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Sleeping Bear Dunes
A Nationalized Lakeshore: The Creation and Administration of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore |
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NOTES
Chapter 1
1Gurdon S. Hubbard, The Autobiography of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, Introduction by Caroline M. McIlvaine, (New York: Citadel Press, 1969), 135.
2Ibid, 133-4; George Weeks, Sleeping Bear, Yesterday and Today (Franklin, Mich.: Attwerger and Mandel Publishing, 1990), xiii.
4Milo M. Quaife, Lake Michigan (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1944), 280-8; John and Ann Mahan, Wild Lake Michigan (Stillwater, Minn.: Voyageur Press, 1991), 21; Marla J. McEnaney, William H. Tishler, Arnold R. Alanen, Farming at the Water's Edge: An Assessment of Agricultural and Cultural Landscape Resources in the Proposed Port Oneida Rural Historic District at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Omaha, Neb.: Midwest Region, National Park Service, 1995), 24-31.
[5Ron Cockrell, D.H. Day's Kingdom: A Special History Study of Glen Haven Village Historic District (Omaha, Neb.: Midwest Region, National Park Service, 1984), 4-14;
6Tom Ruchenberg, Reflections in a Tarnished Mirror: The Use and Abuse of the Great Lakes (Sturgeon Bay, Wisc.: Golden Glow Publishing, 1978), 36-7. 6 Norman John Schmaltz, Cutover Land Crusade: The Michigan Forest Conservation Movement, 1899-1931, Ph.D. dissertation University of Michigan, 1972, p. 247; Raleigh Barlowe, "Changing Land Use and Policies: The Lake States," The Great Lakes Forests: An Environmental and Social History, edited by Susan B. Flader, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 172-3.
7Christopher Parnall to Arthur S. Huey, March 28, 1949, D.H. Day State Park file, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Allen T. Edmunds Library, Administrative History Collection, Empire, Michigan. Hereafter this collection will be referred to as SBDL Records; Cockrell, D.H. Day's Kingdom, 11-24; Weeks, Sleeping Bear: Yesterday and Today, 58-80; Leelanau Tribune (Leland, Mich.), August 8, 1958; J.W. Hannen, "David H. Day, Distinguished Citizen, Passes," Michigan Roads and Pavements, April 19, 1928, p. 8.
8State Park Commission Minute Book, 1920-1921, State Park Files, Box 35, Record Group 94-260, State Archives of Michigan, Lansing, Michigan. Hereafter referred to as State Archives of Michigan.
9Russell Carpenter, "The Development of a Tourist Industry in the Little Traverse Bay Region," unpublished M.A. Essay, Loyola University, Public History Program, Chicago, Ill., 1994; Russell McKee, "It Was a Very Stylish Age," Mackinac: The Gathering Place, edited by Russell McKee (Lansing: Michigan Natural Resources Magazine, 1981), 19-23; Margaret Beattie Bouge, Around the Shores of Lake Michigan: A Guide to Sites (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), 289-91.
10Weeks, Sleeping Bear: Yesterday and Today, 39-40, 46-9; Margaret Beattie Bogue, Around the Shores of Lake Michigan, p. 308-9; James Gale Inglis, Northern Michigan Handbook for Travelers (Petoskey, Mich.: Geo. Spring, 1898), 51; Leonard Case, Benzie County: A Bicentennial Reader (Benzonia, Mich.: Benzie County Bi-Centennial Commission, 1976), 77-84.
11The Grand Traverse Region, Historical and Descriptive (Chicago: H.R. Pace & Co., 1884), 249; Lawrence and Lucille Wakefield, Sail & Rail: A Narrative History of Transportation in the Grand Traverse City Region (Traverse City, Mich.: By the author, 1980), p. 46-8; Edmund M. Littell, 100 Years in Leelanau (Leland, Mich.: The Print Shop, 1965), 41-43; Golf and Yacht Clubs, Resort Directory of Leland and Surrounding Region (Leland, Mich.: Leelanau Enterprise, 1937).
12Robert Dwight Rader, et al Beautiful Glen Arbor Township: Facts Fantasy & Fotos (Leland, Mich.: The Glen Arbor History Group, 1977), 58-65; Leelanau County Association of Commerce, The Captives: Being the Story of a Family's Vacation in Leelanau County (Michigan), The Land of Delight (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Leelanau County Association of Commerce, 1924).
13Christopher Parnall to Arthur Huey, March 28, 1949, SBDL Records; Cockrell, D.H. Day's Kingdom, 29-32.
14Eileen Patricia Walsh, The Last Resort: Northern Minnesota Tourism and the Integration of Rural and Urban Worlds, 1900-1950. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., 1994, 42-3, 136-7; Allan D. Wallis, Wheel Estate: The Rise and Decline of Mobile Homes, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 30-5;
15Herbert F. Larson, BE-WA-BIC Country: The Story of the Menominee Iron Range in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (New York: Carton Press, 1963), 334-5. 15 Leelanau County Association of Commerce, The Captives: Being the Story of a Family's Vacation in Leelanau County (Michigan), the Land of Delight (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Leelanau County Association of Commerce, 1924).
16Cockrell, D.H. Day's Kingdom, 34; Traverse City Record, April 17, 1928; Glen Lake Country Club, Glen Lake, Leelanau Co. Michigan (Traverse City, Mich.: L.R. Henderson, 1931); Mary Ellen Hadjsky, Personal Communication, July 15, 1998.
17Arthur C. Elmer, "Parks and Recreation Division," Department of Conservation, Thirteenth Biennial Report, 1945-1946 (Lansing: State of Michigan, 1946), p. l65-7; United States Department of the Interior, A Study of the Park and Recreation Problem of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1941), 186-9.
1818 John I. Rogers, Report on Field Inspection and Study of Proposed State Park Areas: Benzie and Leelanau Counties, File 8, Box 19, Record Group 78-102, State Archives of Michigan; Arthur C. Elmer to Director and Conservation Commission, May 14, 1946, SLBD Records.
20 Dr. C.G. Parnall, et al to Those Interested in the Day Forest Estate, August 31, 1949, SLBD Records.
21Ibid; Christopher Parnall to Ralph Mueller, May 4, 1949, SLBD Records.
22J.D. Stephansky, Chief, Lands Division to Messrs. MacMullan, Walker, Harris, et al, March 2, 1966, SLBD Records.
23Department of Conservation, Fourteenth Biennial Report, 1947-1948 (Lansing: State of Michigan, 1948), 229-3; Holland (Michigan) Evening Sentinel, December 5, 1953; Adrian (Michigan) Telegram, December 4, 1953; Marquette (Michigan) Mining Journal, September 12, 1956; Neal R. Pierce and John Keefe, The Great Lakes States: People, Politics and Power in the Five Great Lakes States (New York: Norton, 1980), 186-7; Helen Washburn Berthelot, Win Some, Lose Some: G. Mennen Williams and the New Democrats (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995), 199-201.
24Charles F. Boehler, Benzie State Park Potential Expansion, Benzie and Leelanau Counties, June 17, 1954; Paul W. Thompson, Platte River Plains and Its Relation to Lake Michigan History, Michigan Natural Areas Council, 1954, Legislative History Files, SLBD Records.
25Kathleen Stocking, Personal Communication, July 22, 1998.
26Cockrell, D.H. Day's Kingdom, 35-6; Louis Warnes to Arthur Elmer, Chief of the Parks Division, June 25, 1956; Pierce Stocking to Directors, Michigan Department of Conservation, October 10, 1956; R.O. Dodge, Regional Supervisor, Parks & Recreation, to Arthur Elmer, March 8, 1957, Legislative History Files, SLBD Records.
27National Park Service, Our Fourth Shore: Great Lakes Recreation Area Survey (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior, 1959), 21; Norman F. Billings, "Exercise Caution When Selecting Location On Lake," Michigan Conservation Magazine (April 1945) 2, 10.
28Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), 281-4.
29Ibid, 192-3; George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the National Parks (Mt. Kisco, NY: MoyerBell, 1988), 197-9.
30Allen T. Edmunds to Herb Evison, January 28, 1978, Dick Russell Papers, Archives and Graphic Research, Harpers Ferry Center, Harpers Ferry, Virginia; Allen T. Edmunds Obituary, Courier (May 1985); Ernest Brooks to Conrad L. Wirth, October 31, 1956, Accounting Files, Great Lakes Shoreline Survey Records, P-435575, National Archives, Mid-Atlantic Regional Branch, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hereafter this source will be cited as NARA—Mid-Atlantic Region.
31E. Winton Perkins to Regional Director, July 8, 1957; Allen T. Edmunds to Birt Darling, Lansing State Journal, April 24, 1958; Great Lakes Shoreline Survey Progress Report, September 30, 1957; E. Winton Perkins to George Thompson, August 11, 1957, Great Lakes Shoreline Survey Records, NARA—Mid-Atlantic Region.
32E. Winton Perkins to Lewis D. Brown, U.S.G.S., September 19, 1957; Daniel Tobin, Regional Director to Edmund B. Rogers, July 29, 1957; Prospectus: Great Lakes Region and Pacific Coast Recreation Area Surveys, December 28, 1956, Allen T. Edmunds to Thomas Owen, Utah State University, May 4, 1960; NARA—Mid-Atlantic Region.
33Great Lakes Shoreline Survey Helicopter Flight Notes, March 28, 1958 to May 9, 1958; Great Lakes Shoreline Survey Reconnaissance Reports: Betsie Point, Platte River Plains, South Manitou Island, Empire Dunes, Sleeping Bear Extension, North End of Sleeping Bear, and Good Harbor Bay, July 9-14, 1958, NARA—Mid-Atlantic Region.
34"Tawas Point Study Area," Michigan—Individual Areas file. Great Lakes Shoreline Survey Records, NARA—Mid-Atlantic Region; E. Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Transcripts, transcript 23A, p. 2, E. Genevieve Gillette Papers [hereafter referred to as the Gillette Papers], Bentley Historical Library, Michigan Historical Collections, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Hereafter this depository will be referred to as the Bentley Library.
35Our Fourth Shore: Great Lakes Shoreline Recreation Area Survey (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1960), 7-9.
36Our Fourth Shore, 2, 6-9; Ron Cockrell, A Signature of Time and Eternity: The Administrative History of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana (Omaha, Neb.: National Park Service, 1988), 48; Great Lake Shoreline Survey, Remaining Shoreline Opportunities in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior, 1959), 17, 19, 55.
37Great Lakes Shoreline Survey, Preliminary Progress Report, September 30, 1957, n.p.; Shirley DeLongchamp, "Henry Ford's Upper Peninsula," A Most Superior Land: Life in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, edited by Russell McKee, (Lansing: Michigan Natural Resources Magazine, 1983), 77-83.
38George A. Palmer, Assistant Regional Director to Regional Director, July 28, 1959, Great Lakes Shoreline Survey Records, NARA—Mid-Atlantic Region; Outdoor America (April 1960), 10-12; Detroit News, August 7, 1960; Conrad Wirth, Director National Park Service to Kent Chandler, April 12, 1960, Great Lakes Shoreline Survey Records, NARA—Mid-Atlantic Region.
39E. Winton Perkins, Great Lakes Survey Progress Report, September 30, 1957, Great Lakes Shoreline Survey Records, NARA—Mid-Atlantic Region.
Chapter 2
1E. Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Tape Transcripts, Tape 21B, pp. 12-15, Gillette Papers, Bentley Historical Library. This chapter will make use of three unpublished studies of the controversy over making a national park at Sleeping Bear Dunes: Brian Charles Kalt, "Sixties Sandstorm: The Fight Over Establishment of a Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1961-1970," undergraduate seminar paper, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1994; Stephen J. Maddock, "An Analysis Of Local Opposition To The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1971; Jonathan P. Hawley, "The Politics of National Park System Expansion: A Comparative Study of the Authorization of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways in Missouri and The Proposed Authorization of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in Michigan," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1968. Of these the Kalt study has been particularly helpful because of its extremely thorough research.
2Richard L. Neuberger, "Plan For Shoreline Parks: U.S. Senate Bills Would Set Aside Recreation Areas On the Seacoast and in the Great Lakes Region," New York Times, August 30, 1959; Senate Bill 2460, United States Senate, A Bill to Save and Preserve for the Public Use and Benefit, Certain Portions of the Shoreline of the United States, and for Other Purposes, 86th Congress, 1st Session, 1959; Stephen J. Maddock, "An Analysis Of Local Opposition To The Sleeping Bear Dune National Lakeshore,"Ph.D. dissertation, 1971, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 14-15.
3Grand Rapids Press, August 7, 1960; "Huron Mountains: Should This Superb Region Be a Shoreline Recreation Area," Outdoor America (April 1960), 10-12; Senate Resolution 46, Michigan State Senate, April 7, 1960.
4Remaining Shoreline Opportunities, 93; Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 12.
5Throughout the fight to create Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore the proposal was supported by the National Park Service's Northeast Regional Office, in Philadelphia. In 1973-74 there was a reorganization and Sleeping Bear was placed under the Midwest Regional Office in Omaha, Nebraska.
6E. Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Transcripts, transcript 23A, p. 7-10, Gillette Papers.
7Ibid, transcript 31A, p. 1-5.
8National Park Service, A Proposal: Sleeping Bear National Seashore (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior, 1961).
9Pierce and Keefe, The Great Lakes States, 232; Berthelot, Win Some, Lose Some, 141-3.
11Berthelot, Win Some, Lose Some, 254-5; E. Genevieve Gillette Oral History, Tape 23A, p. 26, Gillette Papers.
12Senate Bill 2153, A Bill to Establish in the State of Michigan the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Recreation Area and for Other Purposes, 87th Congress, 1st Session.
13Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Tape, Tape 23A, p. 12-17.
15Questions Used At August 30, 1961 Meeting, an attachment to William Welsh to Allen T. Edmunds, October 13, 1961, SLBD Records; Record-Eagle (Traverse City, Mich.), August 31, 1961.
16Ibid; Grand Rapids Press, September 23, 1961; Ann Arbor (Michigan) News, November 16, 1961; Detroit Free Press, September 13, 1961; Notes, Sleeping Bear Meeting, Glen Lake Community School, Glen Arbor Michigan, August 30, 1961, SLBD Records.
17Detroit News, October 18, 1963; Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 28-9.
18To All Supporters from Ove Jensen, Chairman of the Citizens' Council, September 18, 1963, Sleeping Bear Dunes Collection, Leelanau County Historical Society, Leland, Michigan. Hereafter this collection is referred to as LCHS; Record-Eagle (Traverse City, Michigan), August 31, 1961.
19United States Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Hearing on S.2153, 1961, p. 45-6, 72-81; Detroit Free Press, November 14, 1961.
20Senate, Committee on Interior, Hearing on S.2153, p. 193.
21Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 35-6.
22John M. Kaufman to Ben H. Thompson, Chief, Division of Recreational Resource Planning, March 27, 1962, SLBD Records.
23Allen T. Edmunds to Ronald Lee, Regional Director, February 28, 1962, SLBD Records; New York Times, March 25, 1962.
24Ibid; Don Gordon, "Sleeping Bear, A Big Idea with Little Merit," Michigan Challenge (March, 1962), 12-14.
25Maddock, Analysis of Local Opposition to the Sleeping Bear Lakeshore, 141.
26Ronald F. Lee, Northeast Region Director to Conrad Wirth, Director, National Park Service, July 24, 1961, SLBD Records.
27United States House of Representatives, A Bill to Establish in the State of Michigan the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, and for other Purposes, House Resolution 4201, 88th Congress, 1st session, 1963.
28Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, January 25, 1963; Detroit Free Press, January 22, 1963; Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 25; Senate, Committee on Interior, Hearing on S.2153, 47.
29Donald W. Humphrey to Allen Edmunds, April 24, 1963, SLBD Papers; Rita Hadra Rusco, North Manitou Island: Between Sunrise and Sunset (n.p.: BookCrafters, 1995), .9-15; Genevieve Gillette Oral History, Tape 23, side B, p. 15-19.
30United States Senate, A Bill to Establish in the State of Michigan the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and for Other Purposes, S.792, 88th Congress, 1st Session, 1963; Berthelot, Win Some, Lose Some, 242.
31James Rogers to Philip Hart, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States Senate, Eighty-eighth Congress, First Session, On S.792 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963), 67.
33Ibid, 369-435; Ann Arbor News, July 8, 1963.
34Hawley, The Politics of National Park Expansion, 96-8; Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 43-5.
35E. Genevieve Gillette Oral History, Tape 23B, p. 13, Gillette Papers; John Daugherty,Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998.
36Maddock, An Analysis of Local Opposition to the Sleeping Bear Lakeshore, 115-122; John Daugherty Oral History, August 14, 1998; Detroit News, November 20, 1961.
37Land and People: Northern Great Lakes Regional Conference, Springboard for Action: Brief of Proceedings, September 24-26, 1963, Duluth, Minnesota (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, 1963), 1,5.
38Duluth News Tribune, September 25, 1963.
39Genevieve Gillette, Oral History, Tape 27, side A, p. 1-12.
40Institute for Community Development & Services, Economic Feasibility of the Proposed Sleeping Bear Dunes National Seashore (East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1961); Statement of Charles Miller, Hearings on S.792, 223-230.
41John Daugerty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998; Statement of C.N. Hooesteger, Hearings on S.792, 208-214.
42Maddock, Analysis of Local Opposition to Sleeping Bear, p. 184-196; Nan Helm, Footprints Where Once They Walked (n.p: privately printed, n.d.), 46-49; Genevieve Gillette, Oral History, Tape 23, Side A, p. 29.
43John Daugherty, Oral History, August 14, 1998; Hawley, The Politics of National Park Expansion, 100-101.
44Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Tape, 28, Side B, p. 7; John Daugherty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998; Hawley, The Politics of National Park Expansion, 101.
45Ibid; Benzie County (Michigan) Patriot; October 20, 1966.
46Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, 326.
47Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 171; William Ashworth, The Late Great Lakes: An Environmental History (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), 142; also see Terrence Kehoe, Cleaning Up the Great Lakes: From Cooperation to Confrontation (DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997).
48Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence, 459-460.
49Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 84-85; Korn, Yesterday Through Tomorrow, 115.
50Kathleen Stocking, Letters From Leelanau: Essays of People and Place (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1990), 159-166; Kathleen Stocking, Personal Communication, July 9, 1998; "Sleeping Bear Dunes Park" brochure, SLBD papers.
51John Daugherty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998.
52Statement of Guy Vander Jagt, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-first Congress, Second Session on H.R. 11829 and Related bills (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), 130-1; Kehoe, Cleaning Up the Great Lakes, 106-7; John Daugherty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998.
53Statement of Larry H. Olson, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, p. 291-294; John Daugherty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998; Minutes of the U.S. 31 Corridor Association, November 12, 1968, SLBD Papers.
54Statement of Vander Jagt, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, 131-2.
55Muriel Ferris to Genevieve Gillette, May 27, 1970, Box 4, Gillette Papers.
56Statement of Stanley Ball, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, 268-74.
57Statement of Dayton Willard, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, p. 220; Statement of John B. Daugherty, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, 288-9.
58Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 110-11.
59Joe (Small Potatoes) Taxpayer to Philip A. Hart, March 8, 1962, Box 15, Hart Papers; Genevieve Gillette to Muriel Ferris, May 20, 1970, Box 4, Gillette Papers.
60Philip A. Hart to Genevieve Gillette, September 25, 1970, Box 4, Gillette Papers.
Chapter 3
1Benzie County Patriot, March 16, 1971.
2Grand Rapids Press, September 5, 1971.
3Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998; Benzie County Patriot, May 6, 1971.
4Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998, Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, March 9, 1972.
5Ibid; Benzie County Patriot, July 15, 1971.
6John F. Pattie, Oral History Interview, November 2, 1998; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 5, 1971.
7Ibid; John F. Pattie, Personal Communication, November 5, 1991; Kathleen Stocking, Letters From The Leelanau: Essays of People and Place (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990) 102-5
8Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, July 24, 1972, SBDNL Records.
9Benzie County Patriot, August 26, 1971; Chester L. Brooks to Julius Martinek, January 18, 1973, SBDNL Records.
10Grand Rapids Press, September 5, 1971; J.A. Martinek to Congressman William S. Broomfield, November 11, 1972, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records.
11J.A. Martinek to Pam Dow, January 18, 1974, "Pinks"Files, SLBD Records.
12J.A. Martinek to J.E. Williamson, May 10, 1973, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998; Hugh Beattie, Oral History Interview, September 28, 1994; John F. Pattie, Oral History Interview, November 2, 1998.
13Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission Meeting, April 21, 1972; Philip A. Hart to Rogers B. Morton, May 30, 1972, 92nd Congress File, SLBD Records; Benzie County Patriot, January 27, 1972.
14J.A. Martinek to Senator Philip Hart, April 12, 1973, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; Leelanau County Enterprise-Tribune, April 13, 1972, February 1, 1973.
15Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Clipping File 1970-1973, undated newspaper clipping, c.1975; Jack Pattie, Oral History Interview, November 2, 1998.
16J.A. Martinek to Regional Director, Midwest Region, July 10, 1974, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records.
17Eugene Parisho to Deputy Director, December 18, 1973, Project Correspondence File, SLBD Records; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), October 30, 1973.
18Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, October 24, 1975; Leelanau Enterprise, November 21, 1974; Detroit Free Press March 31, 1975; Traverse City Record-Eagle September 21, 1971, October 7, 1974, February 7, 1975, April 17, 1975.
19Dean C. Einwalter to Superintendent, May 10, 1973; J.A. Martinek to Director, Northeast Region, May 2, 1973, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records.
20Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, October 24, 1975, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise, October 21, 1976; Detroit Free Press, March 31, 1975; J.A. Martinek to John F. Toepp, Michigan Senate, December 26, 1973, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; Kathleen Stocking, Letters from Leelanau (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990), 164.
21State Journal (Lansing), November 20, 1974; Benzie County Patriot, December 11, 1974; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), February 20, 1975, March 21, 1975.
23Ibid; Benzie County Ad-Visor, September 15, 1976; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), September 28, 1976.
24Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Clipping File, 1977, undated Detroit News article, SLBD; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), September 10, 1977; Rita Hadra Rusco, North Manitou Island: Between Sunrise and Sunset (n.p.: Bookcrafters, 1991), 140-145.
25Elizabeth Edwards, "The Battle for the Bear: An Update," The Small-Towner (April, 1986), 42-43.
26Detroit Free Press, December 12, 1995.
27Elizabeth T. Edwards, "Port Oneida: A Community Slips Away," Traverse, the Magazine (March, 1990), 22.
29Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998; Benzie County Patriot, December 9, 1971; Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, April 2, 1972.
30Julius Martinek to Director, Northeast Region, June 27, 1972, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998.
31Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, June 17, 1971.
32Ibid; John D. Spencer to J.H. Martinek, September 25, 1972, "Pinks" files, SLBD Records.
33Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998; Charles Parkinson, Oral History Interview, March 2, 1998.
34Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, October 27, 1972.
35Charles Parkinson, Oral History Interview, March 2, 1998; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 8, 1974.
36Charles Parkinson, March 2, 1998; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, SLBD Records.
37Ibid; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), July 2, 1973;William Herd, Oral History Interview, August13, 1998.
38 Superintendent's Annual Report, 1973, 1974, SLBD Records.
39Detroit Free Press, August 10, 1981.
40J.A. Martinek to Mr. Johnson, Interagency Motor Pool, March 3, 1972, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; Charles Parkinson, Oral History Interview, March 2, 1998; Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998; Jack Pattie, Oral History Interview, November 3, 1998.
41 Superintendent's Annual Report, 1974, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 26, 1974; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), July 2, 1977.
42J.A. Martinek to George B. Tiedeman, February 20, 1974; J.A. Martinek to Acting Regional Director, Midwest Region, April 22, 1974; Dean Einwalter to Superintendent Martinek, March 15, 1976, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records.
43 Superintendent's Annual Report, 1975, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, July 3, 1975.
44Rusco, North Manitou Island, 144-5; Theodore J. Karamanski, The Pictured Rocks: An Administrative History of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (Omaha, Nebraska: National Park Service, Midwest Region, 1995), 73-5; Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998.
45Record-Eagle (Traverse City), January 31, 1973, April 18, 1973, July 18, 1973.
46Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, July 6, 1967; Robert Doherty, Disputed Waters: Native Americans and the Great Lakes Fishery (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1990), 61-2; Bogue, Around the Shores of Lake Michigan, 310-11.
47Record-Eagle (Traverse City), July 24, 1971; Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, June 17, 1971, SLBD Records.
48E. Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Interview, Tape 22-24A, Gillette Papers; Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998.
49Daniel Weber to Carl Johnson, January 2, 1972, Minutes of the Sleeping Bear National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, January 18, 1972 and June 17, 1971, SLBD Records.
50Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, October 27, 1972; J.A. Martinek to Director, Northeast Region, August 30, 1972; National Park Service Policy Statement Relative to the Proposed Platte River Harbor of Refuge Development, January 21, 1974, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records.
51Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, October 27, 1972.
52Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, October 4, 1973
53J.A. Martinek to Director of the Northeast Region, August 30, 1972, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records.
54Richard West Sellers, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 192-5.
55National Park Service, A Master Plan For Proposed Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (Philadelphia: Northeast Regional Office, National Park Service, 1968), 37-8; E. Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Interview, Gillette Papers, Tape 24, B-11; J.A. Martinek to B.A. Honor, November 18, 1976, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records.
56J.A. Martinek to Director, Northeast Region, December 7, 1972, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; National Park Service, Wilderness Recommendations: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Denver: National Park Service, 1974), n.p.
58Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, July 19, 1974; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 10, 1974.
59Ibid; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 8, 1974; Wilderness Recommendation: Sleeping Bear Dunes, n.p.
60Congressman Guy Vander Jagt to Noble Travis, April 16, 1976, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; A Master Plan For Sleeping Bear Dunes, Proposed National Lakeshore, 37; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 10, 1974.
61Record-Eagle (Traverse City), September 21, 1974; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, September 26, 1974.
62"U.S. to Begin Flagging for Scenic Road," undated newspaper clipping, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore clipping file, c.1973; Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, July 19, 1974, SLBD Records.
63Richard Miller, et al, Environmental and Economic Impact of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (Chicago: Wilbur Smith & Associates, 1974); J.A. Martinek to Regional Director, Mid-Atlantic Region, January 21, 1974, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records.
64J.A. Martinek to Pam Dow, January 18, 1974, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; Karamanski, The Pictured Rocks, 66-8; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, October 21, 1976.
65 Superintendent's Annual Report For 1975: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 12, 19, 1977.
66J.A. Martinek to Regional Director, Midwest Region, August 1, 1975 and February 19, 1976, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records.
67Minutes of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Staff Meeting, January 28, 1976, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1979, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, SLBD Records.
68Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, October 24, 1975, SLBD Records; William Herd, personal communication, November 29, 1999; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 4, 1977.
69Charles Parkinson, Oral History Interview, March 2, 1998; Superintendent's Annual Report, 1976, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, SLBD Records; Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998.
70Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, March 9, 1971, SLBD Records.
71John B. Daugherty to Guy Vander Jagt, April 30, 1974, Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, April 26, 1974, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 19, 1977.
72Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, October 24, 1975, SLBD Records.
73 Superintendent's Annual Report, 1976, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, SLBD Records.
74Leelanau Enterprise Tribune, May 5, 1977; Charles Parkinson, Oral History Interview, March 2, 1998.
75Julius Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998; J.A. Martinek to Purchasing Agent, City of Dearborn, October 17, 1973, "Pinks" Files, SLBD Records; Charles Parkinson, March 2, 1998; Peter LaValley, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998; Raymond Kimpel, Oral History Interview, February 26, 1999.
76Ibid; John Kawamoto, Personal Communication, March 9, 1999.
77Record-Eagle (Traverse City), October 24, 1977.
79Ibid; Julius A. Martinek, Oral History Interview, March 1, 1998.
Chapter 4
1Record-Eagle (Traverse City), October 17, 1973.
2Bill Herd, Oral History Interview, August 13, 1998; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), October 19, 1977.
3Peter LaValley, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998; John Dougherty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998.
4Raymond Kimpel, Oral History Interview, March 8, 1999.
5Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 20, 1977, October 19, 1977; National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Task Directive, General Management Plan, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, November 22, 1977, GNP File, SLBD Records.
6Record-Eagle (Traverse City), November 3, 1977; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, November 10, 17, 1977.
7National Park Service, "Secretary Hickel Hails President's Action on New Parks," Press release, November 1, 1970, Division of Legislative Coordination and Support, General Correspondence, SLBD Records.
8Record-Eagle (Traverse City), February 28, 1978; National Park Service, Master Plan: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, (Philadelphia: Northeast Regional Office, 1970), p. 28.
9Detroit News, August 13, 1978.
10David Hales, Assistant Secretary for Fish, Wildlife and Parks to Assistant Secretary for Policy, Budget and Administration, January 20, 1978, Washington Office Correspondence File, SLBD Records.
11Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, April 6, 1978, July 6, 1978; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), February 28, 1978.
12Record-Eagle (Traverse City), February 14, 18, 1978, March 4, 1978; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, February 16, 23, 1978.
13Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 28, 1978, December 19, 1978.
14Robert Herbst, Assistant Secretary of the Interior to Senator Robert P. Griffin, November 23, 1978, General Management Plan File, SLBD Records; Stocking, Letters from the Leelanau, 105.
15Record-Eagle (Traverse City), July 18, 1978.
16Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 104-8.
17Benzie County-Record-Patriot, July 12, 1978; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, July 27, 1978; Daniel J. Tobin, Jr., Acting Director of the National Park Service to Mary Anne Williams, April 21, 1978, GNP File, SLBD Records.
18Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 7, 16, 1978; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, July 27, 1978; Ann Arbor News, July 25, 1978; Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1978, SLBD Records.
19Ann Arbor News, July 26, 1978; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 3, 1978.
20Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, September 14, 1978.
21Denver Service Center, Planning Alternatives Workbook: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore/Michigan (Denver: National Park Service, 1978), n.p.
22Grand Rapids Press, November 19, 1978.
23Benzie County Record-Patriot, November 29, 1978.
24Public Involvement Summary For Planning Alternatives Workbook, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore/Michigan, n.d., General Management Plan File, SLBD Records.
25Kathleen Stocking, Personal Communication, July 22, 1998; Record-Eagle (Traverse City) November 21, 1978.
26National Park Service, Draft General Management Plan, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore/Michigan, (Denver: Denver Service Center, 1979).
27Northwoods Call, August 22, 1979.
28Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 16, 1979; Chicago Tribune, December 23, 1979; Planning Alternative For General Management Plan, August 15, 1979, Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, August 17, 1979, SLBD Records.
29Labon Vandenhoof quoted in, Stocking, Letters from the Leelanau, p. 101;Citizens Council to James L. Dunning, Record-Eagle (Traverse City), December 18, 1979.
30Record-Eagle (Traverse City), November 29, 1980.
31Bill Herd, Oral History Interview, August 13, 1998; Arthur Huey quoted in, Stocking, Letters from the Leelanau, 106.
32Peter LaValley, Oral History Interview, August 13, 1998.
33Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, November 21, 1980, SLBD Records.
34Ibid; James West Davidson, William E. Gienapp, Christine Leigh Heyeman, Mark H. Lytle, and Michael Be. Stoff, Nation of Nations: A Narrative History of the American Republic (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998), 1256-7, 1274-5.
35Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 494.
36Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, November 21, 1980.
37Record-Eagle (Traverse City), May 14, 16, 29, 1981; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 28, 1981; Detroit Free Press, May 24, 1981
38Ibid; Flint Journal, June 24, 1981.
39Ibid; Ron Cockrell, A Signature of Time and Eternity: The Administrative History of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 304-9.
40Detroit Free Press, May 24, 1981.
41Albert V. Whitham, Regional Solicitor, Rocky Mountain Region to Assistant Solicitor, Parks and Recreation, February 2, 1982; Russell Dickenson, Director, National Park Service to Ric Davidge, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, March 10, 1982, "Stocklen" 46-103 File, SLBD Records.
42Grand Rapids Press, January 12, 1982.
43Donald R. Brown to Regional Director, May 31, 1979, Stocklen 46-103 File, SLBD Records; Randall R. Pope, Acting Regional Director, Midwest Region to Congressman Guy Vander Jagt, August 14, 1980, Stocklen 46-103 File, SLBD Records.
44Certificate Prohibiting Condemnation, December 17, 1971, Stocklen 46-103 File, SLBD Records; Henry D. Schmidt, Director, Northeast Regional Office to Tom Stocklen, March 23, 1971, Stocklen 46-103 File, SLBD Records; Julius Martinek, Personal Communication, April 6, 1999.
45Kathleen Stocking, "Michigan's Dunes & the Sands of Bureaucracy," Enquirer Magazine (Cincinnati) August 12, 1979; Randall R. Pope, Acting Regional Director to Congressman Guy Vander Jagt, August 14, 1980; Superintendent Donald R. Brown to Thomas M. Stocklen, March 10, 1980, Stocklen 46-103 File, SLBD Records.
47Ibid; Richard Peterson, Oral History Interview, April 5, 1999.
48Leelanau Enterprise and Tribune, April 27, 1978, April12, 1979.
49Leelanau Enterprise and Tribune, April 12, 1979, September 23, 1982.
50Ibid; Leelanau Enterprise and Tribune, February 28, 1985, May 1, 1986.
51James Dunning, Director, Midwest Region to Chief, Office of Legislation, November 14, 1980, Washington Office Correspondence, 1982-present, SLBD Records; "Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore: 3,000 acres in Question,"Michigan Audubon (May/June, 1982), 30, 3, 6-7.
52Grand Rapids Press, October 11, 1981.
53 Superintendent's Report, Sleeping bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1982, SLBD Records; Detroit Free Press, September 23, 1982; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), October 4, 1982.
54Benzie County Weekly Express/Press Box, October 7, 1982; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 22, 1983.
55Leelanau Enterprise and Tribune, August 4, 1983; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 4, 1983.
56Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 31, 1987.
57Record-Eagle (Traverse City), May 7, 1979.
58Leelanau Enterprise and Tribune, January 8, 1981; Benzie Ad-Visor, April 4, 1983.
59Robert Doherty, Disputed Waters: Native American and the Great Lakes Fishery (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1990), 122-5; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 17, 1979; Benzie County Record-Patriot, October 3, 1979.
60Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, June 18, 1982, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 19, 1982.
61Record-Eagle (Traverse City), September 4, 1979.
62Record Eagle (Traverse City), September 19, 1980.
63Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, May 8, 1981, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 14, 1981.
64Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 6, 1981; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, June 28, 1984.
65National Park Service, Environmental Assessment for a Docking Facility, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (Denver: Denver Service Center, 1984).
66Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, September 14, 1984; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), September 3, 1984; Detroit Free Press, September 30, 1984.
67Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, September 27, 1984.
Chapter 5
1Michigan Land Use Institute, The Homestead Swap: Trading Public Land for Private Grain in the Sleeping Bear National Lakeshore (n.p.: Northern Michigan Environmental Action Council, 1996), 6.
2John Holusha, "County Threatens to Cut Timber in National Park," New York Times, n.d., Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Clipping File, 1984, July-December, SLBD Records; Rita Rusco, North Manitou Island: Between Sunrise and Sunset, 150-4.
3Record-Eagle (Traverse City), December 12, 1983; James C. Gilbo, Personal Communication, May 28, 1999.
4Record-Eagle (Traverse City), July 21, 1979, December 12, 1983, July 24, 1986, February 26, 1987; Grand Rapids Press, September 12, 1984; Cockrell, A Signature of Time and Eternity: The Administrative History of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 293-4.
5Record-Eagle (Traverse City), October 17, 1985.
6Gina Guy, Regional Solicitor, Rocky Mountain Region to F. Henry Habicht, Assistant Attorney General, March 30, 1987, Road Commission Suit File, SLBD Records.
7Richard R. Peterson to Guy Vander Jagt, October 12, 1984, Road Commission Suit File, SLBD Records. Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, October 4, 1984.
8Detroit News, September 19, 1985; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, September 5, 1985, September 12, 1985, September 19, 1985.
9Mining Journal (Marquette, Michigan), December 12-13, 1986; Grand Rapids Press, December 12, 15, 1986; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 18, 1986.
10Ibid; Daily Press (Ashland, Wisconsin), December 27, 1986.
11Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 13, 1987; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), September 20, 1986.
12Anne M. Woiwode, Conservation Representative, Sierra Club to Governor James Blanchard, April 30, 1986, Road Commission Suit File, SLBD Records; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 18, 1986; Preview, April 6, 1987. For Leelanau County based environmentalists opposed to the Road Commission's position on North Manitou see: June Janis to "Pete" Peterson, March 19, 1985, Road Commission Suit File, SLBD Records.
13Plaintiffs' First Interrogatories to Defendant, County of Leelanau and Leelanau Road Commission v. United States of America, United States District Court, Western District of Michigan, Case No.G87-211CA; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, April 14, 1988.
14Grand Rapids Press, March 1, 1987; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 21, 1987, October 15, 1987, May 5, 1988.
15James C. Gilbo, Personal Communication, May 28, 1999; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 18, 1989, September 21, 1989. Ironically this solution to the issue was very similar to a plan proposed by Superintendent Peterson to the regional office in September of 1981; Superintendent of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore to Director, Midwest Regional Office, September 23, 1981, County Roads Issue File, SLBD Records.
16Richard Peterson, Oral History Interview, April 5, 1999; Grand Rapids Press, June 8, 1986.
17Detroit News, June 29, 1986; Grand Rapids Press, June 8, 1986; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 18, 1986.
18Preview (Traverse City), January 19, 1987.
19William Herd, Oral History Interview, August 13, 1998; Richard Peterson, Oral History Interview, May 27, 1999.
21Richard Peterson, Oral History Interview, May 27, 1998; William Herd, Oral History Interview, August 13, 1998; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 27, 1986.
23Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998.
24Henry C. Cowles, "The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan," Botanical Gazette, 27, 95-177; 167-202; 281-308; 361-9; W.G. Waterman, Forests and Dunes from Point Betsie to Sleeping Bear (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University, 1922); W.G. Waterman, "Ecology of the Glen Lake and Sleeping Bear Region," Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, Vol. 6, 351-75; Robert T. Hatt, Island Life in Lake Michigan (Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cranbrook Institute of Science, 1948).
25Richard West Sellers, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 205-19.
26Charles M. Anderson, Isle of View: A History of South Manitou Island (Frankfurt, Mich.: privately printed, 1979); Benzie County Advisor, June 20, 1989.
27Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1995, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, July 10, 1986.
28Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 24, 1984; Benzie County Advisor, July 29, 1985.
29Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1984, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 17, 1984.
30Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1995 SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, March 6, 1986.
31Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, November 14, 1991, July 22, 1993.
32Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, October 19, 1995; Ivan D. Miller, Oral History Interview, March 8, 1999.
33Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1990, SLBD Records; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 10, 1993; The Blade (Toledo, Ohio), March 10, 1988; Brian Hazlett, et al, The Terrestrial Vegetation and Flora of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1988).
34Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), July 31, 1991.
35Benzie County Record-Patriot, October 20, 1993.
36Detroit News, September 15, 1991; Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998.
37Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 2, 1985.
38Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1993, SLBD Records; Detroit News, May 23, 1993.
39Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1993, SLBD Records; Rusco, North Manitou Island, 154-5.
40Charles Parkinson, Oral History Interview, March 2, 1998; William Herd, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998.
41William Herd, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998; LuAnne Gaykowski Kozma, Living at a Lighthouse: Oral Histories from the Great Lakes (Allen Park, Mich.: Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association, 1987).
42Record-Eagle (Traverse City), January 12, 1987; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, November 10, 1988.
43Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1990, SLBD Records.
44Charles Parkinson, Oral History Interview, March 2, 1998; Benzie County Advisor, November 11, 1985, July 27, 1992.
45Richard Alesch, et al, Development Concept Plan/Interpretive Prospectus/Environmental Assessment, Glen Haven Area, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore/Michigan (Denver: Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 1987), 1-5.
47Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 1, 12, 28, 1987.
48Alesch, et al, Development Concept Plan, Glen Haven, 26-8; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 12, 13, 1987; Grand Rapids Press, August 14, 1987.
49Richard Alesch, Nancy Baker, Michele D'Arcy, et al, Development Concept Plan/Interpretive Prospectus, Glen Haven Area, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Denver: National Park Service, Denver Service Center, 1992).
50Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 12, 1987.
51Sylvia B. Kruger, Statement on Preserving Historic Importance of South Manitou Island, Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission Meeting, June 17, 1977.
52Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1977, SLBD Records; Elizabeth Edwards, "Port Oneida: A Community Slips Away," Traverse, the Magazine, (March, 1990), 23.
53Martha M. Bigelow, Michigan State Historic Preservation Officer to Merrill D. Beal, Director, Midwest Regional Office, January 4, 1978, Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, November 10, 1978, SLBD Records.
54Sylvia B. Kruger, Statement on South Manitou Island for inclusion into the record of the public meetings, November 1 and 2, 1977 for the revision of the General Management Plan for Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, South Manitou Island Management Subunit File, SLBD Records; National Park Service, Planning Alternatives Workbook: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan, November 1978; Preserve Sleeping Bear, Mission Statement, July 14, 1998.
55Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1989, 1992, SLBD Records; Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 13, 1998.
56Robert Z. Melnick, Daniel Sponn, and Emma Jane Saxe, Cultural Landscapes: Rural Historic Districts in the National Park System (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1984); Ron Cockrell, A Special History of Port Oneida and the Pyramid Point Agricultural District, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (Omaha, Nebraska: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1984); Benzie County Advisor, July 17, 1989.
57Elizabeth Edwards, "Port Oneida," Traverse; Elizabeth Edwards, "Old Mission Crusade," Traverse (September, 1997), 40-7; Susan Olsen Haswell and Arnold R. Alanen, A Garden Apart: An Agricultural and Settlement History of Michigan's Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Region (Omaha: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1994); Marla J. McEnaney, William H. Tishler, and Arnold R. Alanen, Farming at the Water's Edge: An Assessment of Agricultural and Cultural Landscape Resources in the Proposed Port Oneida Rural Historic District at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Omaha: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1995); Brenda Wheeler Williams, Arnold R. Alanen, William H. Tishler, Coming Through With Rye: An Historic Agricultural Landscape Study of South Manitou Island at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Omaha: Midwest Field Office, National Park Service, 1996).
58Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 28; December 4, 1995.
59Karamanski, The Pictured Rocks: Administrative History of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, 116-7.
60Randal O'Toole, "The National Pork Service," Forbes, November 20, 1995, 160-70; George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the National Parks. (Mt. Kisco, N.Y.: Moyer Bell, 1988); Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 27, 1993.
61Neal Bullington, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998; The Mining Journal (Marquette, Mich.), August 29, 1993; Grand Rapids Press, August 29, 1993.
62Ibid; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, October 20, 1994.
63Ibid; Elizabeth Edwards, "Port Oneida," Traverse, 22-4.
64Ibid; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, September 1, 1983; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), November 27, 1995.
65Benzie-Record Patriot, March 21, 1990; Benzie County Advisor, October 12, 1992; O'Toole, "The National Pork Service," Forbes, 166.
66Ivan D. Miller, Oral History Interview, March 8, 1999.
67Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998.
68Rusco, North Manitou Island: Between Sunrise and Sunset, 153-4; Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1987, 1993, SLBD Records.
69Environmental Resources Management, Platte River Management Plan, Boat Launch Facility, Sleeping Bear Dunes (Bloomington, Minn.: Land and Water Management Division, 1985); Environmental Resources Management, Platte River Corridor Study (Bloomington, Minn.: Land and Water Management Division, 1985); Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1985-1992, SLBD Records.
70Denver Service Center, Platte River Management Plan: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Denver: National Park Service, 1992); Benzie Record-Patriot, June 19, 1991.
71Benzie County Record-Patriot, December 26, 1990.
72Kathy Stocklen to Dearest File [Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore], January 5, 1991, Stocklen File #12, SLBD Records; Kathy Stocklen to Manuel Lujan, Jr., Secretary of the Interior, January 29, 1991, Stocklen File #12, SLBD Records; Opinion and Orders on Defendants' Motion For Summary Judgement, United States of America v. 0.96 Acres of Land, More or less, Situated in the County of Benzie, State of Michigan, T. M. Stocklen, et al., and Unknown Others, United States District Court, Western District of Michigan, Southern Division; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), September 30, 1992.
73Tom and Kathy Stocklen to Director James Ridenour, September 10, 1992, Stocklen File #13, SLBD Records; Receipt of Funds, United States of America v. 0.96 Acres—T.M. Stocklen, et al., U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan, December 19, 1992; Tom and Kathy Stocklen to James Ridenour, December [no day], 1992, Stocklen File #13, SLBD Records; Elizabeth Edwards, "Suit Sunk, Case Closed," Traverse, The Magazine (December, 1992), found in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore clipping file, 1992, SLBD Records; Detroit Free Press, June 11, 1995. For more on the Stocklens see: William Perry Pendley, It Takes a Hero: The Grassroots Battle Against Environmental Oppression (Bellevue, Wash.: Free Enterprise Press, 1995).
74This latter point was effectively made by Jennette Jaross of Sandwich, Illinois in a letter to the editor, Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 23, 1979. For background on the Homestead redevelopment see: Michigan Land Use Institute, The Homestead Swap: Trading Public Land for Private Gain in the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (Traverse City, Mich.: Northern Michigan Environmental Action Council, 1996), 5-8.
75Ibid; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 4, 1986.
77Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 3, 1987.
78Record-Eagle (Traverse City), February 3, 1987, June 17, 1987, June 21, 1989; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 9, 1990.
79Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, February 5, 1987, October 11, 1990; Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1992.
80Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 21, 1989; January 5, 1993.
81Ibid; Detroit Free Press, June 9, 1992.
82Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 21, 1989, February 1, 1990.
83Michigan Land Use Institute, The Homestead Swap, 7-8.
84Detroit Free Press, December 12, 1992; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, June 17, 1993.
85Record-Eagle (Traverse City), February 15, 1993, March 20, 1993.
86Record-Eagle (Traverse City), March 29, 1993; Detroit Free Press, June 24, 1993.
87Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 14, 1995; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), December 14, 1995.
88Deborah Wyatt Fellows, "Editor's Note," Traverse (May 1993), 1; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), March 16, 1993, March 19, 1994.
89Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 21, 1995.
Conclusion
1Record-Eagle (Traverse City), May 23, 1994; Detroit News, October 8, 1995.
2Detroit News, November 20, 1995; Detroit Free Press, December 12, 1995; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, November 23, 1995.
3Dave Hacker, "Sleeping Bear: The Fairy Tale Ends," world wide web posting, January 1998.
4James T. Yenchel, "Great Lakes, Great Times: Hiking, History, & Heart-Stopping Vitas," Washington Post, July 18, 1993.
5Detroit News, September 11, 1983; Benzie County Advisor, October 3, 1988; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 5, 1982; Henry David Thoreau, quoted in the Chicago Tribune, May 19. 1992.
6Grand Rapids Press, October 16, 1986; Carolyn Faught, "Storm," Traverse, (June, 1998), 38; Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1992.
7was omitted from the original printing.
8Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, February 5, 1987, July 13, 1995.
9Dave Hacker, "Sleeping Bear: The Fairy Tale Ends," worldwide web posting, January, 1998.
10Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 17, 1985.
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