wisconsin's Chippewa Indians in Historical Perspective (Madison: Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, 1991), 72-3.

¹¹⁰"Condition of Indian Affairs in Wisconsin," 16-27.

¹¹¹Fitting, et al, an Archeological Survey of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Phase I (Jackson, Mich.: Gilbert/Commonwealth, 1977), 35,65-66.

¹¹²Paula Delfeld, The Indian Priest: Father Philip B. Gordon, 1885-1948 (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1977).

¹¹³Satz, Chippewa Treaty Rights, 98-100.

¹¹⁴Proceedings of 1837 Chippewa Treaty in, Chippewa Treaty Rights, 142.

¹¹⁵

¹Nelson, Winter in the St. Croix Valley, 41; James Allen, "Journal and letters of Lieutenant James Allen," Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake Itasca: The Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi, edited by Philip P. Mason (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1958), 221-2.

²Joseph N. Nicollet, The Journals of Joseph N. Nicollet: A Scientist on the Mississippi Headwaters With Notes on Indian Life, 1836-37 edited by Martha Bray (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1970), 143.

³John N. Vogel, Great Lakes Lumber on the Great Plains: The Liard, Norton Lumber Company in South Dakota (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1992), vii-xiii.

⁴William G. Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States Lumber Industry, 1840-1918 (Glendale, Calf.: Arthur H. Clarke Co., 1953) 90-4.

⁵Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 262-3; Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 18-20.

⁶Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 81-2, 92-3, 303; Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 140-1.

⁷Ibid, 142.

⁸Ibid, 140.

⁹Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 99.

¹⁰Ibid, 82-3; Edward W. Durant, "Lumbering and Steamboating on the St. Croix River," Minnesota Historical Collections 10, 2 (1905), 648-9; Dunn, St. Croix, 90-4.

¹¹Durant, "Lumbering on the St. Croix," Minnesota Historical Collections, 649.

¹²Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 142; Agnes M. Larson, History of the White Pine Industry in Minnesota (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1949), 53-4.

¹³Ibid, 71-8; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 82-3, 92-3; James Fitting, et al, An Archeological Survey of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Phase II (Jackson, Mich.: Gilbert/Commonweath, 1978), 69; St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.) 6 March 1855.

¹⁴St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 6 March 1855; Larson, White Pine Industry, 79.

¹⁵St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 6 March 1855.

¹⁶Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wisc.) 25 March 1881, 29 April 1881, 16 July 1886.

¹⁷St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 24 April 1855; S.B. Hanks, Memoir of Captain S.B. Hanks, vol. iii, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minn.; Larson, White Pine Industry, 72-3.

¹⁸Ibid, 195; St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 6 March 1855.

¹⁹Cleland, "Preliminary Report," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance, 15-6.

²⁰St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 15 September 1855; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 46-7, 99-100.

²¹Ibid, 127-8; James Bracklin, "A Tragedy of the Wisconsin Pinery," Wisconsin Magazine of History 3, 1 (September, 1919), 43-51.

²²Ibid; White, "Regional Context of the Removal Order," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance, 204.

²³White, "Regional Context of the Removal Order," Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance, 220, 284-7.

²⁴George B. Engberg, Labor in the Lakes States Lumber Industry, 1830-1930, (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1949), 64-9; newspaper clipping dated 2 January 1930, Hjalmar Otto Peterson Papers, Minnesota Historical Society; Larson, White Pine Industry in Minnesota, 74-5; William M. Blanding, "The Upper St. Croix Valley & its Early Settlers," unpublished manuscript, c.1890, William H. Blanding Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin.

²⁵St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.) 3 March 1855; Nils P. Haugen, "Pioneer and Political Reminiscences," Wisconsin Magazine of History 11(2) (December 1927), 148-9; James Johnston, Memoir, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, River Falls Area Research Center, 61, 72-3.

²⁶Robert F. Fries, Empire in Pine: The Story of Lumbering in Wisconsin, 1830-1900 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1951), 21.

²⁷Larson, White Pine Industry in Minnesota, 19-23, 55-6, 63-4.

²⁸Ibid, 24; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 43, 56-60.

²⁹Ibid, 374-5; Larson, White Pine Industry in Minnesota, 14-5.

³⁰Ibid, 88-9; Malcolm Rosholt, The Wisconsin Logging Book, 1839-1939 (Rosholt, Wisc.: Rosholt House, 1980), 190-5.

³¹Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 18.

³²Larson, White Pine Industry in Minnesota, 88-91.

³³Ralph Clement Bryant, Logging: The Principles and General Methods of Operation in the United States (New York: John Wiley & Son, 1914), 347-9.

³⁴Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States Lumber Industry, 40-1, 69, 110.

³⁵St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 2 December 1854; Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States Lumber Industry, 116-7.

³⁶Ibid, 121-5; St. Croix Union, 10 March 1855.

³⁷Ibid, 134-5.

³⁸Ibid, 115-6; William G. Rector, "The Birth of the St. Croix Octopus," Wisconsin Magazine of History 40, 3 (Spring 1957), 171-8.

³⁹Ibid, 177.

⁴⁰Taylors Falls Reporter, 29 April 1865.

⁴¹Fred C. Burke, Logs on the Menominee: The History of the Menominee River Boom Company (Marinette, Wisc.: privately printed, 1946), 21; Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 251-3; Stillwater Messenger, 2,16, February 1872.

⁴²Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 100; J. William Trygg, Composite Map of United States Public Land Surveyor's Original Plats and Field Notes, Minnesota-Wisconsin Series 14 (Ely, Minn.: J. Wm. Trygg, 1966).

⁴³Stillwater Lumberman, 18 June 1875.

⁴⁴Polk County Press (Osceloa, Wisc.), 4 March 1888; Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 104-6; Namekagon River Improvement Company Articles of Organization, 15 November 1884, St. Croix County Register of Deeds Collection, States Historical Society of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin;Taylors Falls Reporter, 30 October 1869; Bryant, Logging, 350.

⁴⁵James Fitting, et al, An Archeological Survey of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Phase II Report (Jackson, Mich.: Gilbert/Commonwealth Associates, 1978), 51-3,80-81, 92-93; Bryant, Logging, 359-60; James Fitting et al, An Archeological Survey of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Phase I Report (Jackson, Mich.: Gilbert/Comonwealth, 1977), 35-8.

⁴⁶Taylors Falls Reporter, 1 January 1885; Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wisc.), 12 March 1880, 29 April 1881.

⁴⁷Folsom, "Lumbering in the St. Croix Valley," Minnesota Historical Collections, 297; Stillwater Lumberman, 25 June 1875.

⁴⁸James Johnston, Memoir, 61-3; Nils P. Haugen, "Pioneer and Political Reminiscences," Wisconsin Magazine of History 11, 2, (December 1927): 150.

⁴⁹Ibid; James Johnston, Memoir, 60-4.

⁵⁰Haugen, "Reminiscences," 151.

⁵¹Johnston, Memoir, 64; Stillwater Lumberman, 14 May 1875.

⁵²Stillwater Lumberman, 4 May 1877; 30 April 1875.

⁵³Stillwater Lumberman, 29 June 1877; 9 July 1875.

⁵⁴"What do you know about the Lady Bernice, the logging queen,"Logging Clipping File, no date, Burnett County Historical Society, Grantsburg, Wisc.; Stillwater Lumberman, 14 May 1875.

⁵⁵Northwestern Lumberman, 8 May 1875; Stillwater Lumberman, 14 May 1875; 26 May 1877.

⁵⁶Stillwater Lumberman, 8 December 1877; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 706-7.

⁵⁷Ibid.

⁵⁸Ibid; Burnett County Sentinel, (Grantsburg, Wisc.) 21 June 1878.

⁵⁹Taylors Falls Journal, 10,17,24 June 1886; Minneapolis Tribune, 20 June 1886; Polk County Press, 26 June 1886.

⁶⁰Polk County Press, 10 July 1886; Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 259-60; Taylors Falls Journal, 8 & 15 July 1886.

⁶¹Rosholt, Wisconsin Logging Book, 41; J.C. Ryan, Early Loggers in Minnesota (Duluth: Minnesota Timber Producers Association, 1975), 13.

⁶²Ibid, 22-3, 27-30.

⁶³Ibid, 24-6; Rosholt, Wisconsin Logging Book, 95-102.

⁶⁴Fitting, et al, Archeological Survey of the St. Croix, 33-34.

⁶⁵Ryan, Early Loggers in Minnesota, vol. III (Duluth: Minnesota Timber Producers Association, 1980), 41-3; Rosholt, Wisconsin Logging Book, 62-6.

⁶⁶Robert W. Wells, "Daylight in the Swamp!" (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978) 222-3.

⁶⁷Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 164-5; Taylors Falls Journal (Taylors Falls, Minnesota), 19 January 1877, 30 November 1877, 17 August 1882.

⁶⁸Rosholt, Wisconsin Logging Book, 79-80.

⁶⁹Stillwater Lumberman, 3 December 1875, 18 May 1877; Fitting, et al, Archeological Survey, 90.

⁷⁰Mississippi Valley Lumberman, 13 April 1877; Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 204, 232.

⁷¹Mississippi Valley Lumberman, 25 March 1887, 1 February 1895; Larson, White Pine Industry in Minnesota, 153.

⁷²Folsom, "Lumbering in the St. Croix Valley," Minn. Hist. Coll., 300-21.

⁷³Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 413-4.

⁷⁴Rector, "Lumber Barons in Revolt," Minnesota History 31, 1 (March 1950): 33-9.

⁷⁵Mark Wyman, The Wisconsin Frontier (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 268-9; Fries, Empire in Pine, 148-55.

⁷⁶Eldon M. Marple, The Visitor Writes Again (Hayward, Wisc.: The County Print Shop, 1984), 69-73, 87-95.

⁷⁷Ralph W. Hidy, Frank Ernest Hill, and Alan Nevins, Timber and Man: The Weyerhaeuser Story (New York: Macmillan, 1963), 96; Fred W. Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots: The Liard, Norton Story, 1855-1905 (Winona, Minn.: Winona County Historical Society, 1972), 128.

⁷⁸Hidy, Hill, and Nevins, Timber and Men, 96-7; Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 130.

⁷⁹Ibid, 127-8.

⁸⁰Rosholt, Wisconsin Logging Book, 152-3; Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 107; Wyman, The Wisconsin Frontier, 264.

⁸¹Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 60-1; Easton, History of the Saint Croix Valley, 23-4; Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 118, 124, 134, 144, 270; Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 130; Hidy, Hill, and Nevins, Timber and Men, 97.

⁸²Ibid, 96-7, 157; Polk County Press (Osceola, Wisc.) 26 February 1887, 2 March 1889; Rosemarie Vezina, Nevers Dam: The Lumberman's Dam (St. Croix Falls, Wisc.: Standard-Press, 1965), 18-22.

⁸³In 1914 logging expert Ralph Clement described a Bear Trap Gate as composed of "two rectangular leaves each of which has a length equal to the width of the sluice. They are fastened to the bottom of the sluice by hinges on which they turn. The upstream leaf overlaps the downstream one when the leaves are down and the gate open." When the gate is open it lies flat on the bed of the dam with the water rushing over it. A hand-operated wheel raised or lowered the gate. The advantage of this design is that one person working the gate is able to release a large amount of water very quickly. For more see, Ralph Clement, Logging: The Principles and General Methods of Operation in the United States (New York: John Wiley, 1914), 355-7.

⁸⁴Ibid, 12-3; Rector, Log Transportation in the Lake States, 108; Burnett County Sentinel, 27 September 1889, 4 October 1889.

⁸⁵Vezina, Nevers Dam, 17-8; Polk County Press, 21 September 1889; Nevers Dam, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, n.d., State Historic Preservation Office, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.

⁸⁶Ibid, 35-7; Polk County Press, 23 June 1883, 16 February 1884 16 November 1889; Frederic Abbot to George Seymour, 18 December 1899, William H.C. Folsom Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, River Falls Areas Research Center, River Falls, Wisc.; Miscellaneous newspaper clippings, Folsom Papers, SHSW, River Falls.

⁸⁷Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 175.

⁸⁸Mississippi Valley Lumberman, 5 June 1903, 11 December 1903.

⁸⁹James Willard Hurst, Law and Economic Growth: The Legal History of the Lumber Industry in Wisconsin, 1836-1915 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), 382, 462; James Willard Hurst, "The Institutional Environment of the Logging Era in Wisconsin," The Great Lakes Forest: An Environmental and Social History, edited by Susan L. Flader, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 151-5.

⁹⁰Stillwater Messenger, 16 March 1858, 12 July 1859, 30 August 1859; Hurst, Law and Economic Growth, 130; Stillwater Lumberman, 3 August 1877.

⁹¹Stillwater Lumberman, 11 May 1877, 3 August 1877, 28 September 1877, 5 October 1877; Hidy Hill, Nevins, Timber and Men, 126.

⁹²Ibid, 127; Hurst, Law and Economic Growth, 130-1; Larson, White Pine Industry in Minnesota, 296-7; Stillwater Lumberman, 5 October 1877.

⁹³Hurst, Law and Economic Growth, 94-5; Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 141; Sharon Tarr, Spooner: A History to 1930 (Spooner, Wisc.: privately printed, 1976), 2.

⁹⁴J.C. Ryan, Early Loggers in Minnesota, 6-7; Albert C. Stuntz, Diaries, 1858,1863-1865, 1867-1869, 1882, SHSW, River Falls; Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 140-2; Vezina, Nevers Dam, 13.

⁹⁵Stewart Holbrook, Holy Old Mackinaw: A Natural History of the American Lumberjack (Saulsalito, Calf.: Comstock, 1938), 139; Robert W. Wells, Fire at Peshtigo (New York: Prentice Hall, 1968), 227-36.

⁹⁶Robert W. Wells, "Daylight in the Swamp!": Lumberjacking in the Late Nineteenth Century (New York: Doubleday, 1978), 133-4.

⁹⁷Easton, History of the Saint Croix Valley, 1247; Holbrook, Holy Old Mackinaw, 140-4.

⁹⁸Eldon M. Marple, A History of the Hayward Lakes Region (Hayward, Wisc.: Chicago Bay Grafix, 1976), 25-6; Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 142-3.

⁹⁹Stillwater Lumberman, 20 July, 17 August 1877; Burnett County Sentinel, 9 May 1879.

¹⁰⁰Stillwater Lumberman, 20 July 1877.

¹⁰¹Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 143;Hidy, Hill, Nevins, Timber and Men, 148.

¹⁰²Lass, Minnesota: A History, 244-5; Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 143.

¹⁰³James Johnston, Memoir, 60; Hidy, Hill, Nevins, Timber and Men, 150-1.

¹⁰⁴John Ilmari Kolehmainen, "In Praise of the Finnish Backwoods Farmer," Agricultural History 24, 1 (January 1950), 2;Georeg Baker Engberg, "Labor in the Lake States Lumber Industry, 1830-1930," (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1949), 208-9

¹⁰⁵Carl Kuhnly, "Homesteading in Wisconsin, Up Hill–Down Hill All The Way," 1985, pamphlet file, Burnett County Historical Society, Grantsburg, Wisc.; Vince Pleska, Lumberjacks wife axes glory myth," St. Paul Sunday Pioneer Press, 30 November 1980; Local History of Joint District 5 Siren and Daniels, n.d., pamphlet file, Burnett County Historical Society.

¹⁰⁶Engberg, Labor in the Lake States, 67-87; Ryan, Early Loggers in Minnesota, 3(Duluth: Minnesota Timber Producers Association, 1980), 4-7.

¹⁰⁷St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 28 March 1856; Sherman E. Johnson, From The St. Croix To the Potomac–Reflections of a Bureaucrat (Bozeman: Montana State University, 1974), 28; Dunn, St. Croix: Midwest Border River, 105-6.

¹⁰⁸Burnett County Sentinel, 13 August 1880, 13 April 1888; Lewis C. Reimann, Hurley–Still No Angel (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Northwoods Publishers, 1954), 1-5; Eldon Marple, The Visitor Who Came to Stay: Legacy of the Hayward Area (Hayward, Wisc.: Country Print Shop, 1971), 78-80; Fred Etcherson Interview, 30 July 1970, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, River Falls.

¹⁰⁹Johnson, From the St. Croix to the Potomac, 28.

¹¹⁰Burnett County Sentinel, 19 January 1883.

¹¹¹Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 273; Etcherson Interview, 30 July 1970.

¹¹²Ibid.

¹¹³Stillwater Messenger, 4 July 1930; John N. Vogel, Great Lakes Lumber on the Great Plains: The Liard, Norton Lumber Company in South Dakota (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1992), 13.

¹¹⁴Clifford E. Ahlgren and Isabel F. Ahlgren, "The Human Impact on the Northern Forest Ecosystems," The Great Lakes Forest: An Environmental and Social History edited by Susan L. Flader (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 33-9.

¹¹⁵Randall Rohe, "Lumbering, Wisconsin's Northern Urban Frontier," Wisconsin Land and Life edited by Robert C. Ostergren and Thomas R. Vale (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 121-30.

¹¹⁶Pine County Courier (Sandstone, Minn.), 21 March 1900; Polk County Press, 20 February 1892; Dunn, St. Croix: Midwest Border River, 103.

¹¹⁷Stillwater Gazette, n.d., clipping file, Folsom Papers, SHSW, River Falls.

¹¹⁸Kohlmeyer, Timber Roots, 177-8.

¹¹⁹Hjalmar Otto Peterson, "Highlights From Stillwater History," 4 July 1930, clipping file, Hjalmar Otto Peterson Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.

¹²⁰Proceedings of a Council, July 20, 1837, National Archives and Records Service, RG 75, T494, Documents Relating to the Negotiation of Ratified and Unratified Treaties, Reel 3, p. 548-68.

¹Brian Page and Richard Walker, "From Settlement to Fordism: The Agro-Industrial Revolution in the American Midwest," Economic Geography (October, 1991), 281-4.

²Hildegard Binder Johnson, "Towards a National Landscape," in The Making of the American Landscape, edited by Michael P. Conzen (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990).

³Mark Wyman, The Wisconsin Frontier (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 173-6.

⁴W.H.C. Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest (St. Paul, Minn.: Pioneer Publishing, 1888), 33-4.

⁵Wyman, The Wisconsin Frontier, 176-8.

⁶History Network of Washington County, Minnesota Beginnings: Records of Saint Croix County, Wisconsin Territory, 1840-1849 (Stillwater, Minn.: Washington County Historical Society, 1999), 2.

⁷Nancy and Robert Goodman, Joseph R. Brown: Adventurer on the Minnesota Frontier, 1820-1849 (Lone Oak Press, Ltd., 1996), 152-6.

⁸Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 160-7; Minnesota Beginnings, 2; William E. Lass, Minnesota: A History (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1998), 99.

⁹Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 168-9.

¹⁰Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 168-9.

¹¹Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 174; Minnesota Beginnings, 5; Alice E. Smith, The History of Wisconsin: From Exploration to Statehood, Vol. I (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1973), 508.

¹²Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 175-6; Minnesota Beginnings, 5.

¹³Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 185-7; Minnesota Beginnings, 6.

¹⁴Goodman, Joseph R. Brown, 208.

¹⁵Minnesota Beginnings, 6; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 52. David L. Fritz's Historic Resource Study discuss the Military Road and where portions of it are still visible., 170.

¹⁶Dorothy Eaton Ahlgren and Mary Cotter Beeler, A History of Prescott, Wisconsin: A River City and Farming Community on the St. Croix and Mississippi (Prescott Area Historical Society, 1996), 14.

¹⁷Minnesota Beginning, 6, 9.

¹⁸Minnesota Beginnings, 6, 9.

¹⁹Minnesota Beginnings, 9.

²⁰Minnesota Beginnings, 9.

²¹Mark Wyman, The Wisconsin Frontier (Bloomington, IN.: Indiana University Press, 1998), 178.

²²Lass, Minnesota, 101; William E. Lass, "Minnesota's Separation from Wisconsin: Boundary Making on the Upper Mississippi Frontier," Minnesota History 50 (8)(Winter 1987), 310.

²³Lass, Minnesota, 102;

²⁴Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 34; Lass, Minnesota, 102.

²⁵Lass, Minnesota, 102-3; Smith, The History of Wisconsin, 663;.Lass, "Minnesota's Separation from Wisconsin," 310-6.

²⁶Lass, Minnesota, 103-3; Lass, "Minnesota's Separation from Wisconsin," 317-8; Smith, The History of Wisconsin, 672-3; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 104-5.

²⁷Lass, Minnesota, 103-4; Smith, A History of Wisconsin, 673-.9.

²⁸Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 144-5; Minnesota Beginnings, 11.

²⁹Willard E. Rosenfelt, Washington: A History of the Minnesota County (Stillwater, Minn.: The Croixside Press, 1977), 15, 93-7; Minnesota Beginnings, 11; Lass, Minnesota, 106-7.

³⁰Lass, Minnesota, 107.

³¹E.S. Seymour, Sketches of Minnesota: The New England of the West (New York: Harper &Brothers, 1850), 207.

³²Yi-Fu Tuan, "Wisconsin: Place, Time, Model," in Ostergren and Vale, Wisconsin Land and Life, 542.

³³Wyman, The Wisconsin Frontier, 175-6; James Taylor Dunn, The St. Croix: Midwest Border River (Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1979), 50.

³⁴Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin: The Civil War Era, 1848-1873, Vol. II (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 59.

³⁵Harold Weatherhead, Westward to the St. Croix: The Story of St. Croix County, Wisconsin (Hudson, Wis.: St. Croix County Historical Society, 1978, 27.

³⁶St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 24 April 1855.

³⁷Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.), 12 June 1860.

³⁸Seymour, Sketches of Minnesota, 193-4.

³⁹St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 2 June 1855 and 27 June 1856.

⁴⁰St. Croix Falls (Stillwater, Minn.), 15 September 1855.

⁴¹Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.), 31 May 1859; St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 2 June 1855 and 24 November 1855.

⁴²St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 1 December 1855.

⁴³St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 23 January 1857.

⁴⁴St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 1 December 1855 and 23 January 1857; Stillwater Messenger, 6 October 1857.

⁴⁵St. Croix Union, (Stillwater, Minn.), 2 June 1855 and 11 August 1855.

⁴⁶Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 563; St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 26 Many 1855; St. Croix Union, 20 November 1854.

⁴⁷St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.) 12 May 1855.

⁴⁸Dunn, The St. Croix, 55.

⁴⁹Seymour, Sketches of Minnesota, The New England of the West (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1850), 179.

⁵⁰Current, The History of Wisconsin, 45.

⁵¹St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 23 January 1855.

⁵²St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 27 March 1855.

⁵³St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 20 March 1855.

⁵⁴Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 85.

⁵⁵Paul W. Gates, "Frontier Land Business in Wisconsin," 52(4) Wisconsin Magazine of History (Summer 1969), 322.

⁵⁶Daniel S. Wovcha, Barbara C. Delaney, and Gerda E. Nordquist, Minnesota's St. Croix River Valley and Anoka Sandplain: A Guide to Native Habitats (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995) 9-12.

⁵⁷Duane Griffin, "Wisconsin's Vegetation History and the Balancing of Nature," in Wisconsin Land and Life, 98-100.

⁵⁸Rosenfelt, Washington, 9.

⁵⁹J. W. Trygg, Composite Map of United States Land Surveyors' Original Plats and Fields Notes (Ely, Minn., 1964), Minnesota Series, Sheet 7.

⁶⁰Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 356-7.

⁶¹Ahlgren and Beeler, A History of Prescott, Wisconsin, 19.

⁶²Oliver Gibbs and C.E. Young, Sketch of Pierce County, Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Vol. III, Madison, Wis.: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Draper, Lyman, Copeland, Ed. Originally published 1857, reprinted 1904.

⁶³Ahlgren and Beeler, A History of Prescott, Wisconsin, 5, 40; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 212.

⁶⁴Trygg, Composite Map of United States Land Surveyors' Original Plats and Field Notes, Minnesota Series, Sheet 7.

⁶⁵Genevieve Cline Day, Hudson in the Early Days (Hudson, Wis.: Star-Observer, 1963), 19, 47, 57; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 154; St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 18 November 1854.

⁶⁶Weatherhead, Westward to the St. Croix, 36-8.

⁶⁷As quoted in Weatherhead, Westward to the St. Croix, 40.

⁶⁸Weatherhead, Westward to the St. Croix, 40-2; Letter from H. H. Montman to his parents, 1858, University of Wisconsin–River Falls.

⁶⁹Weatherhead, Westward to the St. Croix, 42.

⁷⁰Weatherhead, Westward to the St. Croix, 47.

⁷²Trygg, Composite Map of United States Land Surveyors' Original Plats and Fields Notes, Minnesota Series, Sheet 8.

⁷²St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 24 April 1855.

⁷³St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 24 April 1855.

⁷⁴St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 24 April 1855.

⁷⁵Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 87, 131-2.

⁷⁶Current, The History of Wisconsin, 90-1; As quoted in John Giffin Thompson, The Rise and Decline of the Wheat Growing Industry in Wisconsin: The Use and Abuse of America's Natural Resources (Ph.D. Dissert,. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1909; New York: Arno Press, 1972), 24-5.

⁷⁷As quoted in Weatherhead, Westward to the St. Croix, 66-7.

⁷⁸Seymour, Sketches of Minnesota, 182-3.

⁷⁹St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 17 November 1855.

⁸⁰Stillwater Messenger, 25 January 1859.

⁸¹Stillwater Messenger, 30 August 1859.

⁸²John G. Rice, "The Swedes," in June Drenning Holmquist, They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the State's Ethnic Groups (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1981), 250.

⁸³Rice, "The Swedes," 250.

⁸⁴Anna Engquist, Scandia — Then and Now (Stillwater, Minn.: The Croixside Press, 1974), 9-18

⁸⁵Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 298, 310-11; Emeroy Johnson, Early History of Chisago Lake Reexamined, Minnesota Historical Society Collection, date ?, 215-6; An Early Look at Chisago County (North Branch, Minn.: The Chisago County Bicentennial Committee, 1976), 17, 19.

⁸⁶Engquist, Scandia — Then and Now, 31.

⁸⁷Engquist, Scandia — Then and Now, 5, 31-3.

⁸⁸St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 6 March 1855.

⁸⁹St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 12 September 1856.

⁹⁰St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 12 May 1855.

⁹¹Rosenfelt, Washington, 11; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 356.

⁹²David L. Fritz, Historic Resource Study, St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, 169. The Log House and the Franconia Historic District are within the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway. Four of the 19 historical structures in Taylors Falls are on he National Register. One of these is the Angel's hill Historic District on the high ground in the villages southwest corner. It included W.H.C. Folsom's House and the First Methodist Church. Other significant buildings on the National Register are the John Daubney House, the Much-Roos House, and the Taylors Falls Public Library.

⁹³Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 334.

⁹⁴Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 306-7.

⁹⁵Rosenfelt, Washington, 11-2; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 356.

⁹⁶Rosenfelt, Washington, 101.

⁹⁷St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 10 November 1855.

⁹⁸Jim Cordes, Reflections of Amador, (North Branch, Minn.: Review Corporation, 1976), 5. Copy in Minnesota Historical Society Library.

⁹⁹Rosenfelt, Washington County, 12.

¹⁰⁰St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 12 September 1856.

¹⁰¹Dunn, The St. Croix, 66-98; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 104-5, 141-2.

¹⁰²St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.) 6 March 1855.

¹⁰³Current, The History of Wisconsin, 45, 47. For a more complete discussion of the American nativist movement see Ray Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism, (New York, 1938) and John Higham, Strangers in the Land, (New Brunswick, N.J., 1955).

¹⁰⁴St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 12 June 1857.

¹⁰⁵St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 13 November 1857.

¹⁰⁶Messenger, (Stillwater, Minn.), 5 June 1860.

¹⁰⁷Current, The History of Wisconsin, 43-4.

¹⁰⁸Current, The History of Wisconsin, 236-7.

¹⁰⁹Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 146, 155-6, 334; Ahlgren and Beeler, A History of Prescott, Wisconsin, 31; Rosenfelt, Washington, 12; Current, The History of Wisconsin, 238-9; St. Croix Union and The Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.) dates?; Stillwater Messenger, 3 November 1857; Lass, Minnesota, 154.

¹¹⁰St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 8 May 1857.

¹¹¹St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 15 December 1855.

¹¹²St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 8 May 1857.

¹¹³Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 329; David Fritz has identified Nashua a "paper" town from this period. It is in T36N R20W, section 32, at the mouth of the Sunrise River. It is within the Wild River State Park.

¹¹⁴Stillwater Messenger, 22 September 1857.

¹¹⁵Rosenfelt, Washington, 12-3.

¹¹⁶Stillwater Messenger, 22 September 1857.

¹¹⁷Genevieve Cline Day, Hudson in the Early Days (Hudson, Wis.: Star-Observer, 1963), 47, 57; Weatherhead, Westward to the St. Croix, 39-40.

¹¹⁸Current, The History of Wisconsin, 79, 554.

¹¹⁹Current, The History of Wisconsin, 240-1; Stillwater Messenger, 1 March 1859.

¹²⁰Stillwater Messenger, 1 March 1859.

¹²¹Stillwater Messenger, 24 May 1859.

¹²²Stillwater Messenger, 19 February 1861.

¹²³Thompson, The Rise and Decline of the Wheat Growing Industry in Wisconsin, 27-9.

¹²⁴Current, The History of Wisconsin, 92-3.

¹²⁵St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 3 November 1855.

¹²⁶Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 148, 213, 410.

¹²⁷Stillwater Messenger, 8 December 1857.

¹²⁸St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 22 September 1855.

¹²⁹St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.), 19 May 1855, 14 July 1855.

¹³⁰Stillwater Messenger, 26 March 1861.

¹³¹Current, The History of Wisconsin, 197-236.

¹³²Current, The History of Wisconsin, 296-335.

¹³³Stillwater Messenger, 12 December 1865.

¹³⁴Current, The History of Wisconsin, 374-81.

¹³⁵Thompson, Wheat Growing in Wisconsin, 33, 68-70.

¹³⁶Stillwater Messenger, 13 August 1861.

¹³⁷Stillwater Messenger, 27 February 1866.

¹³⁸Stillwater Messenger, 30 August 1864.

¹³⁹Blegen, Minnesota, 342.

¹⁴⁰Current, The History of Wisconsin, 430.

¹⁴¹Current, The History of Wisconsin, 434.

¹⁴²Alice E. Smith, "Caleb Cushing's Investments in the St. Croix Valley," Wisconsin Magazine of History, 28(1)(September 1944), 15-7.Oral History Transcript, "Harry D. Baker, St. Croix Falls, 1950, Baker Land and Title Company Records, 1879-1958, Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, River Falls

¹⁴³Smith, "Caleb Cushing's Investments in the St. Croix Valley," 18.

¹⁴⁴Harry D. Baker, Oral History Transcript.

¹⁴⁵Harry D. Baker, Oral History Transcript; Nelson Lawson, Town Clerk, "Luck Township," in Recollections of 1876: Polk County's First Written Histories (Polk County Press, 1876-78).

¹⁴⁶Current, The History of Wisconsin, 415-6.

¹⁴⁷Current, The History of Wisconsin, 416-23.

¹⁴⁸Current, The History of Wisconsin, 417-8.

¹⁴⁹Blegen, Minnesota, 304-5.

¹⁵⁰Rush City Post (Rush City, Minn.), June 1879.

¹⁵¹Thompson, Wheat Growing in Wisconsin, 71-3.

¹⁵²Stillwater Messenger 1 December 1876.

¹⁵³Blegen, Minnesota, 342.

¹⁵⁴Robert C. Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin: Urbanization and Industrialization, Vol. III (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1985), 87-9.

¹⁵⁵Current, The History of Wisconsin, 437.

¹⁵⁶Current, The History of Wisconsin, 430-1.

¹⁵⁷Current, The History of Wisconsin, 431-2; Blegen, Minnesota, 296-7.

¹⁵⁸Blegen, Minnesota, 296-9.

¹⁵⁹Engquist et al, Washington, 184-5.

¹⁶⁰Stillwater Messenger, 9 June 1871.

¹⁶¹Current, The History of Wisconsin, 440-3; Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, 111; James Willard Hurst, Law and Economic Growth: The Legal History of the Lumber Industry in Wisconsin, 1836-1915 (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964), 272.

¹⁶²Dunn, The St. Croix, see Chapter Eleven, "The Battle of the Piles," for a complete account of the rivalry between Hudson and Stillwater for railroad access.

¹⁶³Dunn, The St. Croix, 160.

¹⁶⁴Hurst, Law and Economic Growth, 272-3; Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 231, 253.

¹⁶⁵Hurst, Law and Economic Growth, 273.

¹⁶⁶Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 13 October 1883.

¹⁶⁷Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.) 31 May 1884.

¹⁶⁸Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.),15 September 1883.

¹⁶⁹Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 15 September 1883.

¹⁷⁰Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 29 September 1883; 16 May 1885.

¹⁷¹Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 12 February 1887.

¹⁷²Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 26 February 1887.

¹⁷³Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 27 August 1887.

¹⁷⁴Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 29 October 1887.

¹⁷⁵Dunn, The St. Croix, 160.

¹⁷⁶Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, 147.

¹⁷⁷John Giffin Thompson, The Rise and Decline of the Wheat Growing Industry in Wisconsin (New York: Arno Press, 1972), 357-9, 70-4.

¹⁷⁸Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, 10-2.

¹⁷⁹Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, 15.

¹⁸⁰Eric E. Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin: A Study In Agricultural Change: 1820-1920 (Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1963), 47-55.

¹⁸¹Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 57-96.

¹⁸²Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 59, 97-101.

¹⁸³Joseph Schafer, A History of Agriculture in Wisconsin (Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1922), 159-61.

¹⁸⁴Lass, Minnesota, 166-7; Blegen, Minnesota, 393.

¹⁸⁵Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 26, 109, 115, 337.

¹⁸⁶Polk County Press, 14 November 1885.

¹⁸⁷Thompson, The Rise and Decline of the Wheat Growing Industry in Wisconsin, 82-5.

¹⁸⁸Polk County Press (Osceola, Wis.) 20 October 1883.

¹⁸⁹Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 115-6; Thompson, The Rise and Decline of the Wheat Growing Industry in Wisconsin, 101.

¹⁹⁰Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 153-62.

¹⁹¹Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, 14.

¹⁹²Schafer, A History of Agriculture in Wisconsin, 164; Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 334-5, 337, 344-99.

¹⁹³Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 31 January 1885.

¹⁹⁴Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 7 February 1885.

¹⁹⁵Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 16 October 1886.

¹⁹⁶Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 12 November 1887.

¹⁹⁷Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 2 March 1887.

¹⁹⁸Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 29 October 1887.

¹⁹⁹Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 29 October 1887.

²⁰⁰Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 23 November 1889.

²⁰¹Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 19 January 1889.

²⁰²Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 14 September 1995.

²⁰³"History in the Walls," HGTV, 24 March 2002.

²⁰⁴Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, 143-5.

²⁰⁵Polk County Press10 June 1893.

²⁰⁶Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, 145-6.

²⁰⁷Lampard, The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 272, 276.

²⁰⁸Sherman E. Johnson, From the St. Croix to the Potomac — Reflections of a Bureaucrat (Bozeman, Montana: Big Sky Books, 1974) in MHSL, 19, 33-6.

²⁰⁹An Early Look at Chicago County, 19-20, 25, 28, 33, 69, 121; Carl H. Sommer Papers, 1878-1968, History of Rush City, Chicago County, and the St. Croix River in MNHS.

²¹⁰Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 404, 410; Rosenfelt, Washington, 146-9; Stillwater Messenger, 30 July 1875.

²¹¹Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 7 September 1883.

²¹²Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 22 October 1880.

²¹³Taylors Falls Journal (Taylors Fall, Minn.), 20 June 1879.

²¹⁴Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 5 September 1879, 10 October 1879.

²¹⁵Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 4 April 1879.

²¹⁶Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 23 July 1880.

²¹⁷As quoted in Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 23 April 1880.

²¹⁸Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 1 July 1881.

²¹⁹Ulysses Sherman Grant, Preliminary Report on the Copper-Bearing Rocks of Douglas County, Wisconsin (Madison: The State of Wisconsin, 1901), 29.

²²⁰Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 29 January 1892.

²²¹Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 18 March 1887.

²²²Allan C. Brown, "History of Pierce County and Spring Valley, Wisconsin," in Ursula Peterson, ed. Pierce County's Heritage, Vol. I. Student Research Papers, (University of Wisconsin — River Falls, 1971), 11-4.

²²³U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, An Archeological Survey of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Report No. 1897, (May 1978), 48. Site No. 03-151-1 is located in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, T43N, R7W, in Section 20, NE 1/4, NE 1/4, NE 1/4. The site is located approximately 350 feet south of the Namekagon River. According to this report it is considered eligible for nomination to the National Register. The researchers have no other information on this site.

²²⁴Grant, Copper-Bearing Rocks, 1-3, 77.

²²⁵Raymond E. Murphy, "The Geography of the Northwestern Pine Barrens of Wisconsin," University of Wisconsin Papers in Geography, 1(Madison, 1931), 69, 72.

²²⁶Robert Gough, Farming the Cutover: A Social History of Northern Wisconsin, 1900-1940 (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 10, 11, 19; Polk County Press, 21 September 1895; Eldon Maple, The Visitor who Came to Stay: Legacy of the Hayward Area, n.p.; Trygg, Composite Map of United States Land Surveyor's Original Plats and Field Notes, nos. 8, 9, 14, 15.

²²⁷James I. Clark, Farming the Cutover: The Settlement of Northern Wisconsin (Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1956.

²²⁸Seymour, Sketches of Minnesota, 204.

²²⁹Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 23 May 1879.

²³⁰Taylors Falls Journal, (Taylors Falls, Minn.), 9 May 1879.

²³¹Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 230-1; The Heritage Area of Burnett County (Madison, Wis.: The Wisconsin Heritage Areas Program, 1978), 30; Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 18 July 1880.

²³²Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 23 May 1879.

²³³Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 11 August 1876.

²³⁴Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest, 230-1; Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 29 September 1876

²³⁵Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 23 May 1879.

²³⁶Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 28 September 1883.

²³⁷Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 20 July 1888.

²³⁸Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 5, 10 April 1889.

²³⁹Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 30 May 1890, 17 October 1895, 3 October 1895.

²⁴⁰Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.), 21 January 1875.

²⁴¹Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.), 21 January 1875.

²⁴²The Heritage Areas of Burnett County, 30-1; Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.), 21 January 1875; Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 31 August 1877, 10 October 1884; Peet, "Burnett County Wisconsin," 48; Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, 38.

²⁴³Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), January 1875. Information available suggests a bridge connecting Grantsburg and Marshland was constructed during this time stimulated in good part due to the cranberry trade.

²⁴⁴Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 10 October 1884.

²⁴⁵Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 18 April 1879.

²⁴⁶Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), April 1877 and 1887.

²⁴⁷Folsom, Fifty Year in the Northwest, 239-40; The Heritage Areas of Burnett County, 30-1; Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 14, 21 July 1876, 20 April 1877, 4 November 1887.

²⁴⁸Peet, "Burnett County Wisconsin," 46.

²⁴⁹Peet, "Burnett County Wisconsin," 48, 90, 97; Burnett County Through the Years, at Burnett County Historical Society.

²⁵⁰Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.

²⁵¹Burnett County Homemakers Clubs, Pioneer Tales of Burnett County, (Danbury, Wis.: Dan-Web Printing Co., Bicentennial Edition), 11, 22, 101-2.

²⁵²Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 1 August 1879.

²⁵³Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.

²⁵⁴Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 20 March 1891.

²⁵⁵Polk County Press (Osceola Mills, Wis.), 21 September 1895; Arlan Helgeson, "Nineteenth Century Land Colonization in Northern Wisconsin, " Wisconsin Magazine of History 36(2)(Winter 1952-1953), 119.

²⁵⁶Robert F. Fries, Empire in Pine: The Story of Lumbering in Wisconsin 1830-1900 (Madison, Wis.: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1951), 169; Edward L. Peet, "Burnett County Wisconsin," (Grantsburg, Wis. The Burnett County Board of Immigration, 1902), 71.

²⁵⁷Gough, Farming the Cutover, 31-3; Clark, Farming the Cutove, 6, 11; Peet, "Burnett County Wisconsin," 101.

²⁵⁸Gough, Farming the Cutover, 33.

²⁵⁹Gough, Farming the Cutover, 26.

²⁶⁰Gough, Farming the Cutover, 9.

²⁶¹Peet, Burnett County Wisconsin, 69, 101-2; Clark, Farming the Cutover, 5.

²⁶²Peet, Burnett County Wisconsin, 69, 101.

²⁶³William A. Henry, Northern Wisconsin, A Handbook for the Homeseeeker (Madison, Wis., 1896), 162-4.

²⁶⁴Peet, Burnett County Wisconsin, 5-7, 58-9, 73-4.

²⁶⁵Peet, Burnett County Wisconsin, 57-8.

²⁶⁶Peet, "Burnett County Wisconsin," 26-7.

²⁶⁷Gough, Farming the Cutover, 13; Peet, "Burnett County Wisconsin," 9.

²⁶⁸Gough, Farming the Cutover, 10, 20-2, 30; Peet, "Burnett County Wisconsin," 9, 11, 98; Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 16 July 1880, 17 July 1885, 6 August 1886.

²⁶⁹Gough, Farming the Cutover, 26; Fitting et al, An Archaeological Survey of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Phase I, 58-60.

²⁷⁰Peet, Burnett County Wisconsin, 48.

²⁷¹Connor, et al, ArcheologicalInvesitigations, 1983, 121-151.

²⁷²Peet, Burnett County Wisconsin, 48.

⁷²³Peet, Burnett County Wisconsin" 7-9, 99.

²⁷⁴The Heritage Area of Burnett County ,9, 30.

²⁷⁵Gough, Farming the Cutover, 27-8, 34-43; Marple, The Visitor Who Came to Stay.

²⁷⁶Marple, "Rocks, Minerals and Folly," in From a Visitor Who Came to Stay.

²⁷⁷Peet, Burnett County Wisconsin, 33, 35-8, 53.

²⁷⁸Peet, Burnett County Wisconsin, 42.

²⁷⁹Gough, Farming the Cutover, 55-7, 63.

²⁸⁰Carl Kuhnly, Oral History Transcript, Burnett County Historical Society, 1985.

²⁸¹Harry D. Baker, Oral History Transcript, 1950.

²⁸²Clark, Farming the Cutover, 11-2, 31, 60.

²⁸³The "Far North" Community of Burnett County — Danbury, 1966, Burnett County Historical Society.

²⁸⁴Marple, The Visitor Who Came to Stay.

²⁸⁵Clark, Farming the Cutover, 13-4.

²⁸⁶Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.

²⁸⁷Clark, Farming the Cutover, 12, 18-20; William L. Bowers, The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y.; Kennikat Press, 1974), 3-6.

²⁸⁸Gough, Farming the Cutover, 2., 49, 51, 54.

²⁸⁹Gough, Farming the Cutover, 28.

²⁹⁰Gough, Farming the Cutover, 46.

²⁹¹Gough, Farming the Cutover, 58-60.

²⁹²Carl Kuhnly, "Homesteading in Wisconsin, Up Hill — Down Hill, All the Way," in Burnett County Historical Society File, 1985.

²⁹³Gough, Farming the Cutover, 59, 63-8.

²⁹⁴Ibid., 68-72, 85

²⁹⁵Ibid., 93-4.

²⁹⁶Lucy B. Darr, "Ku Klux Klan Activity in Pierce, Polk, and St. Croix Counties, Wisconsin," Student Paper (University of Wisconsin-River Falls, 1959); Gough, Farming the Cutover, 93-114.

²⁹⁷Gough, Farming the Cutover, 93-114.

²⁹⁸Gough, Farming the Cutover, 164-5.

²⁹⁹Gough, Farming the Cutover, 150-6.

³⁰⁰Raymond E. Murphy, "The Geography of the Northwestern Pine Barrens of Wisconsin," University of Wisconsin, 1(Madison, 1931), 70, 79, 84, 106.

³⁰¹Gough, Farming the Cutover, 117, 123-9, 132-5; Murphy, "Northwestern Pine Barrens of Wisconsin," 70, 83, 88-9, 106.

³⁰²Murphy, "The Geography of the Northwestern Pine Barrens of Wisconsin," 70.

³⁰³Gough, Farming the Cutover, 136-9.

³⁰⁴Gough, Farming the Cutover, 146-9.

³⁰⁵Gough, Farming the Cutover, 179-81, 218, 225.

³⁰⁶L.G. Sorden, "Some Events in Wisconsin's Forest History." Paper delivered to the Forest History Association of Wisconsin, Inc., Wausau, Wis., 28-29, September 1979, 15, 17 in the Burnett County Historical Society.

³⁰⁷Sorden, "Some Events in Wisconsin's Forest History," 15-7; Gough, Farming the Cutover, 181-2 The researchers have been unable to find where these resettlement homes were. Archivists at the Wisconsin Historical Society in Madison were not able to locate any materials on this program.

³⁰⁸Sorden, "Some Events in Wisconsin's Forest History," 17.

³⁰⁹Gough, Farming the Cutover, 221-4

³¹⁰Marple, The Visitor Who Came to Stay, n.p.

³¹¹Gough, Farming the Cutover, 221-3; James Kates, Planning a Wilderness: Regenerating the Great Lakes Cutover Region (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001), 15-31.

³¹²Ibid., 232-3.

¹Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), 43-4.

²Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967); Hans Huth, Nature and the American: Three Centuries of Changing Attitudes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990); Bart Christopher Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment: The Lower St. Croix (Unpublished M.A., The University of Minnesota, 1993), 3, 27, 61, 78-9.

³Richard Bardon and Grace Lee Nute, eds. "A Winter in the St. Croix Valley, 1802-1803," Minnesota History 28(3)(September 1947): 149.

⁴Theodore C. Blegen, "'The Fashionable Tour' on the Upper Mississippi," Minnesota History 20(4)(December 1939), 378.

⁵As quoted in Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment, 100-1.

⁶George Catlin, Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians (Philadelphia, 1857), 590-2.

⁷Blegen, "The Fashionable Tour," 381-2; Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment, 83.

⁸Theodore C. Blegen, Minnesota: A History of the State (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1963), 118, 120, 156, 193; Blegen, "The Fashionable Tour," 382-8.

⁹William J. Petersen, Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi (Iowa City, Iowa: The State Historical Society of Iowa, 1968), 255.

¹⁰E.S. Seymour, Sketches of Minnesota, The New England of the West (New York; Harper & Brothers, 1850), 217.

¹¹Daniel Drake, The Northern Lakes: A Summer Resort for Invalids of the South (1842; reprint, Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Friends of the Torch Press, 1954), 19-20.

¹²Elizabeth Fries Ellet, Summer Rambles in the West (New York: Reiker, 1852), 143.

¹³Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment, 110-2.

¹⁴Willoughby M. Babcock, "The St. Croix Valley as Viewed by Pioneer Editors," Minnesota History: A Quarterly Magazine Vol. XVII (1936): 280.

¹⁵Theodore C. Blegen, "The 'Fashionable Tour,' on the Upper Mississippi" Minnesota History 20(December 1939), 378-9, 386.

¹⁶As quoted in Paul Clifford Larson, A Place at the Lake (Afton, Minn.: Afton Historical Society Press, 1998.), 15.

¹⁷St. Paul Pioneer (St. Paul, Minn.), 1854

¹⁸Larson, A Place at the Lake, 11-3.

¹⁹The Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.), 9 August 1859.

²⁰Rosenfelt, Washington, 300.

²¹As quoted in Dunne, The St. Croix, 204.

²²Anita Albrecht Buck, Steamboats on the St. Croix (St. Cloud, Minn.: North Star Press of St. Cloud, Inc., 1990), 119-20.

²³Dunn, The St. Croix, 205; Blegen, Minnesota, 237.

²⁴The Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.), 9 August 1859.

²⁵St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.) 29 August 1856.

²⁶Seymour, Sketches of Minnesota, 205, 212, 216.

²⁷St. Croix Union (Stillwater, Minn.) 10 November 1854.

²⁸Earl Chapin, "The Strange Story of the Dutch Hunter," Wonderful Western Wisconsin (N.p., 1967).

²⁹As quoted in Dunn, The St. Croix, 211-2.

³⁰The Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.) 1 December 1863.

³¹The Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.), 8 March 1864.

³²The Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.), 31 July 1867.

³³Dunn, The St. Croix, 197-203; Buck, Steamboats on the St. Croix, 118-20.

³⁴As quoted in Dunn, The St. Croix, 203.

³⁵Stillwater Lumberman (Stillwater, Minn.) 29 June 1877.

³⁶Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 22 August 1879.

³⁷Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment, 112-5.

³⁸Stillwater Lumberman (Stillwater, Minn.), 2 July 1875.

³⁹Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment, 112-5.

⁴⁰Blegen, "The Fashionable Tour," 398; The Messenger (Stillwater, Minn.) 13 June 1866; Stillwater Lumberman (Stillwater, Minn.), 18 June 1875.

⁴¹Dunn, The St. Croix, 203-4; William H. Dunne, The Picturesque St. Croix and Other Northwest Sketches (Chicago: Poole Brothers, Printers, 1881), 16; William H. Dunne, Captain Jolly on the Picturesque St. Croix: Descriptive and Historical Narrative by a Rambler (St. Paul: J.W. Cunningham, 1880), 67.

⁴²The Summer Resorts of Minnesota: Information for Invalids, Tourists and Sportsmen (Minneapolis, Minn.: Dimond & Ross, 1882), 3, 7.

⁴³Rosenfelt, Washington, 186; Dunn, The St. Croix, 181, 238.

⁴⁴Dunne, The Picturesque St. Croix passim, 27,35.

⁴⁵Dunne, The Picturesque St. Croix, 27-9; Dunne, Captain Jolly, 8.

⁴⁶Dunne, Captain Jolly, 41.

⁴⁷Dunne, The Picturesque St. Croix, 31.

⁴⁸Larson, A Place at the Lake, 18-9, 103.

⁴⁹Larson, A Place at the Lake, 98.

⁵⁰Dunne, The Picturesque St. Croix, 45.

⁵¹The Summer Resorts of Minnesota: Information for Invalids, Tourists and Sportsmen (Minneapolis: Dimond & Ross, 1882), 35-6.

⁵²As quoted in Larson, A Place at the Lake, 71, 73-4.

⁵³Dunne, The Picturesque St. Croix, 49.

⁵⁴As quoted in Larson, A Place at the Lake, 71.

⁵⁵David L. Fritz, "Historic Resource Study: St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Wisconsin/Minnesota," Unapproved draft of the United States Department of the Interior/ National Park Service, July 1989, 141.

⁵⁶Rosenfelt, Washington, 206; Larson, A Place at the Lake , 111; The Lumberman (Stillwater, Minn.) 24 August 1877.

⁵⁷Timothy Bawden, "Escape to Wisconsin: The Early Resort Landscape of Northern Wisconsin, 1890-1920," Wisconsin Preservation News, 22(4)(July-August 1998), 2-3.

⁵⁸As quoted in Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment, 116.

⁵⁹The Summer Resorts of Minnesota ,43-5; Raymond H. Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy: A History of the St. Paul District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979), 270-4.

⁶⁰Robert C. Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin: Urbanization and Industrialization, 1873-1893, (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1985), 527-8.

⁶¹Stillwater Lumberman, (Stillwater, Minn.),7 May 1875.

⁶²Dunn, The St. Croix, 203-4.

⁶³Fritz, "Historic Resource Study," 142.

⁶⁴Stillwater Lumberman, (Stillwater, Minn.), 2 July 1875.

⁶⁵Dunn, The St. Croix, 212.

⁶⁶Stillwater Lumberman (Stillwater, Minn.), 13 October 1875.

⁶⁷Stillwater Lumberman (Stillwater, Minn.), 21 September 1877.

⁶⁸Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 31 October 1879.

⁶⁹Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 23 August 1878.

⁷⁰Rachel Franklin Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, Unpublished paper (Omaha, Neb.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 199), 28.

⁷¹Stillwater Lumberman (Stillwater, Minn.), 5 October 1877.

⁷²Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 3 November 1882.

⁷³Dunne, Captain Jolly, 47.

⁷⁴Dunne, The Picturesque St. Croix, 14-5.

⁷⁵Stillwater Lumberman (Stillwater, Minn.), 8 June 1877.

⁷⁶Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 20 March 1891.

⁷⁷Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 28 May 1880; 16 February 1883.

⁷⁸Polk County Pres (Osceola, Wis.), 20 July 1995.

⁷⁹Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 5 November 1880.

⁸⁰Burnett County Sentinel (Grantsburg, Wis.), 15 April 1881; 22 April 1881.

⁸¹Polk County Press (Osceola, Wis.), 22 October 1887.

⁸²Polk County Press (Osceola, Wis.), 30 June 1888.

⁸³Polk County Press (Osceola, Wis.), 7 July 1888.

⁸⁴Polk County Press (Osceola, Wis.), 11 August 1888.

⁸⁵Polk County Press (Osceola, Wis.), 27 July 1889.

⁸⁶Polk County Press (Osceola, Wis.), 8 July 1893.

⁸⁷Polk County Press (Osceola, Wis.) July 1891.

⁸⁸John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of the Conservation Movement (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973); Peter J. Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969).

⁸⁹Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, 529-30.

⁹⁰Peg Meier, Too Hot, Went to Lake: Seasonal Photos from Minnesota's Past (Minneapolis, Minn.: Neighbors Publishing, 1993), 125.

⁹¹From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism, 31

⁹²George H. Hazzard, Interstate Park: Lectures, Laws, Papers, Pictures, Pointers, (St. Paul, Minn.: 1896), 3.

⁹³Ward Moberg, "The Dalles: Preserve or Develop?" The Dalles Visitor 13(Summer 1981), 2.

⁹⁴Transcript of interview with Harry D. Baker of the Baker Land and Title Company, 1879-1958, by W.H. Glover, 17 January 1950; Ward Moberg, "The 1890s Fight Created Dalles Parks," The Dalles Visitor 14 (Summer 1982), 1, 13.

⁹⁵As quoted in Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 40-1.

⁹⁶As quoted in Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 41-2.

⁹⁷Dunn, The St. Croix, 98.

⁹⁸Transcript of Interview of Harry D. Baker; as quoted in Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment, 116-7.

⁹⁹Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix,32.

¹⁰⁰Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 42-3.

¹⁰¹As quoted in the Dalles Visitor (Taylors Falls, Minn. and St. Croix Falls, Wis.) Summer 1992.

¹⁰²The Dalles Visitor (Taylors Falls, Minn. and St. Croix Falls, Wis.) Summer 1992.

¹⁰³Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy," 275.

¹⁰⁴Ibid.; The Dalles Visitor (Taylors Fall, Minn. and St. Croix Falls, Wis.) Summer 1992.

¹⁰⁵The Dalles Visitor (Taylors Fall, Minn. and St. Croix Falls, Wis.) Summer 1992.

¹⁰⁶Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 280.

¹⁰⁷The Dalles Visitor (Taylors Fall, Minn. and St. Croix Falls, Wis.) Summer 1992.

¹⁰⁸As quoted in the Dalles Visitor (Taylors Fall, Minn. and St. Croix Falls, Wis.) Summer 1992.

¹⁰⁹As quoted in Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 281-3.

¹¹⁰Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 283.

¹¹¹Ibid., 283-4.

¹¹²Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 284.

¹¹³Ibid, .286; The Dalles Visitor (Taylors Fall, Minn. and St. Croix Falls, Wis.) Summer 1992.

¹¹⁴Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 286-8.

¹¹⁵Free Press (Stillwater, Minn.), 26 February 1980, 25 March 1980; Jay Walljasper, "When the Trolley was King," Minneapolis/St. Paul (April 1981).

¹¹⁶Fritz, Historic Resource Study, 144.

¹¹⁷Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment, 118.

¹¹⁸Stillwater Messenger, 9 October 1909.

¹¹⁹Stillwater Messenger, 18 July 1904.

¹²⁰Stillwater Gazette, 13 July 1910.

¹²¹James Taylor Dunn, Saving the River: The Story of the St. Croix River Association, 1911-1986, (St. Paul, Minn.: Viking Press, 1986), 2.

¹²²As quoted in Richardson, Picturesque Landscape Assessment, 117-8.

¹²³Rosemarie Vezina, Nevers Dam…the Lumbermen's Dam, 6, 17, 27, 33, 37.

¹²⁴Mary Beth Burkholder and Susan Mary Dahlby, The Willow River, St. Croix County, Wisconsin (Hudson, 1963), 31-6.

¹²⁵As quoted in Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 33.

¹²⁶Fritz, Historic Resource Study, 168.

¹²⁷Dunne, The St Croix, 97-8.

¹²⁸As quoted in Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 35.

¹²⁹Alexander Wilson, "The View from the Road: Recreation and Tourism," in Scott Norris, ed., Discovered Country: Tourism and Survival in the American West (Albuquerque: Stone Ladder Press, 1994), 5.

¹³⁰From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 36-8.

¹³¹Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 33.

¹³²Blegen, Minnesota, 500.

¹³³Transcript of Interview with Harry D. Baker, 1950.

¹³⁴James Taylor Dunn, Saving the River: The Story of the St. Croix River Association, 1911-1986. (St. Paul: St. Croix River Association, 1986), 3-5. See for more complete account of the history of the St. Croix River Association.

¹³⁵Dunn, Saving the River, 3-5. See for more complete account of the history of the St. Croix River Association; Raymond H. Merritt, Creativity, Conflict & Controversy: A History of the St. Paul District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979), 289-90. See also Theodore J. Karamanski, Saving the St. Croix: An Administrative History of the Saint Croix National Scenic River (Omaha: Midwest Region, National Park Service, 1992), 16-27.

¹³⁶As quoted in Dunn, Saving the River, 12.

¹³⁷Dunn, Saving the River, 12-3.

¹³⁸As quoted in Dunn, Saving the River, 15.

¹³⁹Dunn, Saving the River, 15-6. Writing in 1986, Dunn reported that the Army Corps of Engineers had not done any snagging on the river above Stillwater declaring it "maintenance free."

¹⁴⁰Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 38.

¹⁴¹Ed L. Peet, Burnett county Wisconsin (Grantsburg, Wis.: The Journal of Burnett County, 1902), 27, 55, 66.

¹⁴²Timothy Bawden, "Escape to Wisconsin: The Early Resort Landscape of Northern Wisconsin, 1890-1920," Wisconsin Preservation News, 22(4)(July-August 1998), 2-3; Marple, Hayward Lakes Region,

¹⁴³Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.

¹⁴⁴From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 58-9.

¹⁴⁵Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.

¹⁴⁶Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, "A Tour Around Lost Land and Teal Lakes," n.p.

¹⁴⁷Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, "A Tour Around Lost Land and Teal Lakes," n.p.

¹⁴⁸Lakes and Resorts of the Northwest (Chicago: Chicago & Northwest Railway, 1916), 3,8, 19. In Hayward were listed the Giblin Hotel, Cornick's Spider Lake and Teal Resorts, Grindstone of the Pines, Idelhurst Lodge, Boulder Lodge, Hubbard-Teal Lakes Resort, Clover Leaf Lodge, William's Grindstone Lake Resort, Sand Lake Resort, Round Lake Club, Berger's Resort, Sportsmen's Paradise. In Chisago City were listed the Dahl's House, Island Resort, Gleer's House, and Hotel Chisago.

¹⁴⁹As quoted in Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 45-6.

¹⁵⁰Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 49-50.

¹⁵¹Raymond E. Murphy, "The Geography of the Northwestern Pine Barrens of Wisconsin," University of Wisconsin Papers in Geography 1(1931), 95-6.

¹⁵²From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 52-3.

¹⁵³Blegen, Minnesota, 532-5; Minnesota State Board of Health, State Laws and Regulations Relating to Hotels, Restaurants, Places of Refreshment, Lodging Houses, and Boarding Houses (St. Paul, Minn., July 1932).

¹⁵⁴Paul W. Glad, The History of Wisconsin: War, a New Era, and Depression, 1914-1940 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1990), 211-4.

¹⁵⁵From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 59, based on Homeseekers Land Company Papers, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota.

¹⁵⁶Transcript of Interview with Harry D. Baker.

¹⁵⁷Murphy, "The Geography of the Northwestern Pine Barrens of Wisconsin," 110.

¹⁵⁸Murphy, "The Geography of the Pine Barrens of Wisconsin."

¹⁵⁹"A Gothic House at Taylors Falls," Minnesota History 27(2)(June 1946), 125-6.

¹⁶⁰Here's How Kilkare Lodge Looks Today!, Pamphlet, Burnett County Historical Society. [1929]

¹⁶¹Murphy, "The Geography of the Northwestern Pine Barrens of Wisconsin," 72, 93-5, 107.

¹⁶²Glad, The History of Wisconsin, 216-9.

¹⁶³Warren James Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1978), 8.

¹⁶⁴Burnett County Sentinel, (Grantsburg, Wis.), 5,12, 19, 20, 26, 27 January 2000; 2, 9,16, 23 February 2000

¹⁶⁵Pioneer Tales of Burnett County, 103-4; Johnson's Weblake Resort, Pamphlet in Burnett County Historical Society.

¹⁶⁶Bawden, "Escape to Wisconsin," 3.

¹⁶⁷Murphy, "The Geography of the Northwestern Pine Barrens of Wisconsin," 76.

¹⁶⁸Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 44-5.

¹⁶⁹Robert C. Nesbit, Wisconsin: A History, (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1973), 470-1.

¹⁷⁰Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 43-4.

¹⁷¹Glad, The History of Wisconsin, 494; Marple, The Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.

¹⁷²Marple, Hayward Lakes Region; Rice Lake Chronotype (Rice Lake, Wis.), 28 November 1979; Work at Camp Riverside, n.p., n.d., Burnett County Historical Society; The St. Paul Pioneer Press, 6 April 1941.

¹⁷³Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.; Burnett County Homemakers Clubs, Pioneer Tales of Burnett County, 99; Carol Ahlgren, "The Civilian Conservation Corps and Wisconsin State Park Development," Wisconsin Magazine of History, 71(3)(Spring 1988): 184-204.

¹⁷⁴Work at Camp Riverside, 18. Burnett County Historical Society's clipping file contains this pamphlet. It only identities the bridge as crossing the St. Croix River along the St. Croix Trail. This would seem to indicate that the bridge is at the CCC Bridge Landing site on the Park Service map. See also William Gray Purcell, St. Croix Trail Country: Recollections of Wisconsin, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1967).

¹⁷⁵Burnett County Homemakers Clubs, Pioneer Tales of Burnett County, 73.

¹⁷⁶Workers of the Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Wisconsin, Wisconsin: A Guide to the Badger State (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1941), 22-3; Murphy, "The Geography of the Northwestern Pine Barrens of Wisconsin,"93.

¹⁷⁷Eldon M. Marple, A History of the Wayward Lakes Region…Through the Eyes of the Visitor Who Came and Stayed (Hayward, Wis.: Chicago Bay Grafix, 1976), 81. The researchers have not fond specific reference of the type of fish initially released at the Hayward fishery, however, given the fact that resorts in the area advertised that trout fishing was plentiful and the WPA Guidebooks stated that the St. Croix River was favored by trout fishermen, it is probably safe to assume that the CCC constructed fishery and others constsructed by the CCC primarily released trout.

¹⁷⁸WPA Writers, Wisconsin, 23-4.

¹⁷⁹Transcript of interview of Fred Etcherson by David J. Olson, 30 July 1970, in Wisconsin State Historical Archives — River Falls.

¹⁸⁰The Saint Paul Pioneer Press, 6 April 1941.

¹⁸¹Rachel Franklin Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix. Unpublished report (Omaha, Neb.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Parks Service), 68-9.

¹⁸²Weekley, "Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix," 69-70.

¹⁸³Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix,

¹⁸⁴From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 71-2.

¹⁸⁵Dunn, The St. Croix, 207-8; St. Paul Pioneer Press, 1 July 1945.

¹⁸⁶Dunn, State Parks of the St. Croix, 47-9; Weekley, "Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix," 70-1.

¹⁸⁷Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, 67-8. There is not enough information available to determine the extent of the impact of the dam on the Namekagon River. This information is supplied to provide an example of WPA work in the river valley.

¹⁸⁸Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 288.

¹⁸⁹From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 54-5.

¹⁹⁰WPA Writers, Wisconsin, 113, 115, 471-2, 477-8.

¹⁹¹From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 55.

¹⁹²From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix River, 55-6.

¹⁹³Compiled and Written by the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration, Minnesota: A State Guide (New York: Hastings House, 1938), 295, 453-9; also from Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 57.

¹⁹⁴Workers of the WPA Writers' Project in the State of Minnesota, Minnesota: Facts, Events, Places, Tours in The American Recreation Series (New York: Rhode Printing-Publishing Co., 1941), 24.

¹⁹⁵Compiled by the Workers of the WPA Writers' Project in the State of Wisconsin, Wisconsin: Facts, Events, Places, Tours, in the American Recreation Series (New York: Bacon & Wieck, Inc., 1941), 15-7.

¹⁹⁶Vacation in the Indian Head Country of Wisconsin, 1936-1986 Anniversary Edition, in Hudson Public Library; "Constitution and By-Laws of The Wisconsin Indian Country, Inc.," Annual Update, Wisconsin Indian Head Country, 1948,in R.A. Peabody Papers, 1941-1954, State historical Society of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Area Research Center, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin.

¹⁹⁷From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 63-4.

¹⁹⁸Ibid.

¹⁹⁹Norene Roberts, Historical Reconstruction of the Riverfront: Stillwater, Minnesota (St. Paul: St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1985), 40-49.

²⁰⁰Jeffrey A. Hess, Stillwater Bridge National Register of Historic Places Nomination, August, 1988, Section 8, p.6.

²⁰¹Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 59.

²⁰²Blegen, Minnesota, 532-5.

²⁰³Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 60.

²⁰⁴Ibid., 72.

²⁰⁵Wausau Record-Herald (Wausau, Wis.), 2 September 1936.

²⁰⁶Louis Phelps Kellogg, The French Regime in Wisconsin and the Northwest (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1925), and The British Regime in Wisconsin and the Northwest (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1935).

²⁰⁷Louise Phelps Kellogg, "A Portrait of Wisconsin," Wisconsin Magazine of History, 25(3)(March 1942), 265.

²⁰⁸Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.

²⁰⁹Editorial staff of Popular Science Monthly, How to Build Cabins, Lodges, and Bungalows: Complete Manual of Constructing, Decorating, and Furnishing Homes for Recreation or Profit, (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1934 & 1946), 5; Ralph P. Dillon, Sunset's Cabin Plan Book (San Francisco: Lane Publishing Company, 1938); and from Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 62

²¹⁰Summer Camps and Cottages (Chicago, Ill.: National Plan Service, 194?). The Minnesota Historical Society has not been able to locate the exact date of this publication.

²¹¹Marple, The Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.

²¹²Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration, Minnesota, 130-1; Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration, Wisconsin, 117, Current, Wisconsin, 30-1. Anthony Wise to Mr. Joe Mercedes, Wisconsin Tourist Board, 3 December 1947. Anthony Wise, Report on "Winter Tourist Trade In Wisconsin," to the Hayward Chamber of Commerce. [1947].

²¹³Anthony Wise to Mr. Joe Mercedes, Wisconsin Tourist Board, 3 December 1947. Anthony Wise, Report on "Winter Tourist Trade In Wisconsin," to the Hayward Chamber of Commerce. [1947]

²¹⁴"History of Telemark," Wise Collection. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madisan.

²¹⁵"A Capsule History of the Telemark Recreational Community," Wisconsin Historical Society File; Chicago Sun-Times, 13 July 1969.

²¹⁶Janice Ward, Next Stop Dresser Junction, (Osceola, Wis.: The Osceola Sun, 1976), 108-9.

²¹⁷Karamanski, Saving the Saint Croix, 29-30.

²¹⁸Karamanski, Saving the St. Croix, 32-4.

²¹⁹As quoted in Karamanski, Saving the St. Croix, 36-9.

²²⁰Dunn, Saving the River, 28.

²²¹Dunn, State Parks of the St. Croix Valley, 34-5.

²²²From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 72-3.

²²³Marple, Hayward Lakes Region, n.p.

²²⁴From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 74-5; Dunn, Marine on St.Croix, 92

²²⁵Chisago County Press, 5 September 1957, 3 July 1958, 28 August 1958.

²²⁶Karamanski, Saving the St. Croix, 44.

²²⁷From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 79.

²²⁸From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 80-1. NSP is now Xcel Energy.

²²⁹See for more complete account, Karamanski, Saving the St. Croix.

²³⁰Dunn, State Parks of the St. Croix, 32-3, 40-1.

²³¹David S. Boyer, "The St. Croix," National Geographic (July 1977), 37.

²³²Karamanski, Saving the St. Croix, 228.

²³³Ibid, 136-151; Minneapolis Tribune, 12 & 14 October 1972.

²³⁴Karamanski, Saving the St. Croix, 169-207.

²³⁵Pioneer Press (St. Paul, Minn.) 31 May 1981.

²³⁶Burnett County Homemakers Clubs, Pioneer Tales of Burnett County, 50, 60, 104.

²³⁷Northern Initiatives Strategic Planning Workgroup, Northern Initiatives: A Strategic Plan for the Next Decade, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (Summer 1994),

²³⁸From Weekley, Recreation and Tourism Along the Saint Croix, 83-4.